TRIGONOMETRY

1. tan θ
2. cot θ

3. cosec θ
4. sec θ
5. cot θ

6. sin θ +cos θ =1
7. tan θ + 1 =sec θ
8. cot θ + 1 =cosec θ

9. sin(A B) = sin A cos B cos Asin B

10. cos(A B) =cos A cos B ∓ sin A sin B
11. tan(A B) = ∓
∓
12. cot(A B) =

13. sin 2A = 2sin A cos A

=
14. cos 2A = cos2A-sin2A
= 2cos2A -1
= 1 – 2sin2A
=

15. tan 2A =

16. cot 2A =

17. sin2A =
18. cos2A =

19. tan2 A =

20. sin3 A =
21. cos3 A =
22. tan3 A =
23. sin =

24. cos =

25. tan =

26. sin 3A = 3sinA – 4sin3A

27. cos 3A = 4cos3A – 3cosA
28. tan 3A =

29. cot 3A =

30. a sin A b cos A = R sin( A θ)

31. a cos A b sin A = R cos( A ∓ θ ) where R = √a b ,tan θ =

32. sin A + sin B = 2sin( cos

33. sin A – sin B = 2cos( sin
34. cos A + cos B = 2cos( cos
35. cos A – cos B = -2sin( sin
36. tan A + tan B =
37. tan A + tan B =

38. 2sinA cos B = sin(A+B) + sin(A-B)

39. 2cosA sin B = sin(A+B) - sin(A-B)
40. 2cosA cos B = cos(A+B) + cos(A-B)
42. 2sinA sin B = -cos(A+B) + cos(A-B)

sin ( 90 + x ) = cos x sin ( 90 - x ) = cos x

cos ( 90 + x ) = - sin x cos ( 90 - x ) = sin x
tan ( 90 + x ) = - cot x tan ( 90 - x ) = cot x

sin ( 270 + x ) = - cos x sin ( 270 - x ) = - cos x

cos ( 270 + x ) = sin x cos ( 270 - x ) = - sin x
tan ( 270 + x ) = - cot x tan ( 270 - x ) = cot x

sin ( 180 + x ) = - sin x sin ( 180 - x ) = sin x

 cos ( 180 + x ) = - cos x cos ( 180 - x ) = - cos x
tan ( 180 + x ) = tan x tan ( 180 - x ) = - tan x

sin ( 360 + x ) = sin x sin ( 360 - x ) = - sin x

cos ( 360 + x ) = cos x cos ( 360 - x ) = cos x
tan ( 360 + x ) = tan x tan ( 360 - x ) = - tan x

sin ( - x ) = - sin x cos ( - x ) = cos x tan ( - x ) = - tan x

In ∆ABC,Sine Rule
= = =2R

Area of ∆ABC bc.sinA

Cosine Rule
a2 = b2 + c2 - 2bc. cos A

Tangent Rule

Mollweide's formula

sin cos tan

st
1 quadrant + + +
2nd quadrant + - -
3rd quadrant - - +
4th quadrant - + -
Graphs

y= sinx

0 𝜋 2𝜋 x

y=cosx
0 𝜋 2𝜋 x
 y

y=tanx
0 𝜋 2𝜋 x

CIRCULAR MEASURE

S = r𝜃
r
A = r 𝜃 , where 𝜃 is radian,
2
o 𝜃 A S
r
Radian Degree

Arc length S = rθ S= ( 2πr )

Area A = r2θ A= ( πr2 ) 𝑟

𝐴
Area of segment A = r2 (θ-sin θ 𝜃 𝑟
Degree 0 30 45 60 90 120 135 150 180
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
radian 0 𝜋
6 4 3 2 3 4 6
1 √2 √3 √3 √2 2
sin 0 1 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
√3 √2 1 1 √2 √3
cos 1 0 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
tan 0 √3 1 - -1 √3 0
√3 √3
3 3

Degree 180 210 225 240 270 300 315 330 360
7𝜋 5𝜋 4𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋
radian 𝜋 2𝜋
6 4 3 2 3 4 3
1 √2 √3 √3 √2 1
sin 1 0 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
√3 √2 1 1 √2 √3
cos 0 1 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
tan - √3 1 0 -1 √3 -
√3 √3
3 3

D 15 75 105 165 195 255 285 345

𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋 13𝜋 17𝜋 19𝜋 23𝜋
R
12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
√6 √2 √6 √2 √6 √2 √6 √2 √6 √2 √6 √2 √6 √2 √6 √2
sin

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
√6 √2 √6 √2 √6 √2 √6 √2 √6 √2 √6 √2 √6 √2 √6 √2
cos

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
tan

2-√3 2+√3 -2-√3 -2+√3 2-√3 2+√3 -2-√3 -2+√3

LOGARITHMIC
1. bx =a ⇔ x =log 𝑎
2. log 1 =0
3. log b =1
4. log a = x log a
5. log a = log a

6. log x =

7. log x =
8. log b =x
9. b =x
10. x = y
11. log UV = log U log V
12. log = log U - log V

INDICES
1, ax × ay = ax+y
2, ax ÷ ay = ax-y
3, ( a x )y = axy
4, (a.b )x = ax .bx
5, ( )x =

6, a-x = ,

7, =a

8, a = √𝑎
9, √a = ( √ a )m =a
SURDS
1. √x √x x
2. √a × √b = √ab
3. √a √b =

4. √a = √a
5. √a = √a
6. √a . √b = √a . b
√ √
7. a √b =

SEQUENCES AND SERIES

AP GP
a , (a+d), (a+2d),. . . a , ar , ar2, ar3, . . .

d = U2 – U1=. . . r = =. . .

Un = a+ (n-1)d Un = arn-1

Sn = a n 1 d Sn = ,r 1

Sn = { a + l} Sn = ,r 1

S∞ = ,r 1

A.M = GM = xy

Un = Sn – Sn-1 Un = Sn – Sn-1
SUMMATIONS OF SERIES

n n
1.
r
Σ o
0
r = Σ
r 1
= 1 + 1 +1 + . . . = n
n
2.
r
Σ r = 1 + 2 + 3 + . . . +n =
1
(n+1)

n
3.
r
Σr 1
2
= 12 +22 + 32+. . .+n2 = (n+1)(2n+1)

n
4.
r
Σ r = 1 +2 +3 +. . .+n =
1
3 3 3 3 3
(n+1)2
n
5. r Σ 1
(2r-1)= 1+3+ 5+. . .+(2n-1) = n2
n
6.
r
Σ 2r= 2 + 4+ 6 + . . .(2n-2)+ 2n = n(n+1)
1
n
7. r Σ (2r-1) =1 +3 +5 + . . .(2n-1) =
1
2 2 2 2 2
(4n2-1)
n
9. r Σ (2r-1) = 1 +3 +5 +…(2n-1)
1
3 3 3 3 3
= n2(2n2-1)

PARTIAL FRACTIONS.

1. = +

2. = + +

3. = + +

4. = +
Important Algebraic Formulas
1. ( a +b )2 = a2 +b2 + 2ab
= ( a - b )2 +4ab
2. ( a - b )2 = a2 +b2 - 2ab
= ( a + b )2 -4ab
3. a2 – b2 = ( a + b )(a – b )
2 2
4. a +b = ( a + b )2 -2ab
= ( a- b )2+2ab
5. a3 + b3 = ( a + b )( a2 – ab + b2 )
= ( a + b )3 – 3ab( a + b )
6. a3 - b3 = ( a - b )( a2 + ab + b2 )
= ( a - b )3 + 3ab( a - b )
7. ( a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab( a + b )
8. ( a - b)3 = a3 - b3 - 3ab( a - b )
9. (a + b +c)2 = a2 + b2 +c2 +2ab +2bc+ 2ca
10. (a + b - c)2 = a2 + b2 +c2 +2ab - 2bc - 2ca
11. (a - b + c)2 = a2 + b2 +c2 - 2ab - 2bc + 2ca
12. (a - b - c)2 = a2 + b2 +c2 - 2ab +2bc - 2ca
13. ( a + b)2 + ( a - b )2 = 2( a2 + b2 )
14. ( a + b)2 - ( a - b )2 = 4ab
15. - = ab
BIONOMIAL
1. Factorial ; n!
n! = 1 x 2 x 3 . . . x n, but 0!=1

2. Permutation ; nPr or P(n, r)

n
!
Pr =
!
= n (n-1) (n-2) … (n – r +1)
n
Pn = nPn-1 = n! ,
n n
P1 =n, P0 = 1

3. Combination ; nCr or C(n, r) or

! nPr
n
Cr = or =
! ! !
…
= …
n
Cr = nCn-r , n
C0 = nCn = 1
n
C1 = nCn-1= n n
Cr = ( ) n-1Cr-1
n
Cr = nCr-1( )

4. Binomial expansion ; (a + b)n

n
(a + b) n
= a + C1a b+ C2a b +..=  a n -r b r
n n n-1 n n-2 2
r 0
n n-r r
G.T = Cr a b
n
(1 + b) n
= 1+ C1b+ C2b +...=  b r
n n 2
r 0
n r
G.T = Cr b

5.Range of value of x in ; (a+bx)n

Range of x With interval

(a + bx )n |x| - x
(a + bx2 )n |x | - x2
(a + bx3 )n |x | - x3
(a + )n |x| - x

(a + )n |x | - x2
COORDINATE GEOMETRY
1. Distance ,d = x x y y

2. Midpoint, M ( , )

3. P intersect in ratio a : b ;

P(x, y)= ( , )

4. Gradient, m =
AB // CD ⟺ mAB = mCD
AB ⊥CD ⟺ mAB mCD = - 1

5. Distance between ax+ by+ c= 0 and (x1,y1)

d=
√

6. Line Equation
1. y = mx + c
2. y - y1 = m( x – x1)
3. y - y1 = ( x – x 1)

4. + =1
5. Ax + By +C =0
6. x cos θ + ysin θ = P

7. Angle between two lines have slope m1 and m2

tanθ

x x x x
8. Area of ∆ = y y y y
= |(x1y2+x2y3+x3y1)-(x2y1+x3y2+x1y3)|

9.Centroid of a Triangle
( x, y ) = ( , )
10. Equation of Circles
1. x 2 + y2 = r2
2. (x – k )2 + (y – h )2 = r2
3. x2 + y2 + 2gx +2fy + c =0
equations center radius
1 x2 + y2 = r2 (0,0) r General form
2 (x – k )2 + (y – h )2 = r2 (h, k) r Completed square form
3 x2 + y2 + 2gx +2fy + c = 0 (-g,-f) g f c Expanded general form

11. Equation of Parabola

1. y2 = 4ax or x2 = 4ay
2 2
2. (y-k) = 4a( x + h) or (x - h) = 4a(y + k)

12. Equation of Ellipse

1. + =1

2. + =1

13. Equation of Hyperbola

1. - =1

2. - =1

14. Transformations
Vertical Transformations Horizontal Transformations

y = f( x ) + a Translation y = f( x + a ) Translation

y = - f( x ) Reflection in the x-axis y = f(- x ) + a Reflection in the y-axis

y = a f( x ) Vertical stretch, factor a y = f(a x ) Horizontal stretch, factor

ABSOLUTE VALUE
1. |x| 0,
2. |x| x
3. | x| = |x| ,
4. |x|2 x2
5. |x| = 0 ⟺ x = 0
6. - |x| x |x|
| |
7. =| |
8. |a . b| = |a| . |b|
9. |a b| |a| + |b|
10. |a b| |a| - |b|
11. |a b| = |b a|
12. |x| a ⟺ -a x a
13. |x| a ⟺ x -a or x a
x p q
14. |x p|=q ⟺ x p q
1 |x p| q p-q x p+q
2 |x p| q p-q x p+q
3 |x p| q x p - q or x p+q
4 |x p| q x p - q or x p+q
MATRIES
a b p q a p b q
1.
c d r s c r d s
a b p q ap br aq bs
2.
c d r s cp dr cq ds
3. Inverse matrix
a b
If A = , ad - bc 0,A-1 exists .
c d
d b
A-1 =
c a
d b
=
c a
4. AA-1 = A-1A =I
IA = AI =A
(AB) = B-1A-1
-1

5.
Equation Matrices system
ax + by = c a b x c
dx + ey = f d e y f

6. If AX = B or If XA = B
A-1AX = A-1B XAA-1 = BA-1
IX = A-1B XI = BA-1
X = A-1B X = BA-1
QUADRATIC
Standard form; y = ax2 + bx + c where a 0
√
then x= ;
 b2 – 4ac > 0, two distinct real roots
 b2 – 4ac = 0, real and equal roots
 b2 – 4ac < 0, no real roots
discriminant Nature of roots Line and curve
2
b – 4ac > 0 two distinct real roots two distinct points of intersection
b2 – 4ac = 0 real and equal roots One points of intersection (line is tangent)
b2 – 4ac < 0, no real roots No points of intersection
b2 – 4ac 0 real roots

Vertex form; y = a ( x – h )2+ k

 the line of symmetry is x = p = -
 the vertex is ( p, q )
 if a 0,there is minimum point at ( p, q)
 if a 0,there is maximum point at ( p, q)

Intercept form; y = a ( x –p ) ( x – q )
 x-intercept are ( p, 0 ) and ( q, 0 )
 y-intercept is ( 0 , apq )
 if a 0,there is open up.
 if a 0,there is open down.

Quadratic Function
x2 - ( Sum ) x + ( Product ) = 0
x2 - ( R1 + R2) x + ( R1 . R2) = 0
x2 - ( 𝛼 + 𝛽 ) x + ( 𝛼 . 𝛽 ) = 0

Cubic equations with related roots a, b and c

x3- ( a + b + c ) x2 + (ab +bc +ca ) x - abc = 0
LIMIT

1. lim lim
= x→ =1
x→ 𝑜 𝑜
lim lim
2. x→ 𝑜 = x→ 𝑜 =1

lim lim
3. x→ 𝑜 = x→ 𝑜 =1

lim lim
4. x→ 𝑜 = x→ 𝑜 =1

lim °
5. x→ 𝑜 ° = °

6. lim cosx =1
x→ 𝑜
7. lim =1
x→ a

8. lim =1
x→ a

9. lim sin-1x = sin-1a , |a| 1

x→ a
10. lim cos-1x = cos-1a , |a| 1
x→ a
11 lim tan-1x = tan-1a , ∞ 𝑎 ∞
x→ a
12. lim = lim =0
x→ ∞ x→ ∞
lim
13. x→ ∞ = 1
DIFFERENTIATE
1. c =0

2. axn = anx

3. Un = nU .

4. UV =U V+V U

5. =

6. sin x = cos x

7. cos x = - sin x

8. tan x = sec2 x

9. sin U = cos U .

10. cos U = - sin U .

11. tan U = sec2 U .

12. ln x =

13. ln U = .

15. logb U = .logb e

16. ex =e

17. e =e .

18. aU = a .loge a.

19. UV = VUV-1 + UV .loge U.

20. sin-1u =
√

21. cos-1u =
√

22. tan-1u =
The four rules of differentiation

1. Power rule; ( xn ) = nxn-1

2. Scalar multiple rule; ( kf(x) ) =k ( f(x))

3. Addition/subtraction rule; ( f(x) g(x)) = ( f(x)) ( f(x))

4. Chain rule; =

Tangents and normal

1. The equation of the tangent; y – y1 = (x – x1 )

2. The equation of the normal; y – y1 = (x – x1 )

Second derivatives;

( )=

Increasing and decreasing functions

• y = f(x) is increasing for a given interval of x if 0 throughout the interval.
• y = f(x) is decreasing for a given interval of x if 0 throughout the interval.

Stationary points
• Stationary points (turning points) of a function y = f(x) occur when =0

First derivative test for maximum and minimum points

At a maximum point:
 =0
 the gradient is positive to the left of the maximum and negative to the right.
At a minimum point:
 =0
 the gradient is negative to the left of the minimum and positive to the right.

Second derivative test for maximum and minimum points

• If = = 0 and 0 , then the point is a maximum point.
• If = = 0 and 0, then the point is a minimum point.
• If = = 0 and = 0, then the point of inflexion.
Connected rates of change
 When two variables, x and y, both vary with a third variable, t, the three variables
can be connected using the chain rule: =
 When two variables, x and y, the rate of change of y in every secant = .
 If y = f( x ) and 𝛿x and 𝛿yare small increments in x and y, then 𝛿y = 𝛿x
 You may also need to use the rule:

Velocity and Acceleration

 If Displacement ( s = f ( t ) ) and Velocity ( v ) , Acceleration ( a )
If s ( t ) = f ( t ) ⟹ v(t) =
If v ( t ) = g ( t ) ⟹ a(t) = =
INTEGRATION
1. ∫ a dx = ax + c

2. ∫ axn dx = +c

3. ∫ ( ax + b )n dx = +c

4. ∫ sin x dx = - cos x + c
5. ∫ cos x dx = sin x + c
6. ∫ sec2 x dx = tan x + c

7. ∫ cos (ax + b ) dx = sin(ax+b) + c

8. ∫ dx = ln x + c

9. ∫ dx = ln(ax+b) + c

10. ∫ dx = ln f(x) + c

11. ∫ e dx = ex + c

12. ∫ eax dx = eax + c

13. ∫ a dx = ax loga e + c
14. ∫ ln x dx = x ln x – x + c
15. ∫ u dv = uv - ∫ v du

16. ∫ = sin-1 +c
√

17. ∫ = cos-1 +c
√

18. ∫ = tan-1 +c

Definite Integrate

If y = f( x ), ∫ f( x ) = F( x ) + c ⟹ f x dx = F( b ) - F( a )

kf x dx =k f x dx

f x dx =- f x dx

f x dx g x dx = f( x ) g( x ) ]dx

f x dx + f x dx = f x dx
Area under the graph
y y
Y=f(x) x=f(y)

b
a
a b x x

Area = f x dx Area = f y dy
Volume =𝜋 f(x))2 dx Volume =𝜋 f(y)2 dy

Common types of Substitution;

Common types of Substitution;

Integrands containing substitution

1 ( ax + b )m , m -1 U = ax + b

2 epx U = epx

3 √a x or √a x n x = a sin 𝜃

4 √a x or √a x n x = a tan 𝜃

dx x=
5

dx x=
6

7 dx px+q =

8 Odd powers of sin kx U = cos kx

9 Odd powers of cos kx U = sin kx

10 Factional powers of x X = un
 Integrate by parts; ∫ u dv = uv - ∫ v du
Function Example u to find du dv to find v
1 log ln x dx ln x dx
2 log times Algebraic x4 ln x dx ln x x4 dx
3 log composed with Algebraic ln x3 dx ln x3 dx
4 Inverse trig; forms sin-1x dx sin-1x dx
5 Algebraic times sine x2 sin x dx x2 sin x dx
6 Algebraic times cosine 3x5 cos x dx 3x5 cos x dx
7 Algebraic times Exponential x2 e3x dx x2 e3x dx
8 Sine times Exponential e2x sin x dx sin x e2x dx
9 Cosine times Exponential e4x cos x dx cos x e4x dx
VECTORS
Position vector of any point in a plane
Consider this case in 2-dimensional space.
a+b=b+a
a = xi + yj, |a| = x y
Consider this case in 3-dimensional space.
If a vector a = xi +yj +zk
1. The scalar (or dot) product
a . b = |a ||b | cos 𝜃, 𝜃 is angle between a and b
2. The vector (or cross) product
a b = |a ||b | sin 𝜃𝑛 , is angle between a and b,
𝑛 is a unit vector perpendicular to both a and b,(a right-handed rule).
So b a = -a b
3. i i=0 j j=0 k k=0
4. I j=k and j i = -k
j k=i and k j = -i
k i=j and I k = -j
Also if a b = 0 ,then either a = 0 or b = 0 or a and b are parallel.
5. Area between a and b is ; |a b | = | a || b | sin

Area of ABC = |𝐀𝐁⃗ 𝐀𝐂⃗| = |(a b )+(b c )+(c a )|

Area of parallelogram ABCD = |𝐀𝐁⃗ 𝐀𝐂⃗ | = |(a b )+(b c )+(c a )|

6. Triple scalar product
a. (b c ) = a1(b2c3 –b3c2) + a2(b3c1 –b1c3) + a3(b1c2 –b2c1)
a a a
= b b b
c c c
a b=- b a
a .( b c ) = b.( c a ) = c.( a b)
(ka) b =a (kb)=k(a 𝒃
( a+ b ) c = (a c) +(b c)
a.( a x) = 0 for any vector x.
the area of the parallelogram = |( b h )|
 the area of the triangle = |( b h )|

The volume of the Parallelepiped = |( a.( b c )|

The volume of the Tetrahedron = | ( a.( b c )|

7. The vector equation of a line in the form (r – a) b = 0

r = a + tb

General Cartesian equation = = =λ

The point (x1,y1,z1),has direction ratios l : m : n and is a parameter.

8.

COMPLEX NUMBERS
i2 = −1 or i=√ 1
A complex number is often denoted by the letter z so z = x + iy:
● the real number x is called the real part of z, Re z
● the real number y is called the imaginary part of z, Im z.
Cartesian form: x + iy where x and y are real values.
The complex conjugate of z = x + iy is defined as z* = x − iy.
Arithmetic operations on z1 = a + bi and z2 = c + d i :
 Addition : z1 + z2 = (a + c) + (b + d )i

 Subtraction : z1 − z2 = (a − c) + (b − d )i

 Multiplication : z1z2 = (ac − bd ) + (ad + bc)i

 Division : =

 Modulus : | z | = √a b

 Argument : Found using a diagram with tan 𝜃 =

| z1z2 | = r1 r2 = |z1 ||z2 | and arg(z1 z2 ) = arg z1 + arg z2 = 𝜃1 + 𝜃2

| | = r1 r2 = |z1 ||z2 | and arg = arg z1 – arg z2 = 𝜃1 - 𝜃2
Polar forms
  Modulus-argument form : r(cos + i sin )

 Exponential form : r𝑒

DE Moivre’s Theorem
 Zn = [ r( cos 𝜃 +i sin 𝜃 ) ]n
 Zn = rn ( cos n𝜃 + i sin n𝜃 )

STATISTICS

Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Q0 = Smallest value ( 0% )
Q1 = Lower quartile ( 25 % )
Q2 = Median ( 50 % )
Q3 = Upper quartile ( 75 % )
Q4 = Greatest value ( 100 % )
Range = Q4 – Q0
IQR = Q3 – Q1
Skewness
Symmetrical UQ - Q2 = Q2 - LQ
Positively skewed UQ - Q2 Q2 - LQ
Negatively skewed UQ - Q2 Q2 - LQ

Mean ; sum of data divided by number of values.

Σ Σ
x= or x= or x = +a
Σ
Variance of Discrete Data
var = Σ( xi - x )2 or var = Σxi2 - x 2
Variance in Frequency Table
var = or var = - 𝑥̅
Σ Σ
Standard deviation
; is the square root of Variance.
Σ
σ= x

Probability
Probability =
 All probabilities lie between 0 and 1
 P( A ) = The probability of event A
 P( A' ) =1 – P(A) = the probability of not A
P( A or B ) = P(A) + P(B)
P( A and B ) = P(A) x P(B)
P(B/A) =

Factorial ; n!
n! =1 2 3... n

Permutation ; nPr or P(n, r)

n
!
Pr =
!

Combination ; nCr or C(n, r) or

n !
Cr =
! !

Binomial Distribution
P( X = r ) = nCr pr q(n-r) = pr q(n-r)
Where p = probability of success
q = failure = 1 –p
n = number of trials
It can be written as; X ~ B( n,p )

Discrete Random Variables

1. Probability Distribution Tables
The expected value or its mean;
E(x) = μ = Σ xi pi
 The expected value of a random variable squared;
E(x) = Σ ( xi )2 pi
Finally to calculate the variance;
σ = Σ ( xi - μ)2 pi = Σ xi2 pi – μ2
2. Binomial Distribution
X ~ B( n,p )
The expected value or its mean; E(x) = μ = np
To calculate the variance; σ = np( 1 – p ) = npq

The Normal Distribution

1. Standardizing a Normal Distribution;
X ~ N(μ, σ ) to a statement about N( 0,1 )
Z=
σ

Relationship of Inequalities
 P( X< r ) = P (X r – 1 )
 P( X = r ) = P (X r ) – P(X r-1)
 P( X > r ) = 1 - P (X r )
 P( X r ) = 1 - P (X r – 1 )
The Poisson distribution
The Poisson distribution is used as a model for the number, X, of events,
where λ is equal to the mean of events
P( X = x ) = e , x = 0, 1, 2, . . .
!
The Poisson distribution with mean λ can be noted as X ~ Po( λ )

Expectation & Variance

 For a Poisson distribution X ~ Po( λ )
 Mean = μ = E(x) =λ
 Variance = σ = Var (X) = λ
 The mean & Variance are equal in it.

Relationship of Inequalities
 P( X< r ) = P (X r – 1 )
 P( X = r ) = P (X r ) – P(X r-1)
 P( X > r ) = 1 - P (X r )
 P( X r ) = 1 - P (X r – 1 )