MATRICES & DETERMINANTS

A matrix is a rectangular array of mxn numbers arranged in m rows and n columns.

’ROWS

A=
LCOLUMNS
Laml dm. nJmxn
OR
A= lamn , where i=1,2,..., m;j= 1,2,...n.
* Row Matrix: A matrix which has one row is called row matrix. A=la;]n
* Column Matrix :A matrix which has one column is called column matrix. A =[amxl
* Square Matrix: A matrix in which number of rows are equal to number of columns, is called a
square matrix A =[a;Jmxm
* Diagonal Matrix : A square matrix is called a Diagonal Matrix if all the elements, except the
diagonal elements are zero. A=[anxn where a, =0,i* j a, 0,i=j
*Scalar Matrix: A square matrix is called scalar matrix it all the elements, except diagonal elements are
zero and diagonal elements are some non-zero quantity. A=[aJnxn where a, =0if i#j. anda, =k,i=

* Identity or Unit Matrix : A square matrix in which all the non-diagonal elements are zero and
diagonalelements are unity is called identity or unit matrix.
* Null Matrices : A matrices in which all element are zero.
*Equal Matrices :Two matrices are said to be equal if they have same order and all their corresponding
elements are equal.
* Sum of two Matrices :If A= [a_] and B= [b] are two matrices of the same order, say m xn, then, the
sum of the two matrices A and B is defined as a matrix
C= [cilmx n, Wherecj= aj+ b,j. for all possible values ofiand j.
* Multiplication ofa matrix :
kÀ = k [a] mxn= [k (aj)] mx n
* Negative of amatrix is denoted by -A. We define-A = (-1)A.
* Difference of matrices :If A = [aj]. B = [b;]are two matrices of the same order, say m xn, then
difference A-B is defined as a matrix D= (dj], where dj= a b,j,for all value of iand j.
*Properties of matrix addition :
(i) Commutative Law :IfA = and B are matrices of the same order, then A + B=B+A.
(ii)Associative Law :For any three matrices A, B &C of thesame order, (A+ B) +C=A+(B+C).
(iii)Existence of identity: Let A be an mxn matrix and O be an m xn zero matrix,
then A+0=0+A=A. ie. O is the additive identity for matrix addition.
(iv)Existence of inverse :Let A be any matrix, then we have another matrix as -A such that
A+(-A) = (-A) + A= 0. So- A is the additive inverse of Aor negative of A.
* Properties of scalar multiplication of a matrix :If A and B be two matrices of the samne order, and k and
larescalars, then
(i) k(A +B) =k A +kB, (ü) (k +l)A = kA +lA(ii) ( k+ l) A = kA +lA
*Product of matrices: If A& B are two matrices, then product AB is defined, if number of column of A=
number of rows of B.

ie. A=[a,lmxn B=[blap then AB -[Ck Jmxp:Where C¡ =ajb

*Properties of multiplication of matrices :
(i)Product of matrices is not commutative. i.e. AB ÷ BA.
(iü) Product of matrices is associative. i.e. A(BC)= (AB)C
(iii)Product of matrices is distributive over addition i.e.(A+B) C = AC + BC
(iv) For every square matrix A, there exist an identitymatrix of same order such that IA= Al = A.
*Transpose of matrix : If A is the given matrix, then the matrix obtained by interchanging the rows and
columns is called the transpose of a matrix.
* Properties of Transpose :
If A & B are matrices such that their sum & product are defined, then
(0.(AT) =A (ii).(A +B)" =AT+BT (üi). (KAT)= KAT where Kis a scalar.
(iv). (AB) =BTAT ().(ABC) =CTBTAT,
*Symmetric Matrix : A square matrix is said to be symmetric if A=A i.e. If A=[a,mxm , then
a; =a;for all i, j.Also elements of the symmetric matrix are symmetric about the main diagonal
*Skew symmetric Matrix :A square matrix is said to be skew symmetric if A'= -A.
If A=a, mxm, then a, =-aj, for all i,j.
*Elementary Operation (Transformation) of a Matrix:
()) Interchange of any two rows or two columns :R; R.Ci C.
*Multiplication of the elements of any row or column by a non-zero number:
Rk R, Ci’ kCi, k#0
* Determinant To every square matrix we can assigna number called determinant
IfA = (aj), det. A=|A |= ajl
If A= a|1 aj2 |A= ajâz2 az1a|2.
La21 a2
* Properties :
(i) The determinant of the square matrix A is unchanged when its rows and columns are
interchanged.
(i) The determinant of a square matrix obtained by interchanging two rows(or two columns) is negative
of given determinant.
(iii) If two rows or two columns of a determinant are identical, value of the determinant is zero.
(iv) If alltheelements of a row or column of a square matrix A are multiplied by a non-zero numberk, then
determinant of the new matrix is k times the determinant of A.
(v) If elements of any one column(or row) are expressed as sum of two elements each, then determinant can
be written as sum of two determinants.
(vi) Any two or more rows(or column) can be added or subtracted proportionally.
(vii) If A & B are square matrices of same order, then |AB| = |A| |B|
*Singular matrix:A square matrix 'A' of order 'n' is said to be singular, if | A| =0.
* Non -Singular matrix : A square matrix 'A' of order 'n' is said to be non-singular, if | A<= 0.
* If A and B are non-singular matrices of the same order, then AB and BA are also non-singular matrices of
the same order.
*Let A be a square matrix of ordern x n, then | kA|= k"|A|.

* Area of a Triangle:area of a triangle with vertices (x, yi), (x2, y2) and (X3, y:)
x3 y3

*Equation ofa line passing through (x1. y)&(*2. y:)isl* y

*Minor of an element a;of a determinant is the determinant obtained by deleting its i" row and" column in
which elementa,lies. Minor of an element ajis denoted by Mij.
* Minor of an element of a determinant of order n(n 2) is a determinant of order n - 1.
* Cofactor of anelement aj, denoted by Ajis defined byAj= (-1)*'Mi, where Mjis minor of aj.
*If elements of a row (or column) are multiplied with cofactors of any other row (or column), then their sum
is zero.
*Adjoint of matrix:
If A=aJ be a square matrix then transpose of a matrix [A¡]. where A, is the cofactor of A, element of
matrix A, is called the adjoint of A.
Adjoint of A =Adj. A= [A,]".
A(Adj.A) =(Adj. A)A =|A|I.
* If A be any given square matrix of order n, then A(adjA) = (adjA) A= A| I,
* If Ais a square matrix of ordern, then ladj(A)| = (A.
*Inverse of a matrix :Inverse of a square matrix A exists, if A is non-singular or square matrix A is said to
be invertible and A':Adj.A
A
*System of Linear Equations:
ajx + bËy + ciz = d,, azx + by +cz= dz, a_x + bsy + Cgz = d,.
a, b C
a b AX = B X=AB :{|A|*0).

*Criteria of Consistency.
(i) If |A|#0, then the system of equations is said to be consistent & has a unique solution.
(ii) If (A| =0 and (adj. A)B = 0, then the system of equations is consistent and has infinitely many solutions.
(iii) If |A =0and (adj. A)B+0, then the system of equations is inconsistent and has no solution.

SOME ILLUSTRATIONS/EXAMPLES (WITHSOLUTION)

(i) Multiple Choice Questions:
Q.1.If a-P+Q. where Pis symmetric and Qis askew symmetric matrix, then Qis equal to
-5/2]
0 -5/21
Solution: Let A= A=62
Now A+¤=E + A+A)=2
5/2
5/21
4 =P
0
A-A- 4-6 - a- A) =s/2 0
So, Correct option is option (c).
Q.2. If A is 2 x 3 matrix such that AB and AB' both are defined, then find the order of the matrix B
(a) 2 x 3 (b) 3 x3 (c)2 x 2 (d) Not defined
Solution:Let order of Bbem ×n
: AB is defined, :: No. of columns in A = No. of rows in B
’3= m
Order of B'=n X m
Again AB' is defined, : No. of columns in A = No. of rows in B'
’3=n
So, order of B = m×n= 3 x3.
: Correct option is (b).
Q.3.If = 6 x
then the possible value(s) of xis/are
(a) 1 (b) V3 (c) -V3 (d) tv3
Solution:
Since= X= 3
’2-20 = 2x - 24 -18 + 24 = 2x 2x =6
:Correct option is (d).
Q.4. If JA|= |kA|, where A is a square matrix of order 2, then sum of all possible values ofk is
(a) 1 (b) -1 (c) 2 (d) 0
Solution: |A|= |kA| and n=2
IA|=k* |A (:(kA]= k AD
 >k=1 ’k=tl ’ Sum of all values of k=+|-l=0
.Correct option is (d).
(i) Case Based Study Question:
Q.5.To promote the usage of house toilets in villages especially for women, an organisation tried to generate
awarenes among the illagers through (i) house calls (ii) letters and (ii) announcements

AIMPPE,ERIA LA
IMP
PERLA
The cost for each mode per attempt is (i) Rs 50 (ii) Rs 20 (iii)Rs40
The number of attempts made in the villages X, Y and Z are given below:
respectively
(ii) (iiü)
X 400 300 100
300 250 75
500 400 150
Also the chance of making of toilets corresponding to one attempt of given modes is:
(i) 2% (ii) 4% (iii) 20%
Let A, B, C be the cost incurred by organisation in three villages respectively.
Based on the above information answer the following questions
(A) Form a required matrix on the basis of the given information.
(B) Form a matrix, related to the number of toilets expected in villagers X, Y, Z after the promotion
campaign.
(C) What is total amount spent by the organisation in all three villages X, Y and Z
OR
What are the total number of toilets expected after promotion campaign?
Solution:(A) Rs A, Rs B and Rs C are the cost incurred by the organisation for villages X, Y, Z respectively.
therefore matrix equation will be
400 300 1001 [50
300 250 75||20
L500 400 150J L40.
(B) Let number of toilets expected in villagers X, Y, Z be x, y, z respectively
Therefore required matrix is
[400 300 1001[ 2/100
y-300 250 75 4/100
L500 400 150]l20/100.
[A [400 300 1001[501 20000 + 6000 + 40001 300001
(C). BC 300
L500
250
400
75||20 15000 + 5000 + 3000 23000
15oJ l40 L25000 + 8000 + 6000 L39000
Total money spent = 30000 + 23000 + 39000 = 92000 Rs
OR
From part (B) the required matrix for the expected number of toilets is:
 [400 300 100]|| 2/100 8+ 12 + 20 [401
|300 250 75 4/100 6+10 +15 31
Ls00 400 150J l20/100 l10 + 16 + 30 L56l
So, total number of toilets expected in 3 villages are = 40 + 31 +56 = 127
(iiü) Short Answer Type Questions:
Q.6. If x+ythen find the value of xand y.
Solution: Given

B+11-19x+-9) So 2x -y= 10 and 3x +y=5

On solving we get x=3 and y=-4
Q.7. If Ais a square matrix such that A =A, show that (I+ A) =7A +L.
Solution: L.H.S. = ([+ A' = +A°+31A +31A
=I+A'.A + 31A +3IA'= I+ A.A +3A + 3A
=I+A' +3A +3A=I+A +3A +3A
=I+7A =R.H.S. Proved.
(iv) Long Answer Type Questions:
2 -1 0
2 B=2 3 4 then find BA and use this to solve the system of
2 -1 0 1 2
equations: y + 2z =7. x - y=3 and 2x + 3y + 4z = 17.
[1 -1 0 2 2
Solution:BA =2 3
Lo 1 2 -1
1 2 2

2 -1

The given equations can be re-written as, x -y = 3, 2x + 3y +4z= 17, and y +2z =7
[1 -1
BX = Ci e. 2 3
’ X= B-Cie. -4 2
-1
Hence, x= 2,y = -1 and z=4
fcoSx -sinx 0]
Q.9.If F(x) =sinx COSX
o prove that F(x) F(y) =F(x+y)
0 0
coSx -sinx 0 cosy -siny 0]
Solution: Given F(x) =sinx COSX 0 so F(y) = siny cosy
1 1
fcoSx -sinx fcosy -siny 0
Hence F(x). F(y) = sinx COSX siny Cosy 0
0 0 0 0 1
COSXCOsy - sinxsiny -coSxsiny sinxcosy [cosx + y) -sinl(k + y)
sinxcosy + cosxsiny -sinxsiny + cosxXCOSy cosi(x + y)
Hence F(x).F(y) = F(x + y)

QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE:

Multiple Choice Questions:
Q.1. If A= then A' is equalto
 Q.2.If|x+y 4x] [7 7y- 13] then the value of xand y is
sx -7 4x x +6
(a)x =3, y=l (b) x =2, y=3 (c) x=2. y=4 (d) x=3,y=3
0.3. For any twomatrices A and B (a) AB = BA (b) AB# BA (C) AB =0 (d) None of these
Q.4. which one is not correct (a) (AB)' = B'A'b) A'B' = (BA)'(c) (kAY= kA'(d) A'= A
Q.5r|-- then the value of xis (a) 6 (b) 3 (c) 7 (d)i
Q.6.If A is a square matrix of order 3and |A|=5, then ladj A| is (a) 5 (b) 25 (c) 125 (d:
Q.7. The area of triangle with vertices (-3,0), (3,0) and (0,k) is 9 sq units. Then the value of k will be(a) 9
(b) 3 (c) -9 (d) 6
cost t 1
f()
Q.8.Let f(t) =2 sint t 2t then lim-0 is equal to(a) 0 (b) - I (c) 2 (d) 3
.sint t t
Q.9.If Ais a symmetric matrix, then A' is:
(a) Symmetric Matrix (b) Skew Symmetric Matrix (c) Identity matrix (d)Row Matrix
Assertion Reason Based Question:
Q.10.For A and Bsquare matrices of same order, choose appropriate option
Assertion (A): (A + B)+A'+2AB +B²
Reason (R): Generally, AB # BA
(a) Both A &R are true &R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A &R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
Case Study Based Questions:
Q.11.Read the following text and answer the following questions from (1 - 5) on the basis of the same:
A manufacture produces three stationery products Pencil, Eraser and Sharpener which he sells in two
markets. Annual sales are indicated below
The Litle

Stationery s
Greeting Carts At&Ca a Mh Mo MODERN BOOK SHOF
BOOKS & STATIONERSs

Market Products (in numbers)

Pencil Eraser Sharpener
A 10000 2000 18000
B 6000 20000 8000
If the unit Sale price of Pencil, Eraser and Sharpener are Rs 2.50, Rs 1.50 and Rs 1.00 respectively, and unit
cost of the above three commodities are Rs 2.00, Rs 1.00 and Rs 0.50 respectively, then,
Answer the following questions using matrix method.
i) Total revenue (in Rs) of market A is.
(ii) Total revenue (in Rs) of market B
(ii) Cost (in Rs) incurred in market A ?
(iv) Find profits (in Rs) in market A and B respectively.
(v) Find gross profit (in Rs) in both market.
Q.12.A school wants to award its students for the values of honesty, regularity and hard work with a total
cash award of Rs 6000. Three times the award money for hard work added to that given for honesty amounts
to Rs 11000. The award money given for honesty and hard work together is double the one given for
regularity.
Based on the above information, answer the following questions:
(i) If Rs x is awarded to honesty, Rs y to regularity and Rs z awarded to hard work, then what is the
matrix equation representing the above situation ?
(i) What isthe value of ladj A|?
(iii) What are the values of x, y, z respectively in this case ?
(iv) What is the value of |A| ?
(v) What is the value of A(Adj A)?
0.13. Two school KV-land KV-2 want to award their selected students on the values of sincerity,
truthfulness and helpfulness. KV-1wants to award Rs x each, Rs y each and Rs z each for the three
respective values to 3, 2 and lstudents respectively with a total award money of Rs 1600. KV-2 wants to
spend Rs 2300 to award its 4, 1,3students on the respective values (by giving the same amount of the three
values before). The total amount of the award for one prize on each is Rs 900.
Answer the following questions using matrix:
(i) Determine x +y+z
(ii) Calculate the value of 2x + y +3 z.
(ii) What is the value of y?
(iv) Find thc valuc of 2x + 5y.
(v) Determine y - x.
Short Answer type Questions:
2 3|
0.14. Ifx=-4 is a root of1 x 1| =0, then find the sum of other two roots.
l3 2 xl
Q.15. IF A =| then find A2024
lo o
Q.16. If A is a 3x3 invertible matrix, then what will be the value of k if det (A')= (det A).
Q.17. IF A = then find (A - 21) (A - 31).

Q.18.
.Ix=; 1. 0J
ro 1
then find the value of (X'- X).
1
Q.19. Matrix A =1 0 1 is asymmetric matrix, find values of aand b.
l1 1 0.
Q.20. Show that the elements on the main diagonal of a skew symmetric are all zero.
2 -8
Q.21. Find the matrix Xso X
that = 4
-1 1]
Q.22. -1 then find A- A'- A' +A².
l1 -1
0.23. If A is a square matrix of order 3, |A'|=-3, then find the value of JAA|.
Long Answer type Questions:
Q.24. Solve the system of the following equations:
2 3 10 4 6 6 9 20
= 2, =5, =-4
X y X X

Q.25. Express the following matrix as the sum ofa symmetric and skew-symmetric matrix, and verify the
3 -2
result: 3 -2
-1
[1 -2
Q.26. IF A=|2 1 , find AB and hence solve x-2y=
Lo -2 5
10. 2x + y +3z = 8, -2y + z=7
-3 -2 -4 1 2 0
Q.27. If A =|2 1 23 ,and -1 -2, then find AB and use it to solve the following
2 1 0-1 1 J
system of equations: x-2y=3, 2x - y-z =2, - 2y +z=3.
 2
-1 -2, find A-Using A, solve the system of linear equations: X-2y=
-1 1
10. 2x - y-z=8, -2y +z =7.
ANSWERS:
Questions for Practice: 1. (d) 2.(b) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8.(a) 9. (a) 10. (a) 11(i). 46000
11(ii). 53000 11(iii), 31000 11(iv). (15000, 17000) 11(v). 32000
1 1][X] 6000
126). 0 3|y =11000 12(i). 36, 12(i). (500, 2000, 3500), 12iv).; 12(v). 61, 13().900
l1 -2 1]lz!
13(i). 1900 13(ii). 300 13(iv). 1900 13(v), 100 14.4, 15.0
16. -1, 17. 0, 18. 2I, 19. -2/3 &3/2, 21. , 22. 0, 23.9, 24. x=2, y =-3, z=5, 25.
3 1/2 -5/2] -5/2 -3/21
1/2 -2 -2 +5/2 -3 26. x =4, y=-3,z =5, 27. AB =I; x = 1,y= -1,z =
-5/2 -2 2 L3 /2 3
-3 -2 -4
1, 28.A2 2
1
1
2X= 0,y= -5,z = -3.
CHAPTER TESTS
CLASS TEST -I
Max Marks: 20 Time: 40 Min
1 IfA is a 2x3 matrix such that AB and AB' both are defined, then find the order of
the matrix B.
3 1
If the matrix|2 b -1liis a skew symmetric matrix, find the values a, b and c.
lc 0
3. Prove that AA' is always a symmetric matrix for any square matrix of A. 1
4. If A and B are square matrices, each of order 2 such that |A=3 and |B= 2, then 1
write the value of (3AB|.
5 IfA is a square matrix of order 3 such that ladj A< = 225, find A.
6. 1
Ir=|thenfind the possible value(s) of x.
X
7 Find the equation of the line joining A(1,3) and B(0,0) using determinants and find 2
kif D(k,0) is a point such that area of triangle ABD is 3 sq units.
8 4 -4 8 4]
Find A, if1A =-1 2 1
3 -3 6 3
9 -1 01 2 -4 5
Given A= 3 4 and B -4 2 find BA and use it to find the
lo 1 2 2 -1 5
values of x, y, z from given equations:
X-y= 3, 2x +3y + 4z = 17, y+ 2z = 17
10 [cos x sin x 01 5
If (0) =sin x coS X prove that: f(x)f(-y) = f(x- y)
0
CLASS TEST II
Max Marks: 30 Time: 60 Min
1. IfA is a square matrix of order 3 such that A = 2A, then find the value of |A|.
2. IfA is a square matrix of order 3and |A|=-4, find <adj A<. 1
3. 1
IF=then
6 find the posible value(s) of x.
j0 17
o then find A2024
4. IfA =
lo
5 1
If| =P+Q, where Pis a symmetric andQis a skew symmetric matrix, then
find Q.
6
0 - tan
Let A= and 1 lo 1 Prove that /+ A=(I-A)
cosa
sin a
-sin a
COS
tan
7. Find the equation of the line joining P(4,0) and Q0,2) using determinants and find 2
AifR(2,0) is a point such that area of triangle PQR is 4 sq units.
8
Show that A= 3 satisfies the equation x-3x -7 =0. Thus findA1
9 [3 -1 5
Express A= 0 3as the sum of asymmetric and a skew-symmetric matrix.
I -I 2
And verify it.
10. [3 1 2
If A= |3 2 -3. Find A-1. Hence, solve the system of equations :
l2 0 -1
3x + 3y + 2z = 1, x+ 2y = 4, 2x-3y -z=5
11 [-5 1 3 5
Find the product of two matrices A and B, where A = 7 1
1 -1 1
[1 1 21
B=3 2 1 and use it for solving the equations:
L2 1 3
X+y+2z = 1, 3x +2y+z=7, 2x +y+ 3z = 2
Case Study Based Question
12 Two farmers Ramakishan and Gurucharan Singh cultivate only three
varieties of rice namely Basmati, Permal and Naura. The sale (in Rs) of these
varieties of rice by both the farmers in the month of September and October are
given by the following matrices A and B
September sale (in Rs)A =0000 20000 30000] Ramakishan
L50000 30000 10000J Gurucharan
5000 10000 6000 ] Ramakishan
October sale (in Rs)B =0000 10000 10000J Gurucharan
Answer the following questions using above information:
(i) Compute the total sales in September and October and write answer in terms of
A and B.
(ii) What is the value of Az:? 1
(iii) Determine the decrease in sales from September to October in terms of
A and B.
1
(iv) If Ramakishan receives 2% profit on gross sales, compute his profit (in Rs) for 1
each variety sold in October using matrix method.

ANSWERS
CLASS TEST -I
1. 3x3 2. (a = 2, b =0, c=-3) 4. -4, 5. +15, 6. t6, 7.3x -y =0; k= +2,
8. [-1 2 1], 9. BA =6 I; (x =-14/3, y =-23/3, z=37/3).
CLASS TEST -II
1. 8. 2. 16, 3. tv3, S/2 -5/21
4. 0, 5. 7. x+ 2y =4;=0,8,
1/2 1/21 0 -3/2 -1/2]
3/7],
-5/7 9.A=1/2 I1/2
0
1
1+|3/2
2 L1/2
0
-2
2

-2 1
0.A'--y17 [-4 -7 15; (x=2, y=1, z= -4) 11.AB =BA =4I; (x =2, y=1,z= -1), 12. (i)
3
A+ B, (ii) Az3 = 10000, (iii) A-B, (iv) Rs 100, 200, 120.