Review Innovations CE Review November 2024 – Plane and Solid Geometry 1

Plane Geometry - deals with the properties of plane figures or

geometrical shapes of two dimensions, such as angles, triangles,
square, polygons, conic sections, etc.

POLYGONS – a closed plane figure with three or more sides and

angles.
Concave polygon – a polygon having at least one interior angle
greater than 180°
Convex polygon – a polygon where all interior angles are less than
180°
Regular polygon – a polygon having all sides equal and all angles
equal
Similar polygons – polygons whose corresponding angles are QUADRILATERALS
equal, and corresponding sides are proportional – a polygon bounded by four straight lines (also known as
quadrangle or tetragon)

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
= =
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑎 2 𝑏 2 𝑐 2
=( ) =( ) =( )
𝐴𝑏𝑖𝑔 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

PROPERTIES OF POLYGONS
Sum of Interior Angles 𝜃 AREA OF QUADRILATERALS
𝛴θ = 180°(𝑛 − 2) Area of Parallelogram
Sum of Exterior Angles 𝛽 𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ
𝛴β = 360° Area of Trapezoid
Sum of Central Angles 𝛼 1
𝛴𝛼 = 360° 𝐴 = ℎ(𝑏1 + 𝑏2 )
2
Number of Diagonals d Area of Kite & Rhombus
𝑛 1
𝑑 = (𝑛 − 3) 𝐴 = 𝑑1 𝑑2
2 2
Area of Trapezium (General Quadrilateral)

𝐴 = √(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)(𝑠 − 𝑑) − 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 cos 2 θ

where:
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+𝑑 𝐴+𝐶 𝐵+𝐷
𝑠= and θ = or θ =
2 2 2

Perimeter and Area of Regular Polygon

𝑃 = 𝑠𝑛 CIRCLE
– a closed plane curve every point of which is equidistant to a fixed
1 𝑠2𝑛 point called its center
𝐴 = 𝑃𝑎 = Parts of a Circle
2 180°
4 tan ( ) 1. Radius – a line segment formed by joining any point on the
𝑛
where: circle and its center
𝑠 = length of one side 2. Chord – a line segment formed by joining any two points on
𝑛 = number of sides the circle
𝑎 = apothem 3. Diameter – the longest chord of a circle. It has a length that is
twice the radius.
Apothem – a line from the center of a regular polygon 4. Arc – a set of points on the circle that are bounded by two
perpendicular to one of its sides. This is equal to the radius of the endpoints that are also on the circle
inscribed circle. 5. Sector – a region bounded by two radii of a circle and the
included arc of the two radii
6. Segment – a region bounded by an arc and the chord joining
the endpoints of the arc.

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 Review Innovations CE Review November 2024 – Plane and Solid Geometry 1

Secant – Tangent Rule:

If a secant and tangent segment are drawn to a circle from the
same external point, the product of the length of the secant
segment and its external part equals the square of the length of the
tangent segment.
(AB)2 = AD x AC

PROPERTIES OF CIRCLE
Circumference
𝐶 = 𝜋𝑑 = 2𝜋𝑟 SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
Area
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 1. Find the area of a regular decagon if one of its sides measures
Arc length 4 cm.
𝑠 = 𝑟θ A. 149.9 cm2 C. 179.1 cm2
Area of Sector B. 123.1 cm2 D. 98.9 cm2
1 2 𝜋𝑟 2 θ
𝐴= 𝑟 θ=
2 360°
Area of Segment 2. A regular hexagon having an area of 93.53 cm2 is inscribed in a
1 circle. Find the area of the regular octagon that will circumscribe
𝐴 = 𝑟 2 (θ − sin θ)
2 this circle.

3. A rectangle with sides AB = CD = 50 m and BC = AD = 120 m is

Two Chords Rule: shown in the figure. It is divided into three parts by parallel lines
If two chords intersect in a circle, the product of the lengths of the AE and FC which are 20 m apart. Find the area of AECF.
segments of one chord equal the product of the segments of the
other.
a x b = c x d

4. The parallel bases of a trapezoid measure 100 cm and 150 cm

Two Secants Rule: respectively and its altitude is 60 cm. It is to be divided into two
If two secant segments are drawn to a circle from the same parts whose areas are in the ratio of 2:5 by a line parallel to its
external point, the product of the length of one secant segment and bases such that the bigger part is adjacent to the smaller base.
Determine the length of this dividing line, area of the smaller and
its external part is equal to the product of the length of the other
bigger parts.
secant segment and its external part.
AC x AB = AE x AD 5. A goat is tied outside a triangular fenced garden at point A. The
sides of the fence are AB = 8 m, BC = 9 m, and CA = 12 m. If the
rope with which the goat is tied is 14 m, find the area over which
the goat can graze outside the fence.

CE BOARD MAY 2016:

Chords AB and CD intersect each other at O inside the circle.
AO = 8 cm, CO = 12 cm, DO = 20 cm and AB = diameter of the
circle.
6. Compute the diameter of the circle.
7. Compute the length of arc AC.
8. Determine the area of OCA.

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 Review Innovations CE Review November 2024 – Plane and Solid Geometry 1

Problems for Practice:

1. A triangular piece of land has one side measuring 12 km. The

land is to be divided into two equal areas by a dividing line
parallel to the given side. What is the length of the dividing line?

2. The sides of a bigger polygon are 4 m, 6 m, 7 m, 13 m, and 18

m. A similar smaller polygon has a longest edge of 12 m. What is
the perimeter of the smaller polygon?

3. A trapezoidal lot ABCD has sides BC parallel to AD. AB = 395

m, AD = 530 m and BC = CD. Angle CDA = 860. Determine the
area of the lot.

4. A rectangular lot 80 m x 40 m long is divided into two areas by

an arc whose center is at the mid-point of the shorter side. If the
radius of the arc is 30 m, what is the ratio of the area of the
smaller part to the area of the bigger part?

5. The diagonals of a rhombus are 16 cm and 12 cm long

respectively. Determine (a) the length of its sides; (b) the acute
angle between its sides; (c) the area of the rhombus.

6. A road is tangent to a circular lake. Along the road and 12 miles

from the point of tangency, another road opens towards the lake.
From the intersection of the two roads to the periphery of the lake,
the length of the new road is 11 miles. If the new road will be
prolonged across the lake, find the length of the bridge
constructed.

7. The distance between the center of the circles which are

mutually tangent each other externally are 10 cm, 12 cm and 14
cm respectively. Find the area of the largest circle.

8. In the previous problem, compute the area enclosed between

the points of tangency of the three circles.

9. Two circles are concentric. The chord of the bigger circle is

tangent to the smaller circle and measures 10 cm. What is the area
outside the smaller but inside the bigger circle?

10. Two circles have radii of 6 cm and 8 cm and their centers are
20 cm apart. Find the lengths of the common external tangent and
the common internal tangent.

11. The sum of the interior angles is six times the sum of its
exterior angles. How many diagonals does this polygon have?

12. A hexagram formed by overlapping two equal equilateral Answer Key:

triangles, is inscribed in a circle of radius 6.928. Find the sides of 1. 8.485 km
the equilateral triangle. 2. 32 m
3. 53,420.23 m2 or
13. Two tangents are drawn from an external point P of a circle and 168,571.60 m2
intersect the circle at points A and B, respectively. Point C is on 4. 0.53
the periphery of the circle and is closer to P than either A or B. If 5. (a) 10 cm;
the angle between the tangent lines is 48°, find the angle ACB. (b) 73.74°;
(c) 96 cm2
14. Find the area of a quadrilateral whose sides are 10 cm, 8 cm, 6. 2.09 miles
16 cm, and 20 cm, if the sum of two opposite interior angles is 225°. 7. 64π cm2
8. 5.08 cm2
15. A circle whose area is 452 cm2 is cut into two segments by a 9. 25 cm2
chord whose distance from the center of the circle is 6 cm. Find the 10. External = 19.90 cm
area of the larger segment. Internal = 14.28 cm
11. 77 diagonals
12. 12
13. 114°
14. 145.33 cm2
15. 363.56 cm2

This review material is exclusively for the personal use, viewing and downloading of Review Innovations’ reviewees. Unauthorized
reproduction, use, or dissemination is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law.