NATURE

S OF
TATISTIC
 What is Statistic?

STATISTIC - is a science that deals with the

collection, organization, presentation, analysis,
and interpretation of quantitative data.
 TWO

BRANCHES
• DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

• INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
DESCRIPT

IVE
-is concerned with describing
the characteristics and
properties of a group of
persons, places or things of
interest.
EXAMPLE:
Let’s say there are 20 statistic classes

at Tokyo University, and you’ve collected

Identify what is the mean,
the ages of the students in one class. median, and mode?
Ages of the student in your statistic
class:
19,21,18,18,34,30,25,26,24,24,19,18,21,49,2
7.
INFERENT

-is IAL
concerned with drawing inferences or

conclusion about the properties or

characteristic of a large group of people,
places, or things on the bases of the
information obtained from a small portion of
a large group.
Determine whether in the given situation is DS for
descriptive statistics or IS inferential statistics have been
used.
_____ 1. A bowler finds his bowling average for the past
12 games.
_____ 2. A store manager predicts, based on previous
years’ sales, the sale performance of a company
_____ 3. A teacher determines the percentage of
students who passed the examination.
_____ 4. A student computes his average monthly
expenditure on school supplies for the past
five months.
_____ 5. A politician estimates, based on an opinion
poll, his chances of winning in the upcoming
 Basic

DATA VARIABLE
Statistical
It is the measure or This is the data
values in the obtained about a
Terms
statistical study.
certain attribute.

DATA BASE -A collection of values forms.

 Types of Data
PRIMARY SECONDARY

DATA
information collected DATA
information collected from
from an original source, published or unpublished
which is first-hand in sources like books,
nature. newspapers, and theses.
Raw Data –data directly collected from questionnaires and

other survey forms and which have not been organized

numerically.

Ungrouped data- are data that are not organized, or if arranged,

could only be from highest to lowest or lowest to highest.

Grouped data –data that are organized and arranged into different

classes or categories.
 METHODS OF DATA

Direct or Interview Method

COLLECTION
-In this method, the researcher has a direct contact with the
interviewee. The researcher obtains the information
needed by asking questions and inquiries from the interviewee.
Indirect or Questionnaire Method
This method makes used of a written questionnaire.
The researcher distributes the questionnaire to the
respondents either by personal delivery or by mail.
Registration Method
-This method of collecting data is governed by laws. For
example, birth and death rates are registered in the PSA for
records and future use.The number of registered vehicles can be
found at LTO. The list of registered voters in the Philippines can
be found at COMELEC.
Experimental Method
This method is usually used to find out cause and effect
relationships. Scientific researchers often use this method. For
example, agriculturists would like to know the effect of a new
QUANTITA
QUALITATI
NumerTIVE
ical in nature
and in purpose. orical
CategVE
data.
Classify each variable as qualitative or
quantitative.
1.outcome in tossing a coin
2.height of trees
3.monthly salary of an employee
4.speed of a car
5.subject enrolled this term
 I TAT
A N T
QU
I A B L E
T EEVAR
• D IS I
C R VE
B L E
S VA R I A
T I N U O U
• C O N
 DISCRETE VARIABLE
-produces a response that represent count data.
Example:
• number of students in a class
• number of defective items produced by a machine
• number of dengue patients in a certain hospital.
 CONTINUOUS VARIABLE
-represent measured data, such as heights,
weights, temperature, or distances.
Example:
• Abby’s weight is 36kg.
• We went to Albay for a vacation it takes about
150kph to go back home.
Classify each of the following quantitative
variables as discrete or continuous.

1.weight of a body
2.number of chairs in a room
3.dimension of a table
4.lenght of a rod
5.number of possible outcomes in throwing a
 DEPENDENT VARIABLE
-is a variable, which is affected or
influenced by another variable.
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
-is the one that affects or influenced
another variable.
NOMINA Four Levels of
L RATIO
LEVEL Measurement LEVEL

ORDINAL INT E R V A L

LEVEL LEVEL
Identify the level of measurement
for each variable.
1.religion
2.ranking of winners in a contest
3.quiz score
4.civil status
5.temperature
SAMPLING - a process of selecting
units, like people, organizations or
objects from a population of interest
in order to study and fairly
generalize the result back to the
 Sampling
Technique
- is a procedure used to determine the individuals
or members of a sample.

• Probability
• Non- probability
Probability
-
Technique each
member of the
population has
an equal
chance of
being selected
as a member of
the sample.
Simple Random Sampling - is
the simplest form of random
sampling.
Selecting my be:
• strips of paper (lottery method)
• use of printed table of random
numbers
• use of random numbers generated
by computer programs or scientific
Consider that a hospital has 1000 staff members

and must allocate a night shift to 100 members.

All their names will be put in a bucket to be

randomly selected. Since each person has an equal

chance of being selected. Since we know the

population size (N) and sample size (n), the

calculation can be as follows:

Here P is a probability, n is the
sample size, and N represents the
population. Now if one cancels
1-(N-n/n), it will provide P = n/N.
 P= n / N
= 100 / 1000
= 10
The names of 10 employees being
chosen out of that from a company of
 Systematic Random Sampling
An easier method is to use the systematic
sampling technique. To draw the members of the
sample using this method, we have to select a
random starting point, and then draw successive
elements
 Stratified Random Sampling
When we use this method we are actually
dividing the population into different
categories or subpopulations and then the
members of the sample are drawn or
selected proportionally from each
subpopulation.
For example, if the researcher wanted a sample of 50,000 graduates

using age range, the proportionate stratified random sample will be

obtained using this formula: (sample size/population size) × stratum

size. The table below assumes a population size of 180,000 MBA

graduates per year.

Age group 24–28 29–33 34–37 Total

Number of people in stratum 90,000 60,000 30,000 180,000

The strata sample size for MBA graduates in the age range
of 24 to 28 years old is calculated as:

(50,000/180,000) × 90,000 = 25,000

The same method is used for the other age-range groups.

Now that the strata sample size is known, the researcher
can perform simple random sampling in each stratum to
 Cluster sampling
Cluster sampling involves
dividing the population into clusters,
usually along geographic boundaries,
then randomly taking samples of
cluster, and measuring all units within
sampled clusters.
 Multi-Stage Sampling
Multi-stage sampling is a combination of several sampling

techniques. Usually,this method is used by researchers who are

interested in studying a very large population, say the whole

island of Luzon. This is done by starting the selection ofthe

members of the sample using cluster sampling and then

dividing each cluster into strata. Then from each stratum

Non-Probability

Sampling
is a sampling technique where in
members of the sample are drawn
from the population based on the
judgment of the researchers. The
result of the study using this
technique is relatively biased. This
technique lacks objectivity of
selection; hence, it is sometimes
called subjective sampling.
 Convenience sampling
is used because of the convenience it offers to the researcher. A

researcher who wishes to investigate the most popular

noontime show may just interview the respondents through the

telephone. The result of this interview will be biased because

the opinions of those without telephones will not be included.

Although convenience sampling may be used occasionally, we

cannot depend on it in making inferences about a population.

 Quota Sampling
In this type of sampling, the proportions of the
various subgroups in the population are
determined and the sample is drawn to have
the same percentage in it.This is very similar
to the stratified random sampling. The only
difference is that the selection of the members
of the sample using quota sampling is not
 Purposive Sampling
In purposive sampling, samples are taken with a
purpose in mind. Usually, one or more specific
predefined groups are sought. The members of
the sample are selected as to whether they meet
the requirements of the study. If the target is to
find out the effectiveness of a certain brand of
shampoo, of course bald fellows will not be
 SUMMATION
The addition of numbers is basic to our study of statistics.
The symbol Σ (the Greek capital letter sigma) is used as
mathematical shorthand for the operation of addition.
Summation Notation Σ
The notation represents the sum of n numbers x1, x2, …,
xn and is read as the sum of all xi with i ranging from 1 to
n.
Properties of Summation:
Write the following in full.
Write each of the following expressions in
summation notation with appropriate limits.
Thank

You!
RECHELLE N. OBIAS
CA