Quadratic Equations

Quadratic Equation
● Quadratic equations are in the form ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b, and c
are real numbers and a is not equal to 0.
● ax2 or the first term is called the quadratic term, bx is the linear term,
and c is the constant term.
Example: x2 + 7x + 10 = 0 is quadratic equation such that x2 is the
quadratic term, 7x is the linear term, and 10 is the constant term. It
also means that a = 1, b = 7, and c = 10.
● Quadratic equations have at most two real solutions.

1
 Quadratic Equations

Standard Form of a Quadratic Equation

The standard form of a quadratic equation is ax2 + bx + c = 0 where

a, b, and c are real numbers and a is nonzero.
Example: x2 + 7x + 10 = 0 is in standard form
2x + x2 - 9 = 0 is not in standard form
x2 + 7x = -10 is not in standard form

2
 Quadratic Equations

Quadratic Equation in Standard form

Some quadratic equations can be written using factors in the form

(ax + b)(cx + d).
Example: x2 + 7x + 10 = 0 can be factored as (x + 5)(x + 2) = 0. This
means that the equation (x + 5)(x + 2) = 0 is also a quadratic equation
but it is just in factored form.

3
 Quadratic Equations

Solving Quadratic Equations

Solving Quadratic Equations by Extracting the Root

This method is best applicable when an equation has no linear term such as in x2 = 49, x2 -
81 = 0, x2 - 100 = 0
Here are the steps to solve quadratic equations by extracting the square root:
1. Isolate the square variable (x2) from other quantities. This means that x2 must be the
only quantity on the left-hand side and other quantities must be on the right-hand side.
2. Take the square root of both sides of the equation.

4
 Quadratic Equations

Solving Quadratic Equations by Solving Quadratic Equations by

Extracting Square Root Sample #1 Extracting Square Root Sample #2
Example: Example:

Solution:
Solution:

5
 Quadratic Equations

Solving Quadratic Equations by Extracting Square Root Sample #3

Example:

Solution:

6
 Quadratic Equations

Solving Quadratic Equations

Solving Quadratic Equations by Extracting the Root

You can also use this method if the equation is in the form (x + a)2 = k such as in (x - 3)2 =
9, (x + 5)2 = 8, (x - 3)2 = 12, and so on.

Steps:
1) Take the positive and negative square root of both sides
2) Separately solve the two linear equations from the previous step.

7
 Quadratic Equations

Solving Quadratic Equations by Solving Quadratic Equations by

Extracting Square Root Sample #4 Extracting Square Root Sample #5
Example: Example:

Solution: Solution:

8
 Quadratic Equations

Solving Quadratic Equations

Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring

This method is best applicable when the given quadratic equation is factorable.

To solve quadratic equations by factoring, follow these steps:

1. Express the given equation in standard form.
2. Factor the expression. You must come up with two factors after factoring.
3. Equate each factor to zero and solve each resulting equation.

9
 Quadratic Equations

Solving Quadratic Equations Solving Quadratic Equations

by Factoring Sample #1 by Factoring Sample #2
Example: Example:

Solution: Solution:

10
 Quadratic Equations

Solving Quadratic Equations Solving Quadratic Equations

by Factoring Sample #3 by Factoring Sample #4
Example: Example:

Solution: Solution:

11
 Quadratic Equations

Solving Quadratic Equations

Substituting Given Values in the Choices to Find the Solution
If you cannot factor the given equation quickly, you can substitute each given value and see which
satisfies the given equation.

Example: Which value of x satisfies 2x2 + x - 6 = 0?

a) 2 b) 0 c) -2 d) 1
Sol:
For (a) : 2(2)2 + (2) - 6 = 4 (not solution)
For (b) : 2(0)2 + (0) - 6 = -6 (not solution)
For (c): 2(-2)2 + (-2) - 6 = 0 (solution)
For (d) : 2(1)2 + (1) - 6 = -3 (not solution)

12
 Quadratic Equations

Solving Quadratic Equations

Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Quadratic Formula

● This formula can be used for any type of quadratic equation.

● Note that using this method might be time consuming so use it only as a last
resort if you cannot factor the given quadratic formula or if substitution is too
difficult.

13
 Quadratic Equations

Solving Quadratic Equations

To solve an equation using the Quadratic Formula:
Write the equation in ax2 + bx + c = 0 form. Then, identify the values of a, b, and c.
Afterward, compute for the value of x using the formula and by following the order
of operations.

14
 Quadratic Equations
Solving Quadratic Equations using Quadratic Formula

15
 Quadratic Equations

Discriminant of a Quadratic Equation

● The discriminant of a quadratic equation enables us to identify the “nature of the
roots” of a quadratic equation without actually solving it.
● Discriminant = b2 - 4ac
● Interpreting the value of the discriminant:
- If D is positive, the equation has two real roots.
- If D is zero, the equation has one real root.
- If D is negative, then the equation has no real roots.

16
 Quadratic Equations

Discriminant of a Quadratic Discriminant of a Quadratic

Equation Sample #1 Equation Sample #2

How many real roots does 4x2 -12x + 9 = 0 How many real roots does 3x2 -x + 9 = 0 have?
have?
Sol: D = b2 - 4ac
Sol: D = b2 - 4ac D = (-1)2 - 4(3)(9)
D = (-12)2 - 4(4)(9) D = 1 - 108 = -107
D = 144 - 144 = 0 Since the discriminant is negative, then the
Since the discriminant is 0, then the equation equation has no real root.
has only one real root.

17
 Quadratic Equations

Sum of the Roots of a Quadratic Equation

Formula: x1 + x2 = -b/a

To find the sum of roots, take the opposite of the coefficient of the linear term (b) then

divide it by the coefficient of the quadratic term (a).

18
 Quadratic Equations

Sum of the Roots of a Quadratic Sum of the Roots of a Quadratic

Equation Sample #1 Equation Sample #2

Example: Find the sum of roots of x2 - 2x + 2 = 0 Example: Find the sum of roots of 5x2 + x + 2 = 0

Solution: Solution:

- Take the opposite of b: Opposite of -2 is 2 - Take the opposite of b: Opposite of 1 is -1

- Divide it by a: 2/1 = 2 - Divide it by a: -1/5

- Hence, the sum of roots is 2 - Hence, the sum of roots is -1/5

19
 Quadratic Equations

Product of the Roots of a Quadratic Equation

Formula: x1(x2) = c/a

To find the product of the roots, divide the constant term (c) by the coefficient of the

quadratic term (a).

20
 Quadratic Equations

Product of the Roots of a Quadratic Product of the Roots of a Quadratic

Equation Sample #1 Equation Sample #2

Example: Find the product of roots of x2 - 2x + 2 = 0 Example: Find the product of roots of 5x2 + x + 2 = 0

Sol: Sol:

- Take the value of c: The value of c is 2 - Take the value of c: The value of c is 2

- Divide c by a: 2/1 - Divide c by a: ⅖

- Hence, the product of the roots is 2 - Hence, the product of the roots is 2/5

21
 Quadratic Equations

Forming a Quadratic Equation from Sum and Product of Roots

Formula: x2 - (sum of roots)x + (product of roots) = 0

Example: Determine a quadratic equation whose sum of roots is -5 with product of

roots 8.
Sol: x2 - (sum of roots)x + (product of roots) = 0
x2 - (-5)x + (8) = 0
x2 + 5x + 8 = 0

22
 Quadratic Equations

Additional Tips on Quadratic Equations

● If the terms of a quadratic equation are all positive, then the quadratic equation has no
positive solution.
Example: x2 + 5x + 6 = 0 has no positive solution
● A quick way to solve for factorable quadratic equations with a = 1 is to find the factors of c
whose sum is equal to b. Afterward, reverse the signs of the factors.
Example: Find the roots of x2 + 5x + 6 = 0
Sol:
The factors of 6 that have a sum of 5 are 3 and 2
Reversing the signs of these factors: -3 and -2
Hence, the roots are -3 and -2

23