General

Quarter 1: Week 5

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 Let’s Learn
This module was designed and written to help you understand and apply the
concepts of exponential functions to formulate and solve real-life problems with
precision and accuracy.

The module is divided into two lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 – Properties of Exponential Functions
• Lesson 2 – Applications Involving Exponential Functions

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. represent an exponential function through its: (a) table of values (b) graph,
and (c) equation
2. find the domain and range of an exponential function.
3. determine the intercepts, zeroes, and asymptotes of an exponential function.
4. solve problems involving exponential functions, equations, and inequalities.

Let’s Try

Directions: Analyze each question carefully and write the letter that corresponds to
the correct answer.

1. What is the y-intercept of an exponential function 𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑥 ?

A. 0 B. 1 C. -1 D. 2

2. Which of the following is the range of an exponential function?

A. Set of all positive real numbers C. Set of all negative numbers
B. Set of all real numbers D. Ordered pair

3. Which of the following must the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑥 contain?

A. (1, 0) B. (0, 1) C. (0, 0) D. (-1, 0)

4. What do you call a line that a certain part of a graph approaches more and more
closely but never reaches?
A. horizontal line B. vertical line C. asymptote D. intercepts

5. What is the value of 2-2?

A. ¼ B. ½ C. -4 D. -¼

6. What do you call the rate of decrease in exponential function?

A. growth B. decay C. half-life D. cultivation

7. What do you call the rate of increase in exponential function?

A. growth B. decay C. half-life D. cultivation

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8. Consider the exponential function below and determine which of the
following statements is true about the equation 𝑃(𝑡) = 800(0.7)𝑡
A. P describes exponential growth where the initial quantity is 800.
B. P describes exponential decay where the initial quantity is 800
C. P describes exponential growth where the initial quantity is 0.7
D. P describes exponential decay where the initial quantity is 0.7

9. For the function, 𝑦 = 3𝑥 , what is the value of 𝑦 when 𝑥 = – 5?

1 1
A. –243 B. C. D. -81
243 81

10. What is the equation for the exponential function?

A. 𝑦 = 2 ⋅ 3𝑥

B. 𝑦 = 3 ⋅ 2𝑥

C. 𝑦 = 2 · 2𝑥
1𝑥
D. 𝑦 = 3 ⋅
2

11. What would be the electric consumption of a city in 3 years if the approximate
annual electric consumption in a city in 𝑛 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 is given by the equation 𝐶 =
1.2(1.01)𝑛 billion kilowatt-hours?

A. 1.236 billion kilowatt-hours C. 1.212 billion kilowatt-hours

B. 1.224 billion kilowatt-hours D. 1.249 billion kilowatt-hours

12. Which of the following amount will you deposit in a bank if you want to
accumulate P54, 000 in a year such that the bank offers an interest rate of 8%
compounded annually?
A. P44 000 B. P46 000 C. P48 000 D. P50 000
0.05 4𝑡
13. Which of the following is the simplified form of 10 000(1 + ) ?
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A. 10 000(1.0125)4𝑡 C. 10 000(1.0125)0.05𝑡
B. 10 000(1.0125)𝑡 D. 10 000(1 + 1.0125)𝑡

14. Which equation is equivalent to 𝑦 = 3(3)𝑥 ?

A. y = (3)-3x B. y = 3x+1 C. y = 33x D. y = 9x

15. Which of the following functions shows an initial amount of P750 and an
increase of 35% each year?
A. 𝑦 = 750(35)𝑥 C. 𝑦 = 750(1.35)𝑥
B. 𝑦 = 750(0.35)𝑥 D. 𝑦 = 750(1.15)𝑥

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Lesson
Properties of Exponential
1 Functions

Let’s Recall

Activity 1
Use the Laws of Exponents in giving the value of the following.
1. 20 = ____ 4. 2−1 = _____
2. (½)0 = ____ 5. 2−2 = _____
3. −2 0 = ______ 6. 2 −3 = _____

1. What law/s of exponents did you use for numbers 1 to 3?

2. What law/s of exponent did you use for numbers 4 to 6?

Let’s Explore

Observe the table of values and the graph below with its corresponding functions.

x 𝑦 = 𝑥2 𝑦 = 2𝑥
-3 9 1/8
-2 4 ¼
-1 1 ½
0 0 1
1 1 2
2 4 4
3 9 8
Graph of 𝑦 = 2𝑥 Graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2
𝑥
x 𝑦=
1
𝑥 ⁄2 1
𝑦=
2
-3 Und 8
-2 Und 4
-1 Und 2
0 0 1
1 1 ½
2 1.41 ¼
3 1.73 1/8
1𝑥
Graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 1/2 Graph of 𝑦 =
2

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 Let’s Elaborate

Definition
Exponential Functions are equations of the form
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒃𝒙 𝒐𝒓 𝒚 = 𝒃𝒙
where 𝑏 is any real number and 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1

Let 𝑏 be a positive number not equal to 1. A transformation of an exponential

function with base 𝑏 is a function of the form
ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 𝑥−𝑐 + 𝑑
where 𝑎, 𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑 are real numbers

Properties of Exponential Function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒃𝒙

1. The domain is the set of all real numbers.

2. The range is the set of all positive numbers.

3. It is a one-to-one function, thus, it satisfies the Horizontal Line test.

4. The y-intercept is at (0, 1). There is no x-intercept.

5. The horizontal asymptote is the line y = 0.

6. There is no vertical asymptote.

7. The function is increasing if 𝑏 > 1, and is decreasing if 0 < 𝑏 < 1.

Example 1
Sketch the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 .

Solution

Step 1: Construct a table of values of ordered pairs for the given function. The table
of values for 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 is as follows.

X -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
f(x) 1/16 1/8 1/4 ½ 1 2 4 8

Step 2: Plot the points found in the table, and connect them using a smooth curve.

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Plotting points for 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 Graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥

Domain: Set of all real numbers or (−∞, ∞)

Range: Set of all positive real numbers or (0, ∞)
y-intercept: (0, 1)
x-intercept: none
Horizontal asymptote: 𝑦 = 0

Example 2
1 𝑥
Sketch the graph of 𝑔(𝑥) = ( )
2

Solution
1 𝑥
Step 1: The corresponding table of values of x and y for 𝑔(𝑥) = ( ) is as follows:
2

𝑥 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
𝑔(𝑥) 8 4 2 1 1/2 1/4 1/8 1/16

1 𝑥
Plotting of points for 𝑔(𝑥) = ( ) Graph of 𝑔(𝑥) =
2
1 𝑥
( )
2

Domain: Set of all real numbers (−∞, ∞)

Range: Set of all positive real numbers (0, ∞)
y-intercept: (0, 1)

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 x-intercept: none
Horizontal asymptote: y = 0

Example 3

Sketch the graph of ℎ(𝑥) = −2𝑥

Solution
Step 1: Construct a table of values of ordered pairs for the given function. The
table of values for ℎ(𝑥) = 2−𝑥 is a s follows.

X -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
h(x) 16 8 4 2 1 ½ ¼ 1⁄
8

Step 2: Plot the points found in the table, and connect them using a smooth curve.
Plotting of points of ℎ(𝑥) = −2𝑥 Graph of ℎ(𝑥) = −2𝑥

Domain: Set of all real numbers (−∞, ∞)

Range: Set of all positive real numbers (0, −∞)
y-intercept: (0, -1)
x-intercept: none
Horizontal asymptote: y = 0

LET’S DIG IN

Activity 3

1. a. Complete the following table of values for 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥

𝑥 -2 -1 0 1 2
𝑓(𝑥)

b. Construct a coordinate plane showing x from -2 to 2 and y from -1 to 10.

Sketch the graphs of f(x) on this coordinate plane.

c. For each function, identify the domain, range, y-intercept, and horizontal
asymptote.

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 1 x
2. a. Complete the following table of values for f(x) =( )
3
x -2 -1 0 1 2
f(x)
b. Construct a coordinate plane showing x from -2 to 2, and y from -1 to 10.
Sketch the graphs of f(x) on this coordinate plane.

c. For each function, identify the domain, range, y-intercept, and horizontal
asymptote.

Let’s Remember

The following were the key points of the lesson

➢ A function that are written as 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑥 called exponential function

➢ The transformation of the exponential function is an equation of the form

ℎ(𝑥 ) = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 𝑥−𝑐 + 𝑑 where 𝑎, 𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑 are real numbers

➢ The domain is the set of all real numbers and the range is the set of all
positive numbers.

➢ Its graph intersect at point (0, 1) called the y-intercept.

➢ An exponential function has no x-intercept.

➢ The horizontal asymptote is at the line 𝑦 = 0.

➢ The function is increasing if 𝑏 > 1, and is decreasing if 0 < 𝑏 < 1

LET’S APPLY

Given the functions 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 4𝑥

a. Graph the functions in the same coordinate plane.
b. Indicate the domain, range, y-intercept, and horizontal asymptote.
c. Compare the domain, range, y-intercept, and horizontal asymptote of the two
graphs. What do these functions have in common?

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Lesson
Applications Involving
2 Exponential Functions
The real-life application of the transformation of exponential function is
population growth, exponential decay and compound interest.

Let’s Recall

Choose your answer from the words inside the box.

intercept real numbers Horizontal Line test
vertical 0<𝑏<1 range 𝑏>1

1. The _________is the set of all positive numbers.

2. It is a one-to-one function. It satisfies the____________________.

3. The domain is the set of all_____________________.

4. The y-_____________ is 1. There is no x-intercept.

5. The function is increasing if______, and is decreasing if________.

6. The horizontal asymptote is the line y = 0 (or the x-axis).

7. There is no _________asymptote.

Let’s Explore

Activity 2

Maria was asked by her Biology teacher to culture bacteria in the science
laboratory. She noted that this certain type of bacteria, given favorable conditions,
doubles its population every 6.5 hours. Given that Maria started with 50 bacteria,
how many bacteria will be there after 1 week?

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 Let’s Elaborate

In the previous lesson, we have learned the properties of exponential

functions. We know that exponential functions has the set of all real numbers for
the domain, the set of all positive numbers for the range, its y-intercept is 1, the
function is increasing if 𝑏 > 1, and is decreasing if 0 < 𝑏 < 1.

In real-life, exponential functions are used in determining the rate of

increase (growth) and the rate of decrease (decay) of a certain quantity. Scientists
use exponential functions to determine the half-life of compounds, and cultivation
of bacteria. Financial analysts use exponential functions to determine the amount
of investment after some time.

All situations of this type can be modelled using the exponential function

𝑦 = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏𝑥

where 𝑏 is the growth factor if 𝑏 > 1

the growth or decay rate is |𝑏 − 1|

a is the initial or original value

𝑏 is the decay factor if 0 < 𝑏 < 1

𝑥 is the number of growth and decay periods

Example 1

A colony of insects has a current population of 80 insects and doubles every

10 days. (a) Write an equation that represents the population, P, after t days using
function notation. (b) Exactly how long would it take for the population to reach 40
960?

Solution
Given: y0 = 80 𝑇 = 10

(a) Since the problem is an exponential growth, then we will use the equation
𝑡⁄
𝑦 = 𝑦0 (2) 𝑇

𝑡
= 80(2) ⁄10
(b) Now, y = 40 960, y0 = 80 and T = 10
𝑡
𝑦 = 𝑦0 (2) ⁄𝑇
𝑡
40, 960 = 80(2) ⁄10

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 40,960 𝑡
= (2) ⁄10
80
𝑡
512 = (2) ⁄10
𝑡
29 = (2) ⁄10
𝑡
9 =
10

𝑡 = 90 days

Example 2
The half-life of a certain isotopes is 2.30 minutes. At 𝑡 = 0, there were 𝑦0
1
grams of that isotopes, but only of this amount remains after some time. How
128
much time has passed?

Solution
Using exponential models in the previous lesson we can determine that after
𝑡
1 ⁄2.30
𝑡 minutes, the amount of isotopes in the substance is 𝑦0 = ( )
2

1
Now, solving for t when 𝑦0 = , we have
128
𝑡⁄
1 2.30
𝑦0 = ( )
2

𝑡⁄
1 1 2.30
=( )
128 2

𝑡⁄
1 1 2.30
=( )
128 2

𝑡⁄
1 1 2.30
( )7 = ( )
2 2
𝑡
7=
2.30

𝑡 = 16.10 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
Example 3

An amount of P30 000 is invested at 6% per annum. What is the

accumulated amount after 5 years if the interest was compounded quarterly?

Solution

Given: 𝑃0 = 30000 𝑟 = 6% ÷ 4 = 0.06 ÷ 4 = 0.015 𝑛 = 5𝑥4 = 20

Using the formula for the compound interest, that is, 𝑃 = 𝑃0 (1 + 𝑟)𝑛

𝑃 = 𝑃0 (1 + 𝑟)𝑛

𝑃 = 30, 000(1 + 0.015)20

𝑃 = 30, 000(1.015)20
𝑃 = 30, 000(1.346855)

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 𝑃 = 40, 405.65
Therefore, the accumulated amount for P30, 000 compounded quarterly after
5 years is P40, 405.65.

Let’s Dig In

Analyze each and then solve. Write your complete solution.

1. A sample of radioactive polonium-210 has a half-life of 138 days. This means

that every 138 days, the amount of polonium left in a sample is half of the
original amount.
a) If the original sample was 200g, write the equation that represents the mass,
M of polonium, in grams, that remains after t days. Use this equation to
determine exactly how long it takes for this sample to decay to 12.5 grams.
b) If there are 80 grams remaining after 365 days, what was the mass of the
original sample (to the nearest gram).

2. A savings account of P5, 000 is placed at 5% interest per annum. How much is
the account at the end of one year if the interest is
a. Compounded once a year?
b. Compounded quarterly?

Let’s Remember

The following were the key points of the lesson

➢ An exponential function is a function of the form 𝑦 = 𝑎 · 𝑏 𝑥

➢ Exponential Models and Population Growth

1. Suppose a quantity 𝑦 doubles every T units of time. If 𝑦0 is the initial amount,

then the quantity 𝑦 after 𝑡 units of time is given by
𝑡
𝑦 = 𝑦0 (2) ⁄𝑇

2. The half-life of a radioactive substance is the time it takes for half of the
𝑡⁄
1 𝑇
substance to decay 𝑦0 = ( )
2

3. If a principal 𝑃 is invested at an annual rate of 𝑟, compounded annually, then the

amount after 𝑡 years is given by
𝑟
𝑃 = 𝑃0 (1 + 𝑖)𝑛 where 𝑖 = and 𝑛 = 𝑚𝑡
𝑚

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 Let’s Apply

Analyze and solve the following problems. Write your complete solution.
1. A cell phone worth P12, 000 was bought three years ago. If it depreciated at 5%
per annum, how much does it cost now?

2. A researcher is investigating a specimen of a certain bacteria. They find that the

original 2000 bacteria grew to 2, 100, 000 in 72 hours. How fast do the bacteria be

(a) double and

(b) triple.

Let’s Evaluate

Directions: Analyze each question carefully and write the letter that corresponds to
the correct answer.
1. Which is true in an exponential function?
A. there is no x-intercept C. x-intercept is at (1, 0)
B. there is an x-intercept D. x-intercept is at (0, 0)

2. Which of the following composes the domain of an exponential function?

A. Set of all positive real numbers C. Set of all negative numbers
B. Set of all real numbers D. Ordered pair

3. For the function y = 3x, what is the value of y when x = 4?

A. 12 B. 18 C. 27 D. 81

4. Suppose the value of a cell phone after it is purchased depreciates according to

the formula = 16 000(0.80)𝑥 , where 𝐶 is the cell phone’s value in the nth year
since it was purchased, what is the purchase price of the cell phone?
A. P16 080 B. P12 800 C. P1600 D. P16 000

5. Using the situation in No. 4 where the formula is, C = 16 000(0.80)x , what is the
decay factor?
A. 0.80 B. 0.20 C. 80 D. 20

6. Which is the growth factor in the exponential function?

A. 𝑏 < 1 B. 𝑏 ≤ 1 C. 𝑏 > 1 D. 𝑏 ≥ 1

7. Which is the decay factor in the exponential function?

A. 0 < 𝑏 < 1 B. 0 < 𝑏 ≤ 1 C. 0 > 𝑏 > 1 D. 0 > 𝑏 ≥ 1

8. What is the kind of asymptote in an exponential function?

A. vertical B. oblique C. horizontal D. linear

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9. Exponential function is increasing if b>1, and which is the form if it is
decreasing?

A. 0 < 𝑏 < 1 B. 0 < 𝑏 ≤ 1 C. 0 > 𝑏 > 1 D. 0 > 𝑏 ≥ 1

10. What is the amount of time it takes for half of the amount of substance to
decay?

A. Growth B. Decay C. Half-life D. Cultivation

11. The half-life of radium-226 is 1620 years. There is 100g of radium-226 in a

particular sample now. Which of the following gives the correct amount of
radium-266 in 3240 years?
A. 400 g B. 25 g C. 50 g D. 0 g

12. The number of mosquitoes at the beginning of the summer was 4,000. The
population of mosquitoes is expected to grow at a rate of 25% a month. How many
mosquitoes will there be after 4 months?

A. 9767 B. 9765 C. 9006 D. 5433

13. You have inherited land that was purchased for P375,000 in 2010. The value of
the land increased by approximately 5% per year. What is the approximate value of
the land in the year 2020?

A. P581, 748 B. P610, 835 C. P554, 045 D. P518, 748

14. Which of the following models the value of the deposited amount in t years if
P50 000 is deposited in an account with 5% interest rate compounded quarterly?

0.05 4𝑡
A. 50 000 (1 + ) C. 50 000 (1 + 0.05)4𝑡
4
0.05 𝑡 0.05 𝑡
B. 50 000 (1 + ) D. 50 000 ( )
4 4

15. Suppose a culture of bacteria begins with 6000 cells and dies by 30% each
year. Write an equation that represents this situation.

A. y = 6000(0.7)x B. y = 6000(1.3)x C. y = 30(6000)x D. y = 6000xx

References
Advanced Algebra, Trigonometry and Statistics, Textbook for Fourth Year by
Soledad Jose-Dilao, Fernando B. Orines and Julieta G. Bernabe (Revised Edition,
2009)
General Mathematics Learner’s Material by the Department of Education (First
Edition, 2016)
General Mathematics Teacher’s Guide by the Department of Education (First
Edition, 2016)
General Mathematics by Dan Andrew H. Magcuyao

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 Development Team of the Module
Writers: MYLENE M. CORNEJO
Editors:
Content: JOHN CYRUS
Language: CHRISTIAN T. FRUTO
Reviewers: MRS. MIRASOL I. RONGAVILLA
ARMANDO V. EROLIN
Illustrators:
Layout Artist: JASPER T. AGUILAR
Management Team: DR. MARGARITO B. MATERUM, SDS
DR. GEORGE P. TIZON, SGOD-Chief
DR. ELLERY G. QUINTIA, CID Chief
MRS. MIRASOL I. RONGAVILLA, EPS - MATH
DR. DAISY L. MATAAC, EPS – LRMS/ ALS

For inquiries, please write or call:

Schools Division of Taguig city and Pateros Upper Bicutan Taguig City

Telefax: 8384251

Email Address: [email protected]

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