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Chapter 11&12

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17 views

Chapter 11&12

Uploaded by

tag64903
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 33

Ch.

11 &12

Waves & Sound


•Wave: a disturbance that propagates from one place to
another.
•Properties of waves
1) waves carry energy
2) no net movement of matter
3) waves can be wave pulses or continuous waves
(oscillations)
4) some waves require medium some don’t
e.g. Sound waves require medium while light waves
don’t.
• Types of waves
A) transverse waves: waves in which the displacement of
individual particles is at right angles to the direction of
propagation of the waves.
e.g. : 1) waves on a rope 2) electromagnetic waves
B) longitudinal waves: waves in which oscillations are
along with the direction the waves travels.

e.g. : 1) sound waves 2) seismic waves


• Speed of sound:
Depends on the temperature and the type of
material.

1) in air

T: in degrees Celsius
v: in m/s

e.g.) for T = 20 C
v = 331 + 0.606 ×20

= 343.12 m/s
Properties & definitions:
waves are oscillations around an equilibrium point.
At a certain instant of time wave represents a displacement
function.
• observing a certain part of the oscillating
medium and draw the displacement as a
function of time

for this wave the period T = 1 sec


1) Amplitude: the maximum displacement of points on a
wave, measured from the equilibrium position.
2) Wavelength: the distance between two successive like
points on a wave.
3) Period: the time needed to complete one full cycle (or one
wavelength)

e.g.)
T = 0.5 sec
Amplitude = 1 m
Notice that there are 2 wavelengths in 1 sec
Frequency = 2 Hz
• Frequency ( f ): the no. of cycles passing a
point per unit time.

1 wave length T sec


f wave length 1 sec
a wave travels a distance (one wavelength) in time T
(the period)
→ speed of the wave v

e.g. : Sound waves travel in air with a speed of 344 m/s.


The lowest frequency sound we can hear is 20 Hz. Find
the wavelength of sound at this frequency?
Check point :
Two sound waves traveling through the air
have different frequencies. Consequently,
they must also have different
a) amplitude
b) speed
c ) wavelength
d) all of the above
•Doppler shift
For a stationery source:
v= f where v = speed of the wave, f = frequency, and
= wavelength
If the observer is moving with speed u towards the source
and measures a speed v’ for the wave then v’ = v + u
The observer will measure a frequency f ’ such that
It can also be proven that:
• when the source is stationary and the observer is
moving with speed u then:

for approaching observer

for receding observer

• when the observer is stationary and the source is


moving with speed u then:

for approaching source

for receding source


e.g.) A street musician sounds
the `A’ string of his violin,
producing a tone of 440 Hz.
What frequency does a
bicyclist hear as he recedes
from and approaches the
musician with speed of
11m/s?
When the source is stationery and
the observer is moving with
speed u then:

for receding bicyclist

for approaching bicyclist


e.g.) A train sounds its
whistle as it approaches a
tunnel in a cliff. The whistle
produces a tone of 650 Hz and
the train travels with a speed
of 21.2 m/s. Find the
frequency heard by an
observer standing near the
tunnel entrance?
speed of source u = 21.2 m/s
and f = 650 Hz
In this example the source is approaching a stationary observer.
• If the speed of the source > the speed of the wave ( u > v),
a shock wave is formed with very large amplitude.
e.g.) waves formed behind a fast boat or a fast jet plane.
Medical Applications
l Human beings hear only sounds
that have frequencies from about:
20 Hz to 20000 Hz (20 kHz).
l These are the limits of audibility.
l The upper limit decreases with age.
Ultrasound:
l Frequencies of 20 000 Hz upwards,
are above the range of the human ear.

l These are called ultrasonic sound


waves.

l These waves have many uses.


Ultrasound as a
Diagnostic Tool:
Some Uses Include:
1. A scan to check the
progress of a baby
(fetus) in the womb.
2. A scan to check the
functioning of the
valves in the heart.
3. Measurement of the
thickness of the eye
lens.
Ultrasound as a
Diagnostic Tool:
A scan to check the
progress of a baby
(fetus) in the womb.
l By measuring the
diameter of the
head, the doctor
can check the age
of the baby.
Ultrasound as a
Diagnostic
The thickness of
Tool:
the eye lens can
also be measured,
which is often
used in eye
examinations
Ultrasound as a
Treatment Tool:
Ultrasound can be used to treat
patients with kidney stones.

l These are particles of material


which may form in the kidneys.
l The stones block the flow of waste
material and can cause severe
pain.
Losing Stones – in
minutes!
Instead of surgery the
stones can be broken up
by a lithotripter.

l This uses several


ultrasound beams
focused on the stones
so that shock waves
are produced at a
common focus.
l The stones are
shattered and not the
surrounding tissue.
Doppler applications
l Doppler Ultrasound is
used to examine blood
flow.
l To guide procedures
like biopsies.
SUPPLEMENTARY
Doppler Effect

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