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Numerical simulation of a trapezoidal

cavity receiver for a linear Fresnel
solar collector concentrator
Jorge Facao

Renewable Energy

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 Renewable Energy 36 (2011) 90e96

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Renewable Energy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/renene

Numerical simulation of a trapezoidal cavity receiver for a linear Fresnel solar

collector concentrator
Jorge Facão*, Armando C. Oliveira
New Energy Technologies Unit, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: A new trapezoidal cavity receiver for a linear Fresnel solar collector is analysed and optimized via ray-
Received 5 August 2009 trace and CFD simulations. The number of receiver absorber tubes and the inclination of lateral walls in
Accepted 3 June 2010 the cavity are checked with simplified ray-trace simulation. The CFD simulation makes possible to
optimize cavity depth and rock wool insulation thickness. The simulated global heat transfer coefficient,
based on primary mirror area, is correlated with a power-law fit instead of a parabolic fit. The correlation
Keywords:
results are compared with heat transfer coefficients available for linear Fresnel collector prototypes.
Linear Fresnel collector
Crown Copyright Ó 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Trapezoidal cavity receiver
CFD simulations
Overall heat transfer coefficient

1. Introduction Gurion Solar Electricity Technologies Test Center [5]. The system
had optical problems due to the construction tolerance of the
When looking at reducing CO2 emissions, the greatest task in mirror field, resulting in a very low solar thermal efficiency. Mills
creating viable solar energy conversion systems is that of reducing and Morrison [6] proposed in 2000 the compact linear Fresnel
system cost. The solution to this problem does not necessarily lie on reflector, using multiple stationary absorbers evenly spaced
creating the most efficient system, but more on the development of between the reflector rows. Dey [7] presented a preliminary design
a system that has the lowest lifetime cost per unit of electricity methodology and heat transfer calculations for an absorber based
converted from solar energy. A linear Fresnel solar collector on Mills and Morrison [6] concept. The design constraint was the
concentrator may have a lower efficiency than other concentrating maximum temperature difference between an absorbing surface
geometries, but the likely reduced cost may well compensate that, and fluid inside the tubes. He used a finite element analysis and
providing a solution for cost-effective solar energy collection on obtained a temperature difference of less than 20  C.
a large scale [1]. The linear Fresnel collector concept uses a number Ausra [8] commercialize a compact linear Fresnel reflector based
of rows of relatively small one-axis tracking mirrors that concen- on Mills and Morrison [6] tecnologie. The system uses flat mirrors
trate the radiation on a linear receiver. and several absorber tubes.
The advantages of linear concentrating Fresnel collectors The Belgian company Solarmundo installed in Liege, in 2001,
include their relatively simple construction, low wind loads, a 2500 m2 linear Fresnel collector prototype for steam generation.
a stationary receiver and high ground usage [2]. This company was integrated in 2004 in the Solar Power Group
Some applications allow the use of the shaded area underneath GmbH [9], Germany, which installed a demonstrator of a linear
the collector (e.g. for parking lots) and supply basic needs to rural Fresnel collector in Almeria, Spain, in 2007. The PSE AG, a spin-off
remote communities. company of the Fraunhofer Institute, Germany, manufactures and
Baum et al. [3] in 1957 were the first to develop the idea of using commercializes linear Fresnel collectors, with several units
a tracking reflector field to concentrate solar energy onto a single installed in Europe and Tunisia [10].
fixed absorber. However, the first person to apply this principle in Novatec Biosol [11] have installed recently in south of Spain
a large-scale system was Francia [4] in 1961. In 1991 the PAZ a Fresnel collector solar plant of 1.4 MW. The system uses flat glass
company built a large-scale linear Fresnel reflector at the Ben- mirrors and a CPC cavity with one absorber tube.
In this paper we analyse the optical and thermal performance of
a new trapezoidal cavity for a small linear Fresnel receiver, using
* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ351 217127190; fax: þ351 217163688. simplified ray-tracing and computational fluid dynamics. Natural
E-mail address: [email protected] (J. Facão). convection inside the cavity, thermal radiation between surfaces

0960-1481/$ e see front matter Crown Copyright Ó 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.renene.2010.06.003
 J. Facão, A.C. Oliveira / Renewable Energy 36 (2011) 90e96 91

Nomenclature

D receiver depth, mm
f focal length, m
r radius of curvature, m
T temperature, C
Ta ambient air temperature, C
tinsulation insulation thickness, mm
Ttubes absorber tubes temperature, C
U global heat transfer coefficient, W/(m2 K)
u global heat transfer coefficient, based to the receiver
length, W/(mK)

Greek symbols
a external heat transfer convection coefficient,
W/m2K
4 angle between optical axis and line from reflector
focus, deg
q sun incidence angle relative to aperture normal, deg
j tracking angle, deg

and conduction through the walls are simulated, and the overall
heat loss coefficient is evaluated. The system uses 10 rows of 4
reflector mirrors with a northesouth tracking axis e see Fig. 1. The
primary mirrors are cylindrical with different small curvatures. The
mirror width is 0.4 m, the length is 3 m, and mirror spacing is
0.15 m. The total mirror area is approximately 48 m2. The linear
receiver is composed of 6 pipes with an inside diameter of ½ inches,
placed 2.5 m above the mirrors, inside an insulated trapezoidal
cavity, as shown in Fig. 2.
The maximum temperature achieved in the receiver tubes was
fixed through the operating temperature of an organic Rankine
cycle (power cycle) driven by the linear Fresnel collectors, designed
to operate at 230  C.

2. Simplified ray-trace simulation Fig. 1. Schematic representation of the installed collector system e view from above.

Ray-trace was used for optical efficiency simulations of the

However, the manufacture of a parabolic reflector is too expensive.
concentrating collector. The process consists in following the
In this system, we adopted cylindrical mirrors with different
paths of a large number of rays of incident radiation throughout
curvature. The mirror radius of curvature ri depends on the focal
the system. For reflecting surfaces, the direction and point of
length f of the mirror, and the tracking angle:
intersection of an incident ray with the reflecting surface are
determined. The normal to the surface in each point is also 2f
determined, and the reflected ray follows the principle that the ri ¼ (2)
cosðjÞ
angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence. Exhaustive ray-
trace simulation enables to study the sensitivity of delivered
energy to height and width of the receiver, collector tracking
orientation, climate, and design modifications. We concentrated
our attention in design optimization and behaviour of the
receiver cavity, which means that a simplified ray-trace analysis
was carried out.
The tracking angle ji of the ith reflector was calculated
according to Rabl [12]:
i
ðfi qÞ
ji ¼ (1)
2
where 4i is the angle between optical axis and the line from the i

focus to reflector, q is the incident angle of the sun relative to the

aperture normal.
It is known that the parabolic concentrator is the unique Fig. 2. Schematic representation of the installed collector system e EasteWest plane
reflector shape that focuses beam radiation into a single point. view.
92 J. Facão, A.C. Oliveira / Renewable Energy 36 (2011) 90e96

Table 1
Radius of curvature for the different mirrors.

mirror 4 [deg] j [deg] f [m] r [m]

1 6.28 3.14 2.52 5.04
2 18.26 9.13 2.63 5.33
3 28.81 14.41 2.85 5.89
4 37.60 18.80 3.16 6.67
5 44.71 22.36 3.52 7.61

For radius of curvature calculation (equation (2)), we adopted the

tracking angle for perpendicular incident radiation (q ¼ 0), and for
focal length the distance from mirror centre to absorber centre.
Table 1 presents the calculated radius of curvature for the
mirrors (numbered from centre to extremity). Fig. 4. Ray-trace simulation for perpendicular incident radiation (absorber zoom).
Figs. 3 and 4 present ray-trace simulation for perpendicular
incident radiation, e.g. at the equator at solar noon on the 21st of
March. The inclination of the lateral absorber walls’ cavity was fixed glazed area of the primary reflectors. According to the authors,
at 50 , which is about the complementary angle of 45Figs. 5 and 6 evacuation of the receiver would reduce the U-value to 0.075 W/K-
present the same analysis, but for an incidence angle of 30 . Here m2. Simulations indicate that this could increase yearly delivered
the radiation is more or less evenly distributed in the absorber energy by 10 percent, although with an increase in cost.
tubes. Some rays are intersected by the absorber shade and by Häberle et al., 2002 [14] evaluated the heat loss coefficient of the
adjacent mirror shade before reaching the mirrors. The geometry of Solarmundo Fresnel collector by CFD simulation. The collector had
the cavity, with 6 tubes and an inclination of 50 , optically fulfils the one unique large tube absorber (diameter of 200 mm) with special
requirements of the Fresnel collector. coating, placed in a non-evacuated CPC cavity. They have used an
absorber thermal emittance of 5%, an exterior thermal convection
coefficient of 10 W/(m2K) and heat conductivity of backside insu-
3. Heat loss coefficient lation of 0.05 W/(mK) They correlated the coefficient with
temperature difference and based it in the aperture area:
The efficiency parameters usually used in solar collector anal-
yses are: the optical efficiency, the incidence angle modifier and the U ¼ 3:8  10 4
ðTtubes Ta Þ (3)
heat loss coefficient. To calculate the heat losses from the absorber
tubes, CFD simulations were carried out, taking into account all Reynolds et al. [15] simulated the thermal loss of a Fresnel
heat transfer mechanisms: radiation, convection and conduction. receiver using Fluent [15] software. They have compared the
To calculate the other two parameters, radiation proprieties of the simulated streamlines with experimental results and a good
reflectors, absorbers and cover are needed. A three-dimensional agreement was found. However, the heat loss predicted by the CFD
exhaustive ray-trace analysis must also be carried out, which is out model under-predicted the value measured through an infrared
of the scope of this work. camera. Uncertainties in emissivity measurements, and convection
and conduction coefficients could explain the deviation. The work
was focused only in the cavity, and the result was expressed as
3.1. Review of published work
a heat flux, but they didn’t present the aperture area of the Fresnel
collector.
Feurmann and Gordon [13] made a simulation of a linear Fresnel
The heat loss coefficient of the PSE collector was measured in
reflector. The heat loss coefficient for a CPC-type secondary
2005 and published by Häberle et al., 2006 [2] The absorber con-
concentrator used was 0.3 W/K-m2 (of primary mirror aperture
sisted of a 70 mm diameter commercial vacuum tube and
area). The aperture area of the Fresnel collector is defined as the
a secondary non-evacuated CPC concentrator made with

Fig. 3. Ray-trace simulation for perpendicular incident radiation (cross section). Fig. 5. Ray-trace simulation for an incidence angle of 30 (cross section).
 J. Facão, A.C. Oliveira / Renewable Energy 36 (2011) 90e96 93

Fig. 8. Modified geometry below the tubes for CFD simulation.

Fig. 6. Ray-trace simulation for an incidence angle of 30 (absorber zoom). radiation between surfaces and conduction through the walls were
simulated in this work using Fluent [16] software.
Several simplifying assumptions were used:
aluminium reflectors The correlation achieved for the heat loss
coefficient was
 steady state;
4  laminar flow;
U ¼ 4:3  10 ðTtubes Ta Þ (4)
 equal temperature of all receiver pipes;
Recently, Pye [17] developed a study on absorber cavity  symmetry across the vertical mid-plane;
modelling. He applied an analytical model for a trapezoidal cavity  the cavity cover has negligible thermal mass; it was modelled
and found that radiation makes up for approximately 90% of the as having a uniform temperature, considering radiation
heat loss from the top surface. He also carried out a CFD simulation (emissivity) on both sides and a fixed external convection
of the cavity, simplifying the tubes by a plane surface. The results coefficient;
were presented through one correlation for natural convection  the cavity cover is opaque to long-wave radiation;
(NusselteGrashoff, based on the cavity depth dimension) and one  the effect of cavity window heating, due to absorptance of the
correlation for radiation (view factor), assuming that radia- glass, was neglected;
tioneconvection interaction effects are negligible. Radiation  the pipe temperatures were fixed and resulting heat losses
modelling of the cavity showed that the effects of absorber tube calculated.
geometry should not be neglected, leading to a radiative heat loss
25% higher than predicted by the cavity model with plane absorber The cavity geometry is presented in Fig. 7. To simulate the actual
surface. cavity is complicated. The methodology was first to separate the
simulated geometry in two parts: the geometry of Fig. 8, which is
situated below the pipes, and the geometry of Fig. 9, which is
3.2. CFD simulation repeated 10 times in the receiver. The circular pipes were approx-
imated by regular hexadecagons, to avoid elements with high
The cavity receiver heat loss processes involve radiation, skewness, which lead to convergence difficulties and inaccuracies
conductive and convective heat transfer, and the interaction of in the numerical solution.
these makes it impossible to develop a purely analytical model.
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been greatly developed
over recent years, mostly due to the rapid advance of computer
technology. It is now possible to solve scientific problems in
complex geometries. Natural convection inside the cavity, thermal

Fig. 7. Trapezoidal geometry of the Fresnel receiver cavity. Fig. 9. Modified geometry above the tubes for CFD simulation.
94 J. Facão, A.C. Oliveira / Renewable Energy 36 (2011) 90e96

Table 2
Influence of receiver depth; tinsulation ¼ 35 mm, Ttubes ¼ 230  C, Ta ¼ 20  C and
a ¼ 5 W/(m2K).
D [mm] 25 45 65
U [W/(m2K)] 0.2431 0.2383 0.2437
Loss by radiation [%] 65 74 76

The grid has been set up with Fluent’s grid generation package,
Gambit. A hybrid grid was adopted, with an elementary volume
size of 0.2 mm for the geometry of Fig. 8, and a triangular one
with an interval size of 0.05 mm for the geometry of Fig. 9. To
Fig. 11. Contours of stream function inside the cavity for a receiver depth of 45 mm.
check grid independence, a model with a resolution increased by Tube temperature of 230  C, external air temperature of 20  C and external heat
a factor of 2, in all directions, was tested. This represents an transfer coefficient of 5 W/(m2K).
increase in the number of cells of 4 times, and also an increase in
computation time of approximately 4 times [18]. The heat loss
coefficients with both grid sizes had a relative difference of 4. Heat loss simulated results
0.0091%, which means that the solution can be considered inde-
pendent of the grid size. In the CFD simulations, the solution was considered as
The density of air was approximated by the Bousinesq model. converged when residuals were lower than 10 8 for the energy
This model treats the density as a constant value in all equations, equation and 10 5 for the other equations.
except for the buoyancy term in the momentum equation. The air Two geometrical parameters were changed and analysed, in
temperature considered in the Bousinesq model was 350 K, and the order to choose the best geometry: the rock wool insulation
thermal expansion coefficient was 0.002857 K 1. thickness and the receiver depth D. Table 2 presents the global heat
The model used to simulate thermal radiation was the Discrete transfer coefficient for three receiver depths: 25, 45 and 60 mm.
Transfer Radiation Model (DTRM) [19,20]. The main assumption is The receiver with 45 mm presents the lowest heat transfer coeffi-
that the radiation leaving the surface element in a certain range of cient, although the differences are very small. Radiation losses
solid angles can be approximated by a single ray. The polar (theta) dominate heat transfer, compared to convection losses, as shown in
divisions and azimuthal (Phi) divisions control the number of rays Table 2. Radiation losses increase with receiver depth, because
being created from each surface cluster. The number of theta cover and lateral wall surface are increased. The flow patterns in the
divisions was set to 4 and the number of phi divisions was set to 16. cavity are presented in Figs. 10e12. Thermal stratification is
These values were changed from the default values, until the total observed in the cavity, confirming the small convection losses.
heat transfer rate from the tubes was equal to the total heat transfer Table 3 shows the influence of rock wool insulation thickness in
rate in walls and cover. overall heat transfer coefficient and the increasing width cavity by
The air properties were correlated by polynomials with 3 coef- using insulation face to the cavity dimensions without insulation.
ficients, as a function of temperature. As expected, the heat transfer coefficient decreases with insulation
thickness. The change from 20 mm to 35 mm represents a 6.8%
reduction in the heat transfer coefficient, while from 35 mm to
3.3. Boundary conditions 50 mm it represents a 3.5% reduction; 35 mm should be chosen,
taking into account the heat transfer coefficient value and that the
Three temperatures of the tubes were simulated: 110  C, 170  C increase in insulation thickness leads to more significant shading in
and 230  C. The tube emissivity was fixed at 0.49, similar to the the Fresnel collector .
value used by Pye [17]. External convection was simulated with 2 Eighteen combinations were simulated and the heat loss coef-
different values of the heat transfer coefficient: 5 and 10 W/(m2K), ficient based on primary mirror aperture area was calculated as
considered representative of two different wind speeds. External a function of the difference between average tube temperature and
air temperatures considered were 15, 25 and 35  C. The wall ambient air temperature, as presented in Fig. 13. A power-law
internal emissivity was taken as 0.1 [17]. In the cover, a mixed
thermal boundary condition was considered, with external and
internal emissivities of 0.9 [17], an external heat transfer coeffi-
cients of 5 and 10 W/(m2K); the same three values of external air
temperature were considered, with a surrounding temperature 5  C
lower than air temperature.

Fig. 10. Contours of stream function inside the cavity for a receiver depth of 25 mm. Fig. 12. Contours of stream function inside the cavity for a receiver depth of 65 mm.
Tube temperature of 230  C, external air temperature of 20  C and external heat Tube temperature of 230  C, external air temperature of 20  C and external heat
transfer coefficient of 5 W/(m2K). transfer coefficient of 5 W/(m2K).
 J. Facão, A.C. Oliveira / Renewable Energy 36 (2011) 90e96 95

Table 3 2.5
Influence of insulation thickness; D ¼ 45 mm, Ttubes ¼ 230  C, Ta ¼ 20  C and Feuermann [13]
a ¼ 5 W/(m2K). CFD
2 Feuermann evacuated [13]
tinsulation [mm] 20 35 50 PSE [2]
U [W/(m2K)] 0.2545 0.2383 0.2301 Solarmundo [14]
Increasing width cavity [%] 30 53 76 1.5

u [W/mK ]
1

0.3
y = 0.0309x 0.389 0.5
0.25 R2 = 0.8511

0
0.2
0 50 100 150 200 250
U [W/m 2K ]

(Ttubes-T a) [K]
0.15 U
Power (U) Fig. 15. Simulated (CFD) heat transfer coefficient, based to the receiver length,
0.1 compared with values available in the literature.

0.05
5. Conclusions
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 A trapezoidal cavity receiver for a linear Fresnel solar collector
(Ttubes-Ta) [K]
concentrator was designed and numerically simulated.
Fixing the geometry of the collector and regarding only the
Fig. 13. Simulated heat loss coefficient on Fresnel receiver, as a function of tempera- cavity, simplified ray-trace simulations concluded that the cavity
ture difference; tinsulation ¼ 35 mm and D ¼ 45 mm. with 6 absorber tubes of 1/2” internal diameter (5/8” outside
diameter) collects all the concentrated beam radiation. The 50
inclination of the lateral cavity walls was also found to be optically
trendline was chosen to fit to the results. The correlation coefficient
acceptable.
was equal to 0.85.
To evaluate the overall heat transfer coefficient of the Fresnel
The correlation obtained for the Fresnel receiver cavity in
collector, CFD simulations were done. Natural convection inside the
analysis was compared with available literature correlations, for
cavity, thermal radiation between surfaces and conduction through
this type of collectors. The new cavity presents a simulated heat
the walls were simulated. Two geometrical parameters were ana-
transfer coefficient which is smaller than for the non-evacuated
lysed: receiver depth and insulation thickness. It was concluded
receiver used by Feuermann and Gordon [13], but larger than the
that the cavity with a 45 mm depth presents the lowest global heat
others available in literature correlations e see Fig. 14. Two causes
transfer coefficient. Regarding insulation thickness, 35 mm of rock
for this difference are: the cavity in this analysis is non-evacuated
wool presented a good compromise between insulation and
compared with the other two that are evacuated (Feuermann and
shading.
Gordon [13] and PSE [2]) and the total primary mirror area taken for
Correlating the simulated heat transfer coefficient (based on
the new system. The heat transfer coefficient varies inversely with
primary mirror area) with the temperature difference between
total primary mirror area. Here, an aperture width of 4 m was
tubes and ambient air, a power-law fit was obtained. The simulated
considered, equal to the aperture of Feurmann and Gordon [13].
heat loss coefficient for the new cavity showed larger values, when
The prototype of PSE [2] had 5.5 m and the prototype of Solar-
compared to values presented in the existing literature for linear
mundo [14] had 24 m. Calculating the global heat transfer coeffi-
Fresnel collectors. Two causes for this difference are that the new
cient based to the receiver length e Fig. 15, the new cavity presents
cavity is not evacuated and the smaller aperture width of the
a better performance when compared with the non-evacuated
system when compared to available prototypes. Calculating the
cavities studied in literature.
global heat transfer coefficient based to the receiver length the new
cavity presents a heat transfer coefficients smaller than the non-
0.35 evacuated cavities studied in open literature.

0.3
Acknowledgements
0.25

Feuermann [13] The authors wish to thank Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecno-
U [W/m K ]

0.2
CFD logia for the post-doc scholarship of the first author. They also wish
0.15
Feuermann evacuated [13] to express their gratitude to the European Commission under
PSE [2]
Powersol research project (Contract No. FP6-INCO2004-MPC3-
Solarmundo [14]
0.1 032344). The other partners of the project are also acknowledged.

0.05
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