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01 Lecture Outline

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You are on page 1/ 38

Ch 1: Units, Physical Quantities, and Vectors

If a thunderstorm is moving at 15 km/hr in a direction 37° north


of east, how far north does the thunderstorm move in 2.0 hr?
(i) 30 km; (ii) 24 km; (iii) 18 km; (iv) 12 km; (v) 9 km.
Goals for Chapter 1
In this chapter, you’ll learn …

• What is the nature of physics?


• the four steps you can use to solve any physics problem.

• three fundamental quantities (time, length, mass) of physics


and the units which physicists use to measure them.
• how to work with units and significant figures in your
calculations.
• how to add and subtract vectors graphically and using vector
components.
• two ways to multiply vectors: the scalar (⋅) product and the
vector (×) product.
The nature of physics
• Physics is an experimental
science in which physicists
seek patterns that relate the
phenomena of nature.

• The patterns are called


physical theories.

• A very well established or


widely used theory is called a
physical law or principle.
Solving problems in physics
• All of the Problem-Solving Strategies and Examples in this
book will follow these four steps:

dentify the relevant concepts, target variables, and known


quantities, as stated or implied in the problem.

et Up the problem: Choose the equations that you’ll use to


solve the problem and draw a sketch of the situation.

xecute the solution: This is where you “do the math.”

valuate your answer: Compare your answer with your


estimates, and reconsider things if there’s a discrepancy.
Idealized models
To simplify the analysis of (a) a baseball in flight,

we use (b) an idealized model.


Measure a quantity

! = 1,575 kg; * = 4,780 mm; /!"#$%&& = 2.9 sec; 6'() = 350 km/hr
Fundamental quantities of physics
* = 4,780 mm

6'() = 350 km/hr

! = 1,575 kg

/!"#$%&& = 2.9 sec


Standards and units
• Length, time, and mass are three fundamental quantities of
physics.

• The International System units (SI units)


- Système International d'Unités (SI)

• In SI units, length is measured in meters, time in seconds, and


mass in kilograms.
Definition of SI units
• Time
- 1 second º 세슘 133원자의 바닥상태에 있는 초미세 준위사이의 전
이로 발생하는 빛의 주기의 9,192,631,770배 (측정오차:±10!"# )

• Length
- 1 meter º 진공에서 빛이 1/299,792,458 초 동안 이동한 거리

• Mass
- Old 1 Kg º “1 Kg” 원기 (측정오차: ±5×10!$)
- New 1 Kg º 플랑크 상수(h)로부터 정의.
미터와 초에 의하여 정의됨.

ℎ = 6.626 070 15 × 10*+, kg ⋅ m- ⋅ s *%


Unit consistency and conversions
• An equation must be dimensionally consistent. Terms to be
added or equated must always have the same units. (Be sure
you’re adding “apples to apples.”)
• Always carry units through calculations.
• Convert to standard units as necessary, by forming a ratio of
the same physical quantity in two different units and using it
as a multiplier.
• For example, to find the number of seconds in 3 min, we
write:
Converting units

© 2020 Pearson Education, Ltd.


Some Units of Length, Mass, and Time

See more prefixes


Some typical lengths in the universe
Uncertainty and significant figures
• The uncertainty of a measured quantity is indicated by its
number of significant figures.

? = 3.1415926535 …

2?@ 424 mm
?= = = 3.14074074 …
2@ 135 mm
Uncertainty and significant figures
• The uncertainty (error) of a measured quantity is indicated by its
number of significant figures.
• Accuracy (정확도): 56.47±0.02 mm, or 56.47(02)
• Precision (정밀도): 14:22:45.678, (an accurate clock: 2:15 pm)

• Even a small error can have spectacular results!


420±0.1 km (error: 0.02%)
Using Significant Figures
• For multiplication and division, no more significant figures than
the factor with the fewest significant figures:

• For addition and subtraction, no more significant figures than


the factor with the fewest digits to the right of the decimal point:

Video Tutor Solution: Example 1.3


Estimates and Orders of Magnitude
• Order-of-magnitude estimate: Accurate within a factor of 10.
• Round off all numbers to one significant figure and its power of 10.
• After calculation, keep only one significant figure.

• 여행가방 속에 1조원 어치 금덩이를 넣어 가지고 갈 수 있을까?


243,000 원 100,000 원 200,000 원
Gold price: ≈ =
3.75 g 1.5 g 3g

10"% 원
Gold mass: &
×3 g = 15×10# g = 15,000 kg = 15 ton
2×10 원
15× 10# g
Gold volume: ' ≈ 10# cm' = 1 m'
19.30 g/cm

• Sometimes “order-of-magnitude” just refers to the power of 10


- 8×10. m → 10/ m
Vectors and scalars
• A scalar quantity can be described by a single number.

• A vector quantity has both a magnitude and a direction in


space.

• In this book, a vector quantity is represented in boldface italic


type with an arrow over it: #.

• The magnitude of # is written as $ or # .


Drawing vectors
• Draw a vector as a line with an arrowhead at its tip.

• The length of the line shows the vector’s magnitude.


• The direction of the line shows the vector’s direction.
Vectors with the same and opposite directions
Adding two vectors graphically
Adding more than two vectors graphically
• To add several vectors, use the head-to-tail method.

• The vectors can be added in any order.


Subtracting vectors
Multiplying a vector by a scalar
• If c is a scalar, the product
%# has magnitude |%|$.

• The figure illustrates


multiplication of a vector
by (a) a positive scalar
and (b) a negative scalar.
Properties of Vectors

$
• Vectors : ! = |!|! $ : unit vector, |!
! $| = 1

• i) Commutative : % + ' = ' + %

• ii) Associative : % + (' + )) = (% + ') + )

• iii) Distributive : + % + ' = +% + +' (k: scalar)

• iv) Subtraction : % − ' = % + (−')


Components of a vector
• Adding vectors graphically provides limited accuracy.
Vector components provide a general method for adding vectors.

• Any vector can be represented by an x-component Ax


and a y-component Ay.
A= Ax2 + Ay2

C0 = D cosF, C1 = D sinF
Angle q is defined positive in ccw direction
Calculations using components
• We can use the components of a vector to find its magnitude
and direction:
C1
C= C-0 + C-1 , tanF =
C0

• We can use the components of a


set of vectors to find the components
of their sum:

Video Tutor Solution: Example 1.6


Ex 1.7 Calculations using components to add
• We can use the components of a vector to find its magnitude and direction:

• We can use the components of a set of vectors to find the components


of their sum:
Rx = Ax + Bx + C x + ...., R y = Ay + B y + C y + ....

= 180.0° + −51.0° = 129.0°


= 39.0° NW
Unit vectors
• A unit vector has a magnitude
of 1 with no units.

• The unit vector points in the


+x-direction, points in the
+y-direction, and points in
the +z-direction.

• Any vector can be expressed


in terms of its components as
The scalar product
Calculating a scalar product using
components
• In terms of components:

• The scalar product of two vectors is the sum of the products


of their respective components.
Ex 1.10 Finding an angle using the scalar product
The vector product
If the vector product (“cross product”) of two vectors is
then:

The direction of the vector product can be found using the


right-hand rule:
L = D×M
The vector product is anticommutative
Calculating a vector product using components
O× ̂ P̂ = RQ ×RQ = 0
̂ Ô = P× O× ̂ Ô = RQ
̂ P̂ = −P×
̂ RQ = −R×
P× Q P ̂ = Ô
Q Ô = −O×
R× ̂ RQ = P̂

Q
D×M = (C0 Ô + C1 P̂ + C2 R)×(V Q
0 Ô + V1 P̂ + V2 R)

= C0 O×(V
̂ Q
0 Ô + V1 P̂ + V2 R)
+C1 P×(V
̂ Q
0 Ô + V1 P̂ + V2 R)
Q
+C2 R×(V Q
0 Ô + V1 P̂ + V2 R)

L = D×M = C1 V2 − C2 V1 Ô + C2 V0 − C0 V2 P̂ + (C0 V1 − C1 V0 )RQ

W0 = C1 V2 − C2 V1 W1 = C2 V0 − C0 V2 W2 = C0 V1 − C1 V0
Torque Angular Momentum Lorentz Force
I = J×K M⃗ = J×N K = OP×Q
Ex 1.11 Calculating the vector product

• Use RSsinT to find the magnitude


and the right-hand rule to find the direction.

W0 = C1 V2 − C2 V1
W1 = C2 V0 − C0 V2
W2 = C0 V1 − C1 V0

Video Tutor Solution: Example 1.11


Summary
• Physical quantities & units

• Significant figures

• Scalars, vectors,
& vector addition

• Vector components
& vector addition
Summary
• Unit vectors

• Scalar product

• Vector product

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