Analysis and Design Principles of Microwave Antennas

Assignment-4 with Solution

Lecture 16 - 20
1. An l = 0.47λ folded dipole, whose wire radius is 5 × 10−3 λ, is fed with a “twin lead”
transmission line of 300Ω characteristic impedance. The centre-to-centre spacing of the two
side-by-side wires of dipole is s = 0.025λ. The dipole is operating at f = 10M Hz . The input
impedance of “regular” dipole of length l = 0.47λ is Zd = 79 + j13. What will be the input
impedance of the folded dipole.

a. 200.005 + j75.326 Ω
b. 300 Ω
c. 306.0.13 + j75.337 Ω
d. 73.005 + j45 Ω

Solution:
Given that l = 0.47λ, a = 0.005λ, Zd = 79 + j13Ω and s = 0.025λ
The input impedance of the folded dipole is given by
4Zt Zd
Zin =
2Zd + Zt

where  l
Zt = jZo tan k
2
and

η  s/2 
Zo = cosh−1
π a
120π  0.025λ 
= cosh−1
π 2 × 0.005λ
= 188.016

So
 l
Zt = jZo tan k
2
 2π 0.47λ 
= j188 tan
λ 2
= j1989

Hence the input impedance will be

4Zt Zd
Zin =
2Zd + Zt
4(j1989)(79 + j13)
=
2(79 + j13) + j1989
= 306.013 + j75.337 Ω

So, the correct answer is c.

2. Consider an isolated resonant λ/2 dipole at 3 GHz. Now if two additional elements are added
to it, to convert it into a folded dipole of same length, what will be its input impedance.
a. 657Ω
b. 292Ω
c. 57Ω
d. 73Ω
Solution:
The input impedance of an isolated resonant λ/2 dipole is 73 Ω. For a two additional element
folded dipole, the input impedance is given by
Zin = N 2 Rin
where, N = 3 is total number of elements and Rin = 73Ω is input impedance of isolated
dipole. Hence,
Z i n = 32 × 73 = 9 × 73 = 657Ω
So, the correct answer is a.
3. A three element array of isotropic sources has the phase and magnitude relationships shown.
The spacing between the elements is d = λ/2. What will be the array factor(—AF—).

a. 2 sin(βdsinθ) + 1
b. 2 sin(βdcosθ) − 1
c. 2 cos(βdcosθ) + 1
d. 2 sin(βdcosθ) + 1

Solution:
Considering middle element as reference, the far field electric field can be written as

−K̃I jβ(r+dcos(θ)) −K̃I jβ(r) −K̃I −jβ(r+dcos(θ))

Ẽθ = e −j e + e
r r r
then the array factor is given as
AF = −ejβd cos θ − j + e−jβd cos θ
= −2j sin(βd cos θ) − j

Therefore,
|AF | = 2 sin(βdcosθ) + 1
So, the correct answer is d.
4. For a broadside linear array of 10 dipole elements, operating at 3 GHz, with inter-element
spacing of λ/4, what will be the beam width of the main lobe.

a. 0.727◦
b. 130.9◦
c. 41.66◦
d. 45.83◦

Solution:
The beam width of the broadside linear array is given by
2λ
BW =
(N + 1)d
where, N + 1 = 10 is the number of elements and d is the inter element spacing. Hence,
2λ
BW = = 0.8c = 45.83◦
10(λ/4)

So, the correct answer is d.

5. For an uniform broadside array of 8 isotropic elements with inter element spacing of λ/2,
what will be the directivity

a. 32
b. 9.48
c. 17.8
d. 11.3

Solution:
The directivity of uniform broadside array of isotropic radiators is given as
4π
D=
2πBW1/2
(N + 1)d
= 2037
λ
8
= 2.37
2
= 9.48

So, the correct answer is b.

6. A uniform line array of five elements has a spacing of d = 0.4λ. Find the progressive phase
shift in order to produce beam at 45◦ to the array axis that is at ψ = π/4.

a. −1.4◦
b. −44.4◦
c. −1.77◦
 d. −101.4◦

Solution:
To obtain a main lobe at ψ = π/4, requires

u = −uo

thus,

prograsivephaseshif t = −k0 d cos ψ

2π
=− × 0.4λ cos(π/4)
λ
= −1.77
= −101.4◦

So, the correct answer is d.

7. Design an ordinary end-fire uniform array with only one maximum so that its directivity is
20 dB(above isotropic) . The spacing between the elements is λ/4, and its length is much
greater than the spacing. Determine the (i)Number of elements, (ii)overall length of the array
(in wavelength) and (iii)Progressive phase shift between the elements

a. (i)100 (ii)20λ (iii) ± 90◦

b. (i)85 (ii)21λ (iii)90◦
c. (i)100 (ii)24.75λ (iii) ± 90◦
d. (i)85 (ii)21λ (iii) ± 90◦

Solution:
(i)Directivity of End-fire array is given by

(N + 1)d
D = 4.73
λ
20 = 10 log10 D
∴ D = 102 = 100
(N + 1)λ/4
100 = 4.73
λ
=⇒ (N + 1) = 84.57
∴ T otalN umberof elements = N + 1 u 85
(ii) Length of the end-fire array = N d = 84 × λ/4 = 21λ
(iii) P haseshif t = ±kd = ±2π/4 = ±π/2 = ±90◦
So, the correct answer is d.

8. Design a uniform broadside linear array of N elements placed along the z-axis with uniform
spacing d = λ/10 between the elements. Determine the closest integer number of elements
so that in the elevation plane the half power beamwidth of the array factor is approximately
60◦ .
 a. 9
b. 10
c. 8
d. 11

Solution:
The half power beam width of a uniform broadside linear array of (N+1) elements is given
by
2.65λ
B1/2 =
(N + 1)πd
2.65λ10
π/3 =
(N + 1)πλ
∴ (N + 1) = 8.055
T otal no of elements = (N + 1) u 9

So, the correct answer is a.

9. Which of the following is not a correct statement

a. For the same number of elements the beamwidth of uniform broadside array is broader
than that of the uniform endfire array.
b. Hansen-Woodward condition utilises invisible region to get maximum directivity.
c. Main lobe occurs when u = −uo
d. Visible region of an array is limited due to grating lobes.(Or generally we try to avoid
grating lobes in visible region)

Solution:
For the same number of elements the beamwidth of uniform broadside array is narrower than
that of the uniform endfire array.
So, the correct answer is a.

10. Which of the following is not a correct statement

a. In uniform linear array, the first side lobe is 13.5dB down from the major lobe
b. The visible region of uniform linear array is given by ± 2πd
λo
c. The progressive phase shift required for a endfire array is ±90◦
d. The progressive phase shift required for a broadside array is 0◦

Solution:
The progressive phase shift required for a endfire array is ±kd So, the correct answer is c.