Moder

nHi
stor
yofI
ndi
a

By:AnkushShar
ma
Tr
ipl
eS
 Moder
nHi
stor
y

TheAdv
entofEur
opeans

ThePor
tuguese
Afterthedecl
ineofRomanEmpir
e( i
nEurope)i
ntheseventhcentur
y ,
theArabshadest
abl
i
shed
theirdominat
ioni
nEgyptandPer
sia.Ar
absinvadedmajori
tyofthelandmasses.The
mer chandi
sefrom I
ndi
awenttot
heEuropeanmar ket
sthr
oughAr abinter
mediari
es.

VascodaGama’svoy
agewassuccessful
inest
abl
ishingasearout
efrom Eur
opetoIndiathat
wouldpermi
ttr
adewit
hFarEastandcent
ral
Asiawithoutt
heuseofthecostl
ySil
kRoute
sur
passingAr
abandTurki
nter
mediar
ieswhi
chcouldlevyheav
ytaxchargesfr
om Europeans.
Thef
ir
stGov
ernorofPor
tuguesei
nIndi
awasFr
anci
scoAl
mei
da

VasodaGamaest
abl
i
shedaf
act
oryi
nCannonor
e(Ker
ala)

Ti
mel
i
neofPor
tuguesei
nIndi
a

1498 Vasco-
da-
Gamamakesl
andf
all
atCal
i
cutwher
ehei
srecei
vedbyaHi
nduki
ng
Zamori
n.

1500 Fi
rstPor
tugueseFact
orywasest
abl
i
shedatCal
i
cutbyPedr
oAl
var
esCabr
al.

1510 Goawascaptur
edfrom t
heBi
j
apurSul
tanat
ebyAl
fonsoAl
buquer 2nd
que(
Por
tugueseGov
ernor)

1530 Goawasdecl
aredast
hecapi
tal
ofPor
tugueseI
ndi
a

1559 Damani
scapt
uredbyt
hePor
tuguese

1612 Sur
ati
slostt
oEngl
i
sh

1661 Bombayi
shandedov
ert
otheEngl
i
sh

1663 ThePor
tuguesel
oseal
lthei
rfor
tst
otheDut
chont
heMal
abarCoast

1779 Acqui
sit
ionofDadr
aandNagarHav
eli

1843 Panj
i
mismadecapi
talofPor
tugueseI
ndi
a

1961 Por
tuguesel
osttheirf
inalcol
oni
aloutpostofGoawhent
heI
ndi
anAr
my
l
aunchedamili
taryoperat
iontol
iber
ateit
TheDut
ch(
TheNet
her
lands)
Dut
chEastI
ndi
aCompanywasf
ormedi
n1602.

Dut
chsetupt
hei
rfi
rstf
act
oryatMasul
i
pat
nam (
Andhr
aPr
adesh)i
n1605.
TheDut
chest
abl
i
shedf
act
ori
esont
heCor
omandel
Coast
,i
nGuj
arat
,UP,
Bengal
andBi
har
.

I
n1609,theyopenedaf actoryi
nPulicatnorthofMadras.Thei
rotherpri
ncipalfact
ori
esi
nIndi
a
wereatSurat(1616)
,Bi
ml i
patam (
1641) ,Kar
aikal(
1645),Chi
nsura(
1653),Baranagar,
Kasi
mbazar (
nearMurshidabad)
,Balasore,Patna,
Nagapatnam(1658),Cochin(
1663).

Forav
eryl
ongper
iodoft
imet
her
ewast
radeCompet
it
ionorr
ival
rybet
weenBr
it
ishandDut
ch.

Bat
tl
eofHooghl
yorbat
tl
eofChi
nsur
ain1759bet
weenBr
it
ishandDut
chi
nwhi
chBr
it
ishf
orces.

TheEngl
i
sh
Char
terofQueenEl
i
zabet
hI

In1599,agroupofEngl i
shmer chants‘
Mer chantAdventures’for
medacompany .OnDecember
31,1600QueenEl i
zabet
hIissuedacharterwi t
hright
sofexcl usi
v etr
adingtot hecompany
namedt he‘Gov er
norandcompanyofMer chantsofLondont radingintotheEastI ndi
es’
.The
permissi
onorl easetothecompanywasgr antedfor15y earsbyt heroyalcharterbutl
aterwas
extendedforindefi
nit
etime.Bri
ti
shwantedt oopenupaf actoryatSur at
.Ther efor
eCaptain
Will
iam Hawkinsst ay
edinJahangir’
scourtfrom 1609-1611togett hepermi ssionbuthefail
ed
togettheking’sassentbecauseofoppositionofPortuguese.

Lateri
n1613throughani
mper
ial
Far
manal
l
owedt
heEngl
i
sht
osetupaper
manentBr
it
ish
factor
yinSur
at.

Thecompanygotl
easeofMadr
asi
n1639andbui
l
tFor
tSt
.Geor
gei
nMadr
as.

Bombaywasmadet
hecompany
’smai
nset
tl
ement(
Capi
tal
oft
heWest
ernpr
esi
dency
)in1667-
68.

MughalEmper
orAur
angzebgav
ecompanyt
heper
missi
oni
nfor
m ofFar
mani
n1667t
otr
adei
n
Bengal
.

I
n1690af act
orywasestabl
ishedatSut
anati
vil
lage.Lat
erthr
eepl
acesSutanat
i,Kal
i
kat
aand
Gobi
ndpurwerenamedandf ormedasCalcut
ta.In1696thecompanyfor
ti
fi
editi
ntoFor
t
Wil
li
am (
seatofEast
ernPresidency
).

Farr
ukhsi
yari
ssuedaFar mancall
edtheMagnaCar t
aoft hecompanygivi
ngBri
ti
shstronghol
d
i
nBengal,GujaratandHy der
abadareasJohnSurmanpl ayedani
mportantr
olei
nit.These
Farmanswoul dgivemanyr i
ght
sandconcessiontothecompanylikeCompanycouldissueown
dastaks(
passes),freet
radeofgoods,Ri
ghttomintcoins.
TheFr
ench
Duri
ngtherei
gnofLouisXIVtheking’
sfamousminist
erCol
bertl
aidt
hefoundati
onofthe
CompagniedesIndesOri
ental
es(FrenchEastI
ndi
aCompany)in1664,i
nwhi cht
heki
ngalso
tookdeepi
nter
estofprof
itmakingandthiscompanygotmonopol
yof50y earsf
ort
rade.

I
n1667Fr
ancoi
sCar
onheadedanexpedi
ti
ont
oIndi
a.

Fi
rstf
act
orysetupatSur
at(
Guj
arat
)in1668andi
nMasul
i
pat
nam (
Andhr
aPr
adesh)at1669.

In1673,SherKhanLodiGov
ernorofVali
kondapuram underBi
j
apurSul
tant
egav
easi
tef
or
sett
lementtoFrancoi
sMart
in.Pondi
cherr
ywasf oundedin1674.

FrenchhadwarwithDutchin1693inwhichDutchacquir
edPondi
cherr
ywhi
chhadbecome
quit
eadev el
opedplaceupti
llt
hen.Lat
erduetoTreatyofRy
swickin1697I
nwhi
chPondicher
ry
wasgivenbacktoFrench.

Frenchgotmanysetback.Butt
henReor
gani
zedt
hemsel
vesi
nthef
orm ofPer
pet
ual
Company
oftheIndi
es.

Lenoi
randDumasTwov
eryabl
eGov
ernor
sofFr
ancef
rom 1720-
42

Car
nat
icWar
sbet
weenEngl
i
shandFr
ench(
Angl
o-Fr
enchSt
ruggl
eforsupr
emacy
)

Fir
stCarnat i
cWar1740- 48Car nat i
cwast henamegi venbytheEuropeanstot heCoromandel
Coastandar eaaround.I
tcoi ncideswi t
hthewarbet weenEnglishandFrenchinEuropecaused
byAust r
ianWarofSuccessi onandconcl udedinPeaceTr eat
yofAi x-
La-
Chappel l
esi
gnedin
October1748undert hi
streatyFr ancegavebackMadr astoBritai
n.Thefir
stCarnati
cWaris
st
remember edf ortheBattl
eofSt .Thomei nMadr as(
in1746par tof1 Carnati
cwar )f
ought
betweent heFr enchfor
cesandt heforcesofAnwar-ud-di
nNawabofCar nati
c,
towhom Engli
sh
appealedf orhelp.

SecondCarnati
cWar (
1749-54)I
tunderminedthepowerofFrenchinSouthIndia.Duet o
i
nterf
erenceinPol
i
ticsofthenati
veruler
s.Therewasatussl
ebet weenNawabshi pofCar nati
c
betweenMuhammadAl i
(Support
edbyBr i
ti
sh)andChandaSahi b(
SupportedbyFr ench).I
nthis
wartheFrenchweredefeatedandChandaSahibwasbeheaded.Dupl ei
xwasr ecalledtoFrance
i
n1754andt hetwocompani esconcludedinapeacetr
eatyofPondicherr
y.

ThirdCarnati
cWar( 1758-
63)al
soknownasbattl
eofWandiwash(1760-
61)impactofAngl
o-
Frenchstruggl
einEurope.Fr
enchwerealr
eadyweakenedi
nsecondcarnati
cwar.Thi
swar
provedtobeaf inal
naili
nthecoff
inofFr
enchEastI
ndiaCompany’
sambi t
ioni
nIndia

InOct
ober1756sevenyearWarst
art
edi
nEuropeagai
nBri
ti
shandFrancebeingopposit
esof
eachother
.Ithadanobv
iousi
mpactonI
ndi
a.Bri
ti
shEICat
tackedChander
nagor(Bengal
)
FrenchFact or
yon23Mar ch1757. CountdeThomasAr thurdeLall
yattackedFortSt.Davi
d
(Cuddlore)Lal
lywassuccessfulandSt .Davi
dFortcameunderFr ench.HisnexttargetwasFort
St.GeorgeatMadr as.Bri
ti
shwerei nstrongFi
nancialposit
ionatthatt
imet hanFrance.Butst
il
l
Lall
yattackedMadr as.
butBri
ti
shfor ceswonandLal l
ywasf or
cedtoraisethesi
egeofmadr as
i
n1759.

Br
it
ishdeci
dedt
ogav
eaf
inal
blowt
oFr
enchEastI
ndi
aCompany
.

In22januaur
y1760Battl
eofwandi washstartedinBrit
ishandFrenchforcesI
ttookpl
aceat
Wandiwash(Vandvasi
)placeincarnat
icRegionabout100km awayf rom Madras.Br
iti
sher
s
wereledbyEyreCooteandFr enchbyLal
ly.Frenchweredefeat
ed.Brit
ishcapt
uredotherFr
ench
sett
lementst
oolikePondicherr
y,MaheandKar aikal
.

I
nEur
opei
n1763sev
eny
earwarhadcomet
oanend.Par
ispeacet
reat
ywassi
gned.

Bat
tl
eofWandi
washest
abl
i
shedBr
it
ishEI
Cast
hepar
amountpoweri
nIndi
a.

Danes
DanesEastI
ndi
aCompanywasf
ormedi
n1616.

Theyhadsett
lementsinTranquebar(Tami lNadu)andSerampur(
Bengal).Thei
rmainmoti
ve
wastospreadthei
rMissionar
ywor k.Theirmoreemphasiswasonpr eachingChri
sti
ani
tyt
han
TradeandCommer ce.Theysoldtheirset
tlementstoBri
ti
shin1845.
Expansi
onandConsol
i
dat
ionofBr
it
ishi
nIndi
a

Bat
tl
eofPl
assey(
1757)
Bengal wasabi gprovinceinMughalEmpir
eincludi
ngpr esentdayBangl adesh,Odi
sha,
amaj or
porti
onofBi har.NawabofMughal Emipreusedtor ulei
nthisbigprov i
nce.Engl
ishEastindi
a
from beginni
nghadi t
sf ocusonBengalbecauseoft hei
mpor tsfrom wholeofEastinEurope
60%wasf rom Bengal
.Br i
ti
shsetupmanyf actor
iesinBengal l
ikeinBalasore,
Hooghly ,
Patna,
Dacca,etc.
Around1690Bengalbecamemosti mpor tantcommer ci
alset
telment
forBrit
ish.

In1700Mur shidQuli KhanbecameDewanofBengal hadast ronghol dinBengal evenaf terthe

deat hofAur angzebi n1707Mur shi dQul iKhanhadast ronginf l
uencetil
lhisdeat hi n1727.
Af t
erhisdeat hShuja-ud-din(Son-in-l
awofMur shidQul iKhan)r uledBengal til
l1739.Shuj a-ud-
din’sconf i
dantAl vardi Khanduet ocapabi li
tieshewasmadeGener aloftheAr myi n1733l ater
hewasmadedeput ysubedarofBi har.Sar f
ar azKhan( aweakr ul
er/
sonofMur shidQul iKhan)
becameNawabofBengal af
terShuj a-ud-din.Al vardiKhanki ll
edsar far
azKhani nBat tl
eofGi ri
a
i
n1740andbecameNawabofBengal andr uledt i
ll1756af terhi sdeathAl var
di Khan’ s
grandsonSi rajuddinDaul ahbecameNawabofBengal .Heaskedbot htheFr enchandBr itish
EastI ndiaCompanyt ost opforti
ficati
onandt opayt axes.Br i
tishdidn’
tagr eewi thSi r
aj-ud-din
Daul ahhenceheat t
ackedonFor tWi l
li
am.Engl i
shmenr anawayandescapedbutar ound146
Englshmenwer ecapt uredandkepti nasmal lgaur droom andnextmor ningonl y23oft hem
survivedr estallwereki ll
edduet osuff ocati
ont hisincidentisal soknownasBl ackHol eTr agedy
.Si r
aj-ud-dincapturedFor tWill
iam.Engl i
shmenwhoescapedt ookhelpofCol onol Rober tCl i
ve
ofMadr as.Hecamet oBengal alongwi t
h3000sol diers.Sir
aj-
ud- di
nDaul ahwasdef eatedanda
treatyAlinagarPeaceAgr eementwasdonei nwhi chFor tWill
iam wasgi venbackt oEngl i
sh.
Bri
ti
shershadnott opayanyt axes.Theywer eallowedt omi ntowncoi nsmakeFor tsandcoul
d
doforti
ficati
onst oo.RobertCl ivehaddeci dedhewoul dnotletSiraj-
uddi nDaulahasNawabof
Bengal.Heper suadedandbr ibedMi rJaf arCommander -i
n-chiefofSiraj-
ud-di
nDaulah,
Busi
nessmanRai Dur l
ab,Omi Chand, JagatSeth( aninfl
uentialbanker)andtookthem onhis
si
de.ThenBr i
tishforcesattackedFr enchEastI ndiacompanyatChandr anagarBengalwit
h
hugear mySi r
aj-ud-di
nf el
tthatBr i
ti
shwer ecrossingtheirl
imi t
ssoSi raj-
ud-di
nattackedBri
ti
sh
andtheBat tl
ewasf oughtont hebanksofRi v
erBhagi rat
hi i
nPl asseyin1757nearCal cutt
a.
RobertCl i
vewi ththehelpofMi rJafarkil
ledSiraj
-ud-dinDaulahandmadeMi rJaf
arNawabof
Bengalhewor kedaspuppetofEngl ish.

MirJafari
nordertosati
sfyt
heBrit
ishaspert
heagreementgavethezamindar
iof24
Parganas(
groupofvi
ll
ages)ofBengaltot
hecompany .
Aft
erBatt
leofPl
asseyEastI
ndia
Companyt r
anfor
medi nt
oaPolit
icalPowermonopol
izedthet
radeandcommer cei
nBengal
.

Ki
l
led

Mi
rJaf
ar+Rober
tCl
i
ve Si
raj
-ud-
dinDaul
ah(
NawabofBengal
)

Mur
shi
dQul
iKhan(
NawabofBengal
in1700)

St
rongRul
er

Shuj
a-ud-
din(
Nawabt
il
l1739)

Gener
alAv
ardi
Khan(
Sol
dierofShuj
a-ud-
din,
hewasmadeDeput
ySubedaar
)

Sar
far
azKhan(
DewanofBengal
sonofMur
shi
dQul
iKhan)

Al
var
diKhan(
DewanofBengal
byki
l
li
ngSar
far
azKhan)

Si
raj
-ud-
dinDaul
ah(
GrandsonofAl
var
diKhan)
Bat
tl
eofBuxar(
1764)
Mi rJaf arwhosuppor t
edBr it
ishi nBat tl
eofPl asseyandwasmadeNawabofBengal wasnow
veryf rustratedandannoy edbyBr i
tishersasar esultoft heirunst oppabl eandi ncreasing
demands.Asar esultMi rJaf arjoinedhandswi thDut chEastI ndiaCompanyt oremov eBr i
tish
EICf rom Bengal .Dut chalsof indt hisoppor t
unit y.Dut chwer edef eatedbyBr i
tishinBat tleof
Chi nsurai n1759nearCal cutta.ThenBr iti
shmadeMi rQasi m( Son-in-LawofMi rJaf ar)as
NawabofBengal .Ini
tial
lyhef ulfi
ll
edal l
thedemandsofEngl ish.Lat erMi rQasim wast iredof
theBr itishInterf
er enceandi ncr easingdemands. MirQasi m gai nedconf idencet ofightBr it
ish
EICbyshi f
ti
nghi scapi t
al fr
om Mur ishdabadt oMungerFor t(
Bi har)tomai nt
aincer t
aindi stance
from Br iti
shandhi r
edFor eignExper tstotrainhi sAr my .Mi rQasi m alsot ooktheext remest ep
ofabol i
shingal ldut i
esoni nt
er nal t
radeandbenef i
ttinghi sownl ocaltradersbygi vingt hem the
concessi onst het heBr i
ti
shwer ealreadyhav i
ng.Fi nal lyMi rQasi mt ookhel pofSuj audDaul ah
NawabofAwadhandMughal Emper orShahAl am I Ial sodeci dedsuppor tMirQasi m andSuj a
udDaul ah.On22Oct ober ,1764i nBuxar( Bi
har )Tr i
pl eal l
iancewer edeaf eatedbyBr i
tish
For cesl edbyMaj orHect orMunr o.Mi rQasim di sappear edsomewher e, Mughal Emper orShah
Alam I IandAwadhNawabSuj audDaul ahsur render ed.

Thisdeci
siv
ebatt
leconf
ir
medBrit
ishpowerov
erBengal
andmar
kedt
heendoft
heat
temptt
o
rul
eBengalthr
oughapuppetNawab.

Thebattl
eresul
tedinTreat
yofAll
ahabad,August1765inwhichtheMughalEmperor
surr
enderedsover
eignt
yoftheBengalt
ot heBrit
ish.Theemperorwasaskedtor
esideat
All
ahabadunderthecompany’
sprotect
ion.

TheDi wani
(ri
ghttocoll
ectrevenue)ofBengal,Bi
harandOri
ssaweregrant
edt
othecompany
i
nl i
ueofanannual pay
mentofRs26l akh.Aprovi
sionofRs53lakhtot
hecompanyi
nret
urn
forNizamatfunct
ions(mil
it
arydefence,pol
iceandadmini
str
ati
on).

Aftert
heBattlei
n1765,MirJaf
ar’ssonNajm-ud-
DaulahwasmadeNawabofBengal.Howev
er
therealpowervest
edwiththeBri
tish.Naj
m-ud-
daulahsi
gnedatr
eat
ywi
ththecompanyand
becameat it
ledpensi
onerandthepensionwasreducedwit
hever
ynewsuccessor
.

I
n1772t
heBr
it
ishcompl
etel
yendedt
hepensi
onsandt
ookov
ert
hedi
rectchar
geofBengal
.

Def
eat
ed
Mi
rQasi
m

MajorMunr
o(Br
it
ishEastI
ndi
aCompany
) Suj
aUd
Daul
ah

Shah
Al
am I
I
TheBat
tl
eofPl
asseyl
aidt
hef
oundat
ionofBr
it
ishEmpi
rei
nIndi
a.

TheBat t
leofBuxarest
abli
shedtheBri
ti
shasmast
ersofBengal
,Bi
har,
Ori
ssaandmadet hem a
greatpowerofNorther
nIndiaandcont
ender
sfort
hesupremacyofthewholecount
ry.

Dual
Gov
ernmenti
nBengal
(1765-
72)
Rober tCl
i
veint
roducedthedual Syst
em ofGov er
nmentthatisther ul
eofthetwo-t
hecompany
andt heNawab-inBengal i
nwhichboththediwani(r
ightt
ocollectrevenues)andni
zamat
(pol
iceandjudi
cialf
unctions)cameunderthecont r
olofCompany .Thissyst
em ofdualGovtl
eft
theNawabofBengal justasapuppetofBr i
ti
shwhi l
ekeepingthesov erei
gnpowerint
hehands
oftheCompany .Thenawabwasr esponsi
bleforthepeaceandor derbuthedependedforf
unds
upont heCompany.

TheDualGovtl
edtoanadmini
str
ati
vebr
eakdownandprov
edt
obedisastr
ousforthepeopl
eof
Bengal
.Nei
thert
hecompanynortheNawabcaredf
ort
headmi
nist
rat
ionandpubli
cwelfar
e.

War
renHast
ingendedt
heDual
Syt
em i
nBengal
in1772.

Gov
ernor
sGener
al

War
renHast
ings(
1772-
1785)

 BecameGov
ernor
-Gener
ali
n1773t
hrought
heRegul
ati
ngActof1773.

 Regul
ati
ngActof1773underwhi
chdual
syst
em ofadmi
nist
rat
ionabol
i
shed.

 TheRohil
laWar1773-1774–theRohil
l
asweretheAfghanssettl
edaround18thCent
ury
i
nUttarPr
adeshtheti
mewhenMughal Empirewasdecli
ning.TheRohil
l
awarwas
f
oughtbetweenRohil
l
asofRohil
khandandNawabofAwadhShuj a-
ud-
Daulah,
Brit
ish
f
orcesinwhichBr
it
ishfor
ceswit
hthehelpofNawabofAwadhwon.

 TheFi
rstAngl
o-Mar
athaWar1775-
82–bet
weenEngl
i
shandMar
athasr
esul
tedi
ntr
eat
y
ofSal
baii
n1782.

 SecondAnglo-My
soreWar
-(1780-
84)–r
esul
tedi
ntr
eat
yofMangl
ore1784bet
ween
Ti
puSultanandBri
ti
sh.
  FoundedtheAsiat
icSoci
etyofBengal
(mai
naim wasr
edi
scov
eryofIndi
a’
sgl
ori
ouspast
)
wit
hWi l
li
am Jonesin1784.Wrot
eEngli
shtr
ansl
ati
onoft
heGitabyCharl
esWi
lki
ns

 Ever
yDistr
ictwouldhaveaci
vil
courtandcr
iminal
cour
t.Ci
vi
lCourtj
udgewascol l
ect
or.
Theappealwhengoesf r
om Di
stri
ctCour
twil
lgointwoAppel
ateCourtoneciv
il
Appel
ateCourt(SadarDi
waniAdalat
)andot
heroneCri
minalAppel
ateCourt
(Sadar
ni
zamatadalat)
.

-
-Rev
enueRef
orms:
--Mov
edt
reasur
yfr
om Mur
shi
dabadt
oCal
cut
tabecauseofsomesaf
ety
r
easons.

-
-FoundedBoar
dofRev
enue

-
-Appoi
ntedCol
l
ect
ors

-
-Reducedal
l
owancesofBengal
Nawabbyhal
fandst
oppedt
hepensi
onofMughal
Emper
or.

Lor
dJohnMacPher
on(
1785-
1786)Rul
edf
oroney
ear
.

Lor
dCor
nwal
l
is(
1786-
1793)

 Cornwall
isi
scall
edasFat
herofCi
vi
lSer
vicesi
nIndi
aint
roducedCi
vi
lSer
vicesi
nIndi
a
butIndi
answerenotal
l
owed

 Thi
rdAngl
o-My
sor
eWarandt
het
reat
yofSer
ingapat
nam 1789–1792.

 I
ntroducti
onof“Permanentsett
lement
”inBengalandBi harin1793al
soknownas
Zami ndar
iSyst
em –aboli
shedPowerofPol i
cingandJudi ci
alPowerofZamindaars.
Earl
ierZamindar
shadtopayt heamounttheypromisedi naucti
onNowt hi
samounti s
decidedbyEastIndi
aCompanybasedonLandSur vey.Thisamountwill
bef i
xed.

Zami nadarswererecogni
zedasownersoftheland,ZamindarsweregivenHer edi
taryRi
ghts,
Zami ndarscansellort
ransf
ert
heland,i
fzamindarsfai
lstopay,thei
rri
ghtswillbeceased.
Basicall
yadaywasf i
xedbyBri
ti
shEastIndi
aCompanyont hatdayZami ndarhadt odeposi
tthe
rev
enuebef or
ethesunset.

 Est
abl
i
shmentofl
owergr
adeCour
tsandAppel
ateCour
ts

 Sanskr
itCol
l
egewasest
abl
i
shedi
nVar
anasi
byJonat
hanDuncan.
Si
rJohnShor
e(1793-
1798)

 Bat
tl
eofKhar
dabet
weenNi
zam ofHy
der
abadandMar
athasi
n1795.

Lor
dWel
l
esl
ey(
1798-
1805)

 I
nt r
oducedSubsi diaryAlli
ancein1798—wher eIndianRul er
shadt opaysubsidy
tomai ntainAr myi nreturnBri
ti
shhadt oprot
ecttheI ndianRul erwho’ssigned
theAlli
ance.Butt hebr i
ti
shactuall
yannexedmanypl acesundert hisall
iance.I
n
thi
sal l
iancef ourst ageswerethere.
stage1,r
egionswoul dgiv
eawaysome
moneyandt ookBr iti
sharmyonr ent.
Stage2,Bri
ti
shar myst ayedout si
deany
regiontopr otectitandt heRegionwouldgivesomeamountf orthat.
stage3,
Brit
ishar mywoul dpr ot
ecttheRegionbystayinginsi
det heregi onandt heywould
getmoneyf ort hat.Stage4,Bri
ti
sharmywoul dstayint heRegi onandi nretur
n
regionwoul dgi veapar tofthelandtotheBrit
ish.

Thestatest
hatacceptedt
hispol
i
cywer
etheNi
zam ofHyder
abad,
ther
ulerofMysore,
theRajaofTanj
ore,t
heNawabofAwadh,t
hePeshwa,t
heBhosl
e,t
heRajput
spfJaipur
,
etc.

 Fourt
hAnglo—MysoreWari
n1799: Ti
puSul
tanwasgivi
ngast r
ongopposi
ti
on
toBri
ti
shandhealsodi
dn’
tagreet
ogowithSubsi
diar
yAlli
ancether
efor
ethe
Bri
ti
shragedawaragai
nstTi
puSult
an.Hedi
edwhiledefendi
nghisregi
on.

 Well
esl
yfoundedFor
tWi
l
li
am Col
l
egeatCal
cut
tai
n1800f
ort
rai
ningofCi
vi
l
Ser
vant
s.

 Ext
ensi
onofMadr
asPr
esi
dencyi
n1801.

 SecondAngl
o-Mar
athaWar1803-
1805.

Geor
geBar
low(
1805-
1807)

Mut
inyofVel
l
orei
n1806.
Lor
dMi
ntoI(
1807-
1813)

 Tr
eat
yofAmr
it
sarwi
thMahar
ajaRanj
i
tSi
ngh(
1809)
.

 Char
terActof1813waspassed

Lor
dHast
ings(
1813-
1823)

 Pol
i
cyofExpanat
ion,
int
erv
ent
ionanwar

 Angl
o-Nepal
aseWar1814-
16endedi
nTr
eat
yofSagaul
i

 Thi
rdAngl
o-Mar
athaWar1817-
1819

 Pi
ndar
iWar1817-
1818

 I
ntroductionofRyotwar
iSystem in1820byLordMunroandCharl
esReedi n
Madras,BombayandAssam.‘ Ryot’
meansf ar
merher
einthi
ssystem t
herewer
e
nomi ddl
emenl i
kezamindars.Itwasadirectset
tl
ementofr
evenuebetween
far
mer s/cul
ti
vator
sandt heCompany .

Lor
dAmher
est(
1823-
1828)

 Fi
rstAngl
oBur
meseWar1824-
1826

Lor
dWi
l
li
am Bent
ick(
1828-
1835)

 Pr
ohi
bit
ionofSat
i1829andki
l
li
ngofi
nfant
s.

n19thcent
 I uryt
her
it
ual
ofSat
iPr
athawasdomi
nant
lypr
act
isedi
nBengal
.

 El
imi
nati
onofThugs1830.Aftert
helawwaspassed1500thugswer
ecapt
ured
andputt
odeath.Thi
sbroughtaquickendt
oorgani
zedthugs.

 Heachiev
edmanyamazi
ngl
evel
sofsoci
alandeconomi
cpr
ogr
essf
ort
hei
ndi
an
Soci
ety
.

 MadeEngl
ishthemedi
um ofhi
ghereducat
ioni
nthecount
ry(
Recommendat
ions
ofMacaul
ay)
  Engl
i
shwasaccept
edast
heof
fi
cial
languagei
n1835.

 Chart
erActof1833—thisactmadet heGov
ernorGener
alofBengaltheGover
nor
General
ofBri
ti
shIndia.
Thus,witht
hechart
erAct1833,
lor
dWi l
l
iam Benti
ck
becamefir
stGovernorGeneral
ofIndia.

Si
rChar
lesMet
cal
fe(
1835-
1842)

 Hei
scal
l
edasLi
ber
atorofPr
ess,
abol
i
shedal
lrest
ri
cti
onsonVer
nacul
arpr
ess.

Lor
dAuckl
and(
1836-
1842)

 Fi
rstAngl
o-Af
ghanWar

Lor
dEl
l
enbor
ough(
1842-
1844)

Lor
dHar
dingeI(
1844-
1848)

 Suppr
essi
onofChi
l
dSacr
if
iceandf
emal
einf
ant
ici
de

 Fi
rstAngl
o-Si
khWar1846endedwi
tht
reat
yofLahor
e.

Lor
dDal
housi
e(1848-
1856)

 I
ntr
oducedpassengert
rai
nsi
n1853f
rom Bombayt
oThane.
Around400peopl
e
t
ravel
l
eddist
anceof34km.

 I
n1854anewPostOf fi
ceActwaspassedandpostagest
ampswer ei
ssuedf
or
thefi
rstti
meandaCent r
alPostDepar
tmentwassetupwhichear
nedhuge
prof
it
sf orBr
it
ishandbenef
it
tedl
ocalpeopl
eassuch.

 BombayandCal
cut
tapor
tswer
emoder
nizedwi
thl
atestt
echnol
ogi
es.

 I
n1852elect
rict
elegraphsy
stem wasint
roducedinIndi
a—Cal
cut
taandAgr
a
wer
econnectedthroughTel
egraphsyst
em forthefi
rstt
ime

 Creadt
edPubli
cWor ksDepartment(
PWD) .Ear
li
erall
Publ
icconst
ruct
ion.
i.
e
constr
uct
ionofroads,br
idgeset
c.weredonethroughMil
i
tar
ywhichwasquitea
 t
ir
esomej
obf
orMi
l
itar
yfor
ces.

 Gur
khaRegi
ment
swasf
ormed

 Shi
mlawasmadeper
manentHeadquar
ter

 In1854‘Woodsdi spatch’
waspassedknownasMagnacar t
a(tolegal
lyst
art
somerthing)ofEngli
sheducati
oninI
ndiaanwhi
chpr
ovidedfortheproperl
y
art
icul
atedsy st
em ofeducat
ionfr
om thepri
mar
yschooltotheuniver
sit
ylevel
.

 BasedonLondonUni
ver
sit
ymodel
,uni
ver
sit
ieswer
esetupi
nCal
cut
ta,
Bombay
andMadras.

 AnEngineer
ingColl
egewassetupatRoorkee(
presentl
yUttrakhand)James
ThomasonCol l
egenamedaf
terit
sfounderhewasLieutantGov er
norNort
hwest
Prov
incesbetween1843-
53.

 Remar
ri
ageofwi
dowswasl
egal
i
zedbyWi
dowRemar
ri
ageAct
,1856.

 AnnexedBur
ma(
presentMy
anmar
)i
nSecondAngl
oBur
mesewar

 AnnexedPunj
abaf
terSecondAngl
oSi
khWar

 Thr
oughDoct
rineofLapsecapt
uredSat
ara(Maharasht
a)1848,
Jai
pur1849,
Sambhal
pur(
Odisha)
1849,Udai
pur1852,Jhansi
1854,Nagpur1854.
 Const
it
uti
onal
Dev
elopment
s

TheCompanyRul
e(1773-
1858)

Regul
ati
ngActof1773

Thisacthol
dsgr eati
mport
anceasi twasthef i
rststept
akenbytheBri
ti
shGov er
nmentt
o
contr
rolandregulat
etheaff
air
soft heEastIndi
aCompanyi nIndi
a.I
trecogni
zedfort
hefi
rst
ti
met hepoli
ti
calandadminist
rat
ivefunct
ionsoft heCompany.

Feat
uresoft
heAct
:

1.TheActdesi
gnat
editsHeadasGov ernor-
GeneralofBengal
andExecutiveCounci
lof4
memberswasappointed.Thefi
rstGov er
norGener al
wasWar renHasti
ngsand
MembersofCounci
lwer ePhil
i
pFr ancis,
Claver
ing,Monson,Barwel
l.

2. EndofDual
Gov
ernmenti
nBengal
.

3. TheActmadeGov er
norsofBombayandMadraspr
esidenciessubordi
nat
etothe
GovernorGeneral
ofBengal
,unl
i
keearl
i
erwhenthet
hreepr esi
dencieswer
eindependent
ofeachother.

4.TheActpr ovidedt
heestabl
i
shmentofaSupr emeCourtatCalcut
tai
n1774compr i
sing
ofOneChi efJusti
ceandthr
eeotherjudges.
SirEl
i
jahI
mpheywasappi ont
edasfi
rst
ChiefJusti
ce.Thecourtcov
eredj
urisdi
cti
onallar
easl
yingunderBombay,Madr
asand
Bengalpresidency
.

5. ThecourtofDi
rect
orscompri
sing24member
slooksaft
ert
hecommerci
alandpol
it
ical
affai
rs,wastobeelect
edforf
ouryear
swit
honefourt
hofmembersr
eti
ri
ngeveryy
ear.

6.TheCompany
’smonopol
ywasext
endedf
or20y
ear
sov
ert
radewi
thI
ndi
a.

7.TheCompany
’sser
vant
swer
efor
biddenf
rom accept
ingbr
ibesordoi
ngpr
ivat
etr
ade.

Amendi
ngActof1781

I
nordert orect
if
ythedef
ect
softheRegual
ti
ngActof1773theBri
ti
shPar
li
amentpassedt
he
AmendingActof1781alsoknownastheActofset
tl
ement.Thi
sActisal
soknownas
Decl
aratoryAct,
1781.
Pi
tt
’sI
ndi
aActof1784

1. I
tdi
sti
ngui
shedbet
weent
hecommer
cial
andpol
i
tical
funct
ionsoft
heCompany
.

2. Ital
lowedthe‘
Cour
tofDir
ect
or s’
tomanaget
heCommerci
alaf
fai
rs.
Andformedanew
body‘Boar
dofContr
ol’
compri
singof6memberst
omanageCivi
l,
Mili
tar
yandPol
it
ical
aff
air
s.

3. Boar
dofCont
rol
wasapur
elyGov
ernmentbody
.

4.Doubl
eGov
ernmentorJoi
ntGov
twasest
abl
i
shedf
orr
unni
ngt
heI
ndi
anAdmi
nist
rat
ion.

5. ThemembersoftheExecut
iveCounci
lofGov
ernorGener
alwer
ereducedt
o3i
nor
der
toincr
easet
hepowerofGovernorGener
al.

6.TheCompany
’st
err
it
ori
esi
nIndi
awer
efort
hef
ir
stt
imecal
l
ed‘
Bri
ti
shPossessi
onsi
n
I
ndia’
.

7. TheBr
it
ishGover
nmentwasgi
vent
hesupr
emecont
rol
overCompany
’saf
fai
rsandi
ts
admini
str
ati
on.

Char
terActof1793

1.Byt
hisAct
,theCompanywasgi
venmonopol
yoft
radef
or20mor
eyear
s.

2.TheGover
norandGov
ernor
-Gener
alcoul
dov
err
idet
hedeci
sionsoft
hei
rrespect
ive
Counci
l
s

3.Al
ll
awswer
etobet
ransl
atedi
ntheI
ndi
anl
anguages

Char
terActof1813

1.TheCompany’
str
ademonopol
yoft
radewi
thI
ndi
awasabol
i
shedexceptf
ort
radei
ntea
andt
radewit
hChina.

2.Thecompanywastoannual
l
ysetapar
tRs1l
akhf
orpr
omot
ionofl
i
ter
atur
eand
educat
ioni
nIndi
a.

3.Furt
her,
Chr
ist
ianMi
ssi
onar
ieswer
eal
soper
mit
tedt
ocomet
oIndi
aandpr
eacht
hei
r
rel
i
gion.
Char
terActof1833

1.EndedCompany
’smonopol
yev
eni
nTeaandt
radewi
thChi
na.

2. Company’
scommerci
alact
ivi
ti
eswer
ecompl et
elycl
osedandi
twasmadepur
elyan
admini
str
ati
vebodyf
orBri
ti
shIndi
aPossessi
ons.

3. TheActcentr
ali
sedtheadmini
str
ati
onofIndi
amakingtheGover
nor-
General
ofBengal
,
theGovernorGener
alofIndi
athefi
rstGov
ernorGener
alofI
ndi
abeingLordWill
i
am
Benti
ck.

4. Pol
i
ticalaf
fai
rsofEngli
shEastI
ndiawasjoi
ntl
yseenbyCour
tofDi
rect
orsandBoar
dof
Contr
ol asCommer ci
alCont
rolwastakenawayofCour
tofDir
ect
ors.

5. Member
sofExecut
iveCounci
lwer
eagai
nagai
nincr
easedt
o4.

6. TheGover
nor-General
ofIndi
awasgiv
enexclusiv
elegislat
ivepower
sfortheent
ire
Brit
ishI
ndi
a.Thus,abol
ishi
ngthePr
ovi
nci
alLegisl
atur
e( Bombay&Madr asPresi
dency
).

7. Thel
awsmadeundert
heprev
iousact
swer
ecal
l
edasRegul
ati
ons.Fr
om nowonwar
ds,
Lawsweremadewerecal
l
edActs.

8. Fi
rstLawCommi
ssi
onwasi
ntr
oducedwi
thLor
dMacaul
ayasi
tsChai
rman.

9.Thi
sActi
sal
soknownasSai
ntHel
enaAct
.

Char
terActof1853

1. Member
sofCour
tofDi
rect
orswer
ereducedt
o18outofwhi
ch6wer
enomi
nat
edby
Bri
ti
shCr
own.

2. CourtofDir
ector
scouldcreat
enewpr
esi
denci
esorPr
ovi
ncesbecauseofi
ncr
easi
ng
Terri
tori
alcont
rolofBr
it
ishhere.

3. I
ntr
oducedanopencompet i
ti
onf orsel
ecti
onofCivi
lSer
vants.
TheCov enantedcivi
l
serv
icewasthrownopentoIndiansalso.Macaul
ayCommi t
tee(theCommi tt
eeonthe
Indi
anCivi
lSer
v i
ce)wasappoi
ntedi n1854.[
Convent
edCivi
lService-Higherrungof
admini
str
ati
on.Uncovent
edCivilServi
ces–LowerRungofAdmi ni st
rat
ion]

4. I
tforthefi
rstt
imeseparatedt
helegi
slat
iveandexecut
ivef
uncti
onsoft
heGov er
nor
-
General’
scouncil
.Itpr
ovi
dedforaddi
ti
onalsixnewmember scal
ledl
egi
slat
ive
council
lor
stothecouncil
.
 Rev
oltof1857
Bef or
eBattleofPl asseyEnglishEastIndiaCompanywasj ustaTradingCompanybut
afterBatt
leofPl asseyi n1757t heCompanybecameTr adingandPol i
ticalPower.And
graduall
yext endedi tscontr
ol overwhol
eofIndi
a.Thi
sishowst art
edt heRul eofBri
ti
sh
EastIndiaCompanybutdi f
ferentsecti
onsofpeoplewereunhappywi tht heEngli
shbeit
RulersofIndianst ates,
orSepoy sunderEIC,
Zamindar
s,Peasants,
Traders,Art
isi
ansall
wer eadverselyaffectedbytheBr i
ti
shEIC.
Between1757t o1857manyev entsagainstBrit
ishtookplacelikeReligi
o-Pol
iti
cal
vi
olence,Tri
bal
mov ements,PeasantsUpr i
sings,Civi
lRebell
i
ons, butallwere
suppressedbyBri
ti
shForces.Bri
ti
shforceswer esuccessf uli
nsuppr essi
ngthese
mov ementsastheseupr
isi
ngswer elocalintheircharact
er.

Rev
oltof1857,
wassuchast
orm whi
chshookt
hev
eryf
oundat
ionsofBr
it
ishEmpi
rei
n
I
ndi
a.

In1857Bri
ti
shEastI
ndiaCompanyi
ntr
oducednewRi
fl
es.TheRi
fl
eswerePat
ter
n1853
andEnfi
eldMusket
.Theseri
fl
eswer
ebettert
hant
heol
drifl
est
hesepoy
swereusing.

Itbeganasarevol
tofthesepoy
softheBri
ti
shEastI
ndi
acompany
’sar
mybut
event
ual
l
y
securedthepar
ti
cipat
ionoft
hemasses.

Therev
olti
sknownbysev er
alnames: theSepoyMut i
ny(bytheBri
ti
shHi st
ori
ans),t
he
I
ndianMuti
ny,t
heGr eatRebell
ion(bytheIndianHist
ori
ans),
theRevoltof1857,t
he
I
ndianI
nsurr
ecti
on,andtheFirstWarofI ndependence(byVi
nayakDamodarSav arkar)
i
nhisbook‘TheIndi
anwarofI ndependence’.

CausesofRev
olt

1.Pol
i
tical
Cause:

 Br
it
ishpol
i
cyofExpansi
ont
hroughDoct
ri
neofLapseanddi
rectannexat
ion.

 Rani
Lakshmi
Bai
’
sadopt
edsonwasnotper
mit
tedt
osi
tont
het
hroneofJhansi
.
  Satara,NagpurandJhansiwereannexedundert heDoctri
neofLapse[itwas
fi
rstl
yperpetr
atedbyLordDalhousi
e,itpr
ohibi
tedaRul erwit
houtanatural
hei
r
from adopti
ngasuccessorandaftert
her ul
erdiedorabdicated,
annexi
nghis
terr
it
ory.]

 Sambal
pur
,Udai
pur
,Awadhwer
eal
soannexed

2.Soci
alandRel
i
giousCause.

-
-Ther
api
dlyspr
eadi
ngWest
ernCi
vi
li
zat
ion

--Theabol
it
ionofSat
i,f
emalei
nfant
ici
delegal
i
zingwi
dowr
emar
ri
agewer
ebel
i
evedt
o
poseathreatt
otheestabl
i
shedsoci
alstr
uctur
e.

3.Econoi
mcCauses

 I
nrur
alar
easpeasant
sandzami
ndar
swer
eint
roubl
ebyt
heheav
ytaxesonl
and

 Aft
ert
heindust
ri
alRev
olut
ioninEngl
andtherewasani
nfl
uxofBriti
sh
manuf
actur
inggoodsi
ntoIndiawhi
chrui
nedindut
ri
es–Indi
anhandicraf
t
i
ndust
ri
eshadtocompetewi t
hcheapmachine-
madegoodsfrom Bri
ti
an.

4.Mi
l
itar
yCauses

 Ther
evol
tof1857beganasasepoymut
iny

 Indi
ansepoy
swer emor
einnumberthant
heBr
it
isht
roopsi
nIndi
abutwer
e
consider
edi
nfer
iort
oBr
iti
shsol
dier
s.

 AnI
ndi
ansepoywaspai
dlesssal
aryt
hant
heBr
it
ishsepoyoft
hesamer
ank.

 I
n1856Lor
dCanni
ngi
ssuedtheGeneral
Serv
icesEnli
stmentActwhichr
equi
red
t
hatt
heSepoy
smustbereadyt
oserveeveni
nBr i
ti
shlandacrosst
hesea.
 5.I
mmedi
ateCauses

 Ther
evol
tof1857ev
ent
ual
l
ybr
okeoutov
ert
hei
ncedentofgr
easedcat
ri
dges.

 Thenewsspreadt
hatthecat
ri
dgesoft
henewenf
iel
dri
fl
eswer
egr
eassedwi
th
t
hefatsofcowsandpigs.

 Befor
eloadi
ngtheser
if
lest
hesepoy
shadt
obi
tof
fthepaperont
hecar
tri
dges
wit
hthemout h.

 Bot
hHi
nduandMusl
i
m sepoy
sref
usedt
ouset
hem.

On29th March1857,MangalPandeyasepoyinBarrackpor
e,Bengalhadr
efusedtouse
t
h
t
hecartri
dgeandattackedhi
sseniorof
fi
cers.SepoyMangal Pandaywasf
rom 34
Nat
iveInfant
arydi
visi
on.

Hewashangedt hon6th Apr

odeat il
.
On9t
hMay ,85soldi
ersi
nMeer
utr
efusedt
ouset
henewr
if
leandwer
esent
encedt
o
t
enyear
s’i
mprisonment.

OnApr il24,1857ni netysepoysof3rdNativeCav alryr

ef usedtoacceptgr eased
cart
idges.OnMay9, 85oft hem weredismissed, sentencedt o10y earsi
mpr i
sonment,
5wer ehanged.Fi rstbigcentreofrevol
t.Thenext ,daytheyr eleasedthei
rimprisoned
comr ades,kil
l
edt heiroffi
cers.thentheysetofftoDel hi.Indelhilocali
nfantr
yjoined
them kil
ledtheirownBr i
ti
shOf f
icer
sandcapt uredt heci t
y.t
heagedandpowerl ess
BahadurShahZaf arwaspr ocl
aimedtheemper orofI ndia.
Cent
ersofRev
olt

LuchnowitwastheCapit
alofAwadh.Begam Hazr
atMahal
,oneoft
hebegamsof
theex-
kingofAwadhtookuptheleader
shi
poftherev
olt

Bri
ti
shOffi
cal
swho
suppr
essedtheRev
olt
Pl
acesofRev
olt I
ndi
anLeader
s

Del
hi BahadurShahI
IandBakht JohnNi
chol
sonand
Khan Hudson

Lucknow Begum Hazr

atMahal Hav
elock,Out
ram,
James
Neil
landCampbel
l

Kanpur NanaSaheb Si
rCol
i
nCampbell
and
Hav
elock

Jhansi
andGwal
i
or Lakshmi
Bai
andTant
iaTope Gener
alHughRose

Bar
iel
l
y KhanBhahadurKhan Si
rCol
i
nCampbel
l

Al
l
ahabadand Maul
viLi
yakatAl
i Col
onel
Oncel
l,James
Banar
as Nei
ll

Bi
har KunwarSi
ngh Wi
l
li
am Tay
lor
Whydi
dtheRev
oltf
ail
?

 Li
mit
edupr
isi
ng:
alt
houghwi
despr
eadal
argepar
tofcount
rydi
dnotpar
ti
cipat
e
i
nthi
s.

 Noef
fect
ivel
eader
shi
p

 Li
mit
edResour
ces

 Nopar
ti
cipat
ionofmi
ddl
ecl
ass,
ther
ichmer
chant
s,Engl
i
shEducat
ed

TheResul
toft
hewar

EndofCompanyRul
e

Di
rectRul
eofBr
it
ishCr
own

Rel
i
gioust
oler
ance

Thegov
ernor
’sOf
fi
cewasr
epl
acedbyt
hatoft
hev
icer
oy,

Bookswr
it
tenont
heRev
oltof1857

TheI
ndi
anWarofI
nependenceby Vi
nay
akDami
darSav
arkar

Rebel
li
on,
1857 A sy
mposi
um by Pur
an Chand
Joshi

Thei
ndi
anMut
inyof1857 Geor
geBr
uceMal
l
enson

Gr
eatMut
iny Chr
ist
opherHi
bber
t

Rel
i
gionandi
deol
ogyoft
heRebel
sof1857 I
qubal
Hussi
an

Excav
ati
onoft
rut
h Unsungher
osof1857byKhan
MohammadSadiqKhan
SOCI
O-CULTURALREFORM MOVEMENTS
ANDTHEIRLEADERS
Raj
aRam MohanRoyandBr
ahmoSamaj
(1828):
RajaRam MohanRoy (
1772-1833)wasf rom Bengal,
FatherofI ndianRenai ssance.He
wasgi vent hetit
leofRajabyAkbarI I,
theMughal Emper or.Hewasr eli
gious, soci
al,and
educational r
eformerwhoi ndicatedlinesofprogressforIndianSoci etyunderBr i
ti
sh
Rule.Hewasmanofv ersati
legenious.Heknewmanyl anguaugesl i
keAr abic,Persi
an,
Sanskrit,
Engl i
sh,French,Lati
n,Greek, Hebrew.Hemadeadeepst udynotonl yin
Hinduism, butalsoinIslam,Christi
anityandJudaism.Hepubl ishedBengal i
Transl
at i
onsofVedasandUpni shads.Heputhi sfai
thinmonot heism.Hewr ote“giftto
Monot heists”(1809).I
n1814, hesetupAt miyaSabha( societyofFr i
ends) i
nCal cutt
at o
campai gnagai nsti
dolatry
,caster i
gidit
y,ot
hersocialil
l
s.

RajaRam MohanRoyFoundedBr ahmoSabhainAugust1828whichwaslat

err
enamed
asBr ahmoSamaj .ThepurposewasPur i
tyofHi
nudism,t
oPreachMonothei
sm,opent
o
theteachingsofotherr
eli
gions.BasedonTwinPil
l
ars:Rati
onal
ism ;
andVedas&
Upani shads.

Raj
aRam MohanRoyt
ir
elessl
ywor
kedt
oref
orm Hi
nduRel
i
gion.

 FoughtforwomenUpl ift
ment–Hest ar
tedcampaigni
ngagainstbarbari
c
pract
iseofSat iin1818.Hewrotemanypetit
ionst
oBr i
ti
shAuthori
ti
esagainst
theevil
pr act
iseofSati.Asaresul
tofconti
nuouseff
ortsofRaj
aRam MohanRoy
underLor dWill
iam Benti
ckGovtRegual
ti
onof1829waspassedi nwhi chSati
wasdecl aredascr i
me.
Hecampai
gnedagai
nstpol
ygamyandi
l
ltr
eat
mentwi
thwi
dowsi
nsoci
ety
.

Hef
avour
edGenderequal
i
tyi
nri
ght
sofi
nher
it
anceofpr
oper
ty.

 Propogat
edModernEducati
on–hegav
eassi
stancet
oDav
idHar
einf
oundat
ion
ofHinduCol
l
egeinCalcut
ta.

Her
ananEngl
i
shSchool
whi
cht
aughtSci
enceandWest
ernt
hought
s.

In1825,heest
abl
i
shedaVedant
aCol
l
egewhi
chof
fer
edbot
hwest
ernandI
ndi
an
Learni
ng.

 Rai
sedawar
enessagai
nstCol
oni
alPol
i
cies.

Tocounterort oopposeBr ahmoSamaj asitadv

ocat edmodernsocial
ideasanditwas
chal
lengi
ngpr esentsoci
al st
ruct
ureDhar maSabhacamewasf ormedbyRadhaKant
Debin1830inCal cutt
awhi chdirectl
yopposedBrahmoSamaj .DharmaSabhaopposed
banonPr act
iceofSat i
,thefocusoft henewassociationwastorepelt
hel awwhich
wasseenasani ntr
usionbyt heBrit
ishint
othereli
giousaff
air
s.Itcampaignedagai
nst
theHinduWidowRemar riageAct,1856.

RajaRam MohanRoydi esin1833inEngl

andwhichwasaset backforBr
ahmoSamaj .
LaterDebendranat
hTagorejoi
nedsamaj i
n1842whi chbroughtanewl i
feandzeal
to
theSamaj .Ear
li
erDedendr
anathTagor
ehadfoundTat t
avbodhiniSabhai
nin1839to
propogateRam MohanRoy ’
sideas.
Tat
tav
bodhiniSabhaandBr ahmoSamaj was
mer gedi
n1842duet ocommonagendas.

I
n1857,KeshubChandraSenj oi
nedBr ahmoSamaj wit
hfull
nergyandv i
gour.Hewas
madeAcharyain1858.UnderhisleadershipBrahmoSamajexpandedoutsi
deofBengal
i
nPunjab,MadrasandBombayandt oot herpart
saswell
.Heopenlysupport
edCaste
Marr
iageandhisideasweretooaheadoft heti
mether
ebacamear if
tandconf l
i
ctof
i
deol
ogiesbetweenbetweenKeshubChandr aSenandDebendranat
hTagore.
DebendranathTagoredismi ssedhi
mf r
om theof
ficeofAchary
ain1865.Ther ewasa
spli
tinBrahmoSamaj i
n1866.KeshubChandr aSenandhisfol
lowersformedBrahmo
Samaj ofIndi
ain1866whi leDebendrat
hTagore’
sSamaj cametobeknownasAdi
BrahmoSamaj .Butl
aterkeshubChandr aSen’si
nexpli
cabl
eactofgett
inghis13y ear
olddaughtertoaminorHi nduMahar aj
aofCooch-Beharl
edtoexi
tofhisf ol
l
owersf r
om
hi
ssamaj wholat
erfoundSadhar anBrahmoSamaj in1878mainparti
cipant
sbeing
AnandaMohanBose, Shiv
chandr aDev,UmeshChandra.

YoungBengal
Mov
ementandHenr
yVi
vi
anDer
ozi
o:

Aradical
trendarouseamongBengal
ii
ntel
l
ect
ual
sduri
ngthelate1820sandearly
1830s.Themov ementwasnamedasYoungBengal
Mov ement.Theleaderoft
his
mov ementwasHenr yViv i
anDer ozio(Anglo-I
ndian).Hewasar adical t
hinkerandwas
i
nspiredbyFr enchRev oluti
onandl i
ber alt
hinki
ngofEngl and.Heusedt owr it
epoetr
y.
Deroziostart
edi nt
eachi ngHinducol l
egewhenhewasj ust17y earsoldin1826.He
wasexpel l
edf r
om HinduCol l
egebecauseofhi dradical
thoughts.Deroziostudent
shad
habitofreasoningandr adicalthoughts.Derozioalongwithhisstudentsstarted
awkeningandi nfor
mi ngt hemasses.Der ozianssuppor t
edWomenr i
ghtsandeducation.
Carri
edforwar dRammohanRoy ’
sinit
iati
ve.Hedemanded:

Fr
eedom ofpr
ess

Bet
tert
reat
mentofI
ndi
anLabouri
nBr
it
ishCol
oni
esabr
oad

Tr
ail
byJur
y

Empl
oymentofI
ndi
ansi
nhi
ghergr
adesofser
vices.

YoungBengalmov
ementf
adedawaybecauseofear
lydeat
hofDer
ozi
oin1831atan
ageof22only
.

Der
ozi
ansl
ackedanyr
eal
li
nkwi
tht
hepeasant
scl
ass.

Thei
rradi
cal
i
sm wasbooki
shonl
y.

Bal
Shast
riJambekar
(1812-
1846):
Fat
herofMar
athi
Jour
nal
i
sm.Hewas
oneofthepioneer
sinBombaywhoat tackedBrahminical
orthodoxyandspreadhis
i
deasthroughhisNewspaperDarpanwhi chhestart
edi n1832.In1840hestarteda
publ
i
cationDigdar
shaninwhicharti
clesrelat
edtoscience&hi st
orywerepuli
shed.He
wasproacti
veinSoci
o-Cul
tur
alrefor
msi nBombayandnear byplaces.

I
shwarChandr
aVi
dyasagar
(1820-
1891):
Hewasbor ninapoorBrahminf amilyi
n1820andhadabr i
ll
iantcareerasast
udentof
sanskri
t.Hestudi
edinSanskri
tCol l
egeCalcutt
a(1829-1841).Forhisgreatl
ear
ning,
the
Sanskri
tColl
egeinCalcut
taconferredonhi mthet i
tl
eof‘Vidyasagar’(
oceanof
knowledge)
.Hei soneofthegreatestpersonal
it
iesofBengal Renaissance.
Aswer eadearli
eraboutYoungBengal mov ementst art
edbyHenr yVivianDer ozi
oaft
er
hi
sdeathin1831, Der
ozai nsformedasoci etycall
ed“ Societyf
ortheAcqui si
ti
onof
GeneralKnowledge”in1838att hattimeIshwarChandr ausedt ost udyi nSanskri
t
Col
legehej oi
nedt hi
ssoci ety.Thissoci
etyst r
essedonr adicalt
hinkingwhi leSanskr
it
col
legeemphasi sedonConser vativ
eapproach.Heat t
empt edtosy nthesisethe
i
deologi
esoft heconser vativ
es( ort
hodoxHi ndus)andt heradi
cals(theDer ozi
ans)
per
hapswi thmor eincl
inat i
ontowar dsr
adical t
houghts.

HebecamePr inci
palofSanskr
itCol
legei n1850andint
roducedwest ernthought
sher e.
HedidmanySoci alandeducat
ionalReformsbecausethatwast heneedi nthesociet
y
peopl
ewer epoorandill
etr
ateandsufferedbecauseofsupersti
ti
ons.Hehadl imi
tless
compassionforhumansuf f
eri
ngs.Heissai dtobeaHumani stSoci
al andHumani st
Educat
ionalRefor
mer .

Humai
nstEducat
ionRef
ormer

Hef oundt hatalleduactionalinsti

tut
ionsofhi
st i
mewer edominatedbyr el
igi
on.Thus
het ookabi gstepbyopeni ngt hedoorsofSanskri
tCol l
egefornon-Brahmins.He
i
ntroducedphy sical educationprogrammei ntheCollege.Heevolvednewmet hodolyt
o
teachSanskr i
t.Hewasi ntrument ali
nbreaki
ngtherigoroussocailprej
udicesagainst
femal eeduaction.Toext endf emaleeducati
onfrom thecitytotheruralBengalhe
established35gi rl
s’School inthe4di st
ri
ctsduri
ng1857- 1858.

Hedevi
sedanewBengal iPr
imer‘BornoPori
chay
’(char
act
erIdenti
fi
cati
on)i
n1854
[si
nceBengal
i l
anuagewasnotfull
ydevel
oped,t
hiswasdevelopedforsmal
lchi
l
drent
o
l
earnBengal
itext.
]
Humani
stSoci
alRef
ormer

HedugupoldSanskr
itr
efer
encesandpr
ovedt
hatv
edi
ctext
ssanct
ionedWi
dowRe-
mar
riage.

Hewrot
eapet
it
iont
oBr
it
ishAut
hor
it
iesur
gingf
orl
egi
slat
iveact
ionf
orWi
dowRe-
mar
ri
age.

Asaresul
tHi
nduWi
dow’
sRemar
ri
ageAct1856waspassedl
egal
i
singmar
rai
gesof
Widows.

Hewasal
soacr
usaderagai
nstchi
l
dmar
ri
ageandpol
ygamy
.

Pr
athanaSamaj
(1867):
knownasPr
ayersoci
etywasaSoci
o-Rel
i
giousr
efor
m
i
nBombaybyAt mar am Pandurang(
oneoft
hef ounderofBombayNatural
Hist
ory
Soci
ety)wi
tht
hesuppor tofKeshubChandraSenin1867.Emphasiswason
Monothesi
m,UpnishadsandTeachingsofShri
madBhagwadGeet a,Promoti
onof
Wester
nLiber
alThoughts,focusonSoci
alReforms.

Fourpoi
ntsagenda:

1.Pr
omot
ionofwomeneducat
ion

2.Suppor
ti
ngwi
dowRemar
ri
age

3.Rai
singt
hemi
nimum per
missi
bleageofmar
ri
ageofbot
hmal
eandf
emal
e.

4.Di
sappr
oval
ofcast
esy
stem
Pr
athanaSamaj
becamemor
epopul
araf
terMahadevRanadej
oinedi
n1870.

Thecredi
tofpopulari
singt
heSamaj
inSout
hIndi
agoest
oTel
ugur
efor
merandwr
it
er
Kandukur
iVeeresal
ingam.

Prat
hanaSamaj
hadapr
ofoundi
mpacti
ntheSoci
alr
efor
m hi
stor
yoft
heMahar
asht
ra
regi
on.

Sat
yashodhakSamaj
andJy
oti
baPhul
e(1827-
1890)

Jyotir
aoGov indraoPhul ewasbor nin1827i nMahr asht ra,Sat ara.Hebel ongedtoMal i
caste, t
heiroccupat i
onwasgar der nerandv egetabl ef armi ng.Hi sfami l
yser vedas
fl
oristsunderPeshwast hat’showhi sf ami lybecamepopul aras‘ Phule’
, t
hef l
owerman.
Duet ocast ebasedr estricti
onshecoul dattainonl ypr imar yeducat ioninhi schil
dhood.
Aftertheinf luenceofChr it
sianMi ssionar y,hisfatheral l
owedJy oti
raotoat tendlocal
Scot t
ishMi ssi on’sHighSchool .Hehadkeeni nteresti nr eadingandt henhecamea
acrossbysuchabooki n1848whi chi nfluencedhi m somuchandchangedhi sl
ife.The
booknamewas‘ Ri
ght sofman’ wr i
ttenbyThomasPai ne,influencedhi m anddev eloped
akeensenseofsoci al j
ustice.Her ealizedt hatlowercast esandwomenar edeprivedof
social j
usti
ce.Thushest artedami ssiont oeducat et hedownt roddenandwomenhi s
wifeSav it
ribai Phul
ej oinedhi mi nhismi ssion.Jyot ibaphul eandSav i
t r
ibaiPhule
battl
edf ort heeducat ionofgi rlstudent sandopenedaschool inPunei n1848.Hewr ot
e
manybooksl ikeGulamgi rii
n1872(Mar athiinwhi chhecr iti
cizedCast esy stem),
sarvajanikSat yadharma.Phul eusedt hesy mbol RajahBal i asopposedt ot heBrahmi ns
symbol ofRama.
Phul
efoundedt heSat
yashodhakSamaj(
Trut
hseekerssociet
y)i
n1873.Thesamajgav
e
asenseofidentit
ytot
hedepressedcommunit
iesasaclassagai
nstthoseBr
ahmins
whousedreli
gionandbli
ndfait
hofthemassestoexpl
oitthemassesforper
sonal
monetar
ygain.

Thel eader
shipofthesamajcomi
ngfrom thebackwar dclasses.Asoci al
refor
merwho
dedicatedhiswholeli
fef
orthewel
far
eofpeopl e,workedf orer
adicati
onof
untouchabil
it
yandemphasizedhumanr i
ghtsofallcl
assesofpeopl e,hewasapi oneer
ofwi dowremarri
agemov ementi
nMahar asht
ra.Hewasasour ceofi nspir
ati
ontoDr.
B.RAmedkar .Jyot
ibawasgivent
heti
tleofMahat amaf orhisworkf orthecauseof
oppressed.

Gopal
har
iDeshmukh‘
Lokahi
tawadi
’(1823-
1892)
Hewasasoci alref
ormerandrati
onali
stfrom Maharasht
ra.Heheldthepostofaj
udge
underBrit
ishr
aj,
butwroteaweekly‘Prabhakar’
underthepennameofLokahi t
awadi
on
SocialRef
ormissues.Headvocat
edar eorgani
zati
onofIndiansoci
etyonrati
onal
pri
ncipl
esandmoder n,humani
sti
c,secularval
ues.

HeattackedHinduor
thodoxyandsupportedsocialandreli
giousequal
it
y.Hewr ot
e
agai
nsttheevil
sofcast
esy st
em.Hest ar
tedaweekl yHitechhu,andal
soplayeda
l
eadi
ngr olei
nfoundi
ngtheperiodi
cal
sGy anPraksh,InduPrakash,andLokahi
tawadi
.

VedaSamaj
:
Inspir
edbyBr ahmoSamaj VedaSamaj wasestabli
shedi nMadr asin1864.I
tadvocated
discardingofcastedi sti
nctionsandpr omoti
onofWi dowr emarriageandgir
lseducat
ion.
LikeBr ahmoSamaj theVedaSamaj alsocondemnedt hesuperstit
ionsandri
tual
sof
orthodoxHi nduism andpr opagat edbeli
efi
nonesupr emeGod.Chembet iSr
idhar
alu
Naiduwasmostpr omi nentleaderofVedaSamaj .Het ransl
atedbooksofBrahmo
samaj inTami landTel ugu.Br ancheswereopenedi nTami l
Nadu, Karnat
ka,
Andhra.
Sr
iNar
ayanGur
uDhar
maPar
ipal
ana(
SNDP)Mov
ement:

Asignificantmov ementwhichwaspar ti
cularlyimportantf ortheemanci pationoft he
oppressedsect i
onsofsocietywasst ar
tedbySr iNaray anGur uSwamyi nKer al
a.He
wasbor ni n1854i nanEzhavasfamily,
theywer econsi deredunt ouchablesbyHi ndusof
socal l
edUppercast es.NarayanGuruacqui r
edSanskr itEducat i
onanddev ot edhimself
totheupl if
toft heEzhavasandot heroppressedpeopl e.In1888hebui ltat emple
dedicatedt oLor dShivaatAruvi
pppuram whi chwasagai nstthecast ebased
rest
ricti
onsoft het ime.NarayanGuruin1903f oundedt heSri NarayanDhar ma
Pari
palanay ogam whichbecameani mportantor ganizat i
onforsoci alr
ef or
m.He
considereddi ff
erencesbasedoncast eandr eligionasmeani nglessandadv ocated
t
h
whathecal l
ed‘ Onecaste,oneReligi
on,andoneGod’ foral l
.Hedi edon20 Sept ember
1928,
andt
hedayi
sobser
vedasSr
iNar
ayanGur
uSamadhi
inKer
al Dev
a. aSamaj
:
Foundedi n1887atLahor ebyShivNar ai
nAgnihotr
i(
1850- 1927),earli
eraf ol
lowerof
Brahmosamaj ,t
hissectemphasizedont heeter
nit
yoft hesoul,thesupr emacyoft he
guru,andtheneedofgoodact ion.Itcall
edforanethicalandideal socialbehavi
orsuch
asnott aki
ngbr i
bes,avoi
dingi
ntoxicat
ion,non-
vegetari
anf ood,andkeepi ngaway
vi
olentactions.I
tsteachi
ngswerecompl i
edinabook, DevaShat r
a.Hewasal so
againstChildmarri
age.
Radhaswami
Mov
ement
Founderoft hemov ementwasTul siRam ji
,abankerfr
om Agra,al
soknownasshi v
DayalSaheb, f
oundedt hismovementi n1861.TheRadhaswamisbel i
eveinone
supremebei ng,supremacyofguru,acompanyofpi ouscompany( satsang),anda
si
mpl esocialli
fe.Theybeli
evedthatforspi
ri
tualat
tai
nmentrenunciati
onisnot
necessary.Theybelievedinal
lrel
igi
ons.Theyhasnobel i
efi
ntempl es,shri
nesand
sacredplaces.

Day
anandSar
aswat
i(1824-
1883)andAr
yaSamaj
:

Day anandSaraswatiorMool ShankarwasanI ndianPhi l

osopher ,Social Leaderand
founderofAr yaSamaj .Hewasbor ninaBr ahmi nfami l
yinGujar at.Hel efthomeand
wander edasanascet icfor15y earsi
nsear chofhighert r
uth.Finallyhemethi sguruor
rel
igiousteachernamedVi r
ajanadDandeeshai nMat hura.Hel earnedandpr acticed
Yoga.Her eceivededucationonVedant afrom hisGur u.Vir
ajanadbel iev edt hat
Hinduism hadst r
ayedf r
om itshist
ori
calrootsandt hatmanyofi tspract iceshad
becomei mpur e.DayanandSar aswatipr
omi sedthathewi lldevot ehisent irelif
et o
restri
ngtherightf
ulplaceoft heVedasintheHi nduf ai
th.Hebel i
ev edt hatGl ori
ouspast
ofHi ndui
sm waspur elybasedonVedas.Accor dingtohim Upni shads, Pur anas,
Aryankas,
Vedant
aSut r
asarenotpar
tofVedas.Heseparat
edtheAry
as(beli
evesi
n
Vedasonly)f
rom Sanat
aniHindui
sm(
beli
evesi
nUpnishads,Pur
anas,
etc).

Hegav ethesloganof“ BacktoVedas”i twast hecal

lfortherevi
valofVedicpuri
tyi
n
thereli
gion.Thissloganf i
l
ledtheIndianHeartswithpri
deandsel f
-confi
dence.Asa
resul
toft hi
s,Hindusr egai
nedt hei
rself-
conf
idencewhichhelpedthem toundermine
themy thofsuper i
orit
yofwhi t
esandt heWesterncul
ture.Hepubli
shedabooknamel y
‘Satyar
thPr akash’
(TheTr uthExpositi
on)inwhichhewr oteaboutFreedom fr
om
Forei
gnRul e,CastelessandCl assl
essSociety,OneReli
gionforall
,whichisAryan
rel
igi
on.Heal sowr oteVedaBhashy aBhumikaandVedaBhashy a.

HefoundedAr yaSamaj i
n1875.Ar yaSamaj i
samonot hei
sticI
ndianHindureform
Mov ementt hatpromotesval
uesandpr acti
cesbasedonVedas.LiteralmeaningofArya
Samaj i
sSoci etyofNoblesestabl
ishedi
nBombayon1875.Samaj wasborni nBombay,
butitatt
ainedaspect acul
argrowthinPunjab.Lat
ertheheadquart
erwasest abl
ishedat
Lahore.Allmenandwomenr egar
dlessofcastewereadmittedt
ost udytheVedas.All
AryaSamaj member shadtofoll
ow10pr inci
plesi
nentir
ety
.10Ni y
amawer e:

1.Godi
sthepr
imar
ysour
ceofal
ltr
ueknowl
edge.

2.Godi
sallt
ruth,
allknowl
edge,
for
mless,
omnipot
ent,i
mmor
tal
,et
ernal
,hol
y,and
cr
eat
oroftheuniv
erse.Godal
oneiswort
hyofworshi
p.

3.Vedasar
ethescr
ipt
uresoft
rueknowl
edge.

4.Oneshoul
dbeev
err
eadyt
oimbi
bet
rut
handf
orsakeunt
rut
h

5.Al
lact
sshoul
dbedoneinaccor
dancewi
thDhar
ma,
i.
e.af
terdel
i
ber
ati
ngupon
whati
str
uthandunt
rut
h

6.Thepri
meobjectofAr
yaSamajistodogoodtot
hewhol
ewor
ld,
i.
etoachi
eve
physi
cal
,spi
ri
tual
andsoci
alpr
osperi
tyf
oral
l

7.Ev
ery
bodyshoul
dbet
reat
edwi
thl
oveandj
ust
ice

8.Oneshoul
ddi
spel
ignor
anceandpr
omot
eknowl
edge

9.One’
sownpr
ogr
essshoul
ddependonupl
i
ftmentofal
lot
her
s

10.
Soci
alwel
lbei
ngofmanki
ndi
stobepl
acedabov
eindi
vi
dual
’
swel
l
-bei
ng.
Becauseofhi
stoweri
ngpersonal
it
y,si
mpleteachi
ngs,
histi
rel
esstravell
i
ngand
preachi
nghel
pedgrowthofAryaSamaj
,openedmanybrancheswit
hl akhsoff
oll
ower
s.

Thewidel
ypopularDAVSchool s(DayanandAngl oVedi
c)establi
shedfi
rstatLahor
ein
1886,whi
chsoughteducationthroughIndianaswellasWesternEducati
on.Hestart
ed
ShuddhiMovementtoreconvertthosewhohadbeenconv ertedawayfrom Hindui
sm
backtoHindui
sm.Dayanandal sometot herref
ormersoft
het i
mel i
keKeshabChandra
Sen,I
shwarChandraVi
dy asagar,MGRanade, Deshmukh,
etc.

I
n1883Mahar i
shiDayanandSar
aswatiwasassassi
nat
edbuttheworkofAryaSamaj
wascar r
iedfor
wardbyLalaHansraj
,LalaLaj
patRai
andSwami Shr
addhanand.Swami
Shraddhanandstar
tedaGurukalatHardwari
n1902toimpar
teducati
oninthe
tr
aditi
onalfr
amewor k.

TheRamaKr
ishnaMov
ement:

RamakrishanaParamhansa(
1836-1886)wasamy st
icandareli
giousl
eaderofthe19th
centur
yBengal.In1855Ramakr
ishnawasappoi nt
edast hePr
iestofDakshi
neshwar
Kali
Templ e.Af
termanydaysofmeditati
onupontheimageoft hegoddesskal
iashis
mother,Ramakrishnahadaspi
ri
tualexperi
encewherehesawgoddessKal iasthe
univer
sal mother.Todeepenhi
sspiri
tualjourneyhefol
lowedsomesect ari
ancult
sof
Hinduism.Hel edamonast i
cli
neage.Hedi edin1886.SwamiVivekanandabeinghis
mostcl oseddiscipl
estar
tedRamakrishnaMi ssi
onin1897whicharebot hthepar
tof
Ramakr ishnaMov ement.

Swami Vi
vekanand(1863-
1902)wasbor
non12Januar
y1863.I
ndi
anGov
tin1984
decl
ared12JanuaryasNational
Yout
hday.

HisrealnamewasNar endraDatta.Hewasi nt
erestedinspir
itual
i
t yf r
om av eryyoung
age.Heusedt omedi t
atebef or
etheimagesofdei ti
essuchasShi va,Rama, Sita,and
Hanuman.Hehadast rongmemor yandspeedr eading.Hewaskeenr eaderandhad
i
nteresti
nv ari
oussubjectsli
keReligi
on,
Philosophy,Histor
y,SocialSci ence,Art,
Li
teratur
e.Hest ar
tedreadingHinduScri
pturessincehischil
dhoodi ncludi
ngVedas, The
Upnishads,theBhagwadGi ta,t
heRamay ana,Mahabhar t
a,ThePur anas.Hewast rai
ned
i
nIndianClassicalMusic.

Heusedtoor
ganizeact
ivi
ti
es,part
ici
patei
nmanyspor
tsandphysi
calexerci
se.Att
he
ageof18hej
oinedanOrganizat
ioncall
edNav
aVidhanofkeshabChandraSen.Hewas
notsat
isfi
edwi t
hhisknowl edgeofPhil
osophy.Intheyear1881, Narendr
amet
Ramakrishnaforthefi
rstti
me.Hi smeeti
ngwi t
hRamakr i
shnaprov edtobeatur
ning
poi
ntandt henhef r
equentl
yv i
sit
edRamakr i
shnainDakshi neshwar.Hemade
RamakrishnaashisGur u.HelearntRamakri
shna’steachi
ng‘ Ser
viceofmenisthe
Serv
iceofGod’.InAugust1886Ramakr i
shnaParamhansadi ed.

In1886,Swami Vivekanandf oundedRamakr ishnaMat hhatBar anagar.Inthey ear1888,

Swami Vivekanandl eftt
hemonast er yandbegant ravel
li
ngt odiff
erentpar t
sofI ndiaas
awander i
ngmonk.Het ravel
ledext ensivel
yi nIndiaforfi
v eyears.Hismessage
contai
nedRamakr ishna’
sspi ri
tual experiencesandt eachingsofUpni shads,Gi t
a,and
theexampl esofJesusandBuddha.Hebel ievedthat‘ForourMot herl
andaj unctionof
thetwogreatsy stems, Hinduism andI sl
am, i
st heonlyHope’ .Hebel i
evedint he
fundamental onenessofGod.Di ffer entrel
igionsareway stoattainthatsingleSupreme
God.Hepubl ishedt wopaper sPr abhudaBhar atainEnglishandUdbodhanai nBengali.

Swami VivekanandreachedChi cago(Amer i

ca)on30Jul y1893t oatt
endPar l
iamentof
Reli
gions.Hehadexer cisedthemostwonder fulinfl
uenceov ertheauditorspresent
there.Heimpr essedev eryonebyhiswi sdom andi ntel
lect.Hegav eseverall
ectureson
Vedant ainUSAandLondon.Thenr et
urnedinI ndiai
n1897.Thenhest ar t
edinfusingin
thenewgener ati
onasenseofpr ideinIndia’
spast .Het r
iedmaki ngeducatedpeopl e
seet hemi seryofthedownt roddenandwor kfortheirupli
ftbytheapplicati
onof
practical
Vedant aPrincipl
es.

Hef oundedRamaKr i
shnaMissionin1897f orHumani tari
anReliefandsoci alWor k.
BecauseSer viceofMenisthewor shipofGod.Ther ear emanySchool s,Hospit
als,
DispensariesopenedunderRamaKr ishnaMi ssion.Helpsi ntheaf f
li
ctedtimesof
naturalcalamiti
esli
keeart
hquakes,famines, f
loodsandepi demics.Int heyear1898he
shif
tedBar anagarMathhtoBelur.On04Jul y1902hepassedawayi nBel urMathhwhil
e
medi t
ating.I
ri
shwomanMar garetEli
zabethNobel (1867- 1911)alsoknownasSi ster
Nivedit
apopul ari
zedRamakrishnaMi ssi
onaf t
erVi vekananda’sdeat h.
TheTheosophi
cal
Mov
ement:

Theosophi cal
wordiscompr i
sedoft woGreekwordTheosmeansGodandSophi a
meanswi sdom.TheTheosophicalSociet
ywasfoundedinlat
e1875,inAmer i
caby
RussianwomanHel enaPetr
ovnaBlav at
sky(
1831-
1891)andAmer i
canColonelHenry
SteelOlcottal
ongwi t
hAttr
oneyWi l
li
am QuanJudgeandanumberofot herindivi
dual
s
i
nterest
edi nt
hephil
osophypresentedbyMadameBl avat
sky.Theywerei
nspiredby
I
ndianthought sandCult
ure.Theaim oftheSoci
etywastoattai
nwisdom i
nor derto
real
izetheGodhood.

MadameBl av
atskyandHenr ySt
eelOlcottcamet oIndiaandestabl
i
shedthe
I
nternati
onalHeadquarter
softheosophicalSociet
yinAdy ar
,Madrasin1882.The
Amer i
canwor koftheSociet
ywaslookedov erbyWill
iam QuanJudgeaft
ertherestt
wo
founderscamet oIndi
a.

TheSoci
etywaslookedaft
erbyIr
ishSoci
alAct
ivi
stAnni
eBesantasthepri
ncipal
l
eader
softheint
ernati
onalmovementbasedi
nAdy arMadr
as.AnnieBesantcameto
I
ndiai
n1893.
Thesocietybel
ievedthataspecial r
elati
onshipcouldbeestabli
shedbetweenaperson’
s
soulandGodbycont empl ati
on,prayer,rev
elati
on,et
c.i
tbeli
evedinrei
ncar
nati
onsand
karmaanddr ewinspi
rationfrom phil
osophyoft heUpnishads,samkhi
ya,yogaand
VedaantaSchoolsofthought.Itaimedt owor kforuni
versalbr
other
hoodofhumanity
wit
houtdisti
nct
ionofr ace,cr
eed,sex, casteandcolour
.

TheSer
vant
sofI
ndi
aSoci
ety
:

GopalKri
shnaGokhal
e(1866-
1915)
,theli
beral
leaderofI
ndianNat
ionalCongr
ess
foundedTheSer
vantsofIndi
aSoci
etyin1905.G.KGokhalewassucceededas
Pr
esi
dentbySr
ini
vasaShast
rii
n1915af
tert
hedeat
hofG.
KGokhal
e.

GKGokhaleest
abli
shedthi
ssoci
etywi
ththeaimt otrai
nthepeoplet
odevote
t
hemselv
eswi t
hint
heservi
ceofI
ndiaasnationalmissi
onar
ies.TheSoci
etywor
kedf
or
i
mprovi
ngthecondit
ionsandwor
kedself
lesslyforf
aminereli
efaswell
.

Just
iceMov
ement
:
InMadr asal lthejobs( Gov ernmentJobs, Admi ni
strati
veSer vices, Representationin
Legislature)wer esecur edbyBr ahmi ns.Br ahmi nsclasswasdomi nantt hus,thepol i
ti
cal,
social,andeconomi cal di
v i
debet weenBr ahmi nsandnon-Br ahmi nsbecamemor e
th
apparenti nt hebegi nningoft he20 cent ury.On20Nov ember1916, ar ound30
promi nentnon- Brahmi nleader scamet ogethert oform Sout hI ndianLiber ati
on
Federat i
on( SI LF)Mai nleader swer eCNMudal iar,P.Tyagraja, TM Nai r.SILFlauncheda
mov ementt osecur ejobsandr epresent ati
onf orthenon- Brahmi nsint helegislat
ure
throught heirNewspaper -Justice.Af tertheirJusticepar t
ygai nedpopul aritywiththe
name‘ Justicepar ty’andmov ementcamet obeknownasj ust iceMov ement .Justice
Mov ementwasgai ningpopul arityandsuppor tamongt henon- Brahmi nsi nMadr as
Presidency .Thi sbecameacauseofconcer nf orIndianNat i
onal Congr ess.Af ewnon
Brahmi nCongr essleaderscamet ogethert olaunchMadr asPr esidencyAssoci at
ionto
countert her iseofJust icePar t
y .Laterin1944Just i
ceMov ementwasmer gedwi thSelf
respectMov ement .
Sel
frespectMov
ement
:

StartedbyE. V.RamaswamyNai cker .Hest artedhi spol i

ti
cal Car eerbyj oini
ngI ndian
National Congr essi n1919.Hewasanon- Br ahmi nandbel ievedt hatBr ahmi ni
cal
reli
gionandCul t
urear et hepr i
mei nst rumentofexpl oitat
ionoft hel owercast es.He
resignedi n1925whenhef eltthatt hepar tywasonl yservingt hei nterest sofBr ahmi ns.
Hef eltthatduet opr olongeddi scrimi nationdonet oNon- Brahmi nst hesehav elosttheir
SelfRespect .Devel opmentofsel f-respecti nt heindi v
idualswi llputast optocast e
discrimination.Af terqui t
tingCongr ess, EVRst ar
tedSel fRespectMov ementi n1925.
SelfRespectwasi nspi redbyTami lliteratur e.Hi sgoal wast ogi venon- Brahmi nsa
senseofpr idebasedont heirDr avidi anpast .Italsomeantadeni al
oft heSuper iori
tyof
theBr ahmi nsandoft heBr ahmi n’si mpl icitf aithinthesy stem.Hi sfollower sgav ehim
thet i
tl
eof‘ Per i
yar’ means‘ theGr eatMan’ .Hest artedaTami l
-languagenewspaperKudi
Arasut ot akeupt hecauseofsel f-
r espectmov ement .Self-RespectWeddi ngswer e
donewi t
houtaBr ahmi nPr iest.In1944Just i
ceMov ementwasmer gedwi thSelf
respectMov ementandwasr enamedasDr avidarKazhagam.

TheTempl
eEnt
ryMov
ement
:
Soci
alRef
orm Leader
sli
keSriNar
ayanGuru,N.
KumaranAsan,
T.K
Madhvan(
publ
icati
onDeshabhi
mani)et
c.di
dsigni
fi
cantwor
kinthi
sdi
rect
ion.

I
n1924happenedVaikom Satyagr
ahaledbyK.PKesavawaslaunchedi nKeral
ato
maket
heso-cal
ledlowercastepeopl
etoentert
hetemplesanduset heroadsleadi
ng
t
othet
emples.Thissaty
agrahagotsupportf
rom Punj
abandMadur ai.GandhiJiar
ri
ved
i
nKeralatosupportt
hemov ement.Againin1931,TempleEntryMovementwas
or
ganizedinKeral
aprominentl
eaderbeingK.Kel
appan,poetSubramaniy
am
Ti
rumambu( t
hesingi
ngswor dofKeral
a).Leader
slikeP.Kri
shnaPil
lai
andAKGopal
an
wereamongt heSaty
agrahi
s.

Wahabi
/Wal
l
iul
l
ahMov
ement
:

TheteachingsofAbdulWahabofArabiaandShahWal l
i
ualh(1702-
62)inspi
redthi
s
essenti
all
yrevi
val
istr
esponset
owest er
ninf
luencesandthedegenerati
onwhichhad
setinamongI ndi
anMuslimsandcal
ledforaretur
ntothetruespir
itofI
slam.

Peoplewhower einspiredinIndiawereShahAbdulAzi
zandSy edAhmedBar el
vi.The
object
iveswer
e: Ref or
mI slamicSociet
yandestabl
i
shIslamicRul
e.TheMov ement
focusedonint
egratingt hebestelementsoft
hefourSchoolsofMusl
imjur
isprudence
whichhaddivi
dedt heIndianMusl ims.

Therewasaconf ront
ati
onbetweenSi khsandWahabisinPunj
ableadi
ngtoBattl
eof
BalakotbetweenMaharajaRanj
eetSinghandSy edAhmedBarelv
iinwhichSyedAhmed
Barevlidi
edin1831.Thenaft
ertheBriti
shannexati
onofPunj
abthemov ementdir
ected
againstBri
ti
sh.Themov ementf
rizzl
edoutinthefaceofBri
ti
shmili
tar
yinthe1870’s.

Ahmadi
yaMov
ement:

Thi
sMov ementwasf oundedbyMi rzaGhulam Ahmedin1889.I
twasbasedonLi ber
al
pri
nci
ples.Itdescri
bedit
selfasthestandardbearerofMohammedanRenaissanceand
bel
iev
edi nUniversalr
eli
gionofall
humani t
y,opposingt
hesacr
edwaragainstnon-
Musli
ms.Thi smov ementspreadwest er
nli
beraleducat
ionamongI
ndi
anMusl ims.

Hest
atedt
oendt
heRel
i
giouswar
s,r
einst
ati
ngpeace,
just
ice,
mor
ali
ty,
tol
erance,
humanrightsamongmanki
nd.Hetal
kedaboutsepar
ati
onofSt
ateandRel
i
gion
(mosque).Theyf
oll
owedmyst
ici
sm.

Si
rSy
edAhmedKhanandAl
i
gar
hMov
ement
:

SirSy edAhmadKhan( 1817-1898) wasbor ninarespect abl

eMusl imf ami ly.Hewasan
educat i
oni
st,I
slami cRef or
mer ,I
slami cPragmat i
st,phil
osopher ,j
urist, author.Hewasa
l
oy ali
stmemberoft hej udi
cialserviceoft heGovernment .Afterretirementi n1876,he
becamememberoft heI mperi
al Legislati
vecouncilin1878.Hi sloy altyear nedhim
knighthoodin1888.Hecal ledtheQur anast heult
imateaut horit
yatt hesamet i
mehe
want edtoharmoni zewest ernscient i
ficeducati
onwi ththeteachi ngsoft heQur an.He
headedt owardcont empor aryrationali
sm.Hewasaneducat i
onist ;
heopenedmany
school si
ntowns.Hel aidthefoundat ionandopenedt heMohammadAngl o-Orient
al
CollegeatAli
gar h,
UPi n1875.TheCol legegrewintotheAl i
gar hMusl i
m Uni v
ersit
y.

Hest r
uggledtobr i
ngani mprov
ementi ntheconditi
onofWomenbyeducat ingt hem.He
opposedPur dahsy st
em andpolygamy,Wi dowRemar ri
age.Inearl
yphasehebel i
eved
i
nHi ndu-
Musl i
m Uni t
yandpreachedthecommonal i
tyofHindu-Musli
mi nt
erests.In
l
ateryearsstartedpropagat
ingdiver
genceofinterestsofHindusandMusl i
msashe
all
owedhimsel ftobeusedbyt hecolonialGovt
.initsobnoxiouspol
icyofdivi
deand
rul
e.
Hi
ssoci
ali
deaswer
epr
opagat
edt
hroughhi
sUr
duJour
nal
Tahzi
b-al
-Akhl
aqi
n1870.

TheDeobandMov
ement
:
TheDeobandMov ementwasor gani zedbyConser vativesecti
onamongMusl i
m Societ
y.
Itwasagainsttheforei gnr ul
ers.Itsmai nobj ecti
veswer etopropagateteachingsof
HolyQuranandHadi s.TheDeobandMov ementwasbegunatt heDarulUloom or
Isl
amicAcademi cCent reestablishedi nDeobandi nSahar anpurdistr
ict(
Uni t
ed
Provi
nce)in1866byMohammadQasi m Nanot avi(
1832- 80)andRashi dAhmedGangohi
(1828-
1905)tot r
ainr eligiousleadersf ort heMusl i
m Communi ty.TheSchool didnot
supportWesterneducat ionandcul t
ure.Theai m ofthemov ementwasr egenerati
onof
theMuslim Communi ty.Mahmud- ul
-Hassant henewl eaderofDeobandSchool gavea
newpol i
ti
calandintellect ualcontenttot her el
igi
ousi deasoft heSchool.
 PRE-
CONGRESSERAANDVI
CEROYS(
1856-
1884)

Pr
e-Congr
essEr
a

Bengal

TheBangabhashapr
akasi
kaSabha

Founder
:Gour
ishankarTar
kabagi
shwhowasassoci
ateofRaj
aRam MohanRoy

Year:
for
medi
n1836

Obj
ect
ive:
promot
eBengal
il
anguageandcr
eat
ingpubl
i
copi
nion

TheZami
ndar
iAssoci
ati
onorLandl
ordSoci
ety
Founder:
Raj
aRadhakantDevandDwar
kanat
hTagor
e

Year:
1838

Obj
ecti
ve:Tosaf
eguar
dtheinter
est
soft
hel
andl
ordst
hroughconst
it
uti
onal
means
andagi
tat
ion,
wri
ti
ngspet
it
ions.

TheBengal
Bri
ti
shI
ndi
aSoci
ety

Year:
1843

Founder:
Geor
geThompson(
Bri
ti
sh)

Obj
ect
ives:
Col
lect
ionanddissemi
nat
ionofi
nformationrel
ati
ngtot
heact
ual
condi
ti
on
oft
hepeopl
eofBri
tishI
ndi
aandpromotegeneralpubli
cint
erest
.

Lat
erin1851theZami
ndari
Associ
ati
onandTheBengal
Bri
ti
shI
ndi
aSoci
etywer
e
mergedtofor
m TheBr
it
ishIndi
anAssoci
ati
on.

TheI
ndi
anLeague

Year:
1875

Founder:
Sisi
rKumarGhosh

Object
ive:St
imul
atingthesenseofnat
ional
i
sm amongstt
hepeopl
eandof
encouragi
ngpol
it
icaleducat
ion.

TheI
ndi
anAssoci
ati
onofCal
cut
ta

Year:
1876

Founder:
Sur
endr
aNat
hBaner
jeeandAnandaMohanBose

Thereweremanypeopl ewhower edi

scontent edwitht
heconser vat
iveandpro-l
andlord
poli
ciesoftheBri
ti
shIndi
anAssoci at
ionhencef or
medTheI ndianAssociat
ion.Many
l
eader sj
oinedt
hisAssoci
ationsoont hi
sgai nedpopular
it
yamongmanyandwast aking
theshapeofnati
onalcharacterandhencer enamedast heIndianAssociati
on.Indi
an
l
eaguewasmer
gedi
ntot
his.

Obj
ect
ive:
topromot
epol
i
tical
,i
ntel
l
ect
ual
andmat
eri
aladv
ancementoft
hepeopl
eby
l
egi
ti
matemeans.

Thi
sor
gani
zat
ionwasl
atermer
gedwi
thI
ndi
anNat
ional
Congr
essi
n1885.

Bombay
:

PoonaSar
vaj
ani
kSabha

Year:
1867

Founder:
M GRanadeandChi
plunkar

Obj
ect
ive:
ser
vingbr
idgebet
weent
heGov
tandt
hepeopl
e.

BombayPr
esi
dencyAssoci
ati
on

Year
:1885

Founder:
Badr
uddi
nTy
abj
i
,Pher
ozshahMeht
aandK.
T.Tel
ang

Obj
ecti
ve:topromoteI
ndi
anint
erest
sandhostedthef
ir
stmeet
ingoft
heI
ndi
an
Nat
ionalCongr
essinBombayattheendof1885.

Madr
as

Madr
asMahaj
anSabha

Year:
1884

Founder:
M.Vi
rar
aghav
achar
i,B.
Subr
amani
yaAi
yar
,P.
Anada-
Char
lu

Obecti
ve:t
ocreateanor
gani
zat
ionofAl
lIndi
alev
elt
orel
i
eveandf
reet
henat
ionf
rom
cl
utchesofBr
iti
shrul
e.

London
EastI
ndi
aAssoci
ati
on

Year:
1886

Founder:
Dadabhai
Naor
ij
i

Obj
ect
ive:todiscusstheI
ndi
anquest
ionandi
nfl
uencepubl
i
cmeni
nEngl
andt
o
pr
omoteIndianwelfar
e.

Vi
cer
oys
Lor
dCanni
ng(
1856-
1862)
:
Thel
astGov
ernorGener
alandt
hef
ir
stVi
cer
oyofBr
it
ishI
ndi
a.

Rev
oltof1857t
ookpl
aceandi
tssuppr
essi
ont
oo.

Wi
thdr
ewDoct
ri
neofl
apsest
art
edbyLor
dDal
housi
e.

Abil
lwaspassedi
nBr
it
ishPar
li
ament‘
AnActofBet
terGov
ernmentofI
ndi
a’i
nAugust
1858

Andoff
ici
all
ygi
vent
henameofGover
nmentofI
ndiaAct1858inwhichEastI
ndi
a
Companywasendedandt
hepowerwast
ransf
err
edtoBrit
ishCrown.

TheUni
ver
sit
iesofCal
cut
ta,
BombayandMadr
aswer
ein1857.

I
ndi
anCounci
lAct1861waspassed.

I
ntr
oduct
ionofI
ndi
anPenal
Codei
n1858.

I
ndi
anHi
ghCour
tAct1861-TheBombayHi
ghcour
t

Lor
dEl
gin(
1862-
1863)
:
Suppr
essedWahabi
Mov
ement
.
Lor
dJohnLawr
ence(
1864-
1869)
:
 Openi
ngofTel
egr
aphi
cli
neswi
thEur
ope.

 Pol
icyofMast
erl
yInacti
vi
tywi
thAf
ghani
stan(
alsof
oll
owedbyLor
dEl
gin,
Lor
d
Lawrence,
Lor
dMay o,Lor
dNort
hbr
ook).

 Angl
o-Bhut
anWarendedwi
thTr
eat
yofSi
nchul
ain1865.

 Formati
onofFi
rstLocalBodi
es(
muni
cipal
i
ties)i
nvi
ewt
ocol
l
ectTaxesbecause
theywerel
acki
ngoffunds.

 ExpandedCanal
Wor
ksandRai
l
way
sandot
herci
vi
cameni
ti
es.

 Cr
eat
edt
heI
ndi
anFor
estDepar
tment
.

 Enact
mentofPunj
abTenancyActi
n1868.

 GreatFami
nesofOdisha,
Raj
put
ana,
Bundel
khand–Fami
neCommi
ssi
onunder
HeneryKempbel
l-1866

 Submar
inet
elegr
aphysy
stem st
art
edbet
weenI
ndi
aandEur
opei
n1865.

Lor
dMay
o(1869-
1872)
:
 ProcessofFi
nanci
alDecent
ral
i
zat
ioni
nIndi
ast
art
edandt
hef
ir
stPr
ovi
nci
al
Sett
lementmadein1870.

 Fi
rstCensushel
din1871.

 Openi
ngofRaj
kotCol
l
egei
nKat
hiawarandt
heMay
oCol
l
egeatAj
merf
orPol
i
tical

 Est
abl
i
shmentofDepar
tmentofAgr
icul
tur
eandCommer
ce.

 Or
gani
zedt
heSt
ati
sti
cal
Sur
veyofI
ndi
a.

 Hewastheonl
yVi
cer
oyt
obemur
der
edi
nof
fi
cebyaconv
icti
ntheAndamani
n
1872.
Lor
dNor
thbr
ook(
1872-
1876)
:
 Vi
sitofPr
inceofWal
es1875.

 KukaMov
ementi
nPunj
ab.

 Fami
nei
nBi
har1873-
74.

Lor
dLy
tton(
1876-
1880)
:
- Organi
zedaGr
andandmagni
fi
cent‘
DelhiDar
bar’i
n1877whereQueenVi
ctor
ia
ofEngl
andwasgi
venti
tl
eof‘
Kai
ser-
i-
Hind’
orQueenEmpressofI
ndia.

I
ntot
alDel
hiDar
barwasor
gani
zedf
ort
hreet
imesonl
y

1.I
n1877ment
ionedabov
e

2.1903Ki
ngEdwar
dVI
IandQueenAl
exandr
a(Cur
zon)

3.1911Ki
ngGeor
geVandQueenMar
y(Har
dinge)

-Ver
nacul
arPr
essAct
,1878–‘
Gaggi
ngAct
’thi
sactwasenact
edt
ocur
tai
lthe
fr
eedom oftheIndi
anPr
essorIndi
anLanguagesandpr
eventt
heexpr
essionof
cri
ti
cism t
owardBri
ti
shPol
i
cies.Thi
sActcrushedt
hefr
eedom oft
heI
ndianPress.

-Ar
msAct
,1878–t
hisActpr
event
edI
ndi
anst
okeepar
mswi
thoutappr
opr
iat
eli
cense.

-TheGreatFamine1876-1877aff
ectedt heareasofMadr as,Bombay,Mysor
e,
Hyder
abad,centralProv
inces,
North-westProvinces,smallar
easofPunj
abcover
ing
al
mostwhol eofIndi
a.Thedeathtoll
roset o8.2mi l
li
on.

-Hei
ntr
oduceduni
for
m Sal
tLawt
hroughoutBr
it
ishI
ndi
a.

-TheSyst
em ofDecent
ral
i
zat
ionwhi
chwasst
art
edbyLor
dMay
owasf
urt
herext
ended
byhim.

-Lytt
onwantedt
oencouragetheprov
incestocol
lectr
evenueandt
her
ebypl
annedt
o
str
engthent
hefi
nanci
alpoweroftheProvi
nces.

-I
n1876Maxi
mum agel
i
mitf
orI
ndi
anCi
vi
lSer
viceswer
ereducedf
rom 21t
o19y
ear
s.

-I
n1878theStat
utor
yCi
vi
lSer
vicewasest
abl
i
shedexcl
usi
vel
yforI
ndi
ansbutt
hiswas
abol
i
shedlat
er.
Lor
dRi
pon(
1880-
1884)
:
- TheFi
rstFactoryActwaspassed-t
hisactbannedt
heempl
oymentofChi
l
dren
bel
ow7y earsinfact
ori
es.

Wor
kingHour
srest
ri
ctedt
o9hour
sperdayf
orchi
l
drenbel
ow12y
ear
sofage.

Chi
l
drent
ogetonehourr
estperdayand4hol
i
day
spermont
h

I
nspect
orst
obeappoi
ntedt
oenf
orcet
heser
ules.

- Her
epeal
edVer
nacul
arPr
essAct
,in1882.

- Rendi
ti
onofMy
sor
e.

- Theappoi
ntmentofHunt
erCommi ssi
oni
n1882onI
ndi
anEducat
ion(
impr
ovi
ng
pri
maryandSecondar
yEducat
ion)

- Resol
uti
ononLocalSel
fGov
t.i
n1882–Ri
poni
sknownasFat
herofLocal
Sel
f
Gover
nmenti
nIndia.

- Fi
nanci
alDecent
ral
i
zat
ionwast
akenf
urt
heri
n1882.

- PassedtheIl
bertBi
ll
(1883)whi
chenabledIndi
anDist
ri
ctmagist
rat
estotry
Europeancr
iminal
s.Buti
twassostronglyopposedbyEur
opeansthatt
hiswas
wit
hdrawnlat
er.

- Her
esi
gnedaf
tert
hiscont
rov
ersy
.

Lor
dDuf
fer
in(
1884-
1888)
:
For
mat
ionofI
ndi
anNat
ional
Congr
essi
n1885.
 FORMATI
ONOFINDIANNATI
ONAL
CONGRESS

DuetotheActsli
keVernacul
arAct1878,ArmsAct1878,I
lber
tBi
l
l1884t
her
efel
ta
st
rongneedinthefor
mat i
onofaNationalLev
elAssoci
ati
on.

AllanOctavianHume, areti
redBr i
tishOffi
cerplay edal eadingr ol
ei ntheformat i
onof
IndianNationalCongress.TheI ndianNat i
onal Congr esswasf ormedwhen72del egat
es
from allt
hepr esi
denciesandpr ov i
ncesofI ndi
anmetatBombayf r
om 28- 30December
1885.A. OHumeest abli
shedcont actwi t
ht hemosti mpor tantleader salloverthe
countryandr eceiv
edt heircooperationinformingt heCongr ess.Thef i
rstmeet i
ngwas
heldinGokul dasTejpalSanskr i
tCol l
egeBombay .For mationofCongr esswast ocr
eate
adi al
oguebet weenBr i
tishandI ndians.I
nt hi
sf i
rstsessiongener alRuleswer elai
d
down.Onesessi onwoul dbeconduct edeveryy ear.Delegateswi llvotetoelectthe
PresidentoftheSession.Di scussionwi l
lbedoneont heNat ionalIssue.Ther esol
uti
on
wil
lbepassedtosolv
ethepr obl
em.ThenResol
uti
onwi
l
lbepr
esentedt
otheBri
ti
sh
Gover
nment.Themet hodologyadopt
edtonegot
iat
ewi
tht
heBri
ti
shwouldbeofPPP
Model(Pr
ayerPeti
ti
onProtest).

TheFirstPr esidentofI NCin1885wasWomeshChandr aBonnerjee.Theobj ecti

veof
theCongr essasst at edbyhim wer etobr i
ngl eadersfr
om differ
entpar t
soft hecountry,
toremov eal lpossibleprej
udicesofr ace,reli
gion,todiscussimportantproblemsf aci
ng
bythecount r
y, t
odeci detheacti
v i
ti
est hatIndianleadersshouldtakeup.TheCongr ess
passedNi neResol ut i
onswhichdemandedchangesi nBr i
ti
shPolicyandr eformsin
administrat
ion.Duf feri
n(1884-1888)t hethenVi ceroyofBr i
ti
shIndiareject
edt hese
resol
utionsst ati
ngt hatINCisMi croscopicMi norit
yanddoesn’ trepresentwhol eof
Indi
a.

SecondSessionPr esi
dentwasDadabhai Naor
ojiin1886atCal cutt
aasCongresshad
demandedr efor
msi nIndi
anCivi
lServicesinfi
rstsession,Ait
chisonCommitteewasset
upin1886t ocomeupwi tht
heschemef orful
fi
ll
ingtheclaimsofI ndi
ansr
egardingage
andmor eextensiveemploymentinpublicservi
ce.TheCongr essdecidedt
osetup
Provi
ncial
Congr essCommi tt
eesacrosst hecountry
.SirSyedAhmedKhancr it
ici
zed
Congressofbeinga‘ Hi
ndu’Part
y.Totalmember swer e434andonl y33wereMuslims.
DadabhaiNaor ojii
n1867putfor wardthe‘
Dr ai
nofwealththeory’
forthefir
stt
imei n
whichhestatedt hattheBri
tai
nwascompl etel
ydr
aini
ngI ndi
a.Hement ionedthistheory
i
nhi sbook‘Pov er
tyandUn-Bri
tishruleinI
ndia’
.Hefoundan‘ EastIndi
aAssociation’i
n
Londonin1886t odiscusst
heIndianquestionandinf
luencepublicmeni nEnglandto
promoteIndianwel f
are.

Thir
dSessionPresidentBadr uddinTyabj
i i
n1887Madr asFi rstMuslim Pr
esident
Appealedt
oMusl i
mt ojoinhandswi thNat i
onal
Leader s.SirSyedAhmedKahn
conti
nuedCri
ti
cizi
ngCongr essandhel dthatMusli
msshoul dboy cot
ttheCongr ess.The
del
egateswereelectedbyv ariousbodiesincl
udi
ngt hoser epresenti
ngcraft
smen, small
busi
nessmenandwor kers.Ver nacul
arLanguagewasused.

Four
thSessi
onheldinAll
ahabadin1888GeorgeYul
e(I
nfl
uent
ial
Scotti
shPoli
ti
cal
Fi
gure)ast
hePresi
dent.Fi
rstnon-
Indi
antoholdt
heOffi
ce.Vi
ceroywasLansdowne.
NumberofMember sroseto1281incl
udi
ng221Muslims.
Fi
ft
hSessi
onPresi
dentwasWi l
l
iam Wedder
bur
nin1889i
nBombay
.Fi
rstt
imef
emal
e
del
egat
esatt
endedthesessi
on.

1892Sessi
onofI
NCi
nAl
l
ahabadwi
thPr
esi
dentWCBaner
jee.

I
n1896Sessi
onofI
NCwashel
dinCal
cut
taPr
esi
dentwasRahi
mtul
l
aM.Say
ani
.

1n1904, Presi
dentofINCwasHenr yCott
oninBombay ,
Jinnahjoi
nedCongressi n1904
andattendeditssession.Lor
dCurzonSharedthepl
anofparti
ti
ontheBengal.The
Congressalsor epor
teditsemphat
icpr
otestagai
nstCur
zonadmi ni
str
ati
onpr oposalt
o
di
videBengal .

CongressSessi
on1905GopalKrishnaGokhalePresi
dentinBanar
asSessi
on.Parti
ti
on
ofBengaltookpl
aceunderVi
ceroyCurzon.INCExpressedResent
mentagainstt
he
Part
ici
pati
onofBengal
.FormalProclamati
onofSwadeshi Movementagai
nst
Governmentwasdone.
 Moder
atesandExt
remi
stsandPar
ti
ti
onofBengal

PhasesofI
ndi
anNat
ional
Mov
ement
 Phase1Fr
om 1885-
1905Moder
atesEr
a

 Phase2Fr
om 1905-
1916Ext
remi
stsEr
a

 Phase3Fr
om 1916-
1947Gandhi
anEr
a

TheModer
ateEr
a(1885-
1905)

Thef
ir
st20yearsoft
heCongr
ess(
1885-
1905)ar
egener
all
ydescr
ibedasbei
ngi
ts
‘
Moderat
e’Phase.
Duri
ngt hisperiodCongr essaskedf orgr adual i
ntr
oductionofreformsandf ori
ncreased
sayofI ndiansint hegov ernmentandadmi nistr
ati
onoft hecountry.TheModerate
poli
ticalacti
vit
yi nvolv
edconst itut
ionalagi t
at i
onwithi
nt heconfi
nesofl awandshowed
aslowbutor derlypolit
icalprogress.Moder ateshadtotalfai
thintheBriti
shsenseof
j
usticeandl ookedt oEngl andf orinspir
ationandgui dance( l
oyaltoBrit
ish)
.Moderates
usedpet it
ions,resoluti
ons, l
eaflet
s, pamphl ets,memorandumsanddel egati
onstoput
thei
rdemands.

Alldemandputf orwardbyModeratesweremoder ate.TheleadersoftheCongressin

thi
sper iodcamef rom uppersect
ionsofIndi
anSociety.Theywer eEngli
sh-educated
andt heybelievedthatthei
rdemandswer esoreasonablethattheycouldbepersuaded
toseej ustnessofthedemands.Todot hi
s,t
heypassedr esolut
ionsandprepared
petit
ionswhi chtheysenttothegovernmentforconsider
ation.

TheBriti
shGov ernmentpaidli
tt
leheedt
ot hedemandsoft heCongr essandsome
Bri
ti
shmenev enusedt oatt
endtheCongressSessions.Howev ersoontheat t
it
udeof
Bri
ti
shGov ernmentbecameoneofopenhost i
li
tyduetoincreasingdemandsof
Congress.TheCongr essbegantobeconsider
edasSedi ti
ousOr ganizat
ion.Br
iti
sht
ri
ed
todi
videtheIndianpeopleonthebasisofReli
gion.

Theearl
yNat i
onali
stsDadabhaiNaoroj
i
,R.
CDutt,Pher
ozshahMehta,D.EWacha,
W. C.
Bonnerj
ea,SurendraNat
hBanerjae,Gopal
Kri
shnaGokhal
e,PanditMadanMohan
Malvi
a,BadrudinTayabj
i
,Justi
ceMGRanade,G.SubramanyaAiy
arweref ewpr
ominent
Moderatel
eader s.

TheExt
remi
stsEr
aorNat
ional
Mov
ement1905-
1918:

Hav i
ngseenthatGov ernmentwasnotconcedi nganyoftheiri
mportantdemands,Al
so
thefeel
ingthatonl
yanI ndianGover
nmentcouldbri
ngIndiaonapat hofprogress
start
edattr
acti
ngmor eandmor epeople.Bythedawnoft he2othCenturyabandof
revol
uti
onarythi
nkershademer gedwhoadv ocat
edamor er ev
olut
ionaryappr
oachto
poli
ti
calwork.Theseincl udedRajNarai
nBose,Ashwini
KumarDat ta,Aurobi
ndoGhosh
andBi pinChandr aPal i
nBengal ;Vi
shnuShast ri ChipulankarandBal GangaDharTi laki
n
Mahar asht ra;
Lal aLajPatRai inPunjab.Ti lakraisedt hef amoussl ogan“Swar ajismy
birt
hrightandImusthav ei t ”.Thi
scoul dbeachi evedonl ybywor kingamongt he
massesi npoli
ticalaff
airs.Theyar ousedt hepat ri
otism oft hepeopl eandpr epared
them f orsacrifi
cesi nthei nterestofnat ion.Tilak’spaper‘ Kesari
’ becamet he
mout hpi eceoft henewgr oupofnat ionalists.Thesenat ionalist
susedt hepopul ar
festi
val stospr eadpoliti
cal awakeningamongt hepeopl e.Theyal sodev elopednew
met hodsofpol iti
calagit
at ionl i
ke‘hartals’and‘ boycot toff or
eigngoods’ .Theset r
ends
becamepopul arandwer esoont odomi nat ethenat ional i
stsmov ement .Thecongr ess
whichst art
edasamoder ateor ganizationt owor kforgr adual r
eformsi nt he
governmentt hroughpet iti
onsandappeal salsocamet obedomi natedbyt henew
l
eader s.I n1905anewphasebegani nthehi storyoft henat i
onalistmov ement .

Par
ti
ti
onofBengal
;TheSwadeshi
andBoy
cot
tMov
ement
:

In1899Lor dCur zonbecameBr it

ishIndiaVi cer
oyandr emainedinof f
iceupt il1905by
thi
stimeI ndianNat ionalism wasgrowi ngamongt hemasses.Thener vecent r
ewas
BengalLor dCurzonwant edtosuppresst hi
s.Curzont houghtofPartit
ioningofBengal .
BengalincludedBi harandpar t
sofOr issa.TheGov ernment ’
sdecisi
ont odi videBengal
hadbeenmadepubl icinDecember1903.Theof fi
cialreasongivenforthedeci sionwas
thatBengal wit
hapopul ati
onof78mi ll
ionhadbecomet oobigtobeadmi nistered.This
wast r
uet osomeext entbutthereal mot i
v ebehi
ndt heparti
ti
onplanwast heBr i
tish
desir
etoweakenBengal ,thenervecent reofIndianNat ional
ism.Howev eri nsteadof
separat
ingt henon- Bengal iar
easf r
om t hePr ovi
ncet hatisBiharandpar t
sofOr i
ssa,the
proposal ofpartit
ionsuggest edsepar ati
onofEastBengal f
rom t hepr ovince.East
Bengal withCapi t
al DaccaandWest ernpar ttobecal ledasWestBengal withcapi tal
Cal cutta.Thehi ddeni deaofCur zonwasi nDi vi
deandRul ePol icyofBr it
ish.TheEast
Bengal wasMusl im Maj ori
tyar eawhi leWestBengal wasHi nduMaj orit
yar eat hiswas
clearconspi r
acyofCur zont odi vi
deHi ndusandMusl ims.Assoonast hisnewsspr ead
theModer ateCongr essl eadersst artedwr iti
ngpet it
ionst oGov ernmentSur endr aNat h
Baner jeewr oteinhi sNewspaper‘ Bengal ee’againstt hisandKr i
shnaKumarMi trainhi s
paper‘ Hitabadi’.Alsomeet i
ngswer eheldt housandsofpeopl epar ticipated.Despi teof
allthisFinallyJuly1905par ti
t i
ondat ewasannounced.Thel eader slikeBal Gangadhar
Tilakwasl eadingpr otestinPune.Lal aLaj PatRai andAj eetSi nghwasl eadi ngf r
om
Punj abandot herNor thernar eas,Chi dambar am Pill
ai wasl eaderf rom Madr as.I nthe
prot estmeet ingitwasdeci dedt oBoy cotttheFor eigngoods.Thi smov ementagai nst
thepar t
iti
onofBengal camet obeknownasSwadeshi andBoy cottmov ement .
INCt ook
theSwadeshi callfir
statt heBanar assessi on1905pr esi dedbyG. KGokhal e.Peopl e
star t
edBoy cott
ingFor eigngoodsl ikescl otheset c.on16Oct ober1905f i
nal lyBengal
waspar t
it
ioned.Peopl est art
edmassmov ement sont hest reet s.VandeMat ram
becamet hemesongoft hemov ement .Bonf iresoffor ei gngoodswer econduct edat
var i
ouspl aces.

Reasonsf
ordecl
i
nei
nMov
ement
SuratSpl
i
t1907spli
tbetweenModer
atesandExt
remi
stsbecamemai
nreasoni
n
decli
neofSwadeshiandBoycot
tmovement

Br
it
ishGov
tputbanonnewspaper
sandPubl
i
cmeet
ings

Al
mostal ll
eader swereputt ojail
andwer ebadlytort
ured.Somemai nleaderswho
werearrestedwer eBal GangadharTil
akdeportedtoBur majailfor6year
s,AjeetSi
ngh,
Chi
dambar am Pi l
lai
,AurobindoGhoshwashel df oraconspiracycaseinwhichhe
pr
ov edtobei nnocentlaterhetookreti
rementfrom poli
ti
cs.LalaLajpatRaiwentto
Bri
tainaft
erSur atSpli
tthenlaterhewenttoAmer i
ca.Nopromi nent
 SECONDPHASEOFI
NDI
ANNATI
ONALMOVEMENT

(
1906-
1914)

I
NCSessi
on1906:
Dadabhai Naor ojiwast hePr esidentofINCi n1906sessionhel datCal cutta.The
Congr essgav eitssuppor ttot heBoy cot
tandSwadeshi Mov ement .Themosti mpor tant
developmentatt hi
ssessi onwast hedecl
arati
onoftheat tai
nmentof‘ SelfGov ernment ’
or‘Swar aj
’ ast heobj ecti
veoft heCongr ess.Thi
swasi ncludedint hePr esidential
addressofDadabhai Naoroji
,Swar ajmeanttheform ofGov ernmentwhi chexist edin
thesel f
-gov erningcol oni
esofBr i
tainsuchasCanadaandAust ral
i
a.I thadhopedt hat
graduallythr ought heser eformsI ndiawouldatt
ainselfGov ernmentbuti thadnot
openingdecl aredit.Howev erthemeani ngofSwar aj
forext remist
swasdi f
ferentthus
thedi
ff
erencebet
weenModer
ateandExt
remi
stsbecameappar
ent
.Congr
esswasnow
boundtospli
t.

TheSur
atSpl
i
t:

0
InSur atSessi
on1907, TheExtremistswanted1907sessi ontobehel dinNagpurwith
eitherTil
akorLalaLajpatRai t
obet hePresidentofI NCwhi lethemoder ateswantedthe
sessiont obeheldinsuratinordertoexcludeTi lakfrom thePresidency,si
ncealeader
from thehostprovincecouldnotbesessionpr esidentSuratbeingTilakhomeprov i
nce
ofBombay .Moderateswant edRasBihariGhoshasPr esi
dent.Thust heINCspli
tint
o
twogr oups-theExtremistsandtheModer atesatSur atSessi
oni nDecember1907.The
Congr esswasnowdomi nat
edbyt heModer ates.

TheGov ernmentafterthislaunchedamassi veat

tackonextremistsbysuppr essi
ng
theirnewspaperandar rest
ingt heirleaders.Between1907and1911f ivenewl awswer e
enforcedt ocheckant i
-govtact i
viti
es.Tilakt hemainExtremi
stleaderwassentt o
Mandal ay( Burma)jail
forsixy ears.Aur obindoandBi pi
nChandraPal reti
redfrom act
ive
polit
ics.Laj PatRailef
tforabr oad.Theext remist
swer enotabl
et oorganizean
effectivealter
nati
vePar tyt
osust ainthemov ement.TheModerateswer eleftwithno
popul arbaseorsuppor t.After1908t henat i
onalmov ementasawhol edeclinedfora
ti
me.
Musl
i
m League(
1906)atDhaka:

Duet otheDivideandRul ePolicyofBr it

ish.Musl imsmassesdi dn’ttakepar tin
Swadeshi andBoy cottmov ementatl arge.Aft erCur zon( 1899-1905), Minto(1905-1910)
becamet henextVi ceroyofBr itishIndi
ai n1906.Mi ntodeci dedtouset heI ndi
an
Musl i
msagai nsttheHi ndusandagai nsttheCongr ess.TheMusl imswer ewooedby
Bri
tish.OnOct ober1906t heMusl im deputationmetLor dMi ntoatShi mlaledbyAga
Khan.TheNawabofDaccaNawabSal imullahi nvitedpr omi nentMusl im Leadersto
th
assembl eatDacca, t
hecapi t
al ofEasternBengal .On30 December1906‘ TheAl lIndi
a
Musl i
m League’ wasthusf ormedi nDhaka. Thei mpor t
antl eadersbei ngKhanBahadur
Ghulam, SyedAmi rAli
, Mohsi nul Mulk,Waqar -ul
-Mul k.Thef i
rstPresidentofMusl i
m
LeaguewasSi rSult
anMohammadShah( AgaKhanI I
I).Thebasi cobj ecti
veofMusl im
Leaguewast osafeguar dIndianMusl i
m Right s.TheLeaguei ntendedt opr eachloyalty
totheBr i
ti
shEmpi reandt okeepMusl imsawayf rom Congr ess.

I
ndi
anCounci
lAct1909orMor
ley
-Mi
ntoRef
orms(
1909)
:
Morel
ywast heSecr
etar
yoftheStat
eforI
ndi
a(London)andMintowastheVicer
oyof
t
heBriti
shIndi
a.I
nOctober1906,
agroupofMusli
m el
it
escall
edtheShi
mlaDeput at
ion,
l
edbyt heAghaKhan,metLordMint
oanddemandedseparat
eelect
orat
esforthe
Musli
ms.

Communal Representat
ionwasf
orthef
ir
stt
imeint
roducedi
nthei
nter
est
sofMusl
i
ms.
“Separ
ateel
ectorateswerepr
ovi
dedtot
heMusli
ms”.
1909-
1917
Aft
er1909therewasasl
owdowni
nIndi
anNat
ional
Mov
ementduet
omaxi
mum
ext
remist
sleader
sinJai
l
.

Del
hiDar
bar1911

DelhiDar
barwasor gani
zedi n1911.TheonlyKingwhovi
sit
edI
ndi
aduri
ngtheent
ir
e
t
h
tenur
eofBrit
ishRuleinIndiawasKi ngGeorgeVandQueenMaryon12 December
1911.TheViceroywasLor dHardingeII(
1910-1916)
.

Shi
ft
ingofCapi
tal
from Cal
cut
tat
oDel
hii
n1912–Lor
dHar
dinge.
GhadarPar
ty(
1913)
:

TheGhadrPar t
ywasar ev olutionaryPar tyorgani zedaroundaweeklynewspaper‘ The
Ghadr’withitsHeadquar tersatSanFr anciso( U.S).Themembersincludedmai nlyex-
soldi
ersandpeasant smi gr atedf rom Punj abtot heUSAandCanadai nsear chforbet
ter
employment .Theimport antl eader sbeingRamdasPur i
,GDKumar,Taraknat hDas,
SohanSi nghBhakna,Lal aHar dayal .TheGhadrPr ogr
ammewast oor ganize
assassinati
onsofoffici
al s,publ i
shr ev
olutionaryandant i
-i
mperi
ali
stli
teraturework
amongI ndiantroopsstat i
onedabr oad.

Komagat
aMar
uInci
dent
(1914)
:
Peopl el
ivingi nSout
hEastAsi awant edtoshi f
ttoCanadaf orgoodst andardofli
ving.
GurdeepSi nghSandhuaBusi nessmani nSi ngaporehi redashipfrom JapantheShi p
namewasKomagat aMar ujourneystartedfrom HongKongandt akingsomanypeopl e
i
nit( 300-400passenger s)
.Theshi preachedVancouv erCanada.ThePor tAuthori
ty
deniedthei rentry
.TheShipwasst uckthereformont hsthenreturnedtoCalcutt
aPor t
wher ethei nmatesrefusedtoboar dthet r
aintoPunj abandt herewasacl ashwi t
ht he
Poli
cer esul t
ingin20-
22peopl edied,manywer earrest edandsomeescaped.Thi s
i
ncidentmadeGhadrPar tymember sveryannoy ed.

By1916nopr
omi
nentl
eader
sofGhadrMov
ementwer
elef
tandhencet
hemov
ement
fr
izzl
eout
.

Fi
rstWorl
dWar(1914-
1919):Bri
tai
nal
l
iedwithFr
ance,
Russi
a,USA,I
tlayandJapan
agai
nstGermany
,Aust
riaHungar
yandTurkey
.Moderat
essuppor
tedtheempireint
he
Warasamat t
erofdut
y.
THEGANDHI
ANERA
 HOMERULELEAGUE(
1916)

HomeLeaguewor dwasf i
rstusedi n19thCenturyinIrel
and.SinceIrelandwasal so
Brit
ishColonyandpeopl et herewant edSelfGov ernment.Ult
imater ulewill beofBrit
ish
butGov ernmentwoul dbeel ectedbyt henativepeopleonly.Thismov ementwas
successi nIreland.Final
lyaround1920I ri
shHomeRul ebill
waspassed.Anni eBesant
anIrishwomanbr oughtthisconceptofHomeRul eLeaguei nIndiaaswel l.Shecamet o
Indi
ai n1893t ostartTheosophi calsoci
ety.Shestartedtwopubl i
cat i
ons‘ Commonweal ’
and‘ NewI ndia’.Shewasqui t
ei nter
estedinIndianPol i
ti
csandFr eedom St ruggl
e.She
j
oinedI ndi
anNat ionalCongressi n1913.By1915Anni eBesanthadl auncheda
campai gnt odemandsel f-
Gov ernmentf orI
ndia.In1917shebecamef i
rstfemal e
PresidentofI NC.

TheHomeRuleMovementwastheIndi
anr
esponset
otheFi
rstwor
ldWari
nal
ess
char
gedbutamor
eeffect
iveway.

TheI
ndi
anHomeRul
eaimedat:Get
ti
ngself
-governmentforI
ndiawithi
ntheBr i
ti
sh
Empi
re,
For
mati
onofLi
ngui
sti
cbasedst
ates,Educati
oninthevernacul
arlanguages.

Til
akwasreadytoassumeleader
shi
pafterhi
srel
easei
n1914.Bal
GangaDharTi
l
ak
andBesantsetupthei
rsepar
atel
eaguestoavoi
danyfr
ict
ion.

Ti
lak’sleague:wassetupinApri
l1916andwasr
est
ri
ctedt
oPoonaMahar
asht
ra,
Karnataka,Centr
alPr
ovincesandBerar
.

Besant
’sLeague:setupinSept
ember1916i
nMadrasandcover
edtherestofI
ndi
a.I
t
had200branches.Geor
geArundal
ewasorgani
zi
ngSecr
etar
y,Mainwor
kwasal so
donebyB.W WadiaandC.PRamaswamy .
TheHomeRul eagitati
onwaslat
erj
oinedbyMotil
alNehr
u,Jawaharl
alNehr
u,
Chi
ttar
anjanDas,MadanMohanMal avai
ya,MohammadAl i
Jinnah,
TejBahadurSapr
u,
Lal
aLaj PatRai
,Bhulabhai
Desai
.

LucknowSessi
onandLucknowPact1916
Readmissi
onofExt r
emist
st oCongr
ess:theLucknowsessionoft heINC,presidedover
byaModer ateAmbikaCharanMajumdar,
f i
nal
l
yreadmi t
tedtheExtremistsledbyTil
ak
totheCongressfol
d.BoththeModerat
esandExtremistsreal
izedthatthesplithadl
ed
topoli
ti
cali
nacti
vit
y.Anni
eBesantandTil
akmadeagr eateff
ortforthereunion.

LucknowPact:
Bet
weenCongr
essandMusl
i
m League;
asi
gni
fi
cantdev
elopmentt
o
takeplaceatLucknowwast hecomi ngt
ogetheroftheMusli
m Leagueandt he
Congressandthepr esentat
ionofcommondemandbyt hem t
otheBrit
ishGov t
.Whil
e
theLeagueagreedtopr esentjoi
ntconsti
tut
ionaldemandswitht
heCongr ess,the
CongressacceptedtheMusl im League’
spositi
ononseparat
eelector
ates.
Montagu’sStatement-August1917: Montagut heSecretar
yofState(London)–
Incr
easingpoli
cyofpar t
ici
pat i
onofIndi
ansinadmi ni
strati
onandgradual devel
opment
ofself-
gover
ninginst
itut
ionswi thaviewtothepr ogr
essivereal
i
zati
onofr esponsibl
e
governmentinIndi
aasani ntegral
partofBri
ti
shEmpi re.Theobject
ionswer ethatNo
specif
icti
mef ramewasgi v en.Thewholedecisionwasi nhandsofBrit
ish.

Gandhi
Jii
nIndi
a:
GandhiJiret
urnedt
oIndiai
nJanuary1915.Hedeci dedt ot
ourfornextoney earand
seehimselft
hecondit
ionofmasses.Hewasnoti nfavourofHomeRul eleagueashe
thoughti
twasnotri
ghttimetoaskf orsel
fgovttoBriti
shastheBri
tishwasi nmi ddl
eof
thewar(worl
dwarI)
.Hewasconv incedthattheonlytechni
quecapableofmeet ingthe
nati
onali
stai
mswasanon- vi
olentsatyagr
aha.

Champar
anSat
yagr
aha(
1917)
:

I
ndi
go(
usedt
omakedy
es)
plant
ati
onwasst
art
edbyBr
it
ishwhent
heycameher
eas
Trader sin18thCent ury.Local farmersusedt oopposei tscul ti
v ationast hisplantati
on
needsmor ewat erandi tmakessoi li
nferti
l
e.Ther ewasanagr eementbet weenI ndian
Farmer sandBr iti
shcal ledTi nkathiaSystem inwhi ch3/ 20oft het otal landhadt ogr ow
th
i
ndigo.By19 cent uryt heGer mandy ealmostr eplacedor gani cI ndiandy ethusdemand
forIndianDy ei nmar ket sbecamev erylowhenceBr it
ishst artedgi v
ingl essorno
paymentt ofarmer s.SoI ndianf armersshiftedt oot hercul tivation.Br i
tishplanters
startedexploitingIndi anFar mer s.Theywer ef orcedt ogr owI ndi gowi thoutanypay ment
forit.Localleader s( Raj kumarShukl a)ofChampar an( Bihar )metGandhi j
iand
request edhimt olooki ntot hemat ter.
Gandhi jiwithRaj endr aPr asad, Anugr ahNar ayan
Sinha, Mazhar -
ul-Haq, J.BKr i
planireachedChampar ant opr obei ntot hemat t
er.The
Gov t.appointedacommi tteeandnomi natedGandhi Ji asamember .Gandhi wasabl e
toconv incetheaut hor i
t i
est hatt heti
nkathiasy stem shoul dbeabol i
shedand
compensat i
ont othef ar mer s.Gandhi hadwont hisbat tl
e.

AhmedabadMi
l
lSt
ri
ke(
1918)
:Fi
rstHungerSt
ri
ke-

UndertheBr i
ti
sh,thecott
onindust
rygrewandAhmedabadbecameamoder nI ndust
ri
al
townof2ot hcentury.I
nAugust1917,therewasspreadofi
ntensepl
aguecausing
widespreaddiseaseandmanydeat hs.Texti
l
eMillowner
swor r
iedofr
educedlabour
force.Soi nordert oret
aint hewor kingclass, t
extil
emi l
lsannouncedabonuscal l
ed
plaguebonus.Byj anaury1918pl agueended, texti
lemill
sst oppedpay i
ngplaguebonus
towor kers.Wor kerswer equi t
eunhappyt heydemandedDear nessal l
owance( costof
l
iving)inordertosust aintheirlivel
ihood.Gandhi jiurgedthewor kerst
ost ayfirmin
demandi ngeconomi cjustice.Gandhi j
imadeacasest udyanal yzingthecondi t
ionof
texti
leindustr
y ,
compar edwageswi thBri
tain,impactofi nfl
ationorgr owingpr i
cesasa
resultofwar ,
andl i
vi
ngcondi t
ionsofwor ker s.Gandhi i
nv i
ewofhi scasest udy
demanded35%hi keinsalariesandannouncedst r
ikeagainstmi llowner.Gandhi j
i
announcedt hathewi ll
nott oucht hef oodunt i
l t
hewor kerscont inuethestri
ket i
llt
he
settl
ementi sreached.Thehungerst r
ikeorf astmadeanef fectofput ti
ngpr essureon
mi l
lowner sandt heyagr eedt ogive35%hi ket owor ker
sint heirsalar
y .

KhedaSat
yagr
aha(
1918)
:

Khedaisasmalldist
ri
ctnearAhmedabad,whichwasthenapartofBombayPr esi
dency
.
ThelandofKhedaisveryfer
ti
lefort
hecult
ivat
ionofTobaccoandcot t
oncrop.Dueto
subsequentf
aminestheagrari
aneconomywasdest r
oyedoftheregion.Fol
lowedby
droughtandpl
agueepidemicwhichclai
msmanyl i
vesinKheda.Atthesamet ime
Brit
ishGov thadunder takenreassessmentofl andofKhedaanddeci dedt oincr
easet he
Taxby23%.Far mer swer equiteshockedoft hisnews.Local l
eader sal soagitat
ed.
Peoplewentt oseekhel pofGandhi si
ncehewasbusywi thAhmedabadmi l
lworkers
Gandhi jiaksedSar darPateltodocumentt hegr ievancesandsubmi tthepet i
ti
on
requestingthesuspensi onofr evenuer eassessmentt oBri
tish.Thi spet i
ti
onsuppor ted
byal l
theev idencesofdr oughtandmi seri
esofpeopl ecal
ledf orthet axt obescr apped.
Brit
ishr ej
ectedt hispetit
ion.Gandhijiexhortedt hepeasantst or esorttoSat yagrahaand
urgedf orpeacef ulornon- vi
olentprotest.Whent axwasnotpai dt hegov tsentagent sto
seizethepr oper t
y.Al otofpeasantwer eputt ojail
.Richfarmer s,Zami ndar sdidnot
j
oinKhedaSt ayagrah.Butov eral
l majorit
ywaswi t
hGandhi .Finall
yGov tagreedt o
suspendt het axf orcurrentyearandt henexty ear.

Rowl
attAct(
18Mar
ch,
1919)
UnderBr i
ti
shJudgeSyndeyRowl attar epressiveActwaspassedi n1919,of f
icial
l
y
call
edasAnarchi
alandRegul at
ionsCr imeAct .ThisActauthorizedtheGov ernmentt o
i
mpr i
sonanypersonwithouttri
alandconv i
ctionbythecour toflawonj ustthebasi sof
suspici
on.Noappealorpetit
ioncouldbef iledagainstsucharrestsforupto2y ears.The
Vicer
oywasChelmsf or
d.Thisaim oft hisactwast oabolishrevoltanduproot
conspir
acyagai
nsttheBrit
ishfrom India.

AllI
ndianmember softhecouncilr
esignedinprotestli
keMohammedAl iJi
nnah,
Mazharul Haq,MadanMohanMal vi
ya.Therewasawav eofangeramongIndi
anPeopl e
duet oRowlattAct
.Gandhijist
art
edcampai gnagainstRowl at
tActandsetup
SatyagrahaSabhaatBombay .OnApril6,1919Gandhi j
iorgani
zedamasspr otestand
str
ike(hart
al)atal
lIndi
alev
el i
ntheform ofSat
y agarha.Fasti
ngandpray
ingwasdone.

Jal
l
ianwal
l
aBaghMassacr
e(13Apr
il
,1919)
:
Twoleader
sfr
om Punjab(Amrit
sar)Dr
.Saif
uddinKi
tchl
ewandDr .Satyapalwere
th
ar
rest
edon10 April
1919.Peoplewerev er
yannoyedbythi
s,t
heyst art
edattackingthe
sy
mbolsofBri
ti
shAuthori
ty,
star
tedpel
tingstoneonBri
ti
shBuil
ding,burntBrit
ishFlags,
cr
owdbecamev er
yaggressi
ve.OnApri
l13ont heeveofBai
sakhi peoplegatheredin
Jal
lianwallaBaghAmr itsart oprotestagainstt
hear r
estoftheirleaders.Thear my
surroundedthegatheringunderor dersfrom Gener alDyerandbl ockedt heonlyexi t
pointandopenedf i
reont heunarmedcr owdwi thoutgivinganypr iorwar ni
ngt her ewas
amassmassacr e.Thei nci dentwasf ol
lowedbyunci vi
l
izedbr ut
alit
iesont he
i
nhabi t
antsofAmr i
tsar.Theent i
reNat i
onwasst unned.Rabi ndr
aNat hTagor er eturned
hi
skni ghthoodinprotest .Therewer evi
olenceall overspeciall
yinPunj ab,Gujarat,
t
h
Bengal whichdeepl
yhur tGandhi .HenceGandhi j
i cal
ledofftheMov ementon18 Apr i
l
t
h
1919.Hunt erCommi ssionwasappoi nt
edt oenqui r
eintothi
si n14 Oct ober1919
headedbyWi l
li
am Hunt er .

Rowl
attActwasr
epeal
edbyLor
dReadi
ngi
nthey
ear1922.

OnMarch1940,
SardarUdham Si
nghkil
l
edMi chael
O’Dwy
eri
nLondon,
theLt
.Gov
ernor
ofPunj
abwhosupport
edthemassacreof1919.

Khi
l
afatandNon-Cooper
ati
onMov
ement
:
Khi
l
afatMov
ement
:Fi
rstwor
ldwarst
art
edi
n1914,
bet
weenAl
l
iedpower
s(Br
it
ain,
Fr
ance,
Japan,
Russi
a,I
tal
y)andCent
ral
power
s(Ger
many
,Aust
ri
a-Hungar
y,Bul
gar
ia,
Ot
tomanEmpire)
.

SomeTur ki
shTr ibefoundedt heOt tomanEmpi re.Itr emai nedv erypower f
ulempi r
ei n
t
h th t
h
14 ,15 , 16 cent ury.Sul tanofOt tomanEmpi rewascal ledaskhal if
a.Musl im ofwhol e
worldconsi deredhi mt heirspiri
tual andr el
igiousl eader .Int heWarCent ralforceswer e
defeatedandhencest artedsi gningoft het reaties.Al li
edf orceswant edtohav etreaty
wit
hOt tomanEmpi r
ei nwhi chAlliespower swant edt oov er t
akeNon- Turki
shTer ri
tories
l
ikePal est i
ne, Lebanon, I
raq, Egypt .IfAll
iedpower shav esi gnedt het r
eatythiswoul d
wit
hdrawcont rolofKhal ifaont hesepossessi ons.Thati swhyt heMusl i
msal lovert he
worldwer er agedI ncludingI ndianMusl ims.Manyact ivi
ti
esi nsuppor tofKhalifastarted.
Themosti mpor t
antact i
vityinsuppor tofKhal if
awasseeni nIndiabyMuhammadAl i
andShaukatAl iJauhar( Al i
/Jauharbr ot
her s)withot herMusl im Leader sli
keMaul ana
AbdulKal am Azad, Mukht arAnsar i,SaifuddinKi tchlewi n1919est abli
shedanAl lI
ndi a
Khil
afatCommi tteefirstPr esidentofAl l I
ndiaKhi l
afatCommi tt
eewasGandhi ji.I
nt his
BoycottBr i
tishgoodsandnott ocooper atewi thBr i
tishGov t.KhilafatMov ementwasat
i
tspeak.Despi teoft hist reatywassi gnedbet weenOt t
omanEmpi reandAl l
iedpower s.
Ott
omanwasdi vi
dedandKhal i
fawasnowsul tanofonl yTur key.

Non-Cooper
ati
onMov
ement
(1920-
22):Gandhij
ifoundanoppor
tuni
tyi
nthe
Khil
afatmov ementasMusl i
mswer ealr
eadyagainstBr i
tishandi fHindusal sost arted
campai gningagai nstthem thent hewhol ecountrywi l
lbei nvolvedi
nt hi
s.Gandhi jion1st
August1920st ar t
edNonCooper at i
onMov ementandwhol ecountrywasi nv olved.It
wasl aterappr ov edbyI NCatt heNagpursessi oninDecember1920.Forj usticeof
Jal
li
anwal laBaghmassacr e,i
nsuppor tofKhil
afatMov ement ,andtoattainswar aj.In
thi
sMov ementGov tSchool s,Colleges,LawCour t
s, Legislati
vecouncilswer eboy cotted.
Boycot ti
ngf or eigngoodsandusi ngI ndi
anmadepr oduct sandsur r
enderoft it
lesand
honor aryof f
ices.C. RDas, JLNehr u,Sar
darPatel,SardarPat el,Raj
endraPr asadgav e
upthei rlegal pract i
ce.SubhashChandr aBoseresignedf rom t heCivi
lService.Thi s
mov ementwasgr owingatf astrat e.Manyleadi
ngnat i
onal i
stsopenedNat i
onal
School s/Col leges/Vi dy apeet
h.

On1stFebr
uar
yGandhi
j
ithr
eat
enedt
olaunchCi
vi
lDi
sobedi
encef
rom Bar
dol
i(Guj
arat
).
ChauriChauraIncident:ChauriChauraisasmall vi
ll
ageinGor akhpurDistr
ictUPon5
February1922,Retir
edAr myOficerBhagwanAhi rprotest
edagai nstsal
eofl i
quorand
highfoodpr i
cesinthemar ket
place,t
heseprotestorswerebeat enupbyt hepoliceand
l
eader swereputtoj ai
l
,twentytwoBr i
ti
shPoli
cemenwer ebur ntandputtodeat h.Due
tothisinci
dentGandhijiwentonaf i
vedaysfastaspenancef orwhatheper ceiv
edas
hisculpabi
li
tyinthebloodshedandhal t
edthenon- cooperat
ionmov ementon12
February1922ont henat i
onall
evel.

Mostofthel
eader
sli
keC.
RDas,Moti
lal
Nehru,
SubashChandraBose,
Jawahar
lal
Nehr
u,howeverwer
enoti
nfav
ouratGandhi
’
sdeci
siont
owi t
hdrawthemovement.
 Nat
ional
i
stMov
ement(
1922-
1930)

Swar
aji
stsandNo-
Changer
s:
Ther
ewasadi si
ntegr
ationanddi
sorgani
zati
onamongt henat
ional
i
stsaf
tert
hear
rest
ofGandhi
j
iin1922ast owhatshoul
dbet henextcour
seofacti
on.

Onesect ionledbyC.RDas,Mot i
lal
Nehru,
NCKel karandAjmal Khancamet obeknown
asPr o-Changer s/
Swaraj
i
sts.Theywantedtoendt heboy
cot toflegi
slat
ivecouncil
sso
thatnationali
stscoul
denterthem t
oexposethem.Theywant edtoendormendt hese
councils.i.
e.i
ftheGovtwouldnotlist
entothei
rdemandst heywoul dobstructt
he
functi
oningoft hecounci
l
s.

Theotherschoolofthoughtl
edbyVallabhbhaiPat
el,
Rajendr
aPr asad,C.
Raj
agopalachar
iandM. AAnsaricamet obeknownasNo- changers.TheNo-changers
opposedthecouncilentr
y,advocat
edcontinuat
ionofboycottandnon-cooperati
on
movementandqui etprepar
ati
onofresumpt i
onofthesuspendedcivil
disobedience
movement .

InDecember1922GayasessionINCPr esidentwasCRDasandSecr et
aryMot i
l
al
Nehrutheyputfor
war
dhisproposal ofCouncilEntr
yandt heyfai
ledt ogetthemajori
ty
support
.CRDasandMot i
lal
Nehr uresignedoftheirrespectivepostsandf ormedanew
st
part
yknownasCongress-
KhilfatSwarajPartyorSwar ajPartyon1 Januar y1923in
whichPresi
dentwasC.RDasandMot il
alNehrujiasSecr etar
y.

In1923elect
ions,
Swaraj
i
stsmanagetowin42seatsoutof101electedsets.The
courageousanduncompromisi
ngmannerintheyf
uncti
onedconvi
ncedev er
yonet
hat
theywouldnotbecomeanotherl
imbofBri
ti
shGovernment.Thet
wogr oupsgot
reuni
tedin1930.

Si
monCommi
ssi
on(
1927)
:
TheCommissi
onwasduein1929buttheconser
vat
iveGovti
nBri
tai
ntheni
npower
fear
eddef
eatbyt
hel
abourPart
ythat
’swhyboughttheCommissi
onin1927onl
y.

On8thNov
ember1927Asev
enmemberIndi
anStat
utoryCommi
ssionknownasSi
mon
Commissi
on(
chair
manJohnSi
mon)wasappoi
nted.TheCommissi
onhadtosubmi
ta
r
eportthatwhet
herI
ndi
awasr
eadyf
orf
urt
herConst
it
uti
onal
Ref
ormsornotandon
whatli
nes.

TheI ndi
anresponseagainstthecommissi
onwasi
mmediat
eandnearl
yunani
mous
Indi
ansangeredast her
ewasnoI ndi
anMemberi
ntheCommissi
on.I
ndi
answere
againsttheal
l-
whitecommi ssion.

3rdFebr uary1928Commi ssionl

andedinBombay .Thecountrywashav i
nghartal
and
massr all
ies.Therewereblackflagdemonstr
ati
onsandsl ogansof‘Si
monGoBack’ .At
th
Lahor e30 Oct ober1928ademonst rat
ionl
edbyLal aLajPatRaiwasheld.TheGovt
usedbr utal repr
essionanddi dl
athi
chargeontheprotest
ors.Lal
aLaj PatRaigot
seriouslyinjuredinthi
sprotestandhepassedawayduet ot hei
njur
iesinNovember
17,1928.

TheNehr
uRepor
tof1928:
Asananswert oLor dBir
kenhead’schallenge,anallPart
iesConferencemetinFebruary
1928andappoi ntedacommi t
teeundert hechair
manshipofMot il
al Nehr
utodraf
ta
const
it
ution.Thiswasthef i
rstmajorstept odraftaconsti
tut
ionalfr
ameworkforthe
count
ry.Thecommi t
teeincl
udedTej BahadurSapr u,SubashChandr aBose,
MSAney ,
Mangalsingh,AliImam,ShuabQuer shi
, GRPr adhan,j
awaharLal Nehruasit
smember s.
Thereportwasf i
nali
zedinAugust1928.

Maj
orRecommendat
ionsofNehr
uRepor
twer
e:
Domi
nionSt
atusonl
i
nesofsel
fgov
erni
ngdomi
nions.

Feder
alFor
m ofGov
twi
thr
esi
duar
ypower
stoCent
re

Rej
ect
ionofSepar
ateel
ect
orat
es.

Li
ngui
sti
cPr
ovi
nces.

Nineteenfundamentalri
ght
sincl
udi
ngequal
right
sforwomen,
ri
ghtt
ofor
m uni
ons,
and
universal
adultsuf
frage

Ful
lresponsi
blegov
tatt
hecent
real
ongwi
thaut
onomyt
othepr
ovi
nces

Abi
camer
all
egi
slat
ureatt
hecent
re.

Musli
m League,Hi
nduMahasabhaandsikhcommuniti
eswereunhappyaboutt
he
Nehrurepor
t.Theyoungsect
ionoft
heCongressl
ikeJawaharl
alNehruandSubhash
ChandraBosewerealsoangr
yoverthedomi
nionstat
us.

Earl
ierinDecember1927, al ar
genumberofMusl i
msl eadershadmetatDel hiatthe
Muslim Leaguesessi onandev olvedf ourproposalsf orMuslim demandst obe
i
ncor porat
edi nthedr aftconstituti
on.Thesepr oposal swereacceptedbyt heMadr as
sessionoft heCongr esscamet oknownas‘ DelhiProposal’
.Howev ertheHindu
Mahasabhaopposedt heproposal .Thus, Mot i
lalNehr uandotherleadersdrafti
ngt he
reportwereputi ndilemma.Thent herewer ecertainamendment smadei ntheNehr u
report.Lat
er, attheal lPar
tiesConf erenceheldatCal cuttai
nDecember1928t o
considertheNehr uRepor t
,MohammadAl iJi
nnahonbehal fofMusl i
m League
proposedt hreeamendment stot her eport.Thesedemandswer enotincorporatedinthe
reportandinMar ch1929Ji nnahgav efourteenpoi nt
swhi chwer etobecomet hebasis
ofallfutur
eact i
onsoft heMusl iml eague.
I
rwin’sSt
atementOct ober31,1929:AnewlabourGovernmentt
ookOff
icei
n
Uni
tedKi
ngdom wi
thRamsayMacdonal
dasthePri
meMi ni
ster.I
rwi
nthet
henVicer
oy,
Pr
oposedRoundTabl
eConf
erencet
odi
scusst
hef
indi
ngofSi
monCommi
ssi
on.

Del
hiMani
fest
o2Nov
ember
,1929:
Aconf
erenceofpr
omi
nentnat
ional
leader
s
i
ssuedDel hi mani
fest
owhichdemandedthatthepur
poseofRoundTableConf
erence
shouldbet oimplementthedomini
onst
atus.Thecongressshoul
dhav
ethemajori
ty
repr
esentationinConfer
ence.Vi
cer
oyIr
winreject
edthesedemandsonDecember23,
1929.

Lahor
esessi
on(
1929)& Poor
naSwar
aj:
JawaharlalNehruwasnominatedast hePresidentforLahoresessionoft
heCongress
i
nDecember1929.Compl et
eI ndependence( PoornaSwaraj)declar
edastheaim oft
he
congress.TheRTChadtobeboy cotted.January26,1930declaredasthefir
st
IndependenceDaytobecel
ebratedev er
ywher e.

December31,1929:
AtmidnightonthebanksofRaviRi
verthenewlyadopt
edTr
icol
our
fl
agoffr
eedom washoist
edami dstsl
ogansofI
nquil
abZindabad.Ther
ewasCharkha
i
nt hemi
ddlenotAshokaChakrathatt
imeinTheFlag.
26Januar
y1930:Thedecl
arat
ionofPoor
naSwaraj
waspublicl
yissued.Publi
c
meeti
ngswerehel
d.TheI
ndependencepl
edgewasreadouti
nlocallanguages.
 Nat
ional
i
stMov
ement(
1930-
32)

Ci
vi
lDi
sobedi
enceMov
ement

Sal
tSat
yagr
aha/Dandi
Mar
ch(
12Mar
ch-
6Apr
il
,1930)

I
rwi
nwast
heVi
cer
oy(
1926-
1931)
.

CongressWorki
ngCommi tteeaut
hori
zedGandhij
itostartamassmov ement.Byending
Februar
yGandhi
jihaddecidedt omakesaltt
hecentralformul
afort
heCDM.Sal ttaxbil
l
waspassedbyBriti
shGov ernmentin1882.Gandhi
jit
houghtthatt
herecan’tbeanytax
asinhumanasSalttax.Salttaxal
onecomprisedof15%oft ot
alBri
ti
shrevenue.He
chosesal
tasthecentr
alf
ormulasincesal
tissuchacommodi
tywhom ev
ery
onecan
rel
atet
oiti
rr
especti
veofcast
e,r
eli
gion,
ri
chorpoor.

12March,
1930Gandhij
ialongwithhis78f oll
owers/membersstart
edmar chi
ngf rom
Sabar
matiAshr
am,t
ocoastofDandi vi
l
lage,cover
ingalmost390km, Dandimar chis
al
soknownaswhit
eflowingr i
ver
.Thesaltlawwasv iol
atedbycoll
ecti
ngahandf ull
of
sal
tfr
om t
hebeachon6Apr i
l1930thusmar ki
ngthebeginni
ngofCi v
ilDi
sobedience
Movement.

Onthesamel i
nesC.Raj
agopal
acharil
edamar chinTamilNadu,f
rom Tir
uchi
rapal
lyto
Vedar
anniyam.InMal
abar,
K.Kelappanledamar chfr
om Cal
icutt
oPoy annur
.InAssam
sat
yagrahi
swalkedfr
om Syl
hett
oNoakhal i
(Bengal
)tomakesalt.

IntheCDM: t
her ewoul dbecompl et
enon- v i
olence, Nott opayl andt ax, Boy cot tal
l
Gov ernmentor gani zation,peacef ulpicket i
ngofshopst hatsol df oreigngoods.
Object i
v eswast odi sfunctiont heBr i
tishGov tusi ngpeacef ul met hods.Gandhi j
i
decidedt obr eakt hesal tl
awi nDhar asanaSal twor ksnextal most125km awayf rom
Dandi .Bef or ethiscoul dhappenGandhi j
iwasar rest edi nMay4, 1930asgov twant edt o
suppr esst her evolt.Af t
ert hear r
estofGandhi ,Sar ojini Naidul edt hemov ementt o
Dhar asana.Gandhi j
i al
ongwi thmai nl eader swer ear rested.Gandhi ’
sar restwas
foll
owedbypr ot estsi nBombay ,Del
hi ,Calcut ta,Shol apur (Mahar asht ra),Bihar ,Gujarat,
Karnat aka, Assam, Uni t
edPr ov i
nces, Mani pur , Nagal and, Peshawar( KhanAbdul Gaffar
Khanal socal l
edasBadshahKhanandFr ont ierGandhi hadst artedt hef irstPusht o
poli
tical mont hlyPukht oonandhador gani zedav olunt eerbr igade‘ Khudai Khi dmat gars’
,
popul arlyknownas‘ Redshi r
ts’whower epl edgedt ot hef reedom st ruggl eandnon-
viol
ence)wher et her esponsewast hef iercest .TheMov ementwentwi thgr eatef fort
s.
Themobi l
i
zat i
onofmasseswascar ri
edoutt hroughpr abhatpher i
es, vanarsenas,
manj ari senas, secretpat ri
kasandmagi clant er nshows.Al lpar ti
ci patedi nt he
mov ementi ncludi ngwomen, student s,Mer chant sandt r
ader s,Tr ibals,wor ker s,
Peasant s.Lat hichar geandf i
ringonunar medcr owdsl eftsev eral kill
edandwounded
while90, 000sat yagr ahisincludingGandhi andot herCongr essl eader swer ei mpr isoned.
Thismov ementbr oughtI ndianf reedom st ruggl einl imel ightofwest er nmedi al i
ke
Amer i
canMedi a.
Lor
dIr
wincal
l
edGandhi
andCongr
essf
ort
alksf
inal
l
yinJanuar
y1931.

Fi
rstRoundTabl
eConf
erence(
Nov
ember1930-
Januar
y1931)
:

TheConf
erencewashel
dinLondon,
chai
redbyBr
it
ishPM RamsayMacDonal
d.

Thefi
rstRTCwasheldi
nli
euoft
heI
rwi
n’sst
atementi
nOct
ober31,
1929thatRTCwil
l
behel
dt odi
scusst
heSimonCommi
ssi
onof1927whichpubl
i
shedit
sreporti
n1930.

Thiswast hefi
rsteverconferencearrangedbetweentheBrit
ishandIndiansasequals.
Whi l
etheCongressboy cott
edt heFir
stRTC, theMusli
m League,theHinduMahasabha,
theLiber
al Par
tyandPr i
ncesat t
endedi t
.Dr.B.RAmedkarrepresenti
ngthedepr
essed
classesal
sopar t
ici
pated.57pol i
ti
calleader
sf r
om I
ndiapart
ici
patedexceptCongress.

Si
nceCongr
essdi
dnotpar
ti
cipat
ether
ewasnoout
comeofFi
rstRTC.
Gandhi
-I
rwi
nPactorDel
hiPact(
1931)

On25January,1931Gandhi andall
otherleaderswer erel
easedfr
om Pr
ison.A
di
scussionwasheldbetweenGandhi andViceroyIrwinandapactwassignedbetween
I
rwinandGandhij
iinDelhii
nMar ch1931.ThisDelhi pactorGandhi
-I
rwi
npactplaced
Congressonequalfoot
ingwiththeGov er
nment .I
rwinagreedon–

1.I
mmedi
ater
eleaseofpol
i
tical
pri
soner
snoti
nvol
vedi
nvi
olence

2.Remi
ssi
onofal
lfi
nesnoty
etcol
l
ect
ed

3.Ret
urnofal
ll
andsnoty
etsol
dtot
het
hir
dpar
ty

4.Leni
entt
reat
mentt
othosegov
t.ser
vant
swhohadr
esi
gned

5.Ri
ghtt
omakesal
tincoast
alv
il
lagesf
orper
sonal
usenotf
orsal
e

6.Ri
ghtt
opeacef
ulandnon-
aggr
essi
vepi
cket
ing

7.Wi
thdr
awal
ofemer
gencyor
dinances

Thev
icer
oy,
howev
ert
urneddownt
woofGandhi
’
sdemands–

i
. Publ
i
cinqui
ryi
ntopol
i
ceexcesses,
and
 i
i
. Commut at
ionofBhagatSi
nghandhi
scomr
adesdeat
hsent
encet
oli
fe
sent
ence.

Gandhi
onbehalfofCongressagr
eedt
osuspendt
heCi
vi
lDi
sobedi
enceMov
ementand
t
oparti
cipat
einsecondRTC.

Wi
thGandhi
-Ir
winpactonephaseofCDM wasov
erf
rom 1930-
1931.

Kar
achi
Congr
essSessi
on1931:
Aspeci
alsessi
onofCongresswashel
dinKarachi
inMarch1931pr
esi
dedbySar
dar
Val
l
abhabhaiPatel
tor
evieworappr
ovetheGandhi-
Ir
winPact
.

Twor
esol
uti
onswer
eadopt
ed–oneonFundament
alRi
ght
sand

t
heot
heronNat
ional
Economi
cPr
ogr
amme(
draf
tedbyJawaharLal
Nehr
u).

SecondRTC(
Sept
ember
-December1931):
AsCongr esshadagr
eedt oatt
endthesecondRTCunderDelhiPactorGandhi
-I
rwi
n
Pactt
obehel dinLondonin1931.MahatmaGandhipart
ici
patedinSecondRTCalong
wit
hleadersli
keSaoji
niNaiduandMadanMohanMal vi
a.Bythisti
meI r
winhadgone
andWill
ingdonwasViceroyinIndi
a.

Ther
ewasapol i
ti
cal
unresti
nBri
tai
nPoli
ti
csthatti
me.TheRightWingConserv
ativ
es
demandedst
ronggovti
nIndi
a.Theyobj
ectedtheBri
ti
shgov
tt onegot
iat
ewithIndi
ans
asequal
s.

Thesessionwassoongotdeadl ockedont hequest

ionofthemi noriti
es.The
unt
ouchabl eswereHindusandshouldnotbegivenseparateelectoratesorspecial
saf
eguardst oMusli
msorot herminori
ti
es.Thesecl
aimswer er ej
ectedbyDrB. R
Ambedkar .Separ
ateelect
orat
eswer edemandedbyMusl i
ms, Depr essedclasses,
Chri
sti
ans, andAngl
o-Indi
ans–t heyfor
medaMi nori
tyPact.Gandhi didnotfavourthi
s.

Noagreementcoul
dbereachedinsecondRTC.Gandhi
hadt
oret
urnt
oIndi
a
di
sappoint
edonDecember28,1931.

On29December1931theCongr
essWor
kingCommi
tt
eeCWCdeci
dedt
oresumeCi
vi
l
Di
sobedi
enceMovement.

On4Januar y1932, Gandhiwasarrestedwit

ht hestartofsecondphaseofCi vi
l
DisobedienceMov ement .Congr
esswasbannedar r
estswer emadeofl eaders,acti
vi
sts.
Gandhi Ashramswer eoccupi
ed.Presswasr estri
ctedandnat ional
i
stsl i
terat
urewas
al
sobanned.Peopl erespondedwi t
hangerthoughnotpr eparedtheresponsewas
massivesoonar ound80, 000satyagrahi
swer ejail
ed,non-vi
olentprotestswer eheld.
Thisphaseofmov ementcoul dnotsustai
nforl ongbecauseGandhi andot herleaders
couldnotbui l
dupt hetempo.Themasseswer enotprepared.

Communal
Awar
dorMacDonal
dAwar
d(16August1932)
:
TheCommunal AwardwasannouncedbytheBri
tishPr
imeMi nist
erRamsay
MacDonal
di nAugust1932ontherecommendat
ionof‘
FranchiseCommitt
ee’
.Thi
s
showeddi
videandrulepol
icyofBr
iti
sh.

TheMusl
i
ms,
SikhsandChr
ist
ianshadal
readybeenr
ecogni
zedasmi
nor
it
ies.The
communalAwarddecl
aredthedepr
essedcl
assesal
sot
obemi
nor
it
iesandent
it
led
them t
osepar
ateel
ect
orates.

Alll
eader sofCongressstronglydi
sagreedwi t
hthesecommunal award.Gandhi who
wasi nYer av
adaj ai
lPoonasawt hecommunal awar dasanat tackonIndianunityand
nationali
sm.Het houghtitwasharmf ult
obot hHinduism andt odepressedclasses.
Gandhi demandedt hatthedepressedclassesbeel ectedbyjointel
ectoratet
hrough
universaladultf
ranchi
sewhi l
eexpressi
ngnoobj ectiontoincreasethenumberof
reservedseats.Forthi
shewentonani ndefini
tefastonSept ember20, 1932in
Yeravadaj ai
l,
Poona.
PoonaPact(
25Sept
ember1932)
:

SignedbyBRAmbedkaronbehal fofdepr essedclassesinSeptember1932,thepact

abandonedsepar at
eelector
atef ordepressedclasses.Butseat st
heseatsr
eservedfor
depressedclasseswereincreasedinpr ovinci
all
egislatur
esfrom 71to147and18%of
thetotali
nthecentral
legisl
ature.ThePoonapactwasaccept edbythegovtasan
amendmentt ot hecommunal Awar d.Gandhi j
ibr
okehi sfastaft
ersi
xdaysoffasti
ng.
Fi
rstPhaseofCDM-1930-
1931

CDM suspendedduet
oGandhi
-Ir
winPact
-1931

SecondphaseofCDM-Januar
y1932-1934
 Nat
ional
i
stMov
ement(
1932-
40)

Thi
rdRoundTabl
eConf
erence(
Nov
ember1932-December1932)
:
Thi
rdRTCwashel di
nNovember1932,inLondonwithoutpar
ti
cipat
ionofCongr
ess.
Thediscussi
onsledtot
heformulat
ionoftheActof1935.BRAmbedkarandTej
BahadurSaprutookpar
tinal
lthr
eeRTCs.

Gov
ernmentofI
ndi
aAct
,1935:
Vi
cer
oywasWi l
l
ingdon.TheGov
ernmentofI
ndi
aActwaspassedi
nBri
tishPar
li
ament
i
nAugust1935wasbasedontherepor
tofSi
monCommissionandout
comeofRTC.

ThisActof1935wascondemnedbynearl
yal
lsecti
onsandrej
ectedbyCongress.Si
nce
ther
ewasnoment i
onofDominionSt
atusandfut
ureplansf
orconcessi
ons.

LucknowSessi
onofI
NC1936:
Pr
esi
dent:
Jawahar
lal
Nehr
usuppor
tedbySubashChandr
aBose.

Decidedtocont
estPr
ovincialel
ect
ionsof1937andpost
ponet
hedeci
siononof
fi
ce
acceptancet
othepostelecti
onphase.

Fai
zpurSessi
onofI
NC1937:
Faizpuri
nMaharashtr
aPresidedbyJawahar
lalNehru.I
nthi
ssessionitwasdeci
ded
thatCongresswi
llf
orm Governmentwher
eev eri
thaswontheelecti
ons.

El
ect
ionsofFebr
uar
y1937:

Thesewer
ePr
ovi
nci
alel
ect
ionshel
din1936-
37.I
tgotamaj
ori
tyi
nmaxi
mum oft
he
pr
ovi
nces.Congressmi ni
str
ieswerefor
medi nBombay ,
Madras,
Central
Provi
nces,
Bi
har
,andlateri
nNWFPandAssam al soexceptforSi
ndhandPunjab.Musl
im League
al
sopart
ici
patedintheseelect
ionsbutcoul
dnotform Gover
nmentinanyprov
ince.

TheCongr
essMi
nist
ri
es1937-
1939:

Congr
essfor
medmi ni
stri
esi
nprovi
nces–Madr
as,
Bombay
,Cent
ral
Prov
inces,
Ori
ssa,
Bi
har,
Unit
edProv
inces,NWFP,Assam.

Ther
ewasagr eati
ncr
easeI
nthepr
est
igeofCongr
essamongpeopl
e.Ther
ewasl
otof
ent
husi
asm amongmasses.

1938(
Presi
dentofINCwasSubashChandr
aBose)–Nati
onalPl
anni
ngCommi
tt
eewas
appoi
ntedheadedbyJawahar
lal
Nehru,
ontheadvi
ceofMeghnadSaha.
Har
ipur
aSessi
onofI
NC1938:
Heldi
n1938i nHari
pur
aGuj
aratpresi
dedbySubashChandraBose.Si
ncehewasleft
wingsuppor
terandhadar
evolut
ionar
yapproachforNat
ional
Freedom st
ruggl
eas
opposi
teofGandhi
j
iwasgai
ningpopul
ari
t nmasses.
yi

Tr
ipur
iSessi
onorTr
ipur
iCr
isi
sofI
NC1939:
HeldinMarch1939inTr i
purivi
ll
agenearJabalpur,MadhyaPradeshagai nSubash
ChandraBosecontest
edf orthepresident
shipofCongressagainstDrPattabhi
Si
taramaya(Andhr
aPr adeshhomet own).TheRightwi
ngleadersopposedNet aji
SubashChandraBose.Net aj
iBosehowev erwont hePresi
dent
ialposit
ion.

Actual
l
yther
ewasacl earfaceoffbet
weenGandhij
ii
nsupportofrightwingleader
s
andNetaj
iSubashChandraBose.Bosewashavingaper
cept
iont hatri
ghtwingleader
s
wouldcompromisewi
ththeBr i
ti
shgover
nmentontheFeder
ationstatusofthecountr
y
whichinanycondit
ionBosedi dnotwant.TheCongressinter
nalst
rif
ereachedatit
s
peak.Ther
eforeBoser esi
gnedfrom thePr
esident
shipoftheCongress.Raj
endra
Prasadbecameani nteri
m Presi
dent.InMay1939-40SubhashChandr aBoseformed
ForwardBlocpar
tylaunchedinUnitedProvi
nce,Unnaoincludi
ngalll
eftwingcongress
member s.

SecondWor
ldWarandNat
ional
i
stResponse:
Sept
ember1,
1939:
Ger
manyat
tacksPol
and,
secondWor
ldWarst
art
s.

September3,
1939:Brit
aindecl
areswaragainstGer
manyanddecl
aresI
ndi
a’
ssuppor
t
fort
hewarwithoutconsult
ingI
ndianopi
nion.

CongressMinist
ri
eshencer esi
gnedonthisissueinOctober1939si
ncethethen
Vi
ceroyLordLinli
thgow(
viceroyfr
om 1936-43)decl
aredthatI
ndiawi
llbefi
ghti
ng
al
ongsideBri
taininWWII.

CongressWor
kingCommit
teemeeti
ngwashel
dinWar
dhai
nSept
ember10-
14,
1939t
o
di
scussthest
andonBri
ti
shsuppor
tinWWII
.

Gandhi
j
i suppor
tedBr
it
aininWWIIhesuppor
tedBr
it
ainwhi
chf
unct
ionedont
hel
i
nesof
Democracyandwasagainstt
otal
i
tar
ianNazi
s.

SubashChandraBosear guedt
hatthewarwasani mperial
istone.Thereisnoquesti
on
ofsuppor
ti
ngeitherofthetwosides.I
nstead,advant
ageshoul dbet akenofthe
si
tuati
ontowrestfreedom byi
mmedi at
elystart
ingCivi
lDisobediencemov ement.

Nehru’
sargumentwasof fici
all
yadopt
edbyt heCongressWor ki
ngCommi t
tee.CWC
decl
aredthatIndi
acouldnotfightawarfordemocracyfreedom whilet
hatfreedom was
deni
edtoher .TheCongressdemandedthatanationalgov er
nmentshouldbe
i
mmedi at
elyformedandt hatBri
tai
nshouldpromi
set hatIndiawouldbecome
i
ndependentassoonast hewarwasov er.HoweverViceroyLi nl
i
thgowrepr
esenting
Bri
ti
shref
usedt omeetthedemand.

Congr essMinist
rieshenceresi
gnedont hi
sissueinOctober1939si
ncet hethen
ViceroyLordLinli
thgow(vi
ceroyfr
om 1936-43)decl
aredthatI
ndiawi
llbef i
ghti
ng
alongsideBri
taininWWI Iwit
houtconsulti
ngIndi
ans.MohammadAl iJinnahcall
ed
Indi
anMusl i
mst ocelebr
ateDeli
veranceDayon22December1939.
AugustOf
fer,
8August1940:
Thi
swasanof f
erputf orwardbyLinli
thgowt opaci
fyt
heI ndi
anNationalCongr
esshe
off
eredDomi ni
onstatusi nuncert
ainfuture,
apost-
warbodyt oenacttheconsti
tut
ion,
toexpandt heGovernor -
General’
sExecut i
veCounci
l.I
twasr ej
ect
edbyCongr essandby
Muslim Leaguealso,sinceMusl i
m Leaguewant edpart
it
ionandtherewasnopr ovi
sion
ofparti
ti
oni nAugustOf fer.

Demandf
orPaki
stan:
From t
hev
erybeginni
ngoffor
mationofMusli
m Leaguei
n1906i twasputf
orwardthat
Musli
mswerenotinvol
vedinact
ivepol
it
icst
heywerenotgett
ingbigj
obsorposit
ions
andwerever
yfaroftheel
it
esecti
onsofsoci
etyandweredepri
vedofmanypriv
il
eges.

Musliml eaguer eali

zedthatmaybet heycoul
dgetsomepr ivi
l
egesassepar at
e
elect
orate, r
eservedseatsetcbuttheywouldnotbeabletocomei ntopoli
ti
calpower
.
Theywi l
l neverenjoypoli
ti
calvi
ctoryandform gov
ernment.Andt heelect
ionof1937
addedt ot hi
sper cepti
onasMuslimsdi dn’
twinanyseati
nelections.Form 1937-
39
underthemi ni
stryofCongress,
Musl i
m LeagueaccusedCongr essgov er
nmentthat
theydidn’tfavorMusl i
m popul
ati
on.

In1930AllamaMuhammadI qbalpr
esidentofAll
ahabadsessi
onofMusli
m League
spokeofcr eat
ionofasepar
atehomelandf ort
hemuslimsofindi
a.Heact
uall
ystat
ed
Musli
mI ndiawi t
hinI
ndi
a.Hedidn’
tuse‘Pakist
an’wordanywhere.

Thecr
edi
ttofor
mt henamePaki
stangoestoChaudharyRehmatAl
i
.Hecoi
nedt
he
namePakist
anin1933.Hewasastudentandateacher.
Musli
m Leaguef
irstpassedtheproposalofsepar
atePaki
stani
nitsLahoresessi
onin
March1940(cal
l
edasJi nnah’sTwo-Nati
onTheory).I
twasdraf
tedbySikanderHayat
Khan.

I
nDecember1943,
theKar
achi
sessi
onoft
heMusl
i
m Leagueadopt
edt
hesl
ogan
‘
Div
ideandqui
t’
.

Thei
deabecameev
enmor
efi
rmi
n1946af
tert
hef
ail
ureoft
hecabi
netmi
ssi
on.

Gandhi
j
irej
ect
edt
het
wo-
nat
iont
heor
y.
 Nat
ional
i
stMov
ement(
1940-
1945)

Ramgar
hSessi
onofI
NCi
nMar
ch1940:
Presi
dedbyMaulanaAbdulKalam Azad.I
nthi
ssessi
onitwasdecidedt
hatwhenev
er
thesi
tuat
ionwi
l
lariseCi
vi
lDisobedienceMovementwil
lbel
aunched.

Sessi
onof1940wast hesecondlastsessi
onofINCbeforeIndependenceaft
er1940
nextsessi
onhappenedi
n1946(lastsessi
onofINCbeforeIndependence)i
nMeerut
presi
dedbyAcharyaJBKri
plani
.

I
ndi
vi
dual
Sat
yagar
haOct
ober1940-
June1941:
Aftert
herej
ecti
onofAugustOfferbyI
NCandMusl i
m LeaguetheBrit
ishGover
nment
becametostri
ctitbannedt
hepresscurbi
ngf
reedom ofspeech,
freedom t
oform
associ
ati
ons,bannedthepr
otests.

Gandhil
aunchedli
mitedSat
y agrahaonindiv
idualbasissincehedidn’
twantabigmass
movementsinceBri
ti
shgovtisi nmiddl
eoft hewarandi sweaksoweshoul dnot
bot
herthem wit
hhugemassmov ement.Satyagr
ahaal socall
edformarcht
owards
Del
hicall
edas“DelhiChal
o”.FirstI
ndiv
idualSatyagrahiwasVinodaBhavesecondwas
JLNehru.Thi
smov ementdidn’tgai
nmuchpopul ari
ty.

TheBri
ti
shgovernmentdesper
atelywant
edtosecur
eCongressCooper
ati
oninWWI I
andsavetheBr
it
ishter
ri
tori
esi
nI ndi
a,i
nthef
aceofaggr
essionbyImperi
alJapan.

Gandhij
idesi
gnat
edNehr
uashi spol
i
tical
successorst
il
ltheyhadi
deol
ogi
cal
di
ffer
encesmuchwesawi n1930’
s.
Cr
ippsMi
ssi
on1942:
InMarch1942amissionheadedbyStaf
for
dCri
ppswassentt
oIndi
awi
th
const
it
uti
onalpr
oposalst
oseekIndi
anSuppor
tfort
hewar.

Sincet
her
ewaspr essur
eonBrit
ainfr
om theAl
li
es(USA,USSR,China)toseekIndi
an
cooper
ati
on.Indi
annati
onal
i
stshadagreedtosuppor
ttheAll
iedcauseifsubst
anti
al
powerwastransf
err
edimmediat
elyandcompletei
ndependencegivenaft
erthewar.

Mai
npr
oposal
sinCr
ippsMi
ssi
onwer
e:

AnIndianUnionwit
hadomini
onstat
uswoul
dbesetup, i
twoul
dbefreet
odecidei
ts
rel
ati
onswiththecommonweal
thandfr
eetopar
ti
cipat
eintheUni
tedNat
ions.

Af
tert
hewaraconst
it
uentAssembl
ywoul
dbeconv
enedt
ofr
ameanewconst
it
uti
on.

DefenseofIndi
awoul
dbei
nBr
it
ishhandsandt
heof
fi
ceoft
hegov
ernorgener
alwoul
d
remainint
act.

TheCr i
ppsMissionpr oposalfail
edt osati
sfyIndianNati
onalist
sandt ur
nedoutt obe
merelyapropaganda.Thecongr essr ej
ect
edi tasitdemandedcompl eteIndependence.
TheMusl i
m Leaguecr it
ici
zedt heideaofasi ngleIndi
anUnion.MLt houghtthatthe
proposaldeni
edtot heMusl imst herightt
osel fdeter
minati
onandt hecreati
onof
Pakist
an.TheLiberalsandt heHi nduMahasabhaal socri
ti
cizedtheproposal.
Qui
tIndi
aMov
ement1942:
Aft
erthefai
lur
eofCrippsMi ssi
on,Gandhiframedaresol
uti
oncal li
ngforBri
ti
sh
wit
hdrawalandnon-
violentmov ement.TheCWCmeet ingatWar dha(Maharasht
ra)14
Jul
y1942acceptedthei deaforst
ruggle.I
nAugust9,ameetingwashel dinGowalia
Tank,
Bombayandt heQui tIndi
aMov ementResolut
ionwasof f
icial
lyl
aunched.

Themant r
aof‘Doordi e’wasgi venbyGandhi .Weshal lei
therfreeIndi
aordi einthe
att
empt .Gandhihadcar efullybuil
tupthetempooft hemov ementamongt hemasses.
Thegov t.wasnotinamoodt onegoti
ateinAugust9, allt
hetopl eaderswerearrest
ed
andt akent ounknowndest inati
ons.Congresswasbanned, GandhijiwaskeptinAga
KhanPal ace,Pune.Thear restsprovokedindignati
onamongt hemassesandt he
mov ementbecamespont aneousandv iol
ent.Severalgovt.of
ficesweredest r
oyed,
tel
egr aphwi r
eswer ecut, communi cati
onparalyzed.Thetrendofunder ground
rev
olut i
onar i
esalsostarted.

Thet
rendofr
evol
uti
onar
yNat
ional
i
sm act
ivi
ti
esst
art
ed.

Musl
i
mleague,
HinduMahasabha,
theCommuni
stPar
tydi
dn’
tpar
ti
cipat
e.
Themainleadersoftherevol
twere:ArunaAsifAli
,Ram ManoharLohiy
a,UshaMehta,
Bij
upatnai
k,Sudhet
aKr i
plani
,Jai
prakashNarayan.UshaMehtastart
edanundergr
ound
radi
oinBombay .

Februar
y1943:Gandhi
jist
art
edaf astagai
nsttheexhor
tat
iont
ocondemnv
iol
ence,
the
fastwasdi
rect
edagainstvi
olenceofthestat
e.

March23,1943:
Muslim Leagueobser
ved‘
Paki
stanDay
’agai
nrai
singv
oicef
ora
separ
atenati
onforI
ndianMuslims.

By1944Qui
tIndiaMov ementhadstatedf
adi
ngawayduetothearrestofmaximum of
i
tsl
eader
sandt hev i
olencetowardsthemassesduet
otheBrit
ishf
or ces.The
movementwascr ushed.Thismov ementt
houghwasnotasuccessbutagr eati
mpact
.

TheI
ndi
anNat
ional
Army(
INA)
:
TheideaofIndianNati
onal Ar
mywasf i
rstconcei
vedbyRashBehari
Bose(handl
ing
Pol
iti
call
eadershipI
ndianIndependenceLeagueParty)whohadfl
edtoJapanin1915,
wit
ht hehel
pofMohanSi nghanIndianOffi
cerofBri
ti
shIndi
anArmyinMalaya.

Phase1.TheJapanesehandedov ertheI
ndianpr
isoner
sofwar(Pri
soner
sofWar)t
o
MohanSinghwhot r
iedt or
ecr
uitt
hem intoI
NA.TheI NAwasi
ntendedtogoint
oact
ion
oninv
itat
ionoft
heIndianNati
onal Congr
essandthepeopl
eofIndi
a.1941-
42INAwas
for
med.LaterMohanSi nghl
eftI
NA.

Phase2.Therewasar ev
ival
inIndianNati
onalAr
myaf t
erthearri
valofSubhash
ChandraBosei nJapani
n1943atSi ngapor
e.Rasbehar
iBosehandedov erthe
l
eadershiptoBose.ThetwoINAheadquar t
erswereatSi
ngaporeand
Rangoon(My namar)
.Hepopulari
zedINAasAzadHi ndFauj.Bosegavetherousi
ngwar
cr
y‘Dil
liChalo’
.

INAhadthreef
ight
ingBri
gadenamedafterGandhi
,Azad,
andNehr
u.RaniJahnsi
Bri
gadewasanexclusi
vewomenf or
ce.TheINAwomenr egi
mentwasledbyCaptai
n
LakshmiSwaminat
han.
TheINAlaunchedanattackonI
ndi
aandpenet
rat
edi
ntot
heI
ndi
anTer
ri
tor
yfr
om
NagalandandManipurside.

INATRI ALS1945- 46: Tr

ailofthesoldiersofINAwashel datRedFor tDel hi
.TheI NA
l
eader swhower ehel dorcaptur edbyBriti
shwer eputont r
ial
sandv erybadlytreated.
TheCongr essandpeopl ethroughoutt hecount rytookupt heirdefence.Musl i
m League
alsojoinedt heprotest.ManyIndi anl
eader sli
keJawahar lalNehru, BhulabhaiDesai,
Kail
shNat h, AsafAli,TejBahadurSapr u,foughtthecaseonbehal foft hesoldiers.The
INAof fi
cerswhower eputtotrialwere:ColonelPrem Sahgal ,MajorGener alShah
NawazKhan( Commanderoft heI NAbattali
ont hatreachedi ntoIndo-Burmaf ront)and
Colonel GurbakshSi ngh.
Raj
agopal
achar
iFor
mul
a1944:
Si
ncehewasoneofthepr
ominentl
eader
swhowasnotj ai
l
edthatt
imeRaj
agopalchar
i
pr
eparedaf
ormul
aforCongr
ess-Musl
i
m LeagueCooper
ati
onwhichwasaccept
edby
Gandhi
ji
.

Musl
i
mleaguet
oendor
secongr
essdemandf
ori
ndependence.

Aft
erthewartheent
ir
epopulati
onofMusli
m Major
it
yareasint
heNorthWestand
Nort
heastIndi
atodecideaplebi
sci
tewhet
herornottofor
m asepar
atesov
erei
gnst
ate.

I
ncaseofaccept
anceofpar
ti
ti
onanagreementt
obemadej
oint
lyf
orsaf
eguar
ding
def
ence,
commerce,communi
cati
ons.

Hi
nduMahasabhacondemnedt
his.

Ji
nnahal
soobj
ect
edt
hepl
an.
Desai
-Li
aqatPl
anJanuar
y1945:
Aproposalwasdraft
edbyBhulabhaiDesail
eaderofCongressandLi
aqatAl
ileaderof
Musli
m League.Undert
hispl
anani nt
eri
m govtatthecent
rewassupposedtoform.
20%reserv
edseatsforminor
it
ies.

Thi
spl
anf
ail
edi
twasnotaccept
abl
ebyCongr
essandbyMusl
i
m Leagueaswel
l
.

Wav
ell
Plan(
June-
Jul
y1945)
:
Wav
ell
wast
hesecondl
astVi
cer
oyofBr
it
ishI
ndi
afr
om 1944-
47.

Wavel
lcall
edforaconf
erenceinShi
mla(thesummerCapi
tal
ofBr
it
ishI
ndi
a)on25June
1945i
ncludi
ngINC,ML,HinduMahasabha,Si
khPar
ti
es.

TheplanwasthatVicer
oy’sExecuti
veCounci lshoul
dbesor econsti
tut
edthati
ts
member s,
excepttheGovernorGeneralandt heCommander-in-
chiefweretobeI
ndi
ans.
HindusandMuslimswouldgetequal representat
ioni
nexecutiv
eCounci l
.

I
twasr
eject
edbyJi
nnah(
ML)andI
NC.
 Fi
nal
PhaseOfNat
ional
i
stMov
ement(
1945-
1947)
I
ndi
aTowar
dsFr
eedom

Roy
alI
ndi
anNav
yMuni
ty1945-
46:

Ther ewasamassr ecrui

t menti nRoy alIndi
anNav ydur ingsecondwor l
dwar .Expansi on
i
ni nfrastructuralfaci
li
ti
eswasnotcommensur atewi t
ht hemassi v
ei ncreaseinNav al
Ratings.Ther ewasbadaccommodat ion,unpalatablefood, t
heyhadt ofaceraci al
discriminationt ooasof f
icerswer emost lyBri
ti
sh.Ther eforeNav alRat i
ngs(l
owerr ank
nav alempl oyeeswhower eIndians)wer everydissat i
sfi
ed.Ont heoccasi onof‘ Nav y
st
Day ’1 December1945wasdeci dedt ocelebrateit.BritishAuthoritieswantedt o
celebratet hisdaywi t
hf l
agsandbunt ings.Naval RatingsofHMI STal warmai nleader
beingBCDut tadecidedt ospoi lthisdayast heywer ev er yunhappyaboutt het reatment
donet ot hem.Nav alRatingsinst eadofBr it
ishFlagputt hef l
agswi thslogans‘ Rev ol
t
Now’ ,‘QuitIndia’,
‘ki
ll
theBr it
ish’.AfterthismanyNav alRat i
ngswer eputtojailandput
totrailforscr awli
ngQui tIndiaonHMI STalwar.Mor eovert heINAt rail
salsoimpact ed
theNav alRat i
ngs.On17Febr uary1946Nav alRat i
ngsdeci dedtot akeamaj oract ion
andmade‘ food’asthebasicthemeoft herevolt
.18Febr uary1946t heywentona
hungerstri
keandspr eadthemessaget oothershipsaswel landot herNavalRatings
werealsoinvol
vedi nthi
srevol
t.Therati
ngsof80- 90shipscameouti nthest
reets.
Theyseizednavallorri
esandbegant oroam thecitywit
hCongr essandMusl i
m League
fl
agsondi spl
ay.AlltheRINshipsunderthecontroloftheratingsonst ri
kesurrendered
uncondit
ional
lyi
naccor dancewiththeadvicerenderedbyt henat i
onal l
eader
s.

Wav
ell
Plan/
Shi
mlaConf
erence(
June-
Jul
y1945)
:

Wav
ell
wast
hesecondl
astVi
cer
oyofBr
it
ishI
ndi
afr
om 1944-
47.

Wavel
lcal
ledforaconf
erencei
nShi
mla(thesummerCapit
alofBr
it
ishI
ndi
a)on25
June1945incl
udi
ngINC,ML,Hi
nduMahasabha,
Sikhpar
ti
es.

TheplanwasthatVicer
oy’sExecuti
veCounci lshoul
dbesor econsti
tut
edthati
ts
member s,
excepttheGovernorGeneralandt heCommander-in-
chiefweretobeI
ndi
ans.
HindusandMuslimswouldgetequal representat
ioni
nexecutiv
eCounci l
.

Ji
nnahwantedt
hatonl
yMusl i
m Leagueshoul
dhav erightt
orepr
esentMusli
msofIndi
a,
Congr
essoranyot
hernonleagueenti
tydoesn’
trepresentMusl
ims.Congr
esshasno
ri
ghtt
onominat
eMusli
mi nexecuti
vecouncil
.

I
twasr
eject
edbyJi
nnah(
ML)andI
NC.
TheCabi
netMi
ssi
onPl
an1946:

Thestruggl
ef orfr
eedom enteredadeci siv
ephasei ntheyear1945-
46.Thenewl abour
part
yPr i
meMi ni
sterofBri
tai
nCl ementAt l
eemadeadecl arati
ononMar ch15,1946,the
Bri
ti
shCabinetMi ssion(comprisingofLordPethickLawrenceasChair
man, Si
rStanford
Cri
ppsandA. V.Alexander)wil
lv i
sitI
ndia.Themi ssi
onhadtalkswit
hINCandMusl i
m
Leaguetobringaboutacceptanceoft heirproposal.

OnMay16,
1946t
hemi
ssi
onputf
orwar
dit
spr
oposal
:

Proposedt hefor
mationofaunionofI
ndia.Rej
ect
edt hedemandofseparatePakist
an.
Fullaut
onomywi llbeprovi
dedtopr
ovi
ncesi nr
espectofall
thesubj
ectsotherthan
thosegiveninunionli
st.Theuni
onwoulddealwit
htheForeignAff
air
s,Defenceand
Communi cat
ion.

Ther
ewi
l
lbet
hreegr
oupsofpr
ovi
nces:

Gr
oupA:si
xHinduMajorit
ypr
ovi
nces–Bombay
,Uni
tedPr
ovi
nces,
Bihar
,Cent
ral
Pr
ovi
nces,
Ori
ssa,Madras.

Gr
oupB:
thr
eeMusl
i
m Maj
ori
typr
ovi
nces–Si
nd,
NWFP,
Punj
ab.

Gr
oupC:
Assam andBengal
.

TheUnionwoul dconsistofanexecut
iveandal egi
slatur
e.Thelegi
slatur
ewouldnotbe
dir
ect
lyelect
edbyt hepeoplebutbythepr ovi
nciallegi
slatur
esonthebasisof
communal elect
orates.MembersofPrincelystateswoul dbeappoi
nt edbyther
uler
sof
thePr
incelyStat
es.Pr i
ncel
ystat
esweret oretainallsubject
sandpower s.

I
nit
ial
l
yBot
hCongr
essandMLaccept
edi
tbutl
aterdeni
alst
art
ed.
AsCongressr
eject
edt heschemeoftheweakGovernmentatcent
remostinst
rumental
bei
ngJLNehruinthis.Div
isi
onint
o3t y
pesofpr
ovinces.Congr
essaccept
edtheideaof
for
mati
onofConstit
uentAssembly.

MLrej
ectedi
tbecauseJi
nnahdi
dn’
twantt
hepowertor
emai
nint
actwi
tht
heCent
re.
Hewantedpowerstobevest
edwit
hthePr
ovi
nces.

I
nter
im Gov
ernment1946:
BasedonCabi netMissionPl
an,ani
nterim govtconsisti
ngofCongr
essnomi neeswas
for
medonSept .2,1946.Thi
sgovtworkedt i
ll1951.Headedsti
l
lbyViceroy
,theCabinet
ministersallI
ndiansli
keJLNehru–Ext ernalAffai
rsandCommonweal thRelat
ions,
SardarPat el
-Home, Inf
ormati
onandBr oadcasting,Dr.Raj
endr
aPrasad–Foodand
Agricult
ure,et
c.

Mount
bat
tenPl
an1947:

LouisMountbat
tenbecameLastvi
ceroyofBr
it
ishI
ndi
aFebruar
y1947.OnJune3,1947,
LordMountbatt
enputfor
wardhispl
anf or
mal
lyasasol
uti
onforIndi
a’
spol
it
ical
probl
em.

I
ndi
atobedi
vi
dedi
ntoI
ndi
aandPaki
stan.
Bengal
andPunj
abwi
l
lbepar
ti
ti
oned.

NWFPt
hedeci
sionhadt
obet
akenont
hebasi
sofr
efer
endum orpl
ebi
sci
te.

Ther
ewoul
dbesepar
ateconst
it
uentAssembl
yinPaki
stant
ofr
amei
tsconst
it
uti
on

ThePri
ncelystat
eswoul
denj
oyt
hel
i
ber
tyt
ojoi
nei
therI
ndi
aorPaki
stanorev
enr
emai
n
i
ndependent.

August15,1947,
datewasf
ixedf
orhandl
i
ngov
ert
hepowert
oIndi
aandPaki
stan(
The
Transf
erofPower).

TheCongr
essandt
heMusl
i
m Leagueaccept
edt
heMount
bat
tenPl
an.

4Jul
y1947,
Indi
anI
ndependenceBi
l
lwasi
ntr
oducedi
ntheBr
it
ishHouseofcommons.

18Jul
y1947,theBil
lrecei
vedt
her
oyal
assentsi
gnedbyt
heBr
it
ishKi
ngenact
ingt
he
I
ndi
anIndependenceAct1947.

I
tlai
dAugust15ast
hedat
eoft
ransf
erofpowerf
rom t
heUni
tedKi
ngdom t
oIndi
a.

Mountbat
tenbecamelastVi
ceroyandfi
rstGover
norGener
aloff
reeI
ndi
a(si
nceI
ndi
an
I
ndependenceAct1947abol
ishedtheof
ficeofVi
ceroy
).

C.Raj
agopal
char
ibecamef
ir
standt
hel
astI
ndi
anGov
ernorGener
aloff
reeI
ndi
a.

Par
ti
ti
onandI
ndependence1947:
Al
lpol
i
tical
par
ti
esaccept
edt
heMount
bat
tenpl
an.

Twocommi ssionswereappoi
ntedbytheBri
ti
shGovtwit
hSirCyrilRedcli
ff
eas
chai
rmanofbot htoseethr
oughthepart
it
ionandfi
xthei
nternat
ionalboundari
esofthe
two-nat
ionsto-be.Redcl
i
ffeBoundar
ycommi ssi
ondrewtheboundarylinesepar
ati
ng
Indi
aandPaki stan.
Attheti
meofindependencether
ewere562smal l
andbi
gpr
incel
yst
atesi
nIndi
a.By15
August1947al
lthestat
eswithafewexcepti
onsli
keJammuKashmir
,Hyder
abad,and
Junagar
hhadsignedtheInst
rumentofAccessi
on.
Const
it
uentAssembl
y:

Consti
tuentAssembl ywasconstit
utedinNov ember1946withtotalstrength389.The
Consti
tuentAssembl yheldi
tsfi
rstmeetingonDecember9, 1946.Dr .SachidanandSinhat
he
ol
destmemberwasel ect
edasthet empor ar
ypresi
dentoft
heAssembl y.LateronDecember11,
1946DrRaj endraPrasadandHCMukher jeewereelect
edasthePr esidentandVi ce-Pr
esi
dent
oftheAssembl yrespecti
vel
y.

TheConst
it
uentAssembl
yadopt
edNat
ional
FlagonJul
y22,
1947

TheConst
it
uentAssembl
yadopt
edNat
ional
Ant
hem onJanuar
y24,
1950

TheConst
it
uentAssembl
yadopt
edNat
ional
SongonJanuar
y24,
1950.

I
tel
ect
edDrRaj
endr
aPr
asadast
heFi
rstPr
esi
dentofI
ndi
aonJanuar
y24,
1950.