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ELEC-Chapter 6

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ELEC-Chapter 6

Uploaded by

LORNA ARTUGUE
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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COLEGIO DE STA. LOURDES OF LEYTE FOUNDAITON INC.

TABONTABON, LEYTE

PEOPLE’S EARTH AND


ECOSYSTEM
(Topic: Evolution)

Submitted by:

Artugue, April Christine T. BSN 2C


Tan, Jerico. BSN 2C

Submitted to:

Ms. Roe Sacramento


Elec 1 C.I
EARTH FACTS

In the beginning

Based on geological and astronomical data, the


Earth is believed to have originated by the
condensation of interstellar dust about 4.5 billion
years ago.

The genesis of life on Earth is thought to have


occurred in a primordial aquatic environment at
least 3.5 billion years ago.

The earliest life forms were prokaryotes then


eventually, eukaryotes evolved from simpler
prokaryotic
predecessors.

Smaller

microorganisms became encapsulated within larger ones in a


mutually beneficial symbiosis or so called mutualism.
More complex microorganisms, containing subcellular organelles such as mitochondria, plastids, and
cilia, are thought to have evolved as a result of symbiotic associations occurring among different
species.
Multicellular organisms were the next major category of life form to appear, in late Precambrian times.

The evolution and radiation of these complex organisms was driven by physiological and ecological
adaptations associated with interactions of specialized cells and, eventually, organs. The first
multicellular organisms were small and simple, but these eventually evolved into the larger, more
complex organisms that are now prominent on Earth, including vertebrates, the phylum of animals to
which humans belong.
Progression of Life
 All living species are similarly “advanced.
The two reasons for thinking this are:
(1) all living species have had the same amount of time
to evolve
(2) they all have adapting/ coping mechanism on
anything offered by the environment.
 The fossil record clearly demonstrates that, over time, there has been a progression of life forms
on Earth.

 Every organism has an individual complement of genetic information.


 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) carries the genetic information in almost all species.
 RNA (ribonucleic acid) is composed of a single strand of nucleotides. The nucleotide sequences
of RNA guide the translation of the genetic information of DNA into the structure of proteins
 Chromosomes are composed of DNA and protein and they contain the genetic information of the
cell.
 Genes are specific regions of a chromosome that determine the development of a particular trait
by coding for a specific protein during transcription.
 Replication is the biochemical process during which the nucleotide sequence of each strand of
DNA is copied.
 Transcription involves DNA unzipping and a complementary strand of RNA being made on one
of the DNA strands, in a manner similar to replication.
 Translation occurs when the mRNA, which contains information from a portion of a DNA
strand, attaches to a ribosome in the cytoplasm (outside of the nucleus).
 Meiosis is important in sexual reproduction, in which two “sex” cells, one from each parent,
combine to start a new life.
 Genotype refers to the unique genetic information of individual organisms, as embodied in the
nucleotide sequences of their DNA.
 Phenotype refers to the actual expression of an individual’s genotype in terms of its anatomical
development, behaviour, and biochemistry.

EVOLUTION
- “CHANGE THROUGH TIME”
- Evolution is a process of genetic change from generation to generation, occurring in populations
or higher-order groupings of organisms (such as species).
- Evolution is used by scientists to explain both the origin of life, as well as the extraordinary
changes that have occurred in organisms over the billions of years of biotic history on Earth.

Two types of Evolution:


1. Microevolution- refer to relatively subtle changes occurring within a population or species,
often within only a few generations.
 Beaks of finches in Galapagos Island.
 Peppered moth (Biston betularia) of western Europe.
 Metal-tolerant ecotypes of the grass Deschampsia caespitosa, near Sudbury, Ontario.

2. Macroevolution- the idea that all life-forms evolved


through a long ages of time from a common ancestor. Ex.
Charles Darwin theory of Evolution.
-Natural selection predicts that individual organisms that are better adapted to coping with the
opportunities or limitations of their environment will have an increased likelihood of leaving
descendants.

- Evolution can also occur in response to catastrophic influences on populations of organisms, such
as a forest fire or flood.

- Cultural selection (or artificial selection) evolution may also occur in response to choices made
by humans of desirable traits in certain species. Describes the human selection of breeding pairs
to produce favorable offspring.

RELATEDNESS AND DECENT


 A biological definition of SPECIES is “a group of organisms that is reproductively isolated from
other such groups.”
 Within a species, individual organisms tend to resemble each other, but more importantly, they
can breed with each other and produce fertile offspring. An inability to successfully interbreed
implies reproductive isolation.

1. Patterns in the Fossil Record


2. Inferences from Modern Species.
Religion and Evolution
Siddhartha Gautama
Hinduism (200-400 thousand years ago) Middle Paleolithic era
Book of Genesis
-first book of the Bible
-oldest written explanation of the origin of life on Earth, the existence of species, and the roles and responsibilities of humans
in their interactions with the natural world.

Based on their literal interpretation of Genesis and other passages in the Bible, creationist have drawn the following
conclusions relevant to evolution:

Earth and its species are not ancient because creation occurred only a few thousand years ago.
Species are essentially immutable, having been created as entities that have not changed since their creation.
Because species were individuallycreated, existing species did not descend from earlier ones through evolution.
Humans are particularly special, having been created in the Creator’s image they are not related to or descend from any other
species

But these ideas do not accord with scientific findings, as were described on the preceeding pages. In particular:

The geological record clearly demonstrates that earth and the solar system are extremely old, having begun to develop at least
4.5 billion years ago.
Clearly, species are not immutable.The fossil record demonstrates that most species evolved during the long biological history
of our planet are now extinct.
The fossil record presents clear evidence of lineages among groups of organism, indicating that living species have descended
from earlier ones.

EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION

Biologist believe that evolution proceeds mainly by natural selection, which operates when genetically based variation exists
among individuals within a population, so that some of them are better adapted to deal with the prevailing environmental
condition.

Organisms vary in their genetics and phenotypes


Organism differ their abilities to deal successfully with stresses and opportunities in their environment

Theory of evolution by natural selection suggest that new species evolve from prognenitors
(a process known as speciation).

Speciation is also thought to occur in a more linear fashion, as when progenitor species gradually evolve over time in response
to changes in environmental conditions. Eventually, the ancestral species may become extinct, but new ones evolved from the
progenitor lineage may survive to continue the evolutionary chain.

THE IMPORTANCE OF GENETICS

Genetic diversity is important because it gives species a better chance of survival.


However, genetic can be lost when populations get smaller and isolated, which decreases a species ability to adapt and survive.

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