IPv6 Intro Part 1:

Overview and Addressing

Basics

IPv6 Intro – Part 1

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 Objectives

 Describe IPv4 issues and workarounds.

 Describe IPv6 features and benefits.
 Describe the IPv6 header structure.
 Describe the basics of IPv6 addressing.

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 IPv4 Issues and
IPv6 Benefits

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 The Motivation for Moving to IPv6
 The ability to scale networks for future demands requires a
large supply of IP addresses and improved mobility.
• IPv6 combines expanded addressing with a more efficient header.
• IPv6 satisfies the complex requirements of hierarchical addressing.

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 The Internet Is Growing …
 In 2009, only 21% of the world population was connected.

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 Explosion of New IP-Enabled Devices

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 IPv4 Address Depletion

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 IPv4 Address Depletion
 NAT, VLSM and CIDR were developed as workarounds and have
helped to extend the life of IPv4.
 In October 2010, less than 5% of the public IPv4 addresses remained
unallocated.

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 Projection of Consumption of remaining RIP Adress Pools

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 Other IPv4 Issues

 Internet routing table expansion

 Lack of true end-to-end model due to NAT

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 What Happened to IPv5?

 The Internet Stream Protocol (ST) was

developed to experiment with voice, video and
distributed simulation.
 Newer ST2 packets used IP version number 5 in
the header.
 Although not officially know as IPv5, ST2 is
considered to be the closest thing.
 The next Internet protocol became IPv6.

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 Features and Benefits of IPv6
 Larger address space
 Elimination of public-to-private NAT
 Elimination of broadcast addresses
 Simplified header for improved router efficiency
 Support for mobility and security
 Many devices and applications already support IPv6

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 Features and Benefits of IPv6 - Continued

 Prefix renumbering simplified

 Multiple addresses per interface
 Address autoconfiguration
• No requirement for DHCP
 Link-local and globally routable addresses
 Multiple-level hierarchy by design
• More efficient route aggregation
 Transition mechanisms from IPV4 to IPV6

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 Who is Using IPv6?
 Governments
 Corporations
 Universities
 Internet Service Providers
 Google
 Facebook

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 IP Address Space Allocated to ARIN
 IPv6 Allocation Blocks
• 2001:0400::/23
• 2001:1800::/23
• 2001:4800::/23
• 2600:0000::/12
• 2610:0000::/23
• 2620:0000::/23

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 IPv6 Prefix Allocation Hierarchy and Policy
Example
IANA
2001::/3

AfriNIC APNIC ARIN LACNIC RIPE NCC

::/12 to::/23 ::/12 to::/23 ::/12 to::/23 ::/12 to::/23 ::/12 to::/23

ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP

ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP
ISP/32 ISP/32 ISP/32 ISP/32 ISP/32
/32 /32 /32 /32 /32
/32 /32 /32 /32 /32

Site Site Site Site Site

Site Site Site Site Site
Site/48 Site/48 Site/48 Site/48 Site/48
/48 /48 /48 /48 /48
/48 /48 /48 /48 /48

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 IPv6 Address Allocation Process

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 Hierarchy Resources Allocation

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 Is IPv4 Obsolete?
 IPv4 is in no danger of disappearing overnight.
 It will coexist with IPv6 and then gradually be replaced.
 IPv6 provides several transition options including:
• Dual stack
• Tunneling mechanisms
• NAT-PT (Deprecated)

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 IPv6 Header
Structure

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 IPv6 Header Improvements
 Improved routing efficiency
 No requirement for processing checksums
 Simpler and more efficient extension header mechanisms
 Flow labels for per-flow processing

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 IPv4 Header vs. IPv6 Header

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 Protocol and Next Header Fields

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 Extension Headers
 The Next Header field identifies what follows the
Destination Address field:

(Optional) Extension Header(s)

Data …

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 Extension Headers
 The destination node examines the first extension header (if
any).

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 Extension Header Options

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 Extension Header Chain Order
Process Next-header value
Extension Header
Order (protocol #)
1 Hop-by-hop options header 0
2 Destination options header 60
3 Routing header 43
4 Fragment header 44
Authentication header (AH) and ESP ESP = 50
5
header AH = 51
Upper-layer header:
TCP = 6
6 TCP
UDP = 17
UDP

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 IPv6 Addressing
Overview

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 IPv6 Addressing Overview
 IPv6 increases the number of address bits by a factor of 4,
from 32 to 128, providing a very large number of
addressable nodes.

IPv4 = 32 bits
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111

IPv6 = 128 bits

11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111

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 IPv6 Address Specifics
 The 128-bit IPv6 address is written using 32 hexadecimal
numbers.
 The format is x:x:x:x:x:x:x:x, where x is a 16-bit
hexadecimal field, therefore each x represents four
hexadecimal digits.
 Example address:
• 2035:0001:2BC5:0000 : 0000:087C:0000:000A

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 Abbreviating IPv6 Addresses
 Leading 0s within each set of four hexadecimal digits can
be omitted.
• 09C0 = 9C0
• 0000 = 0
 A pair of colons (“::”) can be used, once within an address,
to represent any number (“a bunch”) of successive zeros.

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 IPv6 Address Abbreviation Example

2031:0000:130F:0000:0000:09C0:876A:130B

2031: 0:130F: 0: 0: 9C0:876A:130B

2031:0:130F:0:0:9C0:876A:130B

2031:0:130F::9C0:876A:130B

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 More IPv6 Address Abbreviation Examples
FF01:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:1
= FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:1
= FF01::1

E3D7:0000:0000:0000:51F4:00C8:C0A8:6420
= E3D7::51F4:C8:C0A8:6420

3FFE:0501:0008:0000:0260:97FF:FE40:EFAB
= 3FFE:501:8:0:260:97FF:FE40:EFAB
= 3FFE:501:8::260:97FF:FE40:EFAB

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 IPv6 Address Components
 An IPv6 address consists of two parts:
• A subnet prefix
• An interface ID

IPv6 = 128 bits

11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111

Subnet prefix Interface ID

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 Subnet Prefix
 IPv6 uses CIDR notation to denote the number of bits that
represent the subnet.

Example:

FC00:0:0:1::1234/64
is really
FC00:0000:0000:0001:0000:0000:0000:1234/64
• The first 64-bits (FC00:0000:0000:0001) forms the address prefix.
• The last 64-bits (0000:0000:0000:1234) forms the Interface ID.

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 Subnet Prefix
 The prefix length is almost always /64.
• However, IPv6 rules allow for either shorter or longer prefixes
 Deploying a /64 IPv6 prefix on a device recommended.
• Allows Stateless Address Auto Configuration (SLAAC)

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 Interface Identifiers
 IPv6 addresses on a link must be unique.
 Using the link prefix length, IPv6 hosts can automatically
create a unique IPv6 address.
 The following Layer 2 protocols can dynamically create the
IPv6 address interface ID:
• Ethernet
• PPP
• HDLC
• NBMA, Frame Relay

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 IPv6 Address Types
Address Type Description Topology

“One to One”
• An address destined for a single interface.
Unicast • A packet sent to a unicast address is delivered to the
interface identified by that address.

“One to Many”
• An address for a set of interfaces (typically belonging
Multicast to different nodes).
• A packet sent to a multicast address will be delivered
to all interfaces identified by that address.

“One to Nearest” (Allocated from Unicast)

• An address for a set of interfaces.
• In most cases these interfaces belong to different
nodes.
Anycast • created “automatically” when a single unicast address
is assigned to more than one interface.
• A packet sent to an anycast address is delivered to the
closest interface as determined by the IGP.

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 IPv6 Unicast Address Scopes
 Address types have well-defined destination scopes:
• Link-local address
• Site-local address (replaced by Unique-local addresses)
• Global unicast address

Global Site-Local Link-Local

(Internet)

 Note: Site-Local Address are deprecated in RFC 3879.

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 IPv6 Unicast Address Scopes
 Link-local addresses—only on single link, not routed
• FE80 prefix
 Unique-local addresses—routed within private network
• FC00 prefix
 Global unicast addresses—globally routable
• 2001 prefix most common

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 Site-Local Addresses - Deprecated
 Site-local addresses allowed devices in the same
organization, or site, to exchange data.
• Site-local addresses start with the prefix FEC0::/10.
 They are analogous to IPv4's private address classes.
• However, using them would also mean that NAT would be required and
addresses would again not be end-to-end.
 Site-local addresses are no longer supported (deprecated
by RFC 3879).

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 Multiple IPv6 Addresses per Interface
 An interface can have multiple global IPv6 addresses.
 Typically, an interface is assigned a link-local and one (or
more) global IPv6 address.
 For example, an Ethernet interface can have:
• Link-local address
(FE80::21B:D5FF:FE5B:A408)
• Global unicast address
(2001:8:85A3:4289:21B:D5FF:FE5B:A408)
 The Link-local address is used for local device
communication.
 The Global address is used to provide Internet reachability.

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 IPv6 Resources

 http://ipv6.beijing2008.cn/en
 http://www.iana.org/numbers/
 http://www.cisco.com/go/ipv6

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IPv6 Intro – Part 1
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