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Review of the Literature on Robotic Solar Panel Cleaning

Article · July 2023

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8197565

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 Global Journal of Research in Engineering & Computer Sciences
ISSN: 2583-2727 (Online)
Volume 03| Issue 04 | July-Aug. | 2023
Journal homepage: https://gjrpublication.com/gjrecs/
Review Article
Review of the Literature on Robotic Solar Panel Cleaning
1
Sadiku Aminu Sani, 2Amina Ibrahim, 3Aminu Ya’u, 4Abubakar Sani Muhammad, 5Muhammad Ahmad Baballe*
1,3
Department of Architectural Technology, School of Environmental Studies Gwarzo, Kano State Polytechnic, Kano, Nigeria
2
Department of Computer Science, School of Technology, Kano State Polytechnic, Kano, Nigeria
4
Department of Electrical Engineering Technology, School of Technology, Kano State Polytechnic, Kano, Nigeria
5
Department of Computer Engineering Technology, School of Technology, Kano State Polytechnic, Kano, Nigeria
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8197565 Submission Date: 05 July 2023 | Published Date: 31 July 2023

*Corresponding author: Muhammad Ahmad Baballe

Department of Computer Engineering Technology, School of Technology, Kano State Polytechnic, Kano, Nigeria
ORCID: 0000-0001-9441-7023

Abstract
The cleaning robot contributes to improving the effectiveness of solar panels in a variety of applications, including
solar panels for homes and other sectors. In the energy industry, photovoltaics (PV) is a new technology that
converts solar irradiance—the radiant energy from the sun—directly into electricity. Here, the photovoltaic cells
take the energy contained in the photons emitted by the sun and transform it into usable energy. The energy
industry has seen a radical transformation thanks to PV technology, which has made it possible to generate clean
power and move toward more environmentally friendly energy practices globally. The collection of dust is one of
the major issues, however, that has an impact on the energy performance of panels. In areas with high levels of air
pollution, particularly in Africa, this is a severe problem. But because some of the panels are hard to access and
dangerous, maintaining the panels is a serious issue that is usually overlooked. Solar panel cleaning robots, an
ingenious solution that combines cutting-edge technology to navigate and clean solar panels effectively and
efficiently without the need for physical labor, were developed as a result. Solar panels are outfitted with a range of
tools for cleaning dust, grime, and other impurities from their surface that are common in Africa in order to
maintain their performance at its peak.

Keywords: Arduino Microcontroller, Photovoltaics (PV) Panels, Sun, Cleaning Robots, Dusts.

INTRODUCTION
Finding environmentally friendly ways to meet our energy demands is more crucial than ever, as climate change and
global warming threaten the future of our world. One of the most efficient clean renewable energy sources is the
production of electricity from solar energy. Solar energy is harnessed by solar panels to create power. Given that they
don't have any moving parts, solar panels are among the most affordable and low-maintenance ways to generate
electricity. The efficiency of a solar panel, which measures how much power the panel produces in relation to its
theoretical maximum efficiency, was researched in Reference [4]. The study tested a solar panel's cleanliness and
tracking mechanisms in a variety of settings, including fixed and clean, filthy and fixed, dirty and tracking, and clean and
tracking. It has been demonstrated that dust collection on the solar panels' surfaces lowers their efficiency, even with
integrated sun-tracking. The increased rate of light transmission boosts the efficiency of the cleaned solar panel [5].
Compared to keeping the solar panel stationary and clean, tracking it can cause an efficiency loss of up to 50%. Large-
scale power plants lose megawatts more frequently due to dust buildup on solar panels [6]. A 1% decline in proficiency
may have a considerable impact on the Internal Rate of Return (IRR). In contrast, low-level dust buildup might not have
a negative effect on small solar plants [7]. In the energy industry, photovoltaics (PV) is a new technology that converts
solar irradiance—the radiant energy from the sun—directly into electricity. Here, the photovoltaic cells take the energy
contained in the photons emitted by the sun and transform it into usable energy. The energy industry has seen a radical
transformation because to PV technology, which has made it possible for the globe to move toward more sustainable

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 Global J Res Eng Comput Sci. 2023; 3(4), 21-25

energy practices [1, 2]. This opened the door for the photovoltaic sector to make tremendous industrial progress in earlier
times, and it continues to do so as technology advances. One can observe a significant advancement in technology if they
follow the development of laboratory scale models, experimental scale models, and current real-time running power
plants in the PV business. In order to solve the issues with energy demand at the load centers themselves and minimize
the need for lengthy transmission and distribution, these PV technologies have arisen and become a crucial component of
many other sectors. Commercial PV technology development led to the creation of big utilities or multi-megawatt power
facilities. Utility solar power plants are currently being developed in large and broad numbers on open spaces, rural and
urban structures, and water surfaces. Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) and building applied photovoltaics
(BAPV), a new type of PV technology, have been developed in recent years in response to improvements in PV
technologies pertaining to contemporary infrastructure [3]. A study on various dust-removal methods has been
conducted. For instance, [15, 16] suggested using a nylon brush with an automated robotic system to remove dust
particles from the surface of solar PV panels, while [17] discussed the energy losses brought on by the deposition of dust
particles on solar panels. The research conducted by prior researchers revealed a sizable level of power loss [18]. The
intensity of power loss worsens when PV-based power generation is used on a big scale. Here, a low-power wide-area
network (LPWAN) based on a network of ESP8266 node MCUs associated with a set of sensors in various
configurations was attempted to be used to develop an automated cleaning system. The results of the experiment were
successful enough to be implemented in large industrial-scale solar PV power plants. After a year of solar system
installation, the solar PV panel's efficiency has dropped to 40% [19]. High temperature, panel pitch and orientation [20],
deposition of dust, snow, sea salt, and bird droppings [21], among other factors, are blamed. Among these, the buildup of
dust and other debris on solar PV panels causes a 50% reduction in system efficiency [22]. By offering a suitable
cleaning method, these particles can also be removed from the panel's surface. A number of research projects were
conducted to implement various software-based prototype cleaning techniques. The production was raised by around
35% by using arm controllers [51–55, 57–58, 60] and gear motor-based cleaning techniques. A microcontroller-based
automatic dust cleaning system was created to clean the panel every two hours, increasing efficiency by roughly 1.6% to
2.2% [23–29]. The operational cost is decreased and total efficiency can be raised by supplying a self-cleaning
mechanism using software and hardware [30-41]. The cleaning mechanism works more efficiently when the accumulated
dust on the panel can be identified and fed to it from the simulation. The performance of the PV panel was improved by a
dust cleaning mechanism with a panel cooling system [42–45]. The overall system efficiency of solar street light panels
with an automatic dust cleaning system that ran during the day and shut off at night was increased [46–49]. The majority
of the established or proposed automated cleaning systems were found to be implemented with dry cleaning mechanisms
to prevent short circuits and were permitted to run while dust built on the panels in the research investigations previously
mentioned. Despite all of the benefits of solar panels, if impurities like dust, dirt, and dirt are allowed to accumulate, the
efficiency of the panels could deteriorate. For solar panels to continue producing power at their peak efficiency, regular
cleaning is necessary. Solar panel cleaning by hand is time-consuming and dangerous, though. Therefore, by
guaranteeing that the solar panels are kept clean without endangering people, an autonomously operated solar panel
cleaning robot could play a significant role in maintaining the effectiveness of solar power production. The cleaning
robot contributes to improving the effectiveness of solar panels in a variety of applications, including solar panels in
homes and other industries, particularly in harsh areas like Iraq. In this work, a small mobile solar panel cleaner robot is
created with the intention of being used in Iraq's small and medium solar panel plants. The components used in the
suggested design are readily available. This robot uses two different types of brushes and DC motors to move. One that is
hard for tough dirt and one that is moist and gentle for dusting and polishing. We'll be using a water tank, a pump,
sensors, and high-friction tank track wheels. Its whole construction will consist of a controller circuit incorporated within
a metal chassis. The mobile robot will be wirelessly controlled and observed via a smartphone application. The
controller, an Arduino Mega, will behave in accordance with the information received and transmitted [8]. Skilancer
Solar Cleaning created a water-free Solar Cleaning Robot in 2017 to do away with the cost of water and the
accompanying infrastructure, including tanker trucks, storage bins, hoses, and pipelines [52, 54]. Every day, it eliminates
99% of soiling. Three components are combined to ensure soiling is moved downward and off panel rows: controlled
airflow over the panel surface, a specific microfibre that removes soiling gently, and gravity [9]. The Solar Cleano robot,
created in 2017, also ensured a secure and eco-friendly solar panel cleaning environment. It can also be used to clean
solar panels in desert regions with intense temperatures right after sandstorms. The solar plant personnel may remotely
check on the robot's cleaning and operation status via dedicated web and mobile apps [10]. HELIOS, a drone-mounted
[50] autonomous cleaning robot service that performs fully automated solar panel cleaning, will be unveiled by clean-
tech startup ART Robotics in 2022. A brush and vacuum are used to clean a small, light robot that navigates on its own
utilizing edge detection and accurate location estimate. Additionally, the cleaning robots from the solar panels are both
deployed and collected by the Helios Drone [11]. Cleaning the floating solar panels, where hand cleaning is practically
impossible, is an essential function of the automatic robotic cleaner. The gear motors and motor driver power the robot,
and it also has another motor with a cleaning membrane attached to it so that it can be washed with water. The camera
records footage of the solar panels and transmits it to the cloud for storage and use in damage and cleaning analysis [12-
13]. The majority of places where solar panels are deployed are dusty. The panel's surface is covered in dust, which has
gathered and blocked the sun's light. The panel's ability to generate electricity is reduced. In this case, cleaning solar

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 Global J Res Eng Comput Sci. 2023; 3(4), 21-25

panels on a regular basis is necessary to maximize solar energy. In this study, a cleaning robot is created to regularly
remove dust particles from solar panels. A rotary brush and water spray are being used by the robot to clean a solar panel.
Additionally added to increase the panel's efficiency is sun tracking [56, 59]. This study proposes a potential method for
reducing the impact of dust on a solar PV panel's surface. In large-scale solar PV power generation, where many solar
panels are connected in the form of arrays and each array requires a robot to carry out effective cleaning within the
allotted time, a decrease in power output has been identified with an increase in particle deposition. An effective cleaning
system in large-scale solar power plants requires autonomous automatic cleaning operation, self-control and monitoring
of accumulated dust, as well as good coordination through networking between robots. To achieve the same, it is
necessary to choose the right communication technology for real-time wireless networking of solar cleaning robots that
consume little power and operate over a large area. Here, an attempt was made to implement an automated robot cleaning
system using a low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) based on a network of ESP 8266 Node MCUs associated with a
set of sensors under various configurations, which showed promising results for implementation in large-scale industrial
solar PV power plants [14].

CONCLUSION
Numerous articles on the solar tracking system and the robots that clean solar panels have been evaluated for this study.
Their development and the results of using them to clean the panels have been seen.

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CITE AS
Sadiku A. S., Amina I., Aminu Ya'u, Abubakar S. M., & M. A. Baballe. (2023). Review of the Literature on Robotic
Solar Panel Cleaning. Global Journal of Research in Engineering & Computer Sciences, 3(4), 21–25.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8197565

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