PHY 103: Basic Principle of Physics II
2022/2023 Session
Introductory Heat and Thermodynamics
LECTURE 5 SUMMARY
Temperature and “Zeroth Law” (cont’d)
HEAT: Transfer of energy between bodies due difference in
temperature between them.
The following conditions must be fulfiled before energy
will flow:
(i)Thermal contact must be established between the bodies
(ii) The bodies must not be in the same temperature.
NOTE: Heat always flow from a higher temperature body to a
lower temperature body
Two objects are said to be in thermal contact with each
other if energy can be exchanged between them.
Temperature and “Zeroth Law”
(contd)
Zeroth Law of thermodynamics
If two objects A and B, which are not in thermal contact, are
separately in thermal equilibrium with a third object C, then
objects A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
Thermal equlibrium
The situation in which two objects cease to exchange energy by heat or
electromagnetic radiation between each other, if they were in thermal contact.
Thermometer and temperature scales
Temperature of an object depends on:
measuring devices for its measurements and
The temperature scale adopted.
The Most common temperature scales are:
Thermodynamic (Kelvin)
Celsius
Fahrenheit
Thermometer and temperature scales
All thermometers are based on the thermometric properties.
Some of the physical properties that change with temperature
(thermometric properties) are:
The volume/length of a liquid
The length of a solid
Thepressure of a gas at constant volume (as in constant-
volume gas thermometer)
The volume of a gas at constant pressure (as in constant-
pressure gas thermometer)
Thermometer and temperature scales contd.
The electric resistance of a conductor (as in
resistance thermometer)
The colour of an object
The emf of a thermo couple
TEMPARATURE SCALES
Kelvin (Thermodynamic) scale
• On this scale, Ice point has temp. of 273.15 K
• Triple point of water is defined as 273.16 K
Triple point of water: The point where saturated water vapour,
pure water and melting ice coexist in equilibrium.
The steam point on this scale is 373.15 K
Kelvin Scale contd.
0 K (or its equivalence, -273.150C) is referred to as absolute
zero.
ABSOLUTE ZERO TEMPERATURE temperature at which the
pressure of a gas is zero. Beyond this point, the pressure
becomes negative.
Celsius Scale
• Ice point is defined as 0oC
• Steam point is 100oC at 760mmHg
• Coversion formula between Kelvin and celcius scales
• TK = TC +273.15 or TC = TK -273.15
NOTE: The difference of two temperatures on Celsius scale is the same as the difference of
their corresponding temperature on kelvin scale.
Fahrenheit Scale
• Ice point is defined as 32oF
• Steam point is 212oF at 760mmHg
• The scale is divided into 180 equal degrees between the two points.
Conversion formula between fahrenheit (TF) and Celsius (TC) scales
9 5
𝑇𝐹 = 𝑇 + 32 OR 𝑇𝐶 = (𝑇 −32)
5 𝐶 9 𝐹
9
NOTE: The difference of two temperatures on the Fahrenheit scale is times the difference of
5
their corresponding temperature on Celsius scale.
The fixed points are:
(a) Triple point of water: The single combination of temperature and pressure at which liquid water, gaseous
water, and ice (solid water) coexist in equilibrium).
(b) Ice point: mixture of water and ice in thermal equilibrium at atmospheric pressure.
(c) Steam point: mixture of water and steam in thermal equilibrium at atmospheric pressure.
Thermometer Calibration: The process of standardizing a temperature monitoring instrument to ensure that
it will measure within a specific temperature range in which it is designed to operate.
Reason (for difference in the two) is because the two liquids have different thermal expansion properties.
For all the gases the pressure is zero at -273.15°C.
This is the basis for absolute temperature scale.
THERMAL EXPANSION:
If the temperature of a liquid increases, its volume increases with exception of
water within 00C and 40C.
For solids, as temperature increases, its dimensions increase.
This phenomenon is termed thermal expansion.
At any change in temperature ∆𝑇,
∆𝐿
= α∆𝑇 so that, ∆𝐿 = α𝐿𝑖 ∆𝑇
𝐿𝑖
(∆𝐿 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡, 𝐿𝑖 = 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡 and α = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
∆𝐴
= β∆𝑇 such that, ∆𝐴 = α𝐴𝑖 ∆𝑇
𝐴𝑖
(∆𝐴 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎, 𝐴𝑖 = 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 and β = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
and
∆𝑉
= γ∆𝑇 so that, ∆𝑉 = α𝑉𝑖 ∆𝑇
𝑉𝑖
(∆𝑉 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎, 𝑉𝑖 = 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 and γ = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
Macroscopic Description of an Ideal Gas
A gas kept at a very low pressure i.e. a low-density gas is referred to
as Ideal gas.
An ideal gas is one for which PV/nT is constant for all pressures.
Equation of State relates the state variables, volume V, temperature
T and pressure P of a gas in the following ways:
At a constant temperature, P 1/V (Boyles’ law)
At a constant pressure V T (Charles law)
Equation of state of an ideal gas;
PV = nRT (n = m/M)
R is a constant (Gas constant)
Also, PV = N kT (for R= NAk and n=N/NA )
Heat and 1st Law of Thermodynamics
The first law of thermodynamics is the law of conservation of energy.
According to the first law, the only energy that changes is the internal energy of a
system.
Change in internal energy is due to transfers of energy by heat or work.
In other words,
According to the first law, a system’s internal energy can be changed either
through energy transfer by heat or by work done.
Heat and 1st Law of Thermodynamics
Internal energy
All the energies that are associated with the microscopic
components of a system—atoms and molecules—when viewed from
a reference frame at rest with respect to the system is called
Internal Energy.
Internal energy includes translation, vibration and rotation of
molecules, potential energy within and between molecules.
Kinetic energy of the system due to its motion through space is
not included in internal energy.
For a monoatomic ideal gas, the only type of energy available for
its microsopic component is associated with translational motion
TO BE CONTINUED…
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