LAB REPORT

Experiment No: Open Ended

Experiment Name: Design and simulation of high-pass active filters
Course Title: Electronic Circuits II Lab
Course Code: EEE 2104
Section: 01

Submitted to:
Md. Shahjalal, PhD
Assistant Professor
School of Science & Engineering
ULAB

Submitted by:
Name: Md. Shahriyer Islam Ohim
ID: 231016009
Department: EEE
Semester: 4th (Spring 2024)

Submission Date: 15th April, 2024

OBJECTIVE:

To design and simulate of high-pass active filter.

THEORY:
Technically, there is no such thing as an active high-pass filter. Unlike Passive High Pass
Filters which have an “infinite” frequency response, the maximum pass band frequency
response of an active high pass filter is limited by the open-loop characteristics or bandwidth
of the operational amplifier being used, making them appear as if they are bandpass filters with
a high-frequency cut-off determined by the selection of op-amp and gain.
In the Operational Amplifier tutorial, we saw that the maximum frequency response of an op-
amp is limited to the Gain/Bandwidth product or open loop voltage gain ( A V ) of the
operational amplifier being used giving it a bandwidth limitation, where the closed loop
response of the op-amp intersects the open loop response.
A commonly available operational amplifier such as the uA741 has a typical “open-loop”
(without any feedback) DC voltage gain of about 100dB maximum reducing at a roll-off rate
of -20dB/Decade (-6db/Octave) as the input frequency increases. The gain of the uA741
reduces until it reaches unity gain, (0dB) or its “transition frequency” ( ƒt ) which is about
1MHz. This causes the op-amp to have a frequency response curve very similar to that of a
first-order low-pass filter and this is shown below.
Then the performance of a “high pass filter” at high frequencies is limited by this unity gain
crossover frequency which determines the overall bandwidth of the open-loop amplifier. The
gain-bandwidth product of the op-amp starts from around 100kHz for small signal amplifiers
up to about 1GHz for high-speed digital video amplifiers and op-amp-based active filters can
achieve very good accuracy and performance provided that low tolerance resistors and
capacitors are used.
Under normal circumstances, the maximum passband required for a closed-loop active high
pass or band pass filter is well below that of the maximum open-loop transition frequency.
However, when designing active filter circuits it is important to choose the correct op-amp for
the circuit as the loss of high-frequency signals may result in signal distortion.
A first-order (single-pole) Active High Pass Filter as its name implies, attenuates low
frequencies and passes high-frequency signals. It consists simply of a passive filter section
followed by a non-inverting operational amplifier. The frequency response of the circuit is the
same as that of the passive filter, except that the amplitude of the signal is increased by the gain
of the amplifier, and for a non-inverting amplifier the value of the pass band voltage gain is
given as 1 + R2/R1, the same as for
the low pass filter circuit.
This first-order high-pass filter
consists simply of a passive filter
followed by a non-inverting
amplifier. The frequency response of
the circuit is the same as that of the
passive filter, except that the
amplitude of the signal is increased
by the gain of the amplifier Figure 01: Active High Pass Filter With Amplification
For a non-inverting amplifier circuit, the magnitude of the voltage gain for the filter is given as
a function of the feedback resistor ( R2 ) divided by its corresponding input resistor ( R1 ) value
and is given as:
For a first-order filter, the frequency response curve of the filter increases by 20dB/decade or
6dB/octave up to the determined cut-off frequency point which is always at -3dB below the
maximum gain value. As with the previous filter circuits, the lower cut-off or corner frequency
( ƒc ) can be found by using the same formula:

APPARATUS:
1. Breadboard
2. 741 Op-amp
3. Resistors
4. Capacitors
5. Power Supply
6. Signal Generator
7. Oscilloscope
8. Wires

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure 02: High Pass Active Filter

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the positive terminal of the +12V power supply to pin 7 (VCC) of the 741 Op-
Amp.
2. Connect the negative terminal of the -12V power supply to pin 4 (VCC) of the 741 Op-
Amp.
 3. Connect one terminal of the feedback resistor (Rf) to pin 6 (output) of the Op-Amp.
4. Connect the other terminal of Rf to one terminal of the input resistor (R1)
5. Connect one terminal resistor (R2) to the non-inverting input terminal (pin 3) of the Op-
Amp.
6. Connect one terminal of the capacitor to the same junction point as R2 (non-inverting
input of the Op-Amp).
7. Connect the other terminal of the resistor to the ground.
8. Apply frequency and input voltage to the other terminal of the capacitor
9. Connect Channel 1 of the oscilloscope to the input terminal (junction R2 and C1) to
measure the input signal (Vin).
10. Connect Channel 2 of the oscilloscope to pin 6 (output) of the Op-Amp to analyze the
output signal.
11.Keep the input voltage constant and vary the frequency.

Figure 03: Implemented Circuit

CALCULATION
We know that,
Given that,
Frequency, fOL = 2k Hz
Capacitor, C = 0.01μF
1
For high pass active filter, fOL = 2𝜋𝑅𝐶
1
R = 2𝜋𝑓𝐶
1
= 2𝜋×2×103×0.01×10−6

= 7.96kΩ
≈ 8.2kΩ
DATA TABLE:
Input peak-to-peak voltage is 1.32V
No Of Obs Frequency f (kHz) Output Voltage (VO) Gain AV = 𝑉𝑂 Gain (in dB) =
𝑉𝑂
𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑖
(peak to Peak)
1 1k 1.4v 1.06 0.25
2 2k 2.2v 1.67 2.23
3 3k 2.6v 1.97 2.94
4 4k 2.84v 2.15 3.32
5 5k 2.92v 2.21 3.44
6 10k 3.08v 2.33 3.67
7 20k 3.16v 2.39 3.78

DISCUSSION:
High-pass active filters are designed and simulated using various topologies, including Sallen-
Key, Multiple Feedback, and State Variable configurations. The design process involves
defining objectives such as cutoff frequency, filter order, passband ripple, and stopband
attenuation, which determine the filter's performance and behavior in the desired application.
The choice of topology depends on factors like desired filter order, component availability, and
performance requirements like bandwidth and distortion. The selection of active components,
such as op-amps, resistors, and capacitors, is crucial. Factors like bandwidth, slew rate, and
input bias current should be considered, while resistors and capacitors must meet tolerance,
stability, and temperature coefficients. The values of these components are calculated based on
the chosen filter topology and design specifications. Simulation using EDA tools like SPICE
is essential for validating the design against specified requirements. The filter's performance is
evaluated and optimized by adjusting component values or filter topology to meet design
objectives. Practical considerations such as power supply rejection, noise, and stability should
also be addressed. After simulated and optimized, a physical prototype of the filter is
constructed and tested using laboratory equipment. Practical measurements are taken to verify
the filter's performance against simulation results and design specifications.In summary, the
design and simulation of high-pass active filters require a systematic approach, starting with
clear design objectives, topology selection, component calculation, simulation, and practical
implementation. Iterative refinement based on simulation results is crucial for achieving high-
performance filters that meet specific application requirements.