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Kanban is a framework used in project management, particularly in software development, to
visualize and manage work, improve efficiency, and maximize flow. It originated from the
Toyota Production System and emphasizes continuous improvement, flexibility, and
collaboration. Kanban uses a visual board with columns representing different stages of the
workflow, cards representing tasks or work items, and limits on the number of cards allowed
in each column. This allows teams to identify bottlenecks, prioritize tasks, and ensure smooth
workflow.

Interview questions and answers related to Kanban:

1. What is Kanban, and how does it differ from other project management methodologies?
Answer: Kanban is a project management framework that focuses on visualizing work,
limiting work in progress, and maximizing flow. Unlike traditional methodologies like
Waterfall, which have strict phases and timelines, Kanban emphasizes continuous delivery
and improvement.

2. How does a Kanban board work, and what are its components?
Answer: A Kanban board typically consists of columns representing different stages of the
workflow, such as "To Do," "In Progress," and "Done." Cards represent individual tasks or
work items and move across the board as they progress through the workflow. Additionally,
there may be swim lanes to categorize work or prioritize tasks.

3. What are the key principles of Kanban?

Answer: The key principles of Kanban include visualizing workflow, limiting work in
progress (WIP), managing flow, making process policies explicit, and continually improving.

4. How does Kanban help in managing project priorities?

Answer: Kanban helps manage project priorities by visualizing the workflow and enabling
teams to focus on completing high-priority tasks first. By limiting work in progress and using
techniques like WIP limits, teams can ensure that important tasks are completed before
moving on to less critical ones.
5. What are WIP limits, and why are they important in Kanban?
Answer: WIP limits are caps placed on the number of tasks or work items allowed in each
stage of the workflow. They help prevent overloading team members, reduce multitasking,
and improve flow by ensuring that work moves smoothly through the system.

6. How do you handle bottlenecks in a Kanban system?

Answer: When bottlenecks occur in a Kanban system, it's essential to identify the root cause
and take appropriate actions. This may involve reallocating resources, adjusting WIP limits,
redefining process policies, or collaborating with other teams to address capacity constraints.

7. What metrics are commonly used to measure performance in Kanban?

Answer: Common metrics used to measure performance in Kanban include cycle time (the
time it takes for a task to move from start to finish), lead time (the time it takes for a task to
be completed after it is requested), throughput (the number of tasks completed within a
specific timeframe), and WIP levels.
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J2EE (Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition) is a set of specifications, APIs, and technologies
for building and deploying enterprise applications using the Java programming language. It
provides a platform-independent, scalable, and secure environment for developing
distributed, multitiered applications. J2EE includes components such as Servlets, JavaServer
Pages (JSP), Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB), Java Message Service (JMS), Java Naming and
Directory Interface (JNDI), and Java Transaction API (JTA), among others.

Q1: What is J2EE?

Ans: J2EE (Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition) is a platform-independent environment for
developing, building, and deploying enterprise applications using Java programming
language.

Q2: What are the main components of J2EE architecture?

Ans: The main components of J2EE architecture include Servlets, JSP (JavaServer Pages),
EJB (Enterprise JavaBeans), JMS (Java Message Service), JNDI (Java Naming and Directory
Interface), JDBC (Java Database Connectivity), and JTA (Java Transaction API).

Q3: Explain the difference between J2EE and J2SE.

Ans: J2EE is an extension of J2SE (Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition), tailored specifically
for enterprise applications. J2SE provides the core Java platform, while J2EE adds enterprise-
level features and APIs for building distributed, multitiered applications.

Q4: What is the role of Servlets in J2EE?

Ans: Servlets are Java programs that run on the server side and handle client requests and
responses. They provide a way to extend the functionality of web servers and generate
dynamic web content.

Q5: What are the benefits of using JSP over Servlets?

Ans: JSP (JavaServer Pages) is a technology that allows developers to create dynamic web
pages using Java code embedded in HTML. Unlike Servlets, which require writing Java code
to generate HTML content, JSP simplifies the process by allowing developers to embed Java
code directly into HTML pages.
Q6: What are Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB)? Explain the different types of EJBs.
Ans: Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) are server-side components that encapsulate business logic
and provide services to client applications. There are three types of EJBs: session beans,
entity beans, and message-driven beans.

Q7: What is the role of JNDI in J2EE applications?

Ans: JNDI (Java Naming and Directory Interface) is a Java API that provides a unified
interface to access naming and directory services. It allows J2EE applications to look up and
access resources such as databases, messaging services, and other enterprise components.

Q8: How does JMS facilitate messaging in J2EE applications?

Ans: JMS (Java Message Service) is a Java API that provides a standard way to send and
receive messages between applications. It enables asynchronous communication and supports
both point-to-point and publish-subscribe messaging models.

Q9: Explain the role of JDBC in J2EE.

Ans: JDBC (Java Database Connectivity) is a Java API for accessing relational databases
from Java programs. It provides a set of classes and interfaces for connecting to databases,
executing SQL queries, and processing result sets.

Q10: What is the purpose of Java Transaction API (JTA) in J2EE?

Ans: JTA (Java Transaction API) is a Java API that provides a standard way to manage
transactions in Java applications. It allows developers to define and control transactions
across multiple resources, such as databases, messaging systems, and other transactional
resources.

Q11: What is the role of Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI) in J2EE applications?
Ans: JNDI (Java Naming and Directory Interface) is used in J2EE applications to look up and
access resources such as databases, messaging services, and other enterprise components. It
provides a standard way to access these resources using a hierarchical naming system.

Q12: What are the differences between stateless and stateful session beans in EJB?
Ans: Stateless session beans do not maintain any conversational state with clients between
method invocations, while stateful session beans maintain conversational state with clients
across multiple method invocations.
Q13: How do you handle transactions in J2EE applications?
Ans: Transactions in J2EE applications can be handled using container-managed transactions
(CMT) or bean-managed transactions (BMT). In CMT, the application server manages the
transaction lifecycle, while in BMT, the developer explicitly manages the transaction using
the transaction API.

Q14: Explain the Model-View-Controller (MVC) architecture in the context of J2EE

applications.
Ans: The Model-View-Controller (MVC) architecture is a design pattern commonly used in
J2EE applications to separate concerns and achieve modularity. In MVC, the model
represents the data and business logic, the view represents the presentation layer, and the
controller acts as an intermediary between the model and the view.

Q15: What is the purpose of deployment descriptors in J2EE applications?

Ans: Deployment descriptors are XML files used to configure and customize the deployment
of J2EE applications. They contain information such as application name, context root,
servlet mappings, EJB references, and other deployment-specific settings.
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REST API:
REST (Representational State Transfer) is an architectural style for designing networked
applications. A RESTful API (REST API) is an interface that allows communication between
different systems over the internet using HTTP requests to perform various operations on
resources. It follows the principles of REST, including statelessness, uniform interface,
resource-based, and client-server architecture.
Interview Questions and Answers:
Q: What is REST API?
A: A REST API is an architectural style for designing networked applications that allow
communication between different systems over the internet using HTTP requests to perform
various operations on resources.

Q: What are the key principles of REST?

A: The key principles of REST are statelessness, uniform interface, resource-based, and
client-server architecture.

Q: What are the main HTTP methods used in RESTful APIs?

A: The main HTTP methods used in RESTful APIs are GET, POST, PUT, PATCH,
DELETE.

Q: What is the difference between PUT and POST methods?

A: PUT is used to update or replace a resource, and the request is idempotent, meaning
multiple identical requests will have the same effect as a single request. POST is used to
create a new resource or perform a non-idempotent action.

Q: What is idempotency in the context of RESTful APIs?

A: Idempotency means that making the same request multiple times will produce the same
result as making the request only once.

Q: What is the role of HTTP status codes in RESTful APIs?

A: HTTP status codes indicate the success or failure of a request. They provide information
about the result of the operation performed by the server.
Q: What is the difference between REST and SOAP?
A: REST is an architectural style based on principles such as statelessness and resource-
based, while SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) is a protocol for exchanging structured
information in the implementation of web services.

Q: How do you handle authentication in RESTful APIs?

A: Authentication in RESTful APIs can be handled using various methods such as HTTP
basic authentication, OAuth, JWT (JSON Web Tokens), API keys, etc.

Q: What is content negotiation in RESTful APIs?

A: Content negotiation is the process of selecting the best representation for a given response
based on the client's preferences, including factors such as content type, language, and
encoding.

Q: How do you version your RESTful APIs?

A: RESTful APIs can be versioned in different ways, such as using URI versioning (e.g.,
/v1/resource), using custom request headers, or using media type versioning (e.g.,
application/vnd.company.resource.v1+json).
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Application development at Accenture involves creating and maintaining software
applications for clients across various industries. This can include building custom software
solutions, enhancing existing applications, and integrating different systems to improve
efficiency and productivity.

Question: Can you explain your experience with application development?

Answer: I have experience developing software applications using various programming
languages and technologies. I have worked on projects involving full-stack development,
database design, and user interface design to deliver solutions that meet client requirements.

Question: How do you approach designing a software application?

Answer: I begin by understanding the client's requirements and goals for the application.
Then, I create a detailed design plan, including architecture, data model, and user interface. I
prioritize functionality and scalability to ensure the application can grow with the client's
needs.

Question: How do you ensure the quality of your code?

Answer: I follow best practices for coding, such as writing clean, modular code and
conducting thorough testing at each stage of development. I also utilize code review
processes and automated testing tools to catch any errors or bugs early on.

Question: Can you discuss a challenging project you've worked on and how you overcame
obstacles?
Answer: In a recent project, we faced tight deadlines and changing requirements. To
overcome these challenges, I collaborated closely with the client to prioritize features and
adjust our development approach as needed. We also implemented Agile methodologies to
adapt quickly to changes and deliver incremental updates.

Question: How do you stay updated on the latest technologies and trends in application
development?
Answer: I regularly participate in training programs, attend conferences, and engage with
online communities to stay informed about emerging technologies and best practices in
application development. I also enjoy experimenting with new tools and frameworks in my
personal projects.
Question: Can you discuss a time when you had to troubleshoot a complex issue in an
application?
Answer: In a previous project, we encountered a performance issue in the application that
was affecting user experience. I conducted thorough analysis, including profiling the code
and identifying bottlenecks. We optimized the code and implemented caching strategies to
improve performance significantly.

Question: How do you handle working in a team environment?

Answer: I believe in open communication and collaboration within the team. I actively
participate in team meetings, share knowledge and ideas, and support my colleagues to
achieve our common goals. I also value feedback and continuously strive to improve my
skills and contribute to the team's success.
==================================================================
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What is Spring Framework?

Answer: Spring Framework is an open-source application framework for building enterprise
Java applications. It provides comprehensive infrastructure support, including dependency
injection, aspect-oriented programming, transaction management, and more, to simplify the
development of robust and scalable applications.

Question: What is Spring Framework?

Answer: Spring Framework is an open-source application framework for building enterprise
Java applications. It provides comprehensive infrastructure support, including dependency
injection, aspect-oriented programming, transaction management, and more, to simplify the
development of robust and scalable applications.

Question: What are the key features of Spring Framework?

Answer: Some key features of Spring Framework include:

Dependency Injection (DI) or Inversion of Control (IoC)

Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP)
Spring MVC for web application development
Transaction management
JDBC abstraction and ORM integration (e.g., Hibernate, JPA)
Integration with other frameworks and technologies like JMS, JMX, JTA, etc.
Question: What is Dependency Injection (DI) in Spring?
Answer: Dependency Injection is a design pattern used in Spring to remove the dependency
between classes by injecting the dependent objects (or dependencies) into a class instead of
the class creating them. This allows for better modularity, testability, and flexibility in the
application.

Question: How does Spring implement Dependency Injection?

Answer: Spring implements Dependency Injection through the use of either constructor
injection or setter injection. Constructor injection involves passing dependencies as
constructor parameters, while setter injection involves setting dependencies through setter
methods.
Question: What is Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) in Spring?
Answer: Aspect-Oriented Programming is a programming paradigm that allows developers to
modularize cross-cutting concerns, such as logging, security, and transaction management,
separately from the main application logic. In Spring, AOP is implemented using aspects,
advice, join points, and pointcuts.

Question: How does Spring support transaction management?

Answer: Spring provides support for declarative transaction management using either XML-
based configuration or annotation-based configuration. It integrates with various transaction
management APIs, such as JTA, JDBC, and JPA, to provide a consistent and flexible way to
manage transactions in Spring applications.

Question: What is the difference between @Component, @Repository, @Service, and

@Controller annotations in Spring?
Answer:

@Component: Marks a class as a Spring-managed component.

@Repository: Marks a class as a repository, typically used for database access.
@Service: Marks a class as a service, typically used for business logic.
@Controller: Marks a class as a controller in a Spring MVC application, handling web
requests.
Question: How does Spring MVC work?
Answer: Spring MVC is a web framework built on top of the Spring Framework, providing a
model-view-controller architecture for developing web applications. It handles incoming
HTTP requests by routing them to appropriate controllers, which process the requests,
interact with the model, and return the appropriate view to the client.

Question: What are the different ways to configure Spring applications?

Answer: Spring applications can be configured using XML-based configuration, Java-based
configuration (using @Configuration classes), and annotation-based configuration (using
annotations like @ComponentScan, @Autowired, etc.).
Question: What is Spring Boot?
Answer: Spring Boot is a project within the Spring Framework that aims to simplify the
process of building and deploying Spring-based applications. It provides auto-configuration,
embedded servers, and opinionated defaults, allowing developers to quickly create
standalone, production-ready Spring applications with minimal configuration.
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What is Git?
Git is a distributed version control system used for tracking changes in source code during
software development. It allows multiple developers to collaborate on a project
simultaneously, tracking changes made to files over time and facilitating collaboration and
coordination among team members.

Q: What is version control?

A: Version control is the management of changes to documents, computer programs, large
web sites, and other collections of information.

Q: What are the benefits of using Git?

A: Git provides a distributed and decentralized system, tracks changes made to files, enables
parallel development with branches, and offers efficient code repository management.

Q: What is a repository in Git?

A: A repository, or repo, is a storage location where a project's files and version history are
stored. It contains all the files and directories associated with the project, along with metadata
such as commit history.

Q: What is a commit in Git?

A: A commit in Git is a snapshot of the project at a specific point in time. It represents a set
of changes made to the files in the repository since the last commit.

Q: What is a branch in Git?

A: A branch in Git is a separate line of development that diverges from the main line (often
called the "master" branch). Branches allow developers to work on new features or bug fixes
without affecting the main codebase until they are ready to merge their changes.

Q: What is the difference between Git and GitHub?

A: Git is a version control system, while GitHub is a web-based platform built around Git
that provides hosting for Git repositories and additional features such as issue tracking, pull
requests, and project management tools.
Q: What is a merge conflict in Git? How do you resolve it?
A: A merge conflict occurs when Git is unable to automatically merge changes from different
branches. To resolve it, you need to manually edit the conflicting files to choose which
changes to keep, then commit the resolved changes to complete the merge.
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Design patterns are reusable solutions to common problems that occur during software
development. They provide a structured approach to designing and implementing software
systems, allowing developers to create efficient, maintainable, and scalable code.
There are several categories of design patterns, including:

Creational Patterns: These patterns deal with object creation mechanisms, trying to create objects in a manner
suitable to the situation. Examples include Singleton, Factory Method, Abstract Factory, Builder, and Prototype
patterns.

Structural Patterns: These patterns deal with object composition or structure and focus on how classes and
objects can be composed to form larger structures. Examples include Adapter, Bridge, Composite, Decorator,
Facade, Flyweight, and Proxy patterns.

Behavioral Patterns: These patterns are concerned with the interaction and communication between objects.
They describe how objects collaborate to fulfill a task. Examples include Observer, Strategy, Command,
Template Method, Visitor, Iterator, Memento, Mediator, and State patterns.

Question: What are design patterns, and why are they important in software development?
Answer: Design patterns are reusable solutions to common software design problems. They
provide a structured approach to designing software systems, improving code readability,
scalability, and maintainability.

Question: Can you explain the Singleton pattern?

Answer: The Singleton pattern ensures that a class has only one instance and provides a
global point of access to that instance. It typically involves a static method to access the
singleton instance and a private constructor to prevent instantiation from outside the class.

Question: What is the Factory Method pattern, and when would you use it?
Answer: The Factory Method pattern defines an interface for creating objects but allows
subclasses to alter the type of objects that will be created. It's useful when a class cannot
anticipate the class of objects it must create or when subclasses need to control the creation
process.

Question: Explain the Observer pattern.

Answer: The Observer pattern defines a one-to-many dependency between objects so that
when one object changes state, all its dependents are notified and updated automatically. It's
commonly used in event handling systems and GUI frameworks.

Question: How does the Decorator pattern work, and what problem does it solve?
Answer: The Decorator pattern allows behavior to be added to individual objects
dynamically, without affecting the behavior of other objects from the same class. It's useful
for extending the functionality of classes without subclassing and avoiding the complexity of
multiple inheritance.

Question: Can you give an example of when you've used the Strategy pattern in your
projects?
Answer: The Strategy pattern is used when you want to define a family of algorithms,
encapsulate each one, and make them interchangeable. For example, in a payment processing
system, different payment methods (credit card, PayPal, etc.) could be implemented using the
Strategy pattern, allowing easy addition of new payment methods without modifying existing
code.

Question: How do design patterns differ from design principles?

Answer: Design principles are general guidelines that inform the design of software systems,
such as SOLID principles (Single Responsibility, Open/Closed, Liskov Substitution, Interface
Segregation, and Dependency Inversion). Design patterns, on the other hand, are specific
solutions to recurring design problems and often embody these principles in their
implementations.
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Hibernate is an open-source, object-relational mapping (ORM) framework for Java. It
provides a way to map object-oriented domain models to relational databases, allowing
developers to work with objects in their application code instead of dealing directly with
database tables and SQL queries. Hibernate handles the mapping of Java classes to database
tables and vice versa, as well as managing the object lifecycle, database transactions, and
query execution.

Question: What is Hibernate?

Answer: Hibernate is an ORM (Object-Relational Mapping) framework for Java that
provides a way to map Java objects to database tables and vice versa, allowing developers to
work with objects in their application code without having to deal with the underlying
database directly.

Question: What are the advantages of using Hibernate?

Answer: Some advantages of using Hibernate include: Simplified data access layer, improved
productivity, automatic persistence, and database independence.

Question: Explain the difference between transient, persistent, and detached objects in
Hibernate.
Answer:
Transient objects: These are newly created objects that are not associated with any Hibernate
session or database. They are not yet persistent and do not have a database representation.
Persistent objects: These are objects that are associated with a Hibernate session and have a
corresponding database representation. Changes made to persistent objects are automatically
synchronized with the database.
Detached objects: These are objects that were once persistent but are no longer associated
with a Hibernate session. They still have a database representation, but changes made to
detached objects are not automatically synchronized with the database.
Question: What is the role of Hibernate configuration file (hibernate.cfg.xml)?
Answer: The Hibernate configuration file is used to configure various settings and properties
for Hibernate, such as database connection settings, mapping files, dialects, and caching
options. It is a key component in configuring Hibernate for use within an application.
Question: Explain the difference between Hibernate and JDBC.
Answer:
Hibernate is an ORM framework that provides a higher level of abstraction over JDBC (Java
Database Connectivity). It allows developers to work with objects in their application code
and handles the mapping of objects to database tables, whereas JDBC requires developers to
write SQL queries and handle database interactions manually.
Hibernate provides features such as automatic persistence, caching, and lazy loading, which
are not available in JDBC.
Hibernate is more suitable for complex applications with a large number of objects and
relationships, while JDBC is more lightweight and suitable for simple database interactions.
==================================================================
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Software solutions refer to the creation and implementation of software programs or
applications to address specific business or organizational needs. These solutions can range
from simple applications to complex enterprise systems, and they are designed to improve
efficiency, productivity, and effectiveness in various areas such as customer relationship
management, project management, inventory management, data analysis, and more.

Question: What is a software solution?

Answer: A software solution is a program or application developed to address specific needs
or solve particular problems within an organization or business.

Question: Can you explain the software development life cycle (SDLC)?
Answer: The software development life cycle (SDLC) is a process used by software
development teams to design, develop, test, and deploy software solutions. It typically
includes phases such as planning, analysis, design, implementation, testing, deployment, and
maintenance.

Question: What are some key components of a software solution?

Answer: Key components of a software solution may include user interface design, database
management, business logic implementation, integration with other systems, security
features, and performance optimization.

Question: How do you approach software requirements gathering?

Answer: When gathering software requirements, I start by engaging with stakeholders to
understand their needs and objectives. I then document requirements using techniques such as
interviews, surveys, and workshops, ensuring clarity, completeness, and traceability.

Question: What methodologies do you prefer for software development?

Answer: I am experienced in various software development methodologies, including Agile,
Scrum, and Waterfall. The choice of methodology depends on project requirements, team
dynamics, and organizational culture. I prioritize flexibility, collaboration, and delivering
value to stakeholders.
Question: How do you ensure the quality of software solutions?
Answer: I believe in implementing a robust quality assurance process throughout the software
development life cycle. This includes thorough testing (unit testing, integration testing,
system testing, and user acceptance testing), code reviews, continuous integration, and
monitoring in production environments.

Question: Can you discuss your experience with software architecture design?
Answer: In software architecture design, I focus on designing scalable, maintainable, and
extensible systems that align with business goals. I consider factors such as modularity,
reusability, performance, security, and future growth. I am proficient in designing both
monolithic and microservices-based architectures.

Question: How do you stay updated with the latest trends and technologies in software
development?
Answer: I actively participate in professional development activities such as attending
conferences, workshops, and webinars, reading industry publications, and experimenting with
new technologies through personal projects. I also collaborate with peers and engage in
online communities to exchange knowledge and best practices.
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"OOPs" stands for Object-Oriented Programming, which is a programming paradigm based
on the concept of "objects," which can contain data in the form of fields (often known as
attributes or properties) and code in the form of procedures (often known as methods).

Question: What is Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)?

Answer: Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the
concept of "objects," which can contain data in the form of fields and code in the form of
procedures. It focuses on the creation of reusable and modular code by organizing data and
methods into objects.

Question: What are the main principles of OOP?

Answer: The main principles of OOP are:

Encapsulation: Encapsulation is the bundling of data and methods that operate on the data
into a single unit (class). It hides the internal state of an object from the outside world and
only exposes the necessary functionalities through methods.
Inheritance: Inheritance is the mechanism by which one class can inherit properties and
behavior from another class. It promotes code reusability and helps in building hierarchical
relationships between classes.
Polymorphism: Polymorphism allows objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a
common superclass. It enables the same method name to be used for different types of
objects, resulting in code that is more flexible and easier to maintain.
Question: What is a class and an object in OOP?
Answer: A class is a blueprint for creating objects. It defines the attributes and methods that
an object will have. An object is an instance of a class. It represents a specific instance of the
class and contains its own set of data and methods.

Question: Explain the difference between abstraction and encapsulation.

Answer: Abstraction is the process of hiding the implementation details and showing only the
essential features of an object. It focuses on what an object does rather than how it does it.
Encapsulation, on the other hand, is the bundling of data and methods into a single unit
(class) and restricting access to the internal state of an object. While abstraction deals with
hiding unnecessary details, encapsulation deals with hiding the internal state of an object and
exposing only the necessary functionalities.
Question: What is inheritance, and how does it promote code reusability?
Answer: Inheritance is a mechanism by which one class can inherit properties and behavior
from another class. The class that is being inherited from is called the superclass or base
class, and the class that inherits from it is called the subclass or derived class. Inheritance
promotes code reusability by allowing subclasses to inherit methods and attributes from their
superclass, reducing code duplication and making it easier to maintain and extend the
codebase.

Question: What is the difference between method overloading and method overriding?
Answer: Method overloading occurs when multiple methods in the same class have the same
name but different parameters. The compiler determines which method to call based on the
number and types of parameters passed to it. Method overriding, on the other hand, occurs
when a subclass provides a specific implementation of a method that is already defined in its
superclass. The subclass method must have the same signature (name and parameters) as the
superclass method it overrides. Method overriding is used to provide a specific
implementation of a method in a subclass to customize its behavior.
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"Agile" refers to a set of principles and practices for software development that emphasize
flexibility, collaboration, and iterative progress. It is a response to traditional, sequential
software development methodologies like Waterfall, which often lead to rigid plans and
difficulties in adapting to changing requirements.

1. What is Agile development, and why is it beneficial?

Agile development is an iterative approach to software development that prioritizes
flexibility, collaboration, and customer feedback. It involves breaking down projects into
small, manageable increments called iterations or sprints, allowing teams to adapt to
changing requirements and deliver value to customers more quickly. Agile methodologies
promote transparency, continuous improvement, and customer satisfaction by fostering open
communication and a focus on delivering working software.

2. Can you explain the Agile Manifesto and its principles?

The Agile Manifesto is a set of four values and twelve principles that guide Agile
development. The four values are:

Individuals and interactions over processes and tools

Working software over comprehensive documentation
Customer collaboration over contract negotiation
Responding to change over following a plan
The twelve principles expand on these values and provide guidelines for Agile teams to
follow, such as satisfying the customer through early and continuous delivery of valuable
software, welcoming changing requirements, and promoting sustainable development
practices.

3. What are the key differences between Agile and Waterfall methodologies?
Agile and Waterfall are two contrasting approaches to software development. In Waterfall,
the entire project is planned upfront, and each phase (requirements, design, implementation,
testing, deployment) occurs sequentially. In contrast, Agile is iterative and incremental, with
requirements and solutions evolving through collaboration between self-organizing cross-
functional teams.
4. How does Scrum differ from other Agile frameworks like Kanban?

Scrum is a specific Agile framework that emphasizes fixed-length iterations (sprints), roles
(Scrum Master, Product Owner, Development Team), and ceremonies (daily stand-ups, sprint
planning, sprint review, sprint retrospective). Kanban, on the other hand, focuses on
visualizing work on a Kanban board, limiting work in progress (WIP), and continuously
improving flow. While Scrum is more prescriptive, Kanban is more flexible and adaptable.

5. What roles are typically involved in Scrum, and what are their responsibilities?

Scrum typically involves three primary roles:

Scrum Master: Facilitates the Scrum process, removes impediments, and helps the team
optimize their productivity.
Product Owner: Represents the stakeholders and prioritizes the product backlog to maximize
the value delivered by the team.
Development Team: Self-organizing, cross-functional group responsible for delivering
increments of working software during each sprint.
Each role has distinct responsibilities but collaborates closely to achieve the goals of the
project.

6. What is a user story, and how is it used in Agile development?

A user story is a concise, written description of a feature from the end-user's perspective. It
typically follows the format: "As a [user], I want to [action], so that [benefit]." User stories
help Agile teams understand the requirements and priorities of the customer and guide the
development process by focusing on delivering value.

7. What is the purpose of a sprint retrospective, and how do you conduct one?

The sprint retrospective is a meeting held at the end of each sprint to reflect on the team's
performance and identify opportunities for improvement. Its purpose is to enable continuous
learning and adaptation by reviewing what went well, what didn't, and how the team can
enhance its processes and practices. A sprint retrospective typically involves the entire Scrum
team and follows a structured format, including reviewing the sprint goals, identifying
strengths and areas for improvement, and defining action items for the next sprint.
8. How do you prioritize tasks in Agile development?

Tasks in Agile development are typically prioritized based on their value to the customer, the
dependencies between tasks, and the team's capacity to deliver them within a given sprint.
Product backlog items are usually prioritized by the Product Owner, who considers factors
such as business value, risk, and urgency. The team may also collaborate to refine priorities
based on their collective understanding of the project goals and constraints.

9. What is the difference between a product backlog and a sprint backlog?

The product backlog is a prioritized list of all desired features, enhancements, and fixes for a
product. It represents the entire scope of work to be done and is continuously refined and
reprioritized by the Product Owner. In contrast, the sprint backlog is a subset of the product
backlog items selected for implementation during a specific sprint. It contains the tasks and
user stories that the Development Team commits to completing within the sprint.

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