SOLAR POWER SYSTEM

by
Name Registration number
Piyush Sharma 21802080022
Abhay kumar saw 21802085001
Prateek Singh 21802085019
Pankaj kumar saw 21802085017
Sandeep Kumar Paswan 21802080026
Shiv Shankar kumar 21802085028
Gulshan kumar 21802080009
Niraj kumar 21802085015
Anmol ratan Sinha 21802080005
Anish 21802080002

A comprehensive project report has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the degree of
Diploma
In
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Under the supervision of
Er. Abhishek Kumar Bharti

Lecturer

Department of Electrical Engineering

SUBHASH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
APPROVED BY AICTE, NEW DELHI, MINISTRY OF HRD, GOVT OF INDIA & AFFILIATED TO
JUT, RANCHI, GOVT. OF JHARKHAND

1
 CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

This is to certify that the project titled SOLAR POWER SYSTEM carried out by

Name Registration number

Piyush Sharma 21802080022
Abhay kumar saw 21802085001
Prateek Singh 21802085019
Pankaj kumar saw 21802085017
Sandeep Kumar Paswan 21802080026
Shiv Shankar kumar 21802085028
Gulshan kumar 21802080009
Niraj kumar 21802085015
Anmol ratan Sinha 21802080005
Anish 21802080002

for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for Diploma in Electrical Engineering from
Subhash Institute of Technology, Giridih is absolutely based on his own work under
the supervision of Er Abhishek Kumar Bharti The contents of this thesis, in full or in
parts, have not been submitted to any other Institute or University for the award of any
degree or diploma.

Er. Abhishek Kumar Bharti

(Project Guide)

Er. Rahul kumar

(Head of Department) 2
 DECLARATION

“We Do hereby declare that this submission is our own work conformed to the norms
and guidelines given in the Ethical Code of Conduct of the Institute and that, to the
best of our knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously written by
another neither person nor material (data, theoretical analysis, figures, and text)
which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the
university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement
has been made in the text.”

Name Registration number

Piyush Sharma 21802080022
Abhay kumar saw 21802085001
Prateek Singh 21802085019
Pankaj kumar saw 21802085017
Sandeep Kumar Paswan 21802080026
Shiv Shankar kumar 21802085028
Gulshan kumar 21802080009
Niraj kumar 21802085015
Anmol ratan Sinha 21802080005
Anish 21802080002

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 CONTENTS

CERTIFICATE….........................................................................................................................1

DECLARATION.........................................................................................................................2

CERTIFICATE of ACCEPTANCE............................................................................................3

ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................5

CONTENTS…...............................................................................................................................6

LIST OF FIGURES…...................................................................................................................7

INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................8

COMPONENTS REQUIRED….................................................................................................9

DESCRIPTION...............................................................................................................................10

BLOCK DIAGRAM.....................................................................................................................40

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM..................................................................................................................41

CODE…..........................................................................................................................................42

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LIST OF FIGURES

5
FI ARDUINO PAG
G E
1
FI 12 0 12 TRANSFORMERS PAG
G E
2
FI P55N MOSFET PAG
G E
3
FI LED ACID BATTER PAG
G E
4
FI JUMPER WIRE PAG
G E
5
FI SERVO MOTOR PAG
G E
6
FI LED PAG
G E
7
FI SOLAR PANNEL PAG
G E
8
FI BLOCK DIAGRAM PAG
G E
9
FI CIRCUIT DIAGRAM PAG
G E
1
6
0
FI CODE PAG
G E
1
 ABSTRACT
The word hybrid itself gives the meaning of something which is a combination of
different elements coming together. Hybrid power systems hence are known as
the autonomous electricity generating systems because they include more than
one type of power source, conventional and renewable energy source. A hybrid
system might contain AC or DC diesel generators, A Cor DC distribution system,
loads, renewable power sources, energy storage or power converters etc. Hybrid
Power systems are becoming more and more popular due to their ability to store
energy even when the grid supply is cut off, this leads to less expenses of
electricity and many more advantages. Hybrid systems can be constructed using
the combination of different type of sources depending upon the available
resource. One of the most common type of hybrid system used is the Hybrid Solar
Power System. The main objective of this paper is to discuss Howa hybrid system
works; hence hybrid solar system has been taken into study to give an idea of
how electricity is generated and used through the combination of different
sources.

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 COMPONENTS REQUIRED
1) Arduino Uno

2) Wooden Base

3) Therma Coll

4) Spoke

5) Copper Wire

6) Steel Wire

7) Led

8) Lcd Panel

9) Relay

10) Co

nnecting Wire

11) Re

sistance 1kΩ, 10kΩ ,100Ω ,220Ω And 330Ω.

12) 0

12 Transformers

13) 12

0 12

Transformer

14) Ca

rdboard Sheet

15) 8 Le

d Acid Battery
9
 ABOUT SOLAR ENERGY

 What is solar energy

Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a
range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating photovoltaics, solar
thermal energy, solar architecture, molten salt power plants and artificial
photosynthesis.
 A Short History of Solar energy
The first solar energy was invented by Charles Fritts in 1883 where he coated a
thin layer of selenium with an extremally thin layer of gold. The resulting cells
had a conversion electrical efficiency of only about 1%. This invention led to the
lunching of a movement for producing solar energy.
 How do solar energy works?
When the Sun light strikes the solar cell, electrons are knocked loose form the
atoms in the semiconductor material. If electrical conductors are attached to
the positive and negative sides , forming an electrical circuit, the electrons can
be captured in the forms of an electric current – that is, electricity. Solar energy
works
 Solar energy used in our day- to- day life
 Solar Powered Ventilation fans
 Solar Heating for Your Swimming Pool
 Solar Water Heater
 Solar House Heating
 Solar Powered Pumps
 Charging Your Home With Photoelectric
 Solar Energy for Cooking
 Solar Energy for Outdoor Lighting
 Biggest solar energy plants in India?
 Pavaganda Solar Park , Karnataka
 Kamuthi Solar Power Project, Tamil Nadu
 Bhadla Solar Park, Rajasthan
 Charanka Solar Park, Gujarat

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 ARDUINO UNO

Arduino is an open-source hardware and software company, project, and user

community that designs and manufactures single-board
microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital devices. Its
hardware products are licensed under a CC BY-SA license, while the software is
licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU
General Public License (GPL),[1] permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards
and software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially
from the official website or through authorized distributors
Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers. The
boards are equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that
may be interfaced to various expansion boards ('shields') or breadboards (for
prototyping) and other circuits. The boards feature serial communications
interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models, which are also
used for loading programs. The microcontrollers can be programmed using
the C and C++ programming languages, using a standard API which is also
known as the Arduino Programming Language, inspired by the Processing
language and used with a modified version of the Processing IDE. In addition to
using traditional compiler toolchains, the Arduino project provides an integrated
development environment (IDE) and a command line tool developed in Go.
The Arduino project began in 2005 as a tool for students at the Interaction Design
Institute Ivrea, Italy,[3] aiming to provide a low-cost and easy way for novices and
professionals to create devices that interact with their environment
using sensors and actuators. Common examples of such devices intended for
beginner hobbyists include simple robots, thermostats, and motion detectors.
The name Arduino comes from a bar in Ivrea, Italy, where some of the project's
founders used to meet. The bar was named after Arduin of Ivrea, who was
the margrave of the March of Ivrea and King of Italy from 1002 to 1014

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 HARDWARE OF ARDUINO

1.Power USB
Arduino board can be powered by using the USB cable from your
computer. All you need to do is connect the USB cable to the USB
connection (1).
2.Power (Barrel Jack)
Arduino boards can be powered directly from the AC mains power
supply by connecting it to the Barrel Jack

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3.Voltage Regulator
The function of the voltage regulator is to control the voltage given to the
Arduino board and stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor other
elements.

4.Crystal Oscillator
The crystal oscillator helps Arduino in dealing with time issues. How
does Arduino calculate time? The answer is, by using the crystal
oscillator. The number printed on top of the Arduino crystal is
16.000H9H.

Arduino Reset
You can reset your Arduino board, i.e., start your program from the
beginning. You can reset the UNO board in two ways. First, by using the
reset button (17) on the board. Second, you can connect an external reset
button to the Arduino pin labelled RESET (5).

• GND (8)(Ground) − There are several GND pins on the Arduino, any
of which can be used to ground your circuit.

• Vin (9) − This pin also can be used to power the Arduino board from
an external power source, like AC mains power supply.

Pins (3.3, 5, GND, Vin)

• 3.3V (6) − Supply 3.3 output volt

• 5V (7) − Supply 5 output volt

Most of the components used with Arduino board works fine with
Analog pins

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 • The Arduino UNO board has six analog input pins A0 through A5.
These pins can read the signal from an analog sensor like the
humidity sensor or temperature sensor and convert it into a digital
value that can be read by the microprocessor

Main microcontroller
• Each Arduino board has its own microcontroller (11). You can
assume it as the brain of your board. The main IC (integrated circuit)
on the Arduino is slightly different from board to board. The
microcontrollers are usually of the ATMEL Company. You must
know what IC your board has before loading up a new program
from the Arduino IDE. This information is available on the top of the
IC. For more details about the IC construction and functions, you
can refer to the data sheet

• ICSP pin
Mostly, ICSP (12) is an AVR, a tiny programming header for the
Arduino consisting of MOSI, MISO, SCK, RESET, VCC, and GND. It
is often referred to as an SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface), which could
be considered as an "expansion" of the output

Power LED indicator

This LED should light up when you plug your Arduino into a power
source to indicate that your board is powered up correctly. If this light
does not turn on, then there is something wrong with the connection.
This LED should light up when you plug your Arduino into a power
source to indicate that your board is powered up correctly. If this light
does not turn on, then there is something wrong with the connection

TX and RX LEDs
On your board, you will find two labels: TX (transmit) and RX (receive).
They appear in two places on the Arduino UNO board. First, at the
digital pins 0 and 1, to indicate the pins responsible for serial
communication. Second, the TX and RX led (13). The TX led flashes with
different speed while sending the serial data. The speed of flashing
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depends on the baud rate used by the board. RX flashes during the
receiving process

Digital I/O
The Arduino UNO board has 14 digital I/O pins (15) (of which 6 provide
PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) output. These pins can be configured to
work as input digital pins to read logic values (0 or 1) or as digital output
pins to drive different modules like LEDs, relays, etc. The pins labeled
“~” can be used to generate PWM

AREF
AREF stands for Analog Reference. It is sometimes, used to set an
external reference voltage between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for

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 TRANSFORMER

2-Amp Transformer (12v-0-12v) CT We use full customize transformer Which

have taping of 0 12 and 12 0 12 2 ampere Working Principle of a Centre Tapped
Transformer A Centre Tapped transformer works in more or less the same way
as a usual transformer. The difference lies in just the fact that its secondary
winding is divided into two parts, so two individual voltages can be acquired
across the two-line ends. The internal process is the same, which is when an
alternating current is supplied to the primary winding of the transformer it
creates a magnetic flux in the core, and when the secondary winding is brought
near, an alternating magnetic flux is also induced in the secondary winding as
the flux flows through the ferromagnetic iron core and changes its direction with
each and every cycle of the alternating current. In this way an alternating current
also flows through the two halves of the secondary winding of the transformer
and flows to the external circuit. 26 Construction When an additional wire is
connected across the exact middle point of the secondary winding of a
transformer, it is called a center tapped transformer. The wire is adjusted such
that it falls in the exact middle point of the secondary winding and is thus at zero
volts, forming the neutral point for the winding. This is called the “center tap”
and this thing allows the transformer to provide two separate output voltages
which are equal in magnitude, but opposite in polarity to each other. In this way,
we can also use a number of turn ratios from such a transformer. Working of this
transformer the two voltages, between line 1 and neutral and between neutral

16
and line 2 can be named as VA and VB respectively. Then the mathematical
relation of these two voltages shows that they are dependent upon the primary
voltage as well as the turn ration of the transformer.
VA = (NA / NP) * VP
VB = (NB / NP) * VP
One thing that should be noted here is that both the outputs VA and VB
respectively are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction, which means that
they are 180 degrees out of phase with each other

P55N MOSFET AND Z44N MOSFET

it is an N-channel mosfet the region behind using this mosfet was its high
switching speed

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 Z44N MOSFET

IRFZ44N N-Channel Power MOSFET

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 IRFZ44N N-Channel Power MOSFET
IRFZ44N Pinout

The IRFZ44N is a N-channel MOSFET with a high drain current of 49A and low Rds value of
17.5 mΩ. It also has a low threshold voltage of 4V at which the MOSFET will start conducting.
Hence it is commonly used with microcontrollers to drive with 5V. However a driver circuit is
needed if the MOSFET has to be switched in completely.

IRFZ44N Pinout Configuration

Pin Number Pin Name Description

1 Gate Controls the biasing of the MOSFET

2 Drain Current flows in through Drain

3 Source Current flows out through Source

Features and Specifications

 Small signal N-Channel MOSFET

 Continuous Drain Current (ID) is 49A at 25°C
 Pulsed Drain Current (ID-peak) is 160A
 Minimum Gate threshold voltage (VGS-th) is 2V
 Maximum Gate threshold voltage (VGS-th) is 4V
 Gate-Source Voltage is (VGS) is ±20V (max)
 Maximum Drain-Source Voltage (VDS) is 55V
 Rise time and fall time is about 60ns and 45ns respectively.
 It is commonly used with Arduino, due to its low threshold current.
 Available in To-220 package

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Note: Complete Technical Details can be found in the IRFZ44N datasheet given at the end of
this page.

Alternatives for IRFZ44N

IRF2807, IRFB3207, IRFB4710

Where to use IRFZ44N MOSFET

The IRFZ44N is known for its high drain current and fast switching speed. Adding to that it
also has a low Rds value which will help in increasing the efficiency of switching circuits. The
MOSFET will start turning on with a small gate voltage of 4V, but the drain current will be
maximum only when a gate voltage of 10V is applied. If the mosfet has to be driven directly
from a microcontroller like Arduino then try the logic level version IRLZ44N mosfet.

Difference between IRLZ44N and IRFZ44N Mosfet

The IRLZ44N and IRFZ44N MOSFETs are often confused among each other and used
incorrectly. The IRLZ44N is a Logic level Mosfet with a very low gate threshold voltage of 5V,
meaning the MOSFET can be fully turned on with just 5V on its gate pin which avoids the
need for a driver circuit.

The IRFZ44N on the other hand requires a gate driver circuit if the MOSFET has to be turned
on completely using a microcontroller like Arduino. However it does turn on partially with
direct 5V form a I/O pin, but the output drain current will be limited.

How to use IRFZ44N MOSFET

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Unlike transistors MOSFET’s are voltage controlled devices. Meaning, they can be turned on
or turned off by supplying the required Gate threshold voltage (VGS). IRFZ44N is an N-
channel MOSFET, so the Drain and Source pins will be left open when there is no voltage
applied to the gate pin. When a gate voltage is applied these pins gets closed.

If it is required to be switched with Arduino, then a simple drive circuit using a transistor will
work to provide the required gate voltage to trigger the MOSFET to open fully. For other
switching and amplifying applications, a dedicated MOFET Driver IC is required.

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SERVO_MOTOR
What is a Servo Motor?

A servo motor is a type of motor that can rotate with great precision. Normally
this type of motor consists of a control circuit that provides feedback on the
current position of the motor shaft, this feedback allows the servo motors to
rotate with great precision. If you want to rotate an object at some specific angles
or distance, then you use a servo motor. It is just made up of a simple motor
which runs through a servo mechanism. If motor is powered by a DC power
supply then it is called DC servo motor, and if it is AC-powered motor then it is
called AC servo motor. For this tutorial, we will be discussing only about the DC
servo motor working. Apart from these major classifications, there are many
other types of servo motors based on the type of gear arrangement and operating
characteristics. A servo motor usually comes with a gear arrangement that
allows us to get a very high torque servo motor in small and lightweight
packages. Due to these features, they are being used in many applications like
toy car, RC helicopters and planes, Robotics, etc.

Servo motors are rated in kg/cm (kilogram per centimeter) most hobby servo
motors are rated at 3kg/cm or 6kg/cm or 12kg/cm. This kg/cm tells you how
much weight your servo motor can lift at a particular distance. For example: A
6kg/cm Servo motor should be able to lift 6kg if the load is suspended 1cm away
from the motors shaft, the greater the distance the lesser the weight carrying

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capacity. The position of a servo motor is decided by electrical pulse and its
circuitry is placed beside the motor.

Servo Motor Working Mechanism

It consists of three parts:

1. Controlled device

2. Output sensor

3. Feedback system

It is a closed-loop system where it uses a positive feedback system to control

motion and the final position of the shaft. Here the device is controlled by a
feedback signal generated by comparing output signal and reference input
signal.

Here reference input signal is compared to the reference output signal and the
third signal is produced by the feedback system. And this third signal acts as an
input signal to the control the device. This signal is present as long as the
feedback signal is generated or there is a difference between the reference input
signal and reference output signal. So the main task of servomechanism is to
maintain the output of a system at the desired value at presence of noises.

Servo Motor Working Principle

A servo consists of a Motor (DC or AC), a potentiometer, gear assembly, and a

controlling circuit. First of all, we use gear assembly to reduce RPM and to
increase torque of the motor. Say at initial position of servo motor shaft, the

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position of the potentiometer knob is such that there is no electrical signal
generated at the output port of the potentiometer. Now an electrical signal is
given to another input terminal of the error detector amplifier. Now the
difference between these two signals, one comes from the potentiometer and
another comes from other sources, will be processed in a feedback mechanism
and output will be provided in terms of error signal. This error signal acts as the
input for motor and motor starts rotating. Now motor shaft is connected with the
potentiometer and as the motor rotates so the potentiometer and it will generate
a signal. So as the potentiometer’s angular position changes, its output feedback
signal changes. After sometime the position of potentiometer reaches at a
position that the output of potentiometer is same as external signal provided. At
this condition, there will be no output signal from the amplifier to the motor
input as there is no difference between external applied signal and the signal
generated at potentiometer, and in this situation motor stops rotating.

Interfacing Servo Motors with Microcontrollers:

Interfacing hobby Servo motors like s90 servo motor with MCU is very easy. Servos
have three wires coming out of them. Out of which two will be used for Supply
(positive and negative) and one will be used for the signal that is to be sent from
the MCU. An MG995 Metal Gear Servo Motor which is most commonly used for RC
cars humanoid bots etc. The picture of MG995 is shown below:

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The color coding of your servo motor might differ hence check for your respective
datasheet.

All servo motors work directly with your +5V supply rails but we have to be careful on
the amount of current the motor would consume if you are planning to use more than
two servo motors a proper servo shield should be designed.

Controlling Servo Motor:

All motors have three wires coming out of them. Out of which two will be used for
Supply (positive and negative) and one will be used for the signal that is to be sent
from the MCU.

Servo motor is controlled by PWM (Pulse with Modulation) which is provided by the
control wires. There is a minimum pulse, a maximum pulse and a repetition rate. Servo
motor can turn 90 degree from either direction form its neutral position. The servo
motor expects to see a pulse every 20 milliseconds (ms) and the length of the pulse will
determine how far the motor turns. For example, a 1.5ms pulse will make the motor
turn to the 90° position, such as if pulse is shorter than 1.5ms shaft moves to 0° and if it
is longer than 1.5ms than it will turn the servo to 180°.

Servo motor works on PWM (Pulse width modulation) principle, means its angle of
rotation is controlled by the duration of applied pulse to its Control PIN. Basically

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servo motor is made up of DC motor which is controlled by a variable resistor
(potentiometer) and some gears. High speed force of DC motor is converted into
torque by Gears. We know that WORK= FORCE X DISTANCE, in DC motor Force is
less and distance (speed) is high and in Servo, force is High and distance is less. The
potentiometer is connected to the output shaft of the Servo, to calculate the angle and
stop the DC motor on the required angle.

Servo motor can be rotated from 0 to 180 degrees, but it can go up to 210 degrees,
depending on the manufacturing. This degree of rotation can be controlled by applying
the Electrical Pulse of proper width, to its Control pin. Servo checks the pulse in every
20 milliseconds. The pulse of 1 ms (1 millisecond) width can rotate the servo to 0
degrees, 1.5ms can rotate to 90 degrees (neutral position) and 2 ms pulse can rotate it to
180 degree.

All servo motors work directly with your +5V supply rails but we have to be careful
about the amount of current the motor would consume if you are planning to use more
than two servo motors a proper servo shield should be designed.

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To learn more about servo motor working principle and practical uses, please check
below applications were controlling of servo motor is explained with the examples:

SWITCH

What is an SPST Switch?

The simplest form of a switch is an SPST switch. An SPST switch embraces a

basic "ON/OFF" control of a single circuit and consists of two terminals that
serve as electrical connection points. Power the switch "ON" to establish a
connection between the two terminals. Turn the switch to "OFF" to eliminate
the terminals' connection.

The light switch in the room you're in right now probably uses an SPST
switch. When in the "OFF" position, the circuit breaks and the light turns off.
When the switch is set to "ON," the two connected terminals complete the
circuit and the light turns on.

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28
CIRCUIT DIGRAM

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30
31
CONNECTION DETAILS

 5v dc power source connected to Arduino

 I2c display connected to Arduino
i) Vcc to 5v outlet of Arduino
ii) Gnd with Arduino
iii) SCL to A5
iv) SLD to A4

 3 phase fault detection

i) A0 to Red Phase
ii) A1 to Blue phase
iii) A2 to yellow phase
 SERVO MOTOR
i) Red to 5v of Arduino
ii) Brown to Gnd
iii) And orange to digital pin 9

REFERENCE

1.Wikipedia
2.GitHub

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