APPLICATIONS ON

SIMULATION LANGUAGES
 MODULE 9
INTRODUCTION TO SIMULATION
At the end of the chapter, the learner should be
able to:
• Understand why do we use simulations
Science vs Art
o Art
▪ Skill of the modeling team – creativity involved in
modeling, interpretation of the results
• Science
o Statistics, Mathematics and Computer Science comprise its
foundations

4
❖ Soft-science containing both concepts and
skills
❖ Improvements in Computers
o Computers have evolved from mammoth sizes to smaller
sized desktops
o First simulations are done on large room-sized
mainframe computers
▪ Card-decks programs and run in batch mode
❖ Improvements in simulation products
o Simulations are done using assembly language, FORTRAN
or other high level languages
o 1960, GPSS introduction
❖ New opportunities for simulation education
o Today, universities offer simulation classes in
engineering and business curriculums
o Private seminars and training sessions have become
more available
❖ Increasingly complex and technical work
environment
o Simulation environments evolved from simple manual
assembly lines to complex automate systems
o New simulation techniques evolved to satisfy the
demand for better analysis tools
❖Computer Literacy among analysts and
engineers

❖Competition and tightening budgets

o Simulations are conducted with emphasis on
lowering overhead costs, reducing labor
requirements and streamlining operations
❖ Industrial peer pressure
o Purchasers would inquire why simulation was not being
used by vendors and demands and demand that some
type of through-put guarantee be given

❖ Realization of the benefits offered by simulation

o As more industries recognize the benefits of simulation,
investing in capabilities to use these tools becomes more
important
❖ Warm fuzzy feeling
o “Seeing is believing”

❖ Part of an effort to increase quality

o Commitment to quality improvement processes
❖ Know what information the simulation
provides

❖ Ensures sufficient detail is incorporated into

the program and help to prevent
developing inappropriately scaled models
❖ Concept Simulation
o Less detailed, first run simulation
o Rough cut simulation or rapid model
o Tests overall concepts without the addition of finer
details
o Results can be inaccurate since details are left out
o Applicable in situations where similar systems are
modeled frequently
❖ Detailed Simulation
o Follows the completion of a concept simulation
o The model is ready for the addition of finer details
o Two ways:
▪ Rescale the existing concept simulation
▪ Develop an entirely new model using what was
learned in the concept simulation
❖ After real world systems has been installed,
parameters estimated in the model can be validated
through measurement
❖ Simulation projects are obliged to provide an
upfront estimate of the time the project will
require
❖ Unexpected problems are uncovered with the
model and then it is used to find solutions
❖ The simulation customer wants “just one more
scenario tested”
❖ The system is more complex than expected
❖ The simulation analyst lacks experience
❖ Too much non-essential detail is included

• Automated welding system

1. Forklift truck 4. Conveyor away from robot work
2. Conveyor to robot workstation station
3. Robot weld station 5. Grinding and deburring
6. Crane move to shipping
Journals:
EBSCO
IntechOpen
IntechOpen website link: https://www.intechopen.com/

Taylor and Francis

T&F website link: www.taylorfrancis.com/

Springer
Springer website link: bit.ly/SpringerCS

JSTOR
JSTOR website link: https://about.jstor.org/whats-in-jstor/books/open-access-books-jstor/
Books:
• Forsyth, D. (2018). Probability and Statistics for Computer Science. IL, USA: Springer.
• Frank E. Harrell, J. (2015). Regression Modeling Strategies. Switzerland: Springer
International Publishing
• Gorvine, B. (2018). Research methods. Oxford University Press.
• Grigoryev, I. (2017). AnyLogic 7 in three days a quick coursein simulation modeling.
• McCroskey, J. (2016). Quantitative research methods for communication. OXFORD
university Press.
• Matera, M. (2015). Explore like a pirare : gamification and game inspired course design
to engage, enrich and elevate your learners. Dave BurgessConsulting, Inc.
• Pajo, B. (2018). Introduction to research methods. Sage Publising.
• Viswanathan, M. (2019). Digital modulations using Matlab : build simulation models from
scratch.
External Resources:
• www.portal.office.com (CANVAS)
• Bacon-Shone, J. (2015). Introduction to Quantitative Research Method. Hong Kong: Research Gate
• Nathan, Peter (2013). The Oxford Handbook of Quantitative Methods Vol 2: Oxford University Press.
• Teo, Timothy (2013). Handbook on Quantitative Methods for Educational Research: Sense Publisher.
• Zeigler, Bernard P. et al. (2019). Theory of Modeling and Simulation 3 ed.: Academic Press.
• Arias-Rodil, M., Diéguez-Aranda, U., & Burkhart, H. E. (2017). Effects of Measurement Error in Total Tree Height and Upper-
Stem Diameter on Stem Volume Prediction. Copyright Society of American Foresters Jun 2017, 250-260.
• Domanski, C., & Jedrzjezak, A. (2015). Statistical Computing in Information Society. Folia Oeconomica Stetiensia, 144-152.
• Ibrahim, K. (2019). Foreign language practice in simulation video games: An analysis of game-based FL use
dynamics. American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages, 335-357.
• Kirkpatrick, E., Gaisford, W., Williams, E., Brindley, E., Tembo, D., & Wright, D. (2017). Understanding Plain English summaries.
A comparison of two approaches to improve the quality of Plain English summaries in research reports. Research Involvement
and Engagement , 1-14.
• Sato, K. (2004). Perspective of Research Design in Design. Visible Language, 218.
• Shu, K., Kozak, M., Fradj, N. B., Zylowski, T., & Rozakis, S. (2020). Simulation of sorghum introduction and its impacts on land
use change—A case study on Lubelski region of Eastern Poland. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 252-274.
• Trochim, P. M. (2020, March 10). Retrieved from Research Method Knowledge Base: https://conjointly.com/kb/research-
sample/paper/
• University of Minnesota. (2020, April 20). Driven to Discover. Retrieved from Heart Attack Prevention:
http://www.epi.umn.edu/cvdepi/essay/association-causation-in-epidemiology-stories-of-guidelines-to-causality-h-blackburn/
INTRODUCTION TO MODELLING
AND SIMULATION
 MODULE 7
INTRODUCTION TO
MODELING AND SIMULATION
At the end of the chapter, the learner should be able to:
• –Understand what is Modeling and Simulation and it’s
analysis.
❖ Simulation
▪ Uses and model to develop conclusions providing insight on
the behavior of real-world systems being studied
▪ Fortune tellers and prophets
❖ Computer Simulation
▪ Uses the same concept but requires the model to be
created through computer programming

4
❖ The historical perspective of simulation is as enumerated
in a chronological order.
A method named ‘Monte Carlo’ was developed by researchers (John von Neumann,
1940 Stanislaw Ulan, Edward Teller, Herman Kahn) and physicists working on a Manhattan project
to study neutron scattering.
The first special-purpose simulation languages were developed, such as SIMSCRIPT by Harry
1960
Markowitz at the RAND Corporation.
1970 During this period, research was initiated on mathematical foundations of simulation.
During this period, PC-based simulation software, graphical user interfaces and object-
1980
oriented programming were developed.
During this period, web-based simulation, fancy animated graphics, simulation-based
1990
optimization, Markov-chain Monte Carlo methods were developed.
❖ Simulation models consist of the following
components: system entities, input variables,
performance measures, and functional relationships.
Following are the steps to develop a simulation model.
❖ Step 1 − Identify the problem with an existing system
or set requirements of a proposed system.

❖ Step 2 − Design the problem while taking care of the

existing system factors and limitations.

❖ Step 3 − Collect and start processing the system data,

observing its performance and result.
❖ Step 4 − Develop the model using network
diagrams and verify it using various verifications
techniques.

❖ Step 5 − Validate the model by comparing its

performance under various conditions with the
real system.
❖ Step 6 − Create a document of the model for future
use, which includes objectives, assumptions, input
variables and performance in detail.

❖ Step 7 − Select an appropriate experimental design as

per requirement.

❖ Step 8 − Induce experimental conditions on the model

and observe the result.
❖ Following are the steps to perform simulation analysis.
• Step 1 − Prepare a problem statement.
• Step 2 − Choose input variables and create entities for the
simulation process. There are two types of variables - decision
variables and uncontrollable variables. Decision variables are
controlled by the programmer, whereas uncontrollable
variables are the random variables.
• Step 3 − Create constraints on the decision variables by
assigning it to the simulation process.
• Step 4 − Determine the output variables.
• Step 5 − Collect data from the real-life system to input
into the simulation.
• Step 6 − Develop a flowchart showing the progress of
the simulation process.
• Step 7 − Choose an appropriate simulation software to run
the model.
• Step 8 − Verify the simulation model by comparing its
result with the real-time system.
• Step 9 − Perform an experiment on the model by changing
the variable values to find the best solution.
• Step 10 − Finally, apply these results into the real-time
system.
❖ Modeling is the process of making a representation of
objects or situations

❖ Computer Modeling using a computer to ‘model’ situations

to see how they are likely to work out if you do different
things
❖ M&S is used in a multitude of situations involving
engineering and scientific projects.

❖ M&S can be an expensive, time consuming and

complicated problem-solving technique.
❖ M&S can be used when Real system does not yet exist
and building a prototype is cost prohibitive, time-
consuming or hazardous.
oExample: Aircraft Production System, Nuclear Reactor

❖ System is impossible to build.

oExample: National Economy, Biological System
• Forecasting is required to analyze long periods of
time in compressed format.

oExample: Population Growth, Forest Fire Spread,

Urbanization Studies, Pandemic Flu Spread
• Real system exists but experimentation is too
expensive, hazardous or disruptive to conduct.

oExample: Proposed changes to a materials handling

system, Military Unit, Transportation System, Airport
Baggage Handling System
• Mathematical modeling has no practical analytical
or numeric solution.

oExample: Stochastic Problems, Non-Linear Differential

Equations
❖ Allows Experimentation without Disruption to Existing
Systems
▪ Changing the line in production (modification)
▪ Adding a new equipment (production)

❖ Concepts can be Tested prior to Installation

▪ Purchase of an Automatic Storage and Retrieval
System
❖ Detection of Unforeseen Problems or Bugs
▪ Traffic Light Simulation
❖ Gain in Knowledge on System
❖ Speed in Analysis
❖ Forces System Definition
❖ Enhances Creativity
❖ Note: M&S is a risk reduction method
❖ Expensive
❖ Time Consuming
❖ Yields Only Approximate Answers
❖ Difficult to Validate
❖ Accepted as Gospel
❖ Easy to understand − Allows to understand how the
system really operates without working on real-time
systems.
❖ Easy to test − Allows to make changes into the system
and their effect on the output without working on real-time
systems.
❖ Easy to upgrade − Allows to determine the system
requirements by applying different configurations.

❖ Easy to identifying constraints − Allows to perform

bottleneck analysis that causes delay in the work
process, information, etc.
❖ Easy to diagnose problems − Certain systems are so
complex that it is not easy to understand their interaction
at a time. However, Modelling & Simulation allows to
understand all the interactions and analyze their effect.
Additionally, new policies, operations, and procedures can
be explored without affecting the real system.
❖ Designing a model is an art which requires domain
knowledge, training and experience.
❖ Operations are performed on the system using random
number, hence difficult to predict the result.
❖ Simulation requires manpower and it is a time-
consuming process.
❖ Simulation results are difficult to translate. It
requires experts to understand.
❖ Simulation process is expensive.
Journals:
EBSCO
IntechOpen
IntechOpen website link: https://www.intechopen.com/

Taylor and Francis

T&F website link: www.taylorfrancis.com/

Springer
Springer website link: bit.ly/SpringerCS

JSTOR
JSTOR website link: https://about.jstor.org/whats-in-jstor/books/open-access-books-jstor/
Books:
• Forsyth, D. (2018). Probability and Statistics for Computer Science. IL, USA: Springer.
• Frank E. Harrell, J. (2015). Regression Modeling Strategies. Switzerland: Springer
International Publishing
• Gorvine, B. (2018). Research methods. Oxford University Press.
• Grigoryev, I. (2017). AnyLogic 7 in three days a quick coursein simulation modeling.
• McCroskey, J. (2016). Quantitative research methods for communication. OXFORD
university Press.
• Matera, M. (2015). Explore like a pirare : gamification and game inspired course design
to engage, enrich and elevate your learners. Dave BurgessConsulting, Inc.
• Pajo, B. (2018). Introduction to research methods. Sage Publising.
• Viswanathan, M. (2019). Digital modulations using Matlab : build simulation models from
scratch.
External Resources:
• www.portal.office.com (CANVAS)
• Bacon-Shone, J. (2015). Introduction to Quantitative Research Method. Hong Kong: Research Gate
• Nathan, Peter (2013). The Oxford Handbook of Quantitative Methods Vol 2: Oxford University Press.
• Teo, Timothy (2013). Handbook on Quantitative Methods for Educational Research: Sense Publisher.
• Zeigler, Bernard P. et al. (2019). Theory of Modeling and Simulation 3 ed.: Academic Press.
• Arias-Rodil, M., Diéguez-Aranda, U., & Burkhart, H. E. (2017). Effects of Measurement Error in Total Tree Height and Upper-
Stem Diameter on Stem Volume Prediction. Copyright Society of American Foresters Jun 2017, 250-260.
• Domanski, C., & Jedrzjezak, A. (2015). Statistical Computing in Information Society. Folia Oeconomica Stetiensia, 144-152.
• Ibrahim, K. (2019). Foreign language practice in simulation video games: An analysis of game-based FL use
dynamics. American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages, 335-357.
• Kirkpatrick, E., Gaisford, W., Williams, E., Brindley, E., Tembo, D., & Wright, D. (2017). Understanding Plain English summaries.
A comparison of two approaches to improve the quality of Plain English summaries in research reports. Research Involvement
and Engagement , 1-14.
• Sato, K. (2004). Perspective of Research Design in Design. Visible Language, 218.
• Shu, K., Kozak, M., Fradj, N. B., Zylowski, T., & Rozakis, S. (2020). Simulation of sorghum introduction and its impacts on land
use change—A case study on Lubelski region of Eastern Poland. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 252-274.
• Trochim, P. M. (2020, March 10). Retrieved from Research Method Knowledge Base: https://conjointly.com/kb/research-
sample/paper/
• University of Minnesota. (2020, April 20). Driven to Discover. Retrieved from Heart Attack Prevention:
http://www.epi.umn.edu/cvdepi/essay/association-causation-in-epidemiology-stories-of-guidelines-to-causality-h-blackburn/
SIMULATION USING ITS
DIFFERENT TYPE
 MODULE 8
INTRODUCTION TO
COMPUTER SIMULATION
At the end of the chapter, the learner should be able to:
• Understand what is Modeling and Simulation and it’s analysis.
❖ Takes a variety of form

❖ Has acquired various meanings in different fields

❖ Most of its context relates to Computer Modeling

4
❖ Continuous
❖ Monte Carlo
❖ Discrete Event
❖ Agent Based Modeling
❖ Concerned with modeling a set of equations,
representing a system, over time
❖ May consist of algebraic systems, game
theoretic models, statistical models or differential
equations
❖ Commonly used in conjunction with CAD
(Computer Aided Drafting) or mathematical
modeling software packages
❖ Some candidates for continuous simulation
– Population models
– Urban growth
– Hurricane predictions
– Weather forecasting
– Disease spread
– Fermentation model
❖ Commonly developed using spreadsheets, specialized
mathematics software such as MATLAB
❖ Model of a four wheel drive suspension system
in which the dynamics of running over different
terrains could be examined
❖ Model of a competition between two populations
– Biological models – predator-prey
❖ Invokes thoughts of gambling, gaming and
chance
❖ Used by John Von Neumann on his experiments
on random numbers
❖ Random number simulations used for solving
stochastic or deterministic problems
❖ Characterized by the passage of blocks of time
during which nothing happens, punctuated by
events which change the state of the system
❖ Addresses simultaneous interactions of multiple
agents to simulate, recreate, study and predict
complex phenomenon
❖ Concept is that an overall behavior emerges
through the micro-level interactions of individual
agents
• Statistics
– the mathematics of the collection, organization, and
interpretation of numerical data, especially the analysis of
population characteristics by inference from sampling

• Probability
– the chance that something will happen - how likely it is that
some event will happen
❖ Are versatile
❖ General purpose classes of simulation software
that can be used to create a multitude of
modeling applications
❖ Some examples of modeling languages are
GPSS/H, GPSS/PC, SLX, and SIMSCRIPT III

24
❖ Models are written using simulation languages

❖ Extensions to traditional languages are available

to add capabilities to a traditional languages
❖ Programmer Familiarity
❖ Flexibility
❖ Cost
❖ Hardware Concern
❖ Lack of Analyst Knowledge
❖ Training
❖A simulation language provide a savings in
a. Coding
b. Debugging
c. Analysis of results
d. Making changes
❖ Used by
a. Businesses
b. Researches
c. Manufacturing
d. Service Companies
e. Consultants
❖GPSS
o General Purpose Simulation Systems (GPSS)
a. Originally developed by Geoffrey Gordon of IBM
b. released in October of 1961
o Vendors offering GPSS versions
a. Wolverine SW
b. Minuteman SW
c. ngolf Stahl and Beliber AB
❖ SIMSCRIPT III
o Free form language with English like syntax
o Descendant of the original SIMSCRIPT released in 1960
o Offers
a. OOP
b. Modularity
c. SIMSCRIPT Dev Studio (SimStudio)
d. OO Simscript III graphics
e. Database Connectivity SDBC
❖ Emerged to provide the analyst with additional
capabilities that further automate and remove
drudgery from the modelling process
❖ Ease of Use
o Specifically designed for non-programmers
o User-Friendly features
❖ Quick Model Development
o Set up to provide a fast method of constructing a model
o The underlying system has already been created and
the user of the simulator is only changing parameters
through a user interface
❖ Base System Simulation Already Complete
o The user of the simulator does not need to concern
themselves with fully understanding and analyzing the
system to be modeled
❖ Framework for analysis of a Particular Type of
System
o The experimental framework has evolved from
repeated use
❖ Oversimplification
o Simulators tend to oversimplify system representations
❖ Inflexible System Representation
o When simulators are created, the base model has
already been built and with it are some general,
unchangeable, underlying assumptions
❖ Encourages Jumping the Gun
o Modelers are often tempted to skip intermediate steps
in the model creation process
❖ Visual Components may create a false Sense
of Credibility
o Graphics “clouds” one’s judgment
Journals:
EBSCO
IntechOpen
IntechOpen website link: https://www.intechopen.com/

Taylor and Francis

T&F website link: www.taylorfrancis.com/

Springer
Springer website link: bit.ly/SpringerCS

JSTOR
JSTOR website link: https://about.jstor.org/whats-in-jstor/books/open-access-books-jstor/
Books:
• Forsyth, D. (2018). Probability and Statistics for Computer Science. IL, USA: Springer.
• Frank E. Harrell, J. (2015). Regression Modeling Strategies. Switzerland: Springer
International Publishing
• Gorvine, B. (2018). Research methods. Oxford University Press.
• Grigoryev, I. (2017). AnyLogic 7 in three days a quick coursein simulation modeling.
• McCroskey, J. (2016). Quantitative research methods for communication. OXFORD
university Press.
• Matera, M. (2015). Explore like a pirare : gamification and game inspired course design
to engage, enrich and elevate your learners. Dave BurgessConsulting, Inc.
• Pajo, B. (2018). Introduction to research methods. Sage Publising.
• Viswanathan, M. (2019). Digital modulations using Matlab : build simulation models from
scratch.
External Resources:
• www.portal.office.com (CANVAS)
• Bacon-Shone, J. (2015). Introduction to Quantitative Research Method. Hong Kong: Research Gate
• Nathan, Peter (2013). The Oxford Handbook of Quantitative Methods Vol 2: Oxford University Press.
• Teo, Timothy (2013). Handbook on Quantitative Methods for Educational Research: Sense Publisher.
• Zeigler, Bernard P. et al. (2019). Theory of Modeling and Simulation 3 ed.: Academic Press.
• Arias-Rodil, M., Diéguez-Aranda, U., & Burkhart, H. E. (2017). Effects of Measurement Error in Total Tree Height and Upper-
Stem Diameter on Stem Volume Prediction. Copyright Society of American Foresters Jun 2017, 250-260.
• Domanski, C., & Jedrzjezak, A. (2015). Statistical Computing in Information Society. Folia Oeconomica Stetiensia, 144-152.
• Ibrahim, K. (2019). Foreign language practice in simulation video games: An analysis of game-based FL use
dynamics. American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages, 335-357.
• Kirkpatrick, E., Gaisford, W., Williams, E., Brindley, E., Tembo, D., & Wright, D. (2017). Understanding Plain English summaries.
A comparison of two approaches to improve the quality of Plain English summaries in research reports. Research Involvement
and Engagement , 1-14.
• Sato, K. (2004). Perspective of Research Design in Design. Visible Language, 218.
• Shu, K., Kozak, M., Fradj, N. B., Zylowski, T., & Rozakis, S. (2020). Simulation of sorghum introduction and its impacts on land
use change—A case study on Lubelski region of Eastern Poland. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 252-274.
• Trochim, P. M. (2020, March 10). Retrieved from Research Method Knowledge Base: https://conjointly.com/kb/research-
sample/paper/
• University of Minnesota. (2020, April 20). Driven to Discover. Retrieved from Heart Attack Prevention:
http://www.epi.umn.edu/cvdepi/essay/association-causation-in-epidemiology-stories-of-guidelines-to-causality-h-blackburn/