COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

EDUCATION

Learning Objectives:
At the end of the unit, the student will be able to:
1. Recognize the history, concepts and principles of industrial security profession; and
2. Identify the Legal Basis for Security.
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INTRODUCTION

Security is important to everyone, it is important to individuals such as a homeowner who wants to protect valuable
items in his house, a parent who does not want her child to be harmed while in school, an employee who wants to
save for a comfortable retirement, or an online shopper who wants to purchase a gadget via the internet. It is also
important to private companies such as a jewelry store that keeps diamonds in storage, a law firm that hold
incriminating evidence against an offender, or an internet company that holds personal information and passwords
from its users. Moreover, it is also important to governments that maintain military forces, use intelligence services,
legislate civil defense policies, and implement emergency preparedness measures to serve and protect its citizens.

SECURITY

The word secure is derived from the Latin word “secures” which means “safe” or “without care,” or from “se cura,”
wherein se means “free from” and cura means “care.”

Security, in a collective sense, is the same as protection and safety; the state of being safe and the condition of
being protected against physical, social, spiritual, financial, political, emotional, occupational, psychological, or
other types or consequences of failure, damage, error, accidents, harm or any other event which could
be considered not desirable.

Generally, security is a kind of state where people, institution, authority or groups feel fully secured of feeling,
free from any threat or vulnerability from somewhere or someone in his/her life, liberty, property or activity. It
could be in physical, psychological, social or economic form.

HISTORY OF SECURITY

Forms of law and of enforcement can be traced back to the dawn of civilization. Four thousand years before the
birth of Christ in the Nile, Valley, men knew law enforcement which is security. The Chinese, the Greeks, the Hebrews,
the Persians and the Roman empires are replete with historical background of security.

In the Christian era or after the birth of Christ, the WATCHMAN, forerunner of the security guard was known in
the old Testaments.

Security or law enforcement more often than not appeared to be military troops. During the time that the countries
were governed by royal families, military bodyguards or guardsmen picked from the elite troops comprised of
the household troops assigned to Royal Families. Famous among them are the PRAETORIAN GUARDS of Ancient
Rome and the MAMLUKS of Egypt. Today, the only remaining are the Swiss Guards at the Vatican in Rome.

During the Age of Feudalism, the Anglo-Saxons brought with them to England organizations made up of individuals
to protect civil and military groups. The formal system of security during the Middle Ages follows largely the
refinements of existing practices. The Anglo-Saxons (Angels, the Saxons and the Jules) from Germany, for six
hundred years (450-1066) consolidated England under a single ruler. They brought with them a stable structure
and a fairly legal system. The basic ties of society were kinship and the voluntary association between lord and
man. Kinship was the bond on which the individual depended for security and mutual aid in all his affairs. Between
lord and man, the fact was bilateral. In return for such relationship man provided the lord with weapons, horse,
land and treasures and gave total unswerving loyalty.
The system of social structure was known as the “frank-pledge”; groups of ten households were considered a unit
called “tithing”, ten tithing constituted the police organization in criminal matters. During these times the Anglo-
Saxons in the exercise of law used the oath or the ordeal for a system or justice. Failure to appear before the
court to answer a charge made one an outlaw.
In the history of England, the Norman period (1066-1199) administered by William of Normandy brought about
such personality as “SHIRE REEVES” whose duties are directed toward preservation of peace and order within
their jurisdiction.

Under the rule of Henry II, known as the “Law Giver”, he established a truth between those crimes. Henry the II
has initiated the rule of law as distinct from the more arbitrary judgments of the Normans. The Assize of Clarendon
in 1166 provided the origin of trial by jury.

After the Norman Period, in 1215 the “MAGNA CARTA” was signed. It established the “PRINCIPLE OF DUE
PROCESS” by stating that no freeman could be arrested, imprisoned, deprived of his property, outlawed or exiled
or “in any way destroyed except by legal judgment of his peers or by the law of the land”. It established the
important principle that everyone including the king is subject to law. It was at that time that a central court system
was established where in such institutions and courts like the Coroners, Justice of the Peace, Chancery courts, the
Privy Councils were established.

In 1748, author and magistrate Henry Fielding proposed a permanent, professional and adequately paid security
force. His most valuable contribution was the “FOOT PATROL” to make the streets safe and mounted patrol for
the highways.

The industrial Revolution during the latter half of the 18th Century began to gather momentum. The time people
flocked to the cities lured by promises of work and wages. The crowding of the cities with the influx of wealth
seeker brought theory, crimes of violence and juvenile delinquencies. Then came the “LAISSES FAIRE” which
contended that labor was the source of wealth; and it was the freedom of labor, that public wealth would best be
promoted. Crime rates spiraled the response to high crimes brought citizens to resort carrying of firearms for
protection and they continued to band together to hire special police to protect homes and properties. This was
the beginning of private security.

In America, security practices in the early days of the colonization followed those of England. Mutual protection
and accountability characterized the various groups. The American Revolution sprang and the “Declaration of
Independence was born”. POLICE POWER is bestowed upon the state to permit interference with the normal
personal and property rights in the interest of conducting government in the general public interest. In 1783, a
police department was established in New York City, followed by Detroit in 1801, Cincinnati in 1803, Chicago in
1846, Los Angeles in 1850, Philadelphia in 1855 and Dallas in 1856.

The advent of the WWII causes an even more dramatic development of private security agencies. Security
personnel constituted a large work force, looking for jobs involving security services and thus usher in the era of
Modern Security.

In 1850, Allen Pinkerton, a cooper from Scotland and the Chicago Police Department’s first detective established
one of the oldest, private security forces in the United States. This company aside from providing investigation of
crimes and security for industrial concerns also serves as the intelligence gathering arm of the Union Army during
the Civil War. In 1889, Brinks Incorporated started the business as a private service to protect property and
payrolls. In 1909, the William J. Burns, Inc. was formed to become the sole investigating agency for the American
Banking Association. Pinkerton and Burns were the only National Investigative bodies concerned with non-
specialized crimes until the advent of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.

HISTORY OF SECURITY IN THE PHILIPPINES

In the 1950’s the private security agencies/guards were under the supervision and control of the municipal and
city mayors. Any civilian could be employed as a security guard without undergoing any training at all, especially
in the handling of firearms. The only requirement then was a permit secured from the mayor where he was posted.
In fact, even foreigners or any person, regardless of age or educational background were allowed owning and
operating agencies.

There were no restrictions as to the number of guards to hire and deploy. Licenses, business permits and guard
license could be from the municipality or where an agency was based. An agency may possess any type of firearms,
there was no standard uniform for guards, any style, color, texture, varied one agency to another, some were
white and others are black. Paraphernalia were of different mold and shape. No professional ethics for operators
was adopted, and there was no standard training for guards.
In those days, majority of security guards got convicted in criminal activities and because of this, the organization
of private security agencies in the country endorsed to Congress bill to regulate the organization and operation
of private detectives, watchmen, security guards and agencies.

In the Philippines, it would be wise to trace the steps leading to the final signing by President Ferdinand E. Marcos
on June 13, 1969 of Republic Act 5487, the Private Security Agency Law. In this law was assigned the most
important role of Security Guard Force in assisting the Police in its mission to safeguard lives and properties. The
then Philippine Constabulary (PC) played a great role in supervising all Private Security Agencies, Company Guard
Forces and Government Guards. The Headquarters Philippine Constabulary issued Staff Memo dated August 04,
1969 creating the Philippine Constabulary Security and Investigation Agency Supervisory Office (PCSIASO).
After barely 2 months another General Staff Memo was issued renaming PCSIASO to PCSOSIA.

On June 29, 1970, it was again renamed as PC Supervisory Unit for Security and Investigation Agencies
(SUSIA). However, the supervision was later on transferred to the National Intelligence and Security Agency
(NISA) now National Intelligence Coordinating Agency (NICA). With the intention of continuously
professionalizing the security industry, several Presidential Decrees were issued such as P.D No. 11 issued on
October 1972, amending certain sections of R.A 5487 particularly Section 4 as to who may organize a security
and watchman agency; P.D 100 on January 17, 1973, further amended Sections 3, 4, 5, 8 and 9 which permits
the Philippine Constabulary to deputize any private detectives, watchman or security guard to assist in cases of
emergency disaster or calamity.

With the creation of the Philippine National Police on January 1, 1991 pursuant to R.A 6975, PCSUSIA became
Supervisory Office for Security and Investigation Agencies (SOSIA) and on January 1, 1995 it was renamed as
PNP SAGSD (Security Agencies Guards Supervision Division). This unit of the PNP was given the same functions
to that of the PCSOSIA but more a challenging and expanding tasks. To date, there are more or less Two Thousand
(2,000) registered security agencies operating in the Philippines, Five Hundred Sixty Thousand (560,000) licensed
security personnel and One Hundred Twenty-Four (124) Private Security Training Institutions.

LEGAL BASIS OF INDUSTRIAL SECURITY IN THE PHILIPPINES

1. Natural Authority – The highest law is the law of self-preservation. By instinct man, man naturally reacts to
danger, threat or hazard in order to protect himself, his family, his honor, freedom, liberty and property. He
does it personally or thru the help of others.

2. Constitutional Authority
✓ The prime duty of the Government is to serve and protect the people. The Government may call upon the
people to defend the state and, in the fulfillment thereof, all citizens may be required, under conditions
provided by law, or to render personal military service. (Art. II Sec. 4 of the 1987 Phil. Constitution)
✓ No person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law, nor shall any person
be denied the equal protection of the law. (Art. III Sec. 1 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution)
✓ Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation. (Art. III Sec. 9 of the Phil.
Constitution).
✓ The right of the people to be secured in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable
searches and seizure of whatever nature and for any purposes shall be inviolable, and no search warrant
or warrant of arrest shall be issued except upon examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant
and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons
or things to be seized (Art III Sec. 2 of the Phil. Constitution).

3. Statutory Authority
✓ The Revised Penal Code (Act No. 3815, as amended)
✓ Private Security Agency Law (R.A 5487 as amended)
Learning Objectives:
At the end of the unit, the student will be able to:
1. Appreciate the concepts of Security Operations; and
2. Distinguish the different types and levels of security.
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SECURITY OPERATIONS

Security operations are those practices and teams that are devoted to preventing, detecting, assessing, monitoring,
and responding to security threats and incidents. Institutions may set up this monitoring and defending capability
in a facility dedicated to security operations called a security operations center, or SOC.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
❖ Industry is defined as the Earnest or constant application to work or business. or simply anything that pertains
to business or a special branch of productive work, or the capital or workers employed in it.
❖ Industrial in the other side is defined as “pertaining to or engaged in industry.
❖ Security pertains to or the State or condition of being safe or free from harm, danger, loss, or damage.
❖ Management refers to the Skillful use of resources to accomplish a purpose. It is also A process of properly
utilizing available resources to achieve organizational goals and objectives.
❖ Industrial Security is the Security measures applied to business industries. In some terms it is the business of
providing security and protection to private individuals, business and enterprises.
❖ Industrial Security Management involves the Skillful handling of the security and safety measures of business
enterprises and industrial establishments.

SECURITY AND SAFETY MEASURES

The security of any business establishment today is a complex process. Security work involves active and passive
measures so those effective defenses can be established.
1. Active Measures - are the physical barriers, security lightings, safes and vaults, locks and other devices
and gadgets designed to detect and impede hazards.
2. Passive Measures – are those that will deter man from committing such acts for fear of being caught, or
charged in court or get dismissed. Security education programs, security investigation, fire prevention
seminars, safety drills, and personal security checks are examples of passive measures.

TYPES OF SECURITY
In the field of industrial security, various types of security are applied depending on the installation and the security
needs of the installation. The types of security are the following:
1. Physical Security - It is the broadest branch of security which is concerned principally with the physical measures
adopted to prevent unauthorized access to equipment, facilities, materials, and documents, and to safeguard
then against theft, damage, sabotage, or espionage. It also encompasses protection of personnel from any
criminal act.
2. Communications Security - It is the protection resulting from the application of various measures which prevent
or delay the enemy or unauthorized person in gaining information through the communication system. This
includes transmission, cryptographic, and physical security.
3. Hotel Security - This is another specialized physical security. Hotel detectives, uniformed guards, and security
supervisors see to it that the guests and their personal effects are safeguarded, hotel properties are protected
from pilferage, loss, damage, and the functions in the hotel restaurants, bars and clubs are not disturbed and
troubled by rowdy outsiders, or by the guests themselves.
4. Bank Security - “Bank security” is another specialized line in physical security. Due to the peculiar nature of
bank operations, the main objective of the bank security force is the protection of the life of employees and
assets of the bank. The physical size of the banking institution, its location, volume of the cash handed, number
of personnel employed and its clientele are the main considerations in determining the strength and type of
the security unit.
5. Document Security - “Document security” is physical security involving the protection of documents and
classified information from loss, access by unauthorized persons, damage, theft, and compromise through
disclosure. Safeguarding vital records is one of the most difficult tasks that can be assigned to security personnel.
6. Personal and VIP Security - The protection of top-ranking officials of the government, visiting persons of
illustrious standing, and foreign dignitaries is no easy job. This calls for a real “pro” in security field. VIP security
is part of personal security.
7. Crises Security - Another new specialized field is “crises security” which is allied if not a part of VIP security.
Crises security is now involved in kidnapping of VIPs like dignitaries, rich scions, industrial magnates, political
leaders. Motives can be economic, political, emotional, nationalistic, religious, or their combinations.
8. Industrial Security - Industrial security is physical security as applied to business groups engaged in industries,
like manufacturing, assembling, research and development, processing, warehousing, and even agriculture.
Usually, industrial enterprises are located in a complex, with separate buildings for work, storage,
administration, and other activities.
9. Operational Security - Operational security is part of physical security that deals primarily with the protection
of processes, formulas, patents, and other industrial and manufacturing activities from espionage, infiltration,
loss, compromise, or photocopying.
10. Other Special Types of Security - Due to peculiarities of different business activities, specialized types of
security appeared. These types are adaptations, variations, innovations, and/or modifications of physical
security, i.e., air cargo security, school security, supermarket security, and personnel security.
a. Air Cargo Security – This is applied to minimize, if not prevent, losses or cargo during in transit storage
or transfer.
b. School Security – This is applied in response to the increase of violent crimes committed against students
and school personnel, and school properties.
c. Supermarket security – This is applied in response to the mushrooming of bazaars, marts, super malls,
and the like.
d. Personnel security – This is involved in the background checks of individuals commensurate with the
security requirements of their work. This also includes measures designed to protect employees of an
organization or business establishments.

THREE MAJOR DIVISIONS OF INDUSTRIAL SECURITY

A) PHYSICAL SECURITY
Physical security as earlier discussed, is the broadest branch of security which is actually a system of barriers placed
between potential intruders and the matters to be protected. It is concerned with the physical measures adopted
to prevent unauthorized access to equipment, facilities, materials, and documents, and to safeguard them against
espionage, sabotage damage and theft. It also encompasses protection of personnel from any criminal act.

➢ PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICAL SECURITY

In every establishment, physical measures are needed to deny unauthorized access or intrusion because of
the following:
1. Enemy Agents Must Access – Acquisition of information is the ultimate results, and the means and form in
which the information is obtain.
2. There is No Impenetrable Barrier – For the unfriendly government or organization, they are willing to
devote enough time, money, personnel, material, and imagination in passing barriers. So physical security
attempts to build defense by using a certain barrier.
3. Defense in depth means barrier after barrier. In order that barrier could prevent unauthorized access and
serve its purpose very well, there should be an integration of all barriers adopted in the installation.
4. Surreptitious versus Non-surreptitious Entry – The possibility of surreptitious entry is the greatest hazard
from the standpoint of counterintelligence security because it is usually difficult to determine that the
information has been compromised. No action is taken to neutralize the act of espionage because
surreptitious entry is not usually detected. Surreptitious entry means not observable while non-surreptitious
entry is observable. Observable or not, intruders usually find the right place and right opportunity to gain
access. Physical security then needed to detect or deny unauthorized entries.
5. Each Installation is Different – Since each installation is different, each will have different problems to
overcome. The security procedures will not be adequate for all installations.
 ➢ BARRIERS
Barriers refers to any physical structure whether natural or man-made capable of restricting, deterring,
delaying, or preventing illegal and unauthorized access to an installation.

TWO GENERAL TYPES OF PHYSICAL SECURITY BARRIERS

1. Natural Barriers – These are offered by nature which could obstruct or delay the passage way of potential
intruders. These also refer to natural structures that serve as deterrents or obstructions to intruders such as
high cliff, canyon, desert, or bodies of water.
2. Man-made Barriers - Are structural constructions like fences, walls, floors, roofs, grills, bars, road blocks,
or other physical means to deter or impede penetration.

SPECIFIC TYPES OF PHYSICAL SECURITY BARRIERS

1. Natural Barriers includes mountains, cliffs, canyons, ravens, seas, marshes, deserts, or terrain difficult to
traverse.
2. Structural Barriers are those features constructed by man regardless of their original intent that tend to
delay intruder. Ex. Walls, ceilings, door, and fences.
3. Human Barriers includes guards, charges of quarters, office and shop workers, who stand between the
intruder and the matter to be protected.
4. Animal Barriers are usually shepherd dogs trained for and used as guards.
5. Energy Barriers are usually electrical and electronic devices that could assist security personnel in detecting
intrusions. Ex. Protected lighting, and anti-intrusion devices.

➢ LEVELS OF PHYSICAL SECURITY

It varies depending on the type and location of facility, and other factors needing security. The levels of
physical security could be any of the following:
1. Minimum Security is a system designed to impede unauthorized external activity such as simple intrusion
to armed attack.
2. Low Level Security is a system designed to impede and detect some unauthorized external activity such
as on small retail store, storage warehouses.
3. Medium security is designed to impede, detect and assess most external activity and some unauthorized
internal activity that range from simple shoplifting to conspiracy to commit sabotage. This includes the:
a. Use of advance intrusion alarm system.
b. Establishments of perimeter barriers.
c. Use of an unarmed guard.
4. High level Security is designed to impede, detect, and assess most unauthorized external and internal
activities of certain prisons, defense contractors, pharmaceutical companies and sophisticated electronic
manufacturers. This includes the utilization of the following:
a. Close Circuit Television (CCTV)
b. Perimeter alarm system
c. High security lighting
d. High trained armed guards
e. Control designs
f. Coordination with local law enforcement agencies.
5. Maximum Security includes the application of the following:
a. Sophisticated alarm system
b. On-site response force
Learning Objectives:
At the end of the unit, the student will be able to:
1. Distinguish the differences of the three lines of defense;
2. Discuss the concept of Perimeter Barriers including their advantages and disadvantages; and
3. Identify the different protective measures.
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PERIMETER BARRIER
Perimeter barrier is a medium of structure which defines the physical limits of an installations or area to restrict or
impede access thereto. It is any physical barrier used to supplement the protection of an inside or outside perimeter.
Perimeter barrier also includes the utilization of security personnel.

LINE OF PHYSICAL DEFENSE

Security managers and security personnel also consider the various lines of defense that could help delay or stop
intruders. These are:
o 1st line of defense: perimeter fences
o 2nd line of defense: doors, floors, windows, walls, roofs and grills
o 3rd line of defense: storage system

TYPES OF PERIMETER BARRIERS

1) FENCES – are dependent structures designed to control physical and visual access between outside areas.
Types of fences include Solid Fence and Full-View Fence

a) Solid Fence is made of opaque material in such a way that visual access through the fence structure is
denied. Solid fences are constructed with heavy materials such as bricks, stone and concrete, and usually
extended down into the ground to appoint view below the frost line.
➢ Advantages of Solid Fence
▪ Denies visual access of the installation to the intruder.
▪ Denies the intruder the opportunity to become familiar with the personnel, activities, and the
schedule of the movements of the guards.

➢ Disadvantages of Solid Fence

▪ Prevents the guards from observing the area around the installation.
▪ Creates shadow which may be used by the intruder for cover and concealment.

b) Full View Fence is constructed in such a manner that visual access is permitted such as wire fence through
the fence structure. It is designed purely to control physical access between-two areas.

➢ Advantages of Full-view Fence

▪ Guards are able to keep the area surrounding the installation under observation.
▪ Does not create any shadow.

➢ Disadvantages of Full-view Fence

▪ Allows visual access to the installation
▪ Allows the intruder to get familiar with the movements and the time

c) Wire Fence is a type of fence made of chain link barbed wire concertina design with small opening not
larger than 2 square inches and made of number 9-gauge wires of heavier, twisted and barbed salvage
at top and bottom.

➢ Specifications for Using Chain-link Fences

▪ It must be constructed of 7-feet material excluding top guard.
▪ It must be 9 gauge or heavier.
▪ Mesh openings are not to be larger than 2 inches per side.
▪ It should be twisted and barbed salvage at top bottom.
 ▪ It should be security fastened to rigid metal or reinforced concrete.
▪ It must reach below surface enough on soft grounds to compensate for shifting soil or sand.
▪ It must reach within 2 inches of hard ground or paving.

➢ Specifications for Using Barbed Wire

▪ Standard barbed wire is twisted, double-stand 12-gauge wire with 4-point barbs spaced on equal
distance apart.
▪ Barbed wire fencing must be firmly affixed to posts high excluding top guard.
▪ Barbed wire fencing should not be less than 7 ft. high excluding top guard.
▪ The distance between strands will not exceed 6 inches and midway between parts.

2) BUILDING WALLS include walls, floor, roofs or their combination serve also as barriers and they should be of
such constructions to provide uniform protection just like wire-fencing.

3) BODIES OF WATER like river, lake, cataract, sea, pond or any bodies of water forming part of the wall, building
or fencing should not be considered an adequate perimeter barrier. Additional security measures like wire
fence, concrete walling, security patrolling and flood lighting at night may be necessary for the portions of the
perimeter.

ADDITIONAL PROTECTIVE MEASURES

1) Top Guard - A top guard is an additional overhang barbed wire placed on vertical perimeter fences
facing upward and outward with a forty-five (45) degree angle with three to four strands of barbed wire
spaced six inches apart. This will increase the protective height and prevent easy access.

2) Guard Control Stations - This is normally provided at main perimeter entrance to secure areas located out
of doors and manned by guards on a full-time basis. Sentry stations should be near a perimeter for
surveillance at the entrance.

3) Towers - Guard towers are house-like structures above the perimeter barriers. As the height of tower
increases, visibility, likewise improves. During inclement weather, especially at night, even with spotlights,
the visibility will be limited. However, a tower gives a psychological unnerving effect to the violators.

4) Signs and Notices - Control signs should be erected where necessary in the management of unauthorized
ingress, and preclude accidental entry. Signs should be plainly visible and legible from any approach and
in understandable language. Such signs should inform the entrants regarding body search, packages, “ID”
tags, and other prohibitions against cameras, lighters, and other regulations.

GUARDS AND GUARD SYSTEM

PERIMETER GUARDS are also employed in augmenting the existing perimeter security or perimeter barriers of a
certain establishment.
a) Four Basic Functions To be Accomplished
❖ detect intruders
❖ sound alarm
❖ apprehend unauthorized personnel
❖ identify authorized personnel

b) Guard Procurement: selection criteria;

❖ must be eligible for security clearance
❖ vigorous and physically able to serve in the capacity of a guard
❖ intelligence necessary to accomplish the guard function
❖ ability to make rapid decisions and react in a calm way to emergencies
❖ loyalty and discretion are required attributes
 c) Guard Training
❖ general orientation
❖ instructions in traffic control, riot control, self defense
❖ weapons qualifications to include maintenance and safety
❖ instructions in security procedures of the installation, first aid, and communication
❖ refresher course and advance training in specific subjects

d) Guard Employment
❖ Fixed Post – Security guards are assigned in a particular place of the compound to guard and
watch the area surrounding; and
❖ Patrol (Roving) – In this system, the security guard is required to walk and go around regularly
around the company premises.

The most secured system of perimeter guard employment is at mutually supporting fixed post. This system
would require each guard to be visible to each adjacent guard and would provide the possibility for the area
between to be under surveillance of either guard. However, this type of employment is expensive.
A less expensive system is that of employing the guards as patrols. The security value of this type of
employment is considerably reduced unless a sufficient number of frequency patrols are used to create essentially
the same as that of tower guards.
In conducting patrols, the guards should be instructed to traverse an irregular route, providing different
intervals between visual or actual contact with any given point on the fence. However, in practice, there are
observed disadvantages of roving patrol to wit:
❖ Even regular routes, in time, tend to become regular in their irregularity;
❖ The use of irregular roving patrol is made for the economy of personnel. The economy feature is usually
carried so far that even the irregular route patrol fails to serve the purpose;
❖ It is difficult for installation control personnel to determine that the roving patrol is actually carrying out
its functions.

5) Guard Supervision (Two Types)

a) Personal Supervision – personal inspection of all guards prior to their tour of duty and periodic
checks of guards during their tour of duty. Security supervisors conduct on-the-spot and random
inspection of posted guards.

b) Artificial Supervision - This is done through Bundy clocks strategically around the perimeter; and
reporting through handheld two-way radio or similar communication gadget.
✓ recorded tour – guard takes with him while on duty a form which must have the time
punched on it at each station.
✓ supervisory tour - guard sends a signal to guard headquarters from each station that he
checks.

6) Guard Equipment
✓ distinctive uniform (RA 5487)
✓ weapon - .38 revolver
✓ whistle
✓ notebook and pen/pencil
✓ flashlight (night duty)
✓ night sticks
✓ others, first aid kit, etc.

7) Guard Communications
✓ primary communication – direct telephone line or in some instance radio
✓ emergency communication – messengers.
Learning Objectives:
At the end of the chapter, the student will be able to:
1. Differentiate and identify the different protective lightings and alarms.
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CONCEPT OF SECURITY OR PROTECTIVE LIGHTING
Protective lighting provides a means of continuing illumination during hours of darkness, a degree of protection
that is maintained during daylight hours. This safeguard also has considerable value as a deterrent to thieves and
vandals and may make the job of the saboteur more difficult. It is an essential element of an integrated physical
security program.
The system must be reliable and designed with overlapping illumination to avoid creating unprotected area in the
event of individual light failure. It must be easy to maintain and it must secure itself against attack. Poles should be
within the barrier power lines and the switch box must be protected.

BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF SECURITY LIGHTING

a) Security or protective lighting needs at installations and facilities depend upon each situation and the areas to
be protected. Each situation requires careful study to provide the best visibility practicable for such security
duties as identification of badges and people at gates, inspection of vehicles, prevention of illegal entry,
detection of intruders outside and inside buildings and other structures, and inspection of unusual or suspicious
circumstances.

b) When such lighting provisions are impractical, additional security post, patrols, sentry dog patrols, or other
security means will be necessary.
c) Protective lighting should not be used as a psychological deterrent only. It should be used on a perimeter fence
line only where the fence in under continues or periodic observation. Protective lighting may be unnecessary
where the perimeter fence is protected by a central alarm system.

d) Protective lighting maybe desirable for those sensitive areas or structure within the perimeter, which are under
specific observation. Such areas or structures include pier and lock areas, visual buildings, storage areas, and
vulnerable control points in communications, power, and water distribution systems. In interior areas where night
operations are conducted, adequate lighting of the area facilitates detection of unauthorized persons
approaching or attempting malicious acts within the area.

CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTECTIVE LIGHTINGS

Using protective lighting is expensive and is an additional cost to the company or establishment. Therefore, consider
the following in planning for protective lighting systems:
1. Protective lighting usually requires less intensity than working light, except for identification and inspection
at authorized portals and in emergencies.
2. Lightings needed may vary because each area of an installation or facility presents its particular problem
based on physical layout, terrain, atmospheric and climatic conditions, and the protective requirements.
3. The data available from the manufactures of lighting equipment which will assist in designing a lighting
system. Included in these data are:
a) Descriptions, characteristics, and specification of various incandescent, arc, and gaseous discharge
lamps.
b) Lighting patterns of the various luminaries.
c) Typical layouts showing the most efficient height and spacing of equipment.
d) Minimum protective lighting intensities required for various applications.

PURPOSE OF SECURITY LIGHTINGS

Security lightings provide sufficient illumination to areas during hours of darkness. Among its other purpose are:
➢ It improves visibility so that intruders can be seen, identified or apprehended.
➢ It gives psychological fear which serves as a deterrent to thieves, pilferers, trespassers, and saboteurs.
➢ It makes the routine work of guard easier of identifying employees, vehicles, etc. during night-time.
➢ If placed in certain areas, may even reduce the number of stationary guards, and instead, may require
roving patrol only at night.

SECURITY LIGHTING TECHNIQUES

Hereunder are some of the techniques in ensuring the effectiveness of security lightings:
1) Security lightings should enable a guard to observe clearly the activities around, and inside the premises
within his jurisdictions.

2) In planning, high contrast between intruder and background should be provided. Increase intensity will
improve guard’s ability to see.

3) Lighting’s boundaries and approaches, as well as the area and structure are useful to discourage
unauthorized entries and reveal identity of persons. Good lighting should reveal well specified areas,
glaring to intruders and adequate for the guard to observe his positions.

4) Effective lightings should, i.e., discourage attempts to enter the premise, and detections were likely if entry
is attempted.

5) If lightings at night cannot be provided due to impracticability, other means of protection have to be made
like additional guard posts, roving patrols and animal guards

TYPES OF PROTECTIVE LIGHTING

1) STATIONARY LUMINARIES - It is otherwise known as continuous lighting. This consists of a series of fixed
luminaries to continuously flood a given area.
a. Glare Projection - The intensity is focused to the intruder while the observer remained in the
comparative darkness. This is often found in correctional institutions.
 b. Controlled lighting- Lighting is focused on the pile of items rather than the background. Width of the
lighting strip can be controlled and adjusted to suit the security needs.

2) STANDBY LIGHTING - This system is similar to continuous lighting but it is turned on manually or by a special
device or other automatic means.

3) MOVABLE OR PORTABLE LIGHTING - Manually operated. May be lighted continuously during hours of
darkness or only as needed. Supplementary to other types of security lighting.

4) EMERGENCY LIGHTING - This is utilized in the event of electronic failure either due to local equipment or
commercial power failure.

TYPES OF LIGHTING SOURCE

1) Incandescent lamp - Common light bulbs of the type found in the home. This provides instant illumination when
the switch is on. Limited in its use since they require a period from two to five minutes to light when they are
cold and even longer to relight when hot or after a power interruption.

2) Mercury vapor lamp - It is widely used for interior and exterior lighting. It is more efficient than incandescent
lamp and gives lighter. It emits a purplish-white color caused by an electric current passing through a tube of
conducting luminous gas.

3) Metal Halide - Similar physical appearance to mercury vapor. It provides a light source of higher luminous
efficiency and better color rendition.

4) Fluorescent lamp - Provides good color rendition has. High lamp efficiency as well as long life. It cannot project
light over long distance and thus, are not desirable as floodlights.

5) High sodium vapor lamp - Constructed on the same principle as mercury vapor lamps. It emits a golden white
to light pink color. It provides high lumen efficiency and relatively good color rendition.

6) Quartz lamp - It emits a very bright white light and snap on almost as rapidly as the incandescent lamp.
Frequently used at very high voltage. Excellent for use along the perimeter barrier and in troublesome areas.

TYPES OF LIGHTING EQUIPMENT

1) Floodlights - Used to accommodate most outdoor security lighting needs.
2) Street lights - It received widespread notoriety in its value in reducing crime. It produces diffused rather than
directional beam.
3) Search lights - These are highly focused incandescent lamp and are designed to pinpoint potential trouble
spots.
4) Fresnel light - It emits wide horizontal beam and is often used in a light house

LIGHTING APPLICATIONS/LIGHTING SYSTEMS

1) Fenced Perimeter Lighting – is used to illuminate the fence itself and the area beyond it.

2) Area Lighting – is used in a building face perimeter consist of faces of buildings on or within 20 ft. of the
property or area line to be protected. And where the public may approach the building.

3) Flood Lighting – is used to cast a strong light on the walls of buildings so that intruders are visible either in
silhouette (outline) or by the shadows which they cast.

4) Gate House Lighting – is installed on active entrances for pedestrians and vehicles to facilitate complete
inspection of passengers, cars, trucks and freight cars as well as their contents and passengers.

5) Topping Lighting – is used to illuminate dark areas not adequately lighted by area or flood lighting. Areas
and structures within the installation property lines consist of yards, storage spaces, large open working
areas, piers, docks, and other sensitive areas and structures.
PROTECTIVE ALARMS

A. PROTECTIVE ALARMS DEFINED:

a. Alarm – a security device fitted to property, especially a house or a car, to make a warning sound
if a break-in or theft is attempted or a warning device the sound made by a security.
b. Protective Alarm – It is an aural or visual signal given by the enunciator to security guard when
intruder actuates device in a protected area.
c. Enunciator – is a visual or audible signaling device, which initiates conditions of associated circuits.

B. CONCEPT OF PROTECTIVE ALARM

Basically, alarm systems are designed to alert security personnel to consummated or attempted intrusion
into an area, building or compound. Alarms are not meant to prevent criminal acts. Each type of alarm is
activated in the event that an intruder tampers the circuitry, a beam or radiated waves. In short intrusion alarms
can be electrical, mechanical or electronic.

C. PARTS OF AN ALARM SYSTEM

a. Sensor or triggering device which emits oral or visual
signal or both
b. Transmission line which transmits the message to
signaling apparatus
c. Enunciator or the signaling system that activates the
alarm.

D. TYPES OF INTRUSION ALARM SYSTEMS

1. Metallic foil or wire - All point of entry can be wired by using electrically
charge strips of tinfoil wire. Any actions that will move the foil or wire
break the circuit and activate an alarm. Used in windows or glass
surfaces.

2. Photoelectric eye device - It emits either visible or invisible beam

and when an intruder crosses the beam, he makes contact with the photo
electronic coil which thus activates the alarm.

3. Audio Detection Device - It has a supersensitive microphone

speaker sensor which detects sound caused by attempted
forced entry.

4. Vibration detection device - It has a vibration detection sensor which

detects any vibration caused by attempted forced entry.

5. Double Squeeze Button - Pressure is required on both side of the

device and therefore the probability of accidental alarm is reduced.
 6. Other Types
 Foot rail activator
 Bill traps
 Knee or thigh button
 Foot button

Foot Rail Activator Bill Traps Knee or Thigh button Foot button

E. TYPES OF ARLARM DETECTION SYSTEM

1. Central Station System- A type of protective alarm system where the central station is located outside the
installation.
2. Proprietary System - It functions in the same way as the central system except that it is owned by, operated
and located in the facility.
3. Local Alarm System - In this case, the sensor activates the circuit, which in turn activates a horn or siren or
even flashing light located in the immediate vicinity of the alarmed area.
4. Auxiliary Alarm System - Installation circuits are led into local police or fire department by lease
telephone lines.
5. Local Alarm by Chance System - A bell or siren is sounded with no predictable response. This system is
used in residence or small retail establishment which cannot afford a respond system.
6. Dial Alarm System - This system is set to dial a predestined number when the alarm is activated.

F. FIRE ALARM SYSTEM

Today many communities are served either with a telegraph-alarm system or with telephone call boxes. Many
large cities have removed all or many of their street alarm boxes because of problems associated with
maintenance and with false alarm transmissions. Some boxes have been replaced with telephones. All alarms are
then transmitted to the fire stations.
In large cities, alarms are received at central dispatch office and then transmitted to fire stations, frequently
with the use of mobile teleprinters and computers. Apparatus is dispatched according to the nature of the alarm
and location of the fire. Many modern departments are now equipped with computer-aided dispatch systems that
can track the status of all units and provide vital information about the buildings where fires occur.

FIRE ALARM – are those devices installed to help detect fires or detect anything that causes fire such as smoke or
unusual rising of temperature.

PRIVATE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

1. Automatic Sprinkler – is a type of built-in sprinklers which works by the

increase of room temperature and which automatically operates the system
to put out the fire. Attached and distributed is the ceilings of the rooms, these
sprinklers will go into action once a fire starts, and those that will open are
those directly above the fire and water is delivered right where it is needed.

Types of Sprinkle System:

a. Wet Pipe System – the piping has water with pressure, and
the water sprinkler will operate when head is opened and water will continue to flow until shut-off.
 b. Dry Pipe System – the pipes are filled with air under pressure
which holds the water at a value located in a room. When
sprinkler goes, into operation, air is released, trapping the dry
pipe value and allowing water to flow through the system.

2. Fire Pumps – are mechanical device of supplying water which can be

manual or motor-driven. These pumps are ideal when natural supplies of
water are readily available like a river, lake or stream.

3. Standpipes – are galvanized iron steel or plastic pipes located inside a

building from the lowest to the top floor with water under pressure for use in
case of fire. Located near the standpipe is a fire hose usually enclosed in a glass
box handy for use. In case of fire, the hose is screwed into the standpipe outlet
and valve is opened to release the water. The water for the standpipe can come
from a storage tank at the roof or from a series of water pumps.

4. Fire Hydrant – is a mechanical device strategically located in

an installation or street where fire hose is connected so that water
with pressure will be available to extinguish a fire.

5. Portable Hand Extinguishers – This is a firefighting

equipment which can be portable or in a cart that is used to put
out fire depending on the contents to extinguish certain types of
fire as class A to D. This is the most important and useful piece
of firefighting equipment in a plant, building or facility.

6. Alarm Systems in buildings may also be equipped with detection systems that will transmit an alarm. Some
detectors are designed to respond to smoke and others to heat.
a) Fire Detection System – This system provides sensors in fire-prone areas in a building whereby smoke or
heat will actuate these strategically located sensors or automatic fire detectors so that alarm is
automatically sounded warning the employees and summoning firefighting units. Some fire detectors
activate installed automatic fire extinguishers or automatic overhead sprinkling systems.
b) Smoke Detectors – Smoke detectors offer some advantage over fire detectors because before fire gets
big, there will be smoke. Thus, these detectors trigger an alarm ahead of the heat-actuated device or
detector.

TYPES:
b.1. Ionization Device or Radio-active device – This contains a small radioactive source for ionizing the air
molecules between a pair of electrodes, permitting a very small current to flow between the pair. If smoke
particles from a fire enter this space, they reduce the flow of current by adhering to the ionized molecules. The
drop in current sets off a buzzer or other alarm.
This device could also detect the invisible and poisonous gases in a fire long before visible smoke, flames
and elevated temperatures can be detected.

b.2. Smoke Detector – This uses a photoelectric cell. In some of these detectors, smoke that enters obscures a
steady beam of light; in others, the smoke scatters a light ray from a diode so that the cell can detect it. In
either case the change sets off an alarm.
Learning Objectives:
At the end of the chapter, the student will be able to:
1. Identify the different types of locks & keys; and
2. Discuss the principles of personnel security
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BASIC CONCEPT:
The best defense against lock picking and making of key impression is the installation of special pick-
resistant, impression-resistant lock cylinders.
Generally speaking, locks are the cheapest security investment that can be made. Locking device is simply
a mechanism that extends the door or window into a wall that hold them.

TERMINOLOGIES:
1. LOCK
o Locks are a simple type of detachable lock, with a hinged or sliding shackle designed to pass through a ring
or staple on a door, chest, etc. While some modern locks do not require a key to be closed, others do require
it, most often as a security measure against leaving the key inside the location being locked.
o A mechanical, electrical, hydraulic or electronic device used to prevent entry into a building, room, container
or hiding place and to prevent the removal of items without the consent of the owner.

2. KEY
o An instrument for locking and unlocking; a metal bar with notches or grooves that, when inserted into a lock
and turned, operates the lock’s mechanism;
o A door or lock opener; a device such as a plastic card with an encoded magnetic strip that operates a door
or lock.

3. PADLOCK
o A portable and detachable lock having a sliding hasp which passes through a staple ring or the like and is
then made fast or secured.

4. PETERMAN
o An English term used to describe a lock picker.

TYPES OF LOCKS
1) WARDED LOCKS
The underlying principle is the incorporation of wards or obstructions inside the lock
to prohibit a key from operating the bolt unless the key has corresponding notches
cut in it do that it will pass the wards. Warded locks offer very little security. This
type of lock must therefore be used only to have privacy but not to provide a high
degree of security.

2) DISC TUMBLER LOCKS

These are also known as wafer locks. They have flat metal tumblers
with open center fitted into slots in a plug that it is in turn fitted into
a lock case. When the plug is turned, it activates a cam.
3. Lever Tumbler Locks – Each lever in the lock hinges on a fixed point
and is held down against a stop by the pressure of a flat spring. Each
lever has a cut in it, and all the gates can be located at different places.
When the proper key is inserted and turned, notches of various depths
raise all the lever whatever distanced is required to line up the entire
gate exactly opposite the fence on the bolt. When the key is turned, a
portion of the key catches the bolt and slides it back. Because there is
no resistance to the post entering the gate, the lock is opened. If the key
is not the correct one and if even one gate does not line up to let the post slide into it, the lock cannot be opened.

4. Pin Tumbler Lock – The pin tumbler mechanism depends for

its security, and a number of round pin or tumblers operating on
a cylinder. Each tumbler pin is divided into two parts, the upper
which is flat on bolt, is called the driver; the bottom part called
the pin is rounded or slightly pointed on the lower end to fit the
grooves or cuts in the key. A coil spring above each driver
constantly forces it downward. When the right key is inserted, the
various depths of the cuts and the key compensate for the
different lengths in the pins. The dividing point between each of
the two pin segments is brought into line with. The top of the plug,
allowing it to rotate in the cylinder. When the plug turns, it carries with its cam, which activates the bolt and other
lock mechanism.

OTHER TYPES OF LOCKS

1) Key-Operated Locks - Key-operated locks are most frequently used and are simple to operate. A key is
inserted into a keyway and turned to insert or withdraw a bolt from a strike. The keyway contains obstacles
that must be bypassed to withdraw or insert the bolt. It can be housed in doorknob or in the door itself.

2) Combination Locks - Combination locks are often used on padlocks as well as on safe and vault doors.
Dial combination locks usually have from two to six notched tumblers. Turning the dial to pre-specified
numbers align the notches to create a slot, allowing an arm to drop into it so that the locking bar can be
withdrawn from the strike.

3) Card-Operated Locks - Card operated locks are inserted into a card reader installed near door or
passageway that is restricted. When an authorized card is inserted into the slot, a minicomputer activates
the locking device, thereby opening the door, traffic control arm, gate, or turnstile.

4) Electronic Locks - Electronic locks are frequently used in apartment buildings and in offices where strict
physical security is required. For example, in an apartment building, the doorway between the foyer and
hallways to the apartment can be electronically locked.

5) Code Operated Lock - Are combination-type locks and that no key is used. Pressing the series of numbered
button in the proper sequence opens them. Some of them are equipped to alarm if wrong sequence is
pressed. These are high security locking device.

KEY CONTROL
a) Key cabinet – a well-constructed cabinet will have to be produced. The cabinet will have to be of sufficient
size to hold the original key to every lock in the system. It should be lock at all times.
b) Key Records – Some administrative means must be set up to record code numbers of the locks and to whom
the keys of a specific locks were issued.
c) Inventories – Periodic account must be made of all duplicates and original keys in the hands of the
employees whom they have been issued.
d) Audits – in addition to periodic inventories, an unannounced audit should be made of all the key control
records and procedures by a member of the management.
e) Daily report – A regular report must be made to the person responsible for the key control from the
personnel department indicating all persons who have left or will be leaving the department or the
company. In the event that a key was issued, steps should be made to recover the key.
TYPES OF KEYS
a) Change Key – is a specific key, which operates the lock and has a particular combination of cuts, or batting,
which match the tumblers in the lock.
b) Sub-Master Key – is a key that could open all the lock within a particular area or grouping in a particular
facility.
c) Master Key – is a special key that is capable of opening a series of locks.
d) Grand Master Key – is a type of a key that will open everything in a system involving two or more master
key groups.

PROTECTIVE CABINETS
The final line of defense of any facility. High security storage area for valuable asset.

➢ SAFE
o Small metallic container used for the safekeeping of documents or small items in an office or installation.
o The standard weight is 750 lbs.
o It should be anchored to a building structure.
o Its body should at least one-inch-thick steel.

➢ VAULT
o Heavily constructed fire and burglar resistant container usually a part of the building structure used to keep
and protect cash, documents and negotiable instruments. Vaults are bigger than Safe but smaller than a
security file room.
o Vault door – 6 inches thick steel
o Walls, ceiling, floor – 12 inches thick reinforce thick
o Fire resistant up to 6 hours

➢ FILE ROOM
o A cubicle in a building constructed a little lighter than a vault but bigger size to accommodate limited
people to work on the records inside.
o Standard height – 12 feet
o Fire resistant for 1 hour

SOME TESTS FOR VAULT/SAFE’S FIRE RESISTANCE

a) FIRE ENDURANCE TEST – A safe should not have at any more time a temperature above 350 degrees
Fahrenheit.

b) EXPLOSION HAZARD TEST – Test to determine if the sudden rise in temperature will not cause the safe to
repute. If the safe can withstand 2000 degrees Fahrenheit for 30 minutes and will not crack or open, then it
has passed the explosion test.

c) FIRE AND IMPACT TEST – Aimed at determining the strength of a safe to withstand the collapse of a building
during a fire.

PERSONNEL SECURITY
Personnel Security includes all the security measures designed to prevent unsuitable individuals or
persons of doubtful loyalty to the government, from gaining access to classified matter or to any security
facility, and to prevent appointment, or retention as employees of such individuals.

PRINCIPLE OF PERSONNEL SECURITY

▪ Just any other control technique, security must start from a given foundation or basis and this basis shall be
referred to as the principles of security.
▪ In the Security “Chain”: Personnel Security is the “weakest link”. This weakness can best be minimized or
eliminated by making the personnel security conscious through good training program.
▪ Access to “Restricted Areas” can be partially controlled by fences, gates and other physical means, but the
individual working in the area is the key to the bringing out of classified matter to unauthorized personnel.
▪ Written information does not have the power of speech. Only the individual has knowledge of this written
information can pass it to unauthorized personnel if he unguardedly talks about information.
▪ No person is entitled to knowledge or possession of classified information solely by his rank, office, or position.
Such matter is entrusted only to individuals whose official duties require knowledge or possession

TYPES OF PERSONNEL IDENTIFICATIONS

a. Personal Recognition- Familiarity of the person’s characteristics.
b. Artificial Recognition – Identification Cards, passes, passwords, etc.

PASS SYSTEM
a. Singles Pass System – the badge or pass coded for authorization to enter specific areas is issued to an
employee who keeps it in his possession until his authorization is terminated.
b. Pass Exchange System – An exchange takes place at the entrance of each controlled area. Upon leaving
the personnel surrenders his badge or passes and retrieve back his basic identification.
c. Multiple Pass System – This provides an extra measure of security by requiring that an exchange take
place at the entrance of each restricted area.

VISITORS MOVEMENT CONTROL

a. Visitors Logbook – All visitors to any facility should be required to identify themselves and should be given
a visitor’s ID by the security. Visitors’ logbook should be filled up with the named of visitors, nature and
duration of visit.
b. Photograph – Taking of photographs should also be considered. Extreme caution must be exercised in
areas where classified information is displayed to preclude unauthorized taking of pictures of the
installation. If a visitor has camera and it is prohibited to take picture, said camera should be left in the
care of security with corresponding receipt.
c. Escort – If possible, visitors should be escorted by the security to monitor their activity within the
establishment and guide them where to go.
d. Visitor Entrances – Separate access for visitors and employees of the establishment should be provided.
e. Time-traveled – If there is a long delay or time lapse between the departure and arrival, the visitors may
be required to show cause of the delay.
f. Access List – record of pre-determined visitors.

Learning Objectives:
At the end of the chapter, the student will be able to:
1. Discuss the concept and techniques of Personnel Security Investigations;
2. Distinguish the importance of Education, Survey, Inspection, and Investigation of Security.
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PERSONNEL SECURITY INVESTIGATIONS
A process of inquiry into the character, reputation, discretion, integrity, morals and loyalty of an individual to
determine his or her suitability for employment or appointment or access to classified matter.
TYPES OF PERSONNEL SECURITY INVESTIGATION (PSI)
1) National Agency Check NAC – This is an investigation of an individual made upon the basis of written
information supplied by him in response to official inquiry, and by reference to appropriate national
agencies. It is simply a check of files and record of national agencies.
a. National Intelligence Coordinating Agency (NICA)
b. National Bureau of investigation (NBI)
c. ISAAFP or J2 Division, GHQ AFP
d. CIDG PNP Camp Crame
2) Local Agency Check – This type of investigation consists of the first type plus written inquiries sent to
appropriate local government agencies, former employees, references and schools listed by the person
under investigation. The local agencies normally check besides the past employment, school and references
are the following:
a. Place of locality where the individual is a resident.
b. Mayor, Police, Fiscal, Judge of the locality where the individual is a resident.

BACKGROUND INVESTIGATION
This is more comprehensive investigation than the NAC and LAC. A thorough and complete investigation of
all or some of the circumstances or aspects of a person’s life is conducted.

TYPES OF BACKGROUND INVESTIGATION

a) Complete Background Investigation – Consist of the investigation of the background of a person,
particularly all the circumstances of his personal life.
b) Partial Background Investigation – Consist of the investigation of the background of an individual but
limited only to some of the circumstances of his personal life which are deemed pertinent to the investigation.

Factors considered in Background Investigation

a. Loyalty
b. Integrity
c. Discretion
d. Moral Character
e. Reputation

Techniques of PSI
1) Background Investigation-Expensive but necessary in personnel security. Used to verify information on the
application form and to obtain other information pertinent to decision to employ.
2) Positive Vetting- Inspecting or examining with careful thoroughness. Personal interview conducted under
stress based on the information previously given by the applicant.
3) Profiling- process whereby a subject’s reaction in a future critical situation is predicted by observing his
behavior or by interviewing him, or by analyzing his responses
4) Deception Detection Technique-A process of detecting deception during the interview stage. Financial and
lifestyle inquiry. A process used to seek information on the income and mode of living of an employee.
5) Undercover Assignment-The placement of an agent in a role in which the agent’s true identity and role
remains unknown in order to obtain information.
6) Exit interview-A valuable tool which gives departing employee the opportunity to list grievances and to
remind them of their continuing legal obligation to safeguard confidential company information.

SECURITY EDUCATION
o It is conducted to develop security awareness among employees of the company. It should cover all employees,
regardless of rank or position.
o A mandatory indoctrination on security for all new personnel before their assignment to their respective jobs.
o A down-the-line security program aimed at instilling consciousness and dedication through demonstration,
lectures, motivations and suggestions.
Phases of Security Education Program
a. Initial Interview
b. Orientation and Training
c. Refresher Conference
d. Security reminders
e. Security promotion

Security Education Programs Include:

a. Company’s role in the prevention and/or reduction of loss;
b. Integration of Security Education during Company Employee’s orientation;
c. Fire prevention programs and drills;
d. Natural disasters/calamities drills;
e. Coordination with the security department
f. Creation of safety or security committee
g. Proper waste disposal
h. Posting of security awareness posters/notices, issuance of pamphlets and brochures.

Security Education Program to be effective must have the support and personnel on the reasons, the main thrust
being to acquaint all personnel on the reasons for the security measures.

This program should be given to all personnel form the work group that has no access to classified endeavors to
the supervisors and executives handling sensitive plans and policies of the industrial firm. The program is given a
“follow-through” which will be continuing and tailored to the specific group levels depending on their access to
restricted work and activity.

SECURITY SURVEY
o It is the critical on-site examination and analysis of an industrial plant, business, home or public or private
institution done to ascertain the facility’s security status.
o It is also fact-finding probe to determine the plant’s adequacy and deficiency in all aspects of security, with
the corresponding recommendations, and it is also coined as the first detailed “look-see.”

Who Performs Security Survey?

This should be conducted by qualified security experts who can be from the organization or outsiders
contracted to do the job. Generally, recommendation from security survey will fall into three categories:
1) Human Guards – refers to the number of guards needed and their respective qualifications like female
guards for searching female employees.
2) Equipment – this includes the type and number of firearms needed, communication gadgets, metal
detectors and other devices necessary in the implementation of the proposed security system.
3) Procedures – these are the detailed rules and regulations and steps necessary in the implementation of the
proposed or existing security system.

Security Survey Procedures:

a) Preliminary Planning – To assure as much as possible the successful completion of a security survey, a
chronological plan of action is developed. A very important consideration during this stage is the use of a
checklist.
b) Initial Briefing (Entrance Conference) – A conference or dialogue between the survey team and
management officials of a plant before survey is conducted.
 c) Escort Personnel - This escort should be the security officer of the security office or his representative. In
any event he should be a person conversant with the security practice and procedures employed as the
office.
d) Preliminary Exterior and Interior Check – The purpose of such an inspection is to gain a general knowledge
of those elements outside the office which do or could conceivably have either a direct influence upon the
security of the office.
e) Analyzing Existing Security – This portion of the survey is a minute examination of all factors regarding
the physical security, security of personnel and the security of information. It includes the collection of all
factual data that affects the security of the office. This data will include all preventive measures as well as
hazards and deficiencies any of the security measures the specialist examine are not based upon existing
requirements. The specialist makes his own conclusions which are reflected in his recommendations.
f) Final Briefing (Exit Conference) – The final conference is an oral to the chief wherein the specialist
determines whether or not his tentative recommendations can be realistically implemented. The specialist
discusses the recommendations with the command since information may exist which may negate or change
the recommendations.

SECURITY INSPECTION
o It complements security survey in its attempt to prevent losses of company properties. Conducted to check on
the degree of compliance with the recommended countermeasures. This is a check of how well existing security
measures and regulation are being carried out within a detachment or establishment.

Security Inspection Procedures

The preliminary and investigative procedures involved in the conduct of security inspection are essentially
the same as those required for a security survey;
✓ Selection of Inspection Personnel
✓ Necessary File Checks and other Preparation
✓ Duties of the in-charge
✓ Use of Checklist and Coordination with the Security Officer

Types of Security Inspection

a) Continuous inspection – to keep the pace with the constant changes in the organization, changes in our
security terms of attitudes, lifestyle and moral values, and the rapid advancement of technological
modifications are all around us, the inspection must be an on-going and never-ending activity.
b) Formal inspection – is one which some fanfare is attached. It is usually preceded by an announcement, and
the unit under inspection “prepares” for events, including some extra housekeeping activities that would not
otherwise happen at that point in time.
c) Informal inspection – Is usually the result of a long and firmly entrenched inspection program, understood
by all and accepted as a part of the organizational life.
d) Structured inspection – there is a format or logical sequence to the process.
e) Unstructured inspection – it is conducted in a random manner. There is no format or logical sequencing.

SECURITY INVESTIGATION
o This is a planned and organized determination of facts concerning specific loss or damage of assets due to
threats, hazards or unsecured conditions.

Tools of Investigation
1) Information – knowledge which the investigator gathers from other persons.
a. Acquired from regular sources – conscientious and public-spirited citizens, company files or records
file of other agencies.
b. Acquired from cultivated Sources - paid informants, bartenders, cab drivers, acquaintance’s, etc.
2) Interrogation – The skillful questioning of a person who is reluctant to divulge information concerning the
offense under investigation.
 3) Interview – The simple questioning of a witness who has no personal reason to withhold information.
Instrumentation – The application of instruments and methods of physical sciences to the detection of crimes. In other
words, the sum total of the application of all sciences in crime detection otherwise known as criminalistics.

Learning Objectives:
At the end of the chapter, the student will be able to:
1. Identify the different classes of records; and
2. Discuss the concept of risk analysis and security hazard;
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TERMINOLOGIES
1. Document - Any material or instrument which contains marks, symbols or letters that convey a message to
someone.
2. Document Security - It involves the protection of documents and classified papers from loss, access by
unauthorized persons, damage, theft and compromise through disclosure
3. Classify - Assigning information or material, one of the four security classification after determination has
been made that the information requires the security protection as provided.
4. Declassify - Act of removing the security classification from classified information or matter.
5. Reclassify or Regarding - Act of changing the assigned classification of a document.
6. Upgrading - Act of assigning the information or matter to the higher classification than that previously
assigned to it.
7. Compartmentation - Grant of access to the classified matter only to properly cleared person when such
classified information is required in the performance of their official duties.
8. Need to Know - Dissemination of classified information or matter to be limited strictly to those persons
whose duties requires knowledge or possession thereof.
9. Compromise - This takes place through the loss of security which results from unauthorized persons
obtaining knowledge of classified matters.
10. Proprietary information - Information that in some special way relates to the status or activities of the
possessor and over which the possessor asserts ownership.
11. Trade Secrets - It consist of formula, pattern, device or compilation of information which is used in one’s
business and which gives him an opportunity to gain an advantage versus competitors who do not know
or use it.
12. Patent - Grant made by the government to an inventor, conveying or securing him the exclusive right to
make, use, sell his invention for a term of years.
13. Purging - is the process of destroying a document which is no longer significant in the organization.
14. Security Clearance - is the certification by a responsible authority that the person described is cleared
for access to classified matter
15. Certificate of Destruction - this is the certification by a witnessing officer that the classified matters
described therein has been disposed of in his presence in an approved destruction method.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF BUSINESS RECORDS

Assets requiring security include cash, stocks, inventory, and records. Business records are classified into four
classes, as follows:

1) Class 1 – Vital Records

Includes the records that are irreplaceable; records wherein reproduction of which does not have the same value
as the original; records needed to recover cash to replace buildings, equipment, raw materials, finished products
and records needed to avoid delay in production, and services.
 2) Class II – Useful Records
Includes records which loss might cause inconvenience but could be readily replaced and which would not in the
meantime present an insurmountable obstacle to the prompt restoration of the business.

3) Class III – Important Records

Include records, the reproduction of which will involve considerable expense and labor, or considerable delays.
Operating and statistical records belong to this class as well as those to maintain check on efficiencies, operating
costs, etc.

4) Class IV – Non-Essential Records

These are the daily files, and routine in nature so that even if lost or destroyed, will not affect operation and
administration of the plants or firms.

RISK ANALYSIS AND SECURITY HAZARD

TERMINOLOGIES
▪ Risk - It is the potential loss or damage of an asset.
▪ Hazard - Exposure to the chance of loss or injury. Potential danger or something that is potentially
dangerous.
▪ Security Hazard - Any act or condition which may result in the compromise of information, loss of life, loss
or destruction of property or disruption of the objective of the installation.
Types of Hazards
✓ Human hazards
✓ Natural hazards
▪ Risk Management - A process of selecting and implementing security countermeasures to achieve an
acceptable level of risk at an acceptable cost.
▪ Risk Analysis - Examination of the vulnerability, criticality and probability of the potential threats.
▪ Adversary - Any individual, group, organization, or government that conducts activities or has the intention
and capability to conduct activities detrimental to the individual, private or government entity.
▪ Asset - Any information, facility, material, information, or activity which has a positive value to its owner
whether it is an individual, private or government entity.
▪ Vulnerability - Any weakness that can be exploited by an adversary to gain access to an asset.
▪ Countermeasures - An action taken used by a physical entity to reduce or eliminate one or more
vulnerabilities.
▪ Probability - Chance or likelihood that a loss will take place.
▪ Criticality - Impact of a loss as measured in financial terms.
▪ Sabotage - Act of causing destruction in an organization out of revenge, spite or anger.
▪ Espionage - Act of stealing confidential information from an organization
▪ Subversion - An act of spreading rumors, propaganda purposely to undermine one’s authority or weaken
an organization.

RISK MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES AND STRATEGIES

✓ Risk Avoidance - -Eliminating or removing the risk totally from the organization.
✓ Risk Reduction – this is the decreasing the risk by minimizing the probability of the potential loss. The
reduction of criminal opportunity is often accomplished by situational crime prevention strategies to
discourage, deter, or deny criminal incidents. A good example is the construction of fences and similar
physical barriers.
✓ Risk Spreading – This is spreading the risk through compartmentation or decentralization to limit the impact
of the potential loss.
✓ Risk Transfer - This is the moving the financial impact of the potential loss-over to an insurance company.
This is done by availing of property and life insurances. Hiring security agencies is also a good example
of this.
✓ Risk Self-assumption – This is a planned assumption and acceptance of the potential risk by making a
deliberate managerial decision of doing nothing about the threat, or setting aside resources for use in case
of a specific loss incident.
SECURITY HAZARD
It is an act or conditions which may results in a situation conducive to a breach of the protection system and the
subsequent loss or compromise of defense information, company secrets, or damage to personnel, property or
facilities or disruption of the objectives of the installations.

GENERAL CATEGORIES OF SECURITY HAZARD

The two general categories:
1) Human Hazard- Are the acts or conditions affecting the safe operation of the facility caused by human
action, accidental or intentional?
2) Natural Hazard - Are those caused by natural phenomena which cause damage, disturbance and problems
of the normal functioning of human activities, including security.

FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN SECURITY HAZARD

The extent and degree of security hazard will be dependent on the hereunder factors:
1) Relative Criticality - It is the importance of the firm with reference to the national economy and security.
2) Relative Vulnerability - It is the susceptibility of the plant or establishment to damage, loss or disruption of
operation due to various hazards.
3) Relative Probability - It is or a set of conditions that will worsen or increase assets exposure to hazard of
loss.

PILFERAGE
Is the act of stealing small items or items of little value. However, these little items when accumulated become a
greater loss to a business establishment.

TYPES OF PILFERERS
The types of pilferers are as follows:
1. Casual Pilferer - The casual pilferer is one who steals due to his inability to resist the unexpected
opportunity and has little fear of detection.
2. Systematic Pilferer – The systematic pilferer is one who steals with preconceived plans and takes away
any of all types of items or supplies for economic gain.

FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN PILFERAGE

a) Location of items to be pilfered – the systematic pilferer surveys shopping and store areas, or through
contacts from the firms.
b) Access to the items – techniques can be from fake documents, bribing of guards, outsmarting security,
creating disturbance and other methods to divert attention while pilferage goes on.
c) Removal of item – this can be done as wearing the stolen the shoes or shorts, concealment in body or
vehicles, use of sale documents, etc. Driver may conceal pilfered items in his vehicle.
d) Disposal of items – there is a need for “fences”, “brokers” or “clearing house” for these “hot” items.
 “AN ACT GOVERNING THE ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PRIVATE SECURITY
AGENCY, COMPANY GUARD FORCES AND GOVERNMENT SECURITY FORCES”

RULE I
DECLARATION OF POLICY
SECTION 1. Scope. The organization, operation, business and activities of private watchman/security or detective
agencies, security training institutions/systems as well as private security and training personnel shall be governed
by these Rules and Regulations implementing Republic Act No. 5487, as amended.

SECTION 2. License Necessary.

a. No person shall engage in the business of or act as a private detective agency or engage in the occupation,
calling or employment of security personnel or in the business of private security/training agency without first
having obtained the permit from the Chief of the Philippine National Police which permit as approved is
prerequisite in obtaining a license certificate.
b. License is likewise necessary for any person operating, managing, directing or conducting a licensed private
security/detective/training agency. Any person having any participation in the management or operation
thereof except those employed solely for clerical or manual work, shall also secure a license.

SECTION 3. Training Required.

All applicants for license certificate shall have received the appropriate training from any public or private training
institution/system duly recognized by the government to conduct private security or police training.

SECTION 4. Prohibitions. No License certificate shall be granted to any applicant for license to operate or license
to exercise security profession with the following disqualifications:
a. having previous record of any conviction of any crime
b. having previous record of any conviction of any offense involving moral turpitude
c. having been dishonorably discharged or separated from employment or service
d. being a mental incompetent
e. being a user/addicted to the use of prohibited drugs or narcotics
f. being a habitual drunkard
g. dummy of a foreigner

RULE II
PENAL PROVISION

SECTION 1. Without prejudice to the imposition of criminal sanctions, any violation of Republic Act 5487, as
amended or its rule or regulation, by license grantees likewise pursuant thereof, shall be punished by suspension,
or fine, or cancellation of his or its license to operate, conduct, direct or manage a private detective, watchman or
security guard agency and all its members, or penalized pursuant to provisions herein under,
and/or with the forfeiture of its bond filed with the Philippine National Police, at the discretion of the Chief. PNP.
SECTION 2.
❖ Any person not covered by Section 1, Rule II above who commits any act in violation of Republic Act 5487 as
amended and its implementing rules and regulations shall, on conviction thereof, suffer imprisonment of from
ten to fifteen years, and a fine of not less than ten thousand pesos nor more than fifteen thousand pesos as the
Court may direct.
❖ If the violation is committed by those persons mentioned in Section 3b, Rule IV herein under, the penalty shall
be imprisonment ranging from one to four years and a fine ranging from one to four thousand pesos at the
discretion of the Court.

SECTION 3. Expired License. For purposes of enforcing sanctions, any private security, watchman or company guard
force agency or private security or training personnel upon expiration of their respective license to operate or
license to exercise security profession are considered as not possessing license and shall be held criminally and
administratively liable.

RULE III
DEFINITION OF TERMS

SECTION 1. Definition – For purposes of and when used in these rules and regulations, the following terms shall
be construed in the sense indicated herein unless the context of a particular section clearly indicates that a different
sense is intended:
a. Person – shall include not only natural but also juridical persons such as single proprietorships, partnerships,
corporations, companies or associations, duly organized and registered with the Securities and
1. Exchange Commission and/or the Department of Trade and Industry.
b. Private Security Services – shall include the act of providing or rendering services to watch an establishment
whether public or private, building, compound/area or property, to conduct access control/denial in any form
whether physically, manually or scientifically by electronic monitoring systems, for the purpose of securing such
area/property and at the same time ensuring safety and protection of persons within such areas, to maintain
peace and order within such areas, to conduct private security training, and/or to conduct investigation. It shall
also include the act of contracting, recruiting, training, furnishing or posting any security guard, to do its functions
or solicit individuals, businesses, firms, or private, public or government-owned or controlled corporations to
engage his/its service or those of his/its security guards, for hire, commission or compensation thru subscription
or as a consultant/trainer to any private or public corporation.
c. Private Detective Services – shall include among others the act of providing personal security protection, inquiry
and information gathering, pre-employment verification and individual background profiling, providing
assistance in civil liability and personal injury cases, insurance claims and fraud, child custody and protection
cases, for the purpose of assisting in gathering information leading to determination and/or prevention of
criminal acts and/or resolution of legal, financial and personal problems.
d. Private Security Industry – shall cover those in the legitimate business of providing private security and detective
services.
e. Private Security Guard (SG) – sometimes called private security guard or watchman shall include any person
who offers or renders personal service to watch or secure either a residence, business establishment, or buildings,
compounds, areas, or property, inspects/monitors bodily checks/searches individuals and/or baggage and
other forms of security inspection, physically/ manually or scientifically electronic, including but not limited to,
logging concessions and agricultural, mining or pasture lands, transportation, for hire or compensation , or as
an employee thereof, including any employee of the national or local governments or agencies or
instrumentality’s thereof and or government owned or controlled firm or corporations who is employed to watch
or secure government buildings, compounds, premises and other properties, other than members of the Armed
Forces of the Philippines, guards of the Bureau of Jail management and Penology, Municipal or City jail guards,
and members of the Philippine National Police or of any other law
2. Enforcement Agency of the Government.
f. Private Detective (PD) – shall mean any person who does detective work for hire, reward or commission, other
than members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, guards of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology,
municipal or city jail guards, and members of the Philippine National Police or of any other law enforcement
agency of the government.
g. Private Security Personnel – shall be natural persons which include private security guards, private detectives,
security consultants, security officers and others that may be classified later, rendering or performing security
and/or detective services as employed by private security agencies and/or private firms.
h. Government Security Personnel – shall be natural persons which include government security guards, detectives,
security consultants, security officers and others that may be classified later, except those of the Armed Forces
of the Philippines, Philippine National Police, Bureau of Jail Management and Penology, Municipal or City Jail
guards rendering/performing security and/or detective services as employed by
3. Government Entities.
i. Private Security Agency (PSA) – shall mean any person association, partnership, firm or private corporation,
who contracts, recruits, trains, furnishes or posts any security guard, to perform its functions or solicit individuals,
businesses, firms, or private, public or government-owned or controlled corporations to engage his/its service
or those of his/its security guards, for hire, commission or compensation thru subscription or as a
consultant/trainer to any private or public corporation whose business or transactions involve national security
or interest like the operation and/or management of domestic or ocean vessels, airplanes, helicopters, seaports,
airports heliports, landing strips etc., or as consultant on any security related matter, or to provide highly
specialized security, detective and investigation services like gangway security, catering security, passenger
profiling, baggage examination, providing security on board vessels or aircraft, or other security needs that
PNP SAGSD may approve.
j. Private Detective Agency (PDA) – shall mean any person association, partnership, firm or private corporation,
who contracts, recruits, trains, furnishes or posts any private detective, to perform its functions or solicit
individuals, businesses, firms, or private, public or government-owned or controlled corporations to engage
his/its service or those of his/its detectives, for hire, commission or compensation thru subscription or as a
consultant/trainer to any private or public corporation or as consultant on any detective related matter, or to
provide highly specialized detective and investigation services, or other detective needs that SAGSD-CSG may
approve.
k. License to Exercise Profession – shall mean any document issued by the Chief, Philippine National Police or his
duly authorized representative recognizing a person to be qualified to perform his duties as private security
or training personnel.
l. License to Operate (LTO) – is a License Certificate document, issued by the Chief, Philippine National Police or
his duly authorized representative, authorizing a person to engage in employing security guard or detective,
or a juridical person to establish, engage, direct, manage or operate an individual or a private detective
agency or private security agency/company security force after payment of the prescribed dues or fees as
provided in these Rules and Regulations.
m. Company Guard Force (CGF) – a security force maintained and operated by any private company/corporation
utilizing any of its employees to watch, secure or guard its business establishment premises, compound or
properties.
n. Government Guard Unit (GGU) – a security unit maintained and operated by any government entity other than
military or police, which is established and maintained for the purpose of securing the office or compound
and/or extension of such government entity.
o. PNP as used herein shall mean the Philippine National Police, which was organized pursuant to the provision of
RA 6975 otherwise known as the National Police Act of 1991.
p. SAGSD as used herein shall refer to the current PNP Civil Security Group Security Agency and Guard
Supervision Division or any other PNP Office that may be designated later as the primary office for supervision
of the implementation of these rules and regulations.
q. PADPAO refers to the Philippines Association of Detective and Protective Agency Operators, Inc., which is an
association of all licensed security agencies and company security forces.
r. Duty Detail Order is a written order/schedule issued by a superior officer usually the private security
agency/branch manager or operations officer assigning the performance of private security/detective services
duties.

RULE IV
LICENSE TO OPERATE

PART 1
SECTION 1. Who may organize and maintain a Private Security Agency and Private Detective Agency? - Any Filipino
citizen or corporation, association, partnership, one hundred percent (100%) of which is owned and controlled by
Filipino citizens, may organize and maintain a Private Security Agency or Private Detective Agency.

SECTION 2. Basic requirement of an operator or manager of agency –

a. The operator or manager of an agency including, managers of branch offices, must be:
1. Filipino citizen;
2. Not be less than twenty-five (25) years of age;
3. College graduate and/or a commissioned officer in the inactive service or retired from the Armed Forces
of the Philippines or the Philippine National police;
4. Has taken a course/seminar on industrial Security Management and/or must have adequate training or
experience in security business; and,
5. Good moral character
b. New applicants for license to operate shall be required to obtain a minimum capitalization of one million pesos
(P1, 000,000.00) with a minimum bank deposit of five hundred thousand (P500, 000.00) pesos in order to
start its business operation.

SECTION 3. Limitations, Disqualifications and Prohibitions.

a. No person shall organize or have an interest in more than one agency.
b. Elective or appointive government employees who may be called upon on account of the functions of their
respective offices in the implementation and enforcement of the provisions of Republic Act 5487 as amended
and its implementing rules and regulations, and any person related to such government employee by affinity
or consanguinity in the third civil degree, shall not hold an interest, directly or indirectly, in any security or
watchman agency.
c. No agency shall offer, render or accept services in gambling dens or other illegal business establishments or
enterprises.
d. The extent of the security guard service being furnished by the security agency shall not go beyond the
compound and/or property of the person or establishment contracting the security service except when the
security guards is escorting big amount of money or valuables.
e. Main/branch offices. - All agencies shall maintain a main office in their registered addresses. Branch offices
may be established and maintained in other provinces/ cities where the security agency has deployed security
guards.
f. Authority to operate outside principal offices. The following measures are promulgated to promote the healthy
growth of the private security industry in general, as well as to minimize proliferation of marginal agencies in
particular.
1. No new or moribund but previously licensed private security agency shall be granted license to operate
unless its business viability is supported by evidence of assured clientele, adequate capitalization and the
like.
2. Private Security Agency operating at regions outside its main office shall be required to register with the
nearest Police Provincial Office and shall submit an authenticated machine copy of the following documents:
a) License to Operate
b) License of the FA’s to be issued
c) List of the officers and security guards
d) Appointment Order of Branch/Detachment Manager (if any)
g. All applicants for license to operate shall, in addition to the requirements imposed pursuant to RA 5487 as
amended and these rules and regulations, be required to attend a private security agency/company guard
force operators’ and management seminar/workshop.
h. Prohibition on “KABIT SYSTEM” operators.
1. No licensed security agency shall operate, promote and enter into an agreement of “merger“ (kabit system)
with any person or a group of persons for the purpose of organizing a branch unit or subsidiary under
separate control and ownership. Merger of security and detective agencies shall not be recognized without
prior approval from the Securities and Exchange Commission with respect to their Articles of Incorporation
and the Department of Trade and Industry, with regards their business name.
2. Any of the following circumstances or a combination thereof shall be considered prima-facie evidence of
the existence of “Kabit System”.
a) Maintaining a separate branch, unit or subsidiary office aside from the main office of the agency
situated within the same locality;
b) Receiving direct payments from the agency’s clientele and issuing officials receipt of their own distinct
from that issued by the agency concerned;
 c) Remitting directly Social Security System premiums, Medicare contributions and other premium for other
policy insurance benefits by the aforementioned branch, unit or subsidiary office;
d) Existence of an agreement between the licensee and a branch manager thereof, whereby the latter
obligates himself to pay a certain percentage of his income to the former on the condition that the
control and supervision of the guards posted by said branch shall course on the manager thereof and
that the licensee shall be exempt from liabilities/ obligations attendant to the operation of said branch.
e) Keeping/maintaining separate payrolls for the branch employees signed and/or approved by the
branch manager only;
f) Absence of record of monthly income remittances to the main office when said branch is authorized to
make collections from the clients of the licensee; and
g) All other similar acts tending to show separate and distinct relationship/ personality/ ownership/
management.

SECTION 4. Organizational structure of private security agencies/company security

services/ government security units.
a. Private security agencies shall conform with the organizational structure, personnel, equipment, training and
clothing as provided for hereinafter.
b. Company security forces shall be organized to conform substantially with the organizational structure
prescribed for private security agencies.
c. Government Guard Unit shall be organized to conform with the organizational structure of the said government
firm but not contrary to the organizational structure as prescribed for government security units.

SECTION 5. On Membership.
a. No regular license shall be granted to any private security agency unless it has a minimum of two hundred
(200) licensed private security personnel under its employ.
b. No regular license shall be granted to any company guard force or private detective agency unless it has a
minimum of thirty (30) licensed private security personnel under its employ.
c. The maximum number of private security personnel that a PSA/CGF/PDA may employ shall be one thousand
(1000).

PART 2
SECTION 6. Application for License to Operate (LTO).
a. The application shall be made in writing by the owner (for single proprietorships) or authorized person duly
designated by the corporation or partnership (through a board resolution or joint affidavit, respectively) and
shall be filed with the Chief of the Philippine National Police (CPNP) through the PNP Security Agency and
Guard Supervision Division, Civil security Group (SAGSD-CSG). Using license application form PNPSF1, the
application shall contain the full name of the applicant, his age, civil status, his residence and location of business.
b. Applications of corporations, associations, partnerships shall furthermore include a copy of the certificate of
registration together with its by-laws and articles of incorporation.
c. All applications shall be accompanied by a bond issued by any competent or reputable surety or fidelity or
insurance company duly accredited by the Office of the Insurance Commissioner, which bond shall answer for
any valid and legal claim against the agency by its clients or employees.

SECTION 7. License to Operate (LTO). License to Operate (LTO) shall be issued corresponding to the purpose of
the organized Private Security Agency:
a. Private Security/Detective Agency LTO. License certificate issued to persons, corporations, associations,
partnerships whose primary purpose is to provide/offer commercial private security and/or detective services
for hire, commission or compensation.
b. Company Guard Force LTO. License certificate issued to persons, corporations, associations, partnerships not
doing business nor organized purposely or principally as a private security guard or detective agency
who/which is utilizing for its security purpose any of his/its employees to render private security or detective
services.
c. Government Guard Unit Certificate of Registration (CR). License certificate issued to national or local
government or any agency or instrumentality thereof, or of government-owned or controlled corporation not
 doing business nor organized purposely or principally as a private security guard or detective agency
who/which is utilizing for its purpose any of his/its employees to render private security or detective services.

SECTION 8. Status and Validity of License to Operate. The status of license certificate in Section 7 above shall be
issued in conformity with the following:
a. Regular LTO – issued, after complying with licensing requirements, to private security agencies having obtained
and maintained in its employ at least two hundred (200) security personnel, and to company guard forces and
private detective agencies having obtained and maintained in its employ at least thirty (30) security personnel
and private detectives respectively. Such license may be renewed following conformity with renewal
requirements prescribed in a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP).
b. Temporary LTO – initial and conditional issuance to new private security agencies and to PSAs holding regular
LTO not able to maintain the minimum number of security personnel or conform to standards, for them to be
able to attain the 200 minimum number of security personnel or comply with licensing standards, prior to
issuance/re-issuance of regular LTO. Such issuance shall not be renewable nor be extendible.
c. Unless sooner cancelled or revoked and provisions hereof modified, all licenses to operate shall have a validity
of two (2) years. Temporary LTOs upon expiration are automatically cancelled.
d. The expiry date of Regular Licenses to Operate shall be on the last day of the month of the second year
corresponding to the last number before the year series number of the assigned number/LTO number of the
License. (i.e., hereto in bold numbers PSA-0000 1-02 and PSA-00050-03 representing expiry on January 31,
2004 and October 31, 2005 respectively). For this purpose, the appropriate transition period shall be
provided after the effectivity of these Rules and Regulations.

SECTION 9. LTO Processing.

a. All applications for Licenses to Operate filed shall be processed by SAGSD-CSG for approval and subsequent
issuance of the appropriate LTO, and/or for disapproval.
b. When all requisites for the issuance of License to Operate have been complied with, corresponding license
certificate shall be issued upon payment by the applicant of applicable fees and bond, prescribed/to be
prescribed following existing administrative laws:
National License Fee
Security Personnel Registration Fee
Annual Internal Revenue tax
Local Government Business tax
Bond issued by any competent or reputable surety or fidelity or insurance company duly accredited by the
Insurance Commission in the sum of ten thousand pesos in the discretion of the CPNP which bond shall answer
for any valid and legal claim against the agency by its clients or employees
c. Applications with lacking requirements shall not be accepted for processing.
d. All accepted applications for license to operate shall be processed for completeness of documentary
requirements and conformity to standards.

SECTION 10. Supporting Documentary Requirements

a. Supporting Documents accompanying applications for New License to Operate:
1. Sketch of Office Location
2. Application Form (SAGSD 02-94)
3. Registration Form DTI/SEC
4. Bio-Data/Information Sheet for Director/Partners
5. Endorsement from RD/ARDO (for provincial application only)
6. College Diploma or Retirement Order (AFP/PNP)
7. List of Prospect Clients
8. Project Feasibility Study
9. Letter Request for Authority to Purchase FAs from Authorized Gun Dealers/Store
10. Official Receipt National License Fee (P 2, 500 per year)
 11. Registration Fee (P 50 per guard)
12. Surety Bond for the period of license
13. Bank Certificate (Minimum P 500, 000)
14. Certificate from RD/Provincial Director that there is a demand for security services or a need to CSF
15. PADPAO Membership Fee or PADPAO Membership Certificate
16. Affidavit that the agency applying has a furnished office and PNP approved FA's vault.
17. Affidavit that PSA will have at least 200 guards posted within 2 years after date of approval of Temp
LTO
18. PNP Intelligence Clearance
19. NBI Clearance
20. Neuro-Psychiatric Clearance
21. Drug Test

b. Supporting Documents accompanying applications for Regular License to Operate:

1. Indorsement from RD, PNP PROs with Inspection Checklist
2. Sketch of Office Location
3. Application form (SAGSD 02-04)
4. Notarized Disposition of Guards, Clients & Fire Arms
5. List of Licensed FA's Noted/Certified By FED
6. Alphabetical Listing of Guards by Birth month
7. Official Receipt for National License Fee
8. Official Receipt for PNP Registration Fee
9. VAT Payments
10. Agency's /Company's FAs License Fee
11. Surety Bond for the period of license
12. PNP Intelligence Clearance
13. Neuro-Psychiatric Clearance
14. Drug Test
15. National SSS Clearance with R-5 & R-3
16. BIR Clearance
17. DOLE Clearance
18. Certificate of FM FED of No Unclaimed FA's Licenses
19. Certification of PADPAO Membership (PADPAO)
20. Certification of Seminar Re-RA 5487 (PADPAO)
21. Mayor's Permit (Where main office is located)
22. License to Operate (Previous)

c. LTO processing, standards and documentary requirements shall be prescribed in a Standard Operating
Procedure (SOP) issued by the Director, CSG.

SECTION 11. Renewal of License to Operate.

a. Filing of Applications for Renewal and Late Filing. All applications for renewal of License to Operate shall be
filed at least sixty (60) days before expiry date of LTO subject of the renewal application. Applications
filed/accepted thereafter shall be penalized for late filing.
b. Failure to Conform to the Standards for Renewal. Renewal applicants/holders of regular license not able to
maintain the 200 minimum number of security personnel under its employ or license renewal requirements at
the time of filing of application, shall be reverted to temporary status and issued temporary LTO. Within its
 duration the agency-applicant may comply with the required minimum number of employed security personnel
or license renewal requirements prior to re-issuance/renewal of its regular LTO.
c. Failure to file for renewal. The Licenses to Operate of applications for renewal of regular Licenses to Operate
who fail to file applications sixty (60) days after the expiry date of LTO subject of the renewal application,
SHALL AUTOMATICALLY BE CANCELLED.
d. In addition to other renewal requirements under provisions of these rules and regulations, no application shall
be approved unless a certification is issued by FED-CSG to the effect that all licenses of firearms of the agency
concerned are updated/renewed for at least one (1) year forthcoming during the validity of the renewed LTO.

SECTION 12. Approval, Cancellation and Suspension of LTO. Unless revoked or modified by the Chief, PNP, the
authority to approve, cancel or suspend the license to operate shall be exercised by the following:
a. Approval of New Regular LTO CPNP
b. Cancellation of Regular LTO CPNP
c. Re-instatement of Regular LTO CPNP
d. Suspension of Regular LTO CPNP
e. Renewal of Regular LTO DCSG
f. Approval of Temporary LTO DCSG
g. Reversion of Regular to Temporary LTO DCSG
h. Cancellation of Temporary LTO DCSG
i. Suspension of Temporary LTO DCSG

SECTION 13. Cancelled LTO. All cancellations shall be issued the corresponding Cease to Operate (CTO) orders.
Thereafter the concerned agency shall stop its operation and deposit its firearms with the Firearms and Explosives
Division (FED-CSG) or nearest Police Regional Office for safekeeping until legal disposition thereof by the agency
in accordance with existing firearms laws, rules or regulations.

SECTION 14. Voluntary Cease to Operate. Anticipated cessation of operations voluntarily and officially submitted
by the agency shall be issued the corresponding CTO bearing the effectivity date of such anticipated cessation.
Thereafter the concerned agency shall stop its operation and deposit its firearms (if any remains) with the Firearms
and Explosives Division (FED-CSG) or nearest Police Regional Office for safekeeping until legal disposition thereof
by the agency in accordance with existing firearms laws, rules or regulations.

PART 3
SECTION 15. Display of License. The LTO shall be displayed at all times in a conspicuous and suitable place in the
agency office or headquarters and shall be exhibited at the request of any person whose jurisdiction is in relation
with the business of the agency or the employees thereof.

SECTION 16. Security service contract. Private security agencies shall render security services to their clients only
after a service contract shall have been executed between them. Such contract shall include among other things:
the money consideration to be paid by the client to the agency; the number of hours of security services per guard
per day which the guard himself shall render to the client and the salary each individual security guard shall
receive from the agency.

SECTION 17. Tenure of Security Personnel. - The tenure of security personnel shall be co-terminus with the service
contract between the PSA and the client. Services of any security personnel shall be terminated on the following
grounds:
a. Expiration of contract;
b. Revocation of license to exercise profession;
c. Conviction of a crime or offense involving moral turpitude;
d. Loss of trust and confidence;
e. Physical and mental disability; and
f. Violation of the pertinent rules and regulations promulgated by the PNP.
SECTION 18. Payrolls. - Private security agencies shall prepare payrolls with the name of security guards arranged
alphabetically and numbered consecutively. These payrolls shall be personally signed by the payees only after
receipt of the amounts shown therein. Separate payrolls for distant detachments/posts shall be prepared and
similarly signed by the payees or his duly authorized representative as the case maybe. Payrolls
shall be filed with the main office within fifteen (15) days after payday. The use of payroll form shall be in
accordance with the standard format as prescribed by law.

SECTION 19. Security Personnel-Employee Benefits. The employer Private Security/Training/Detective Agency,
Company Guard Force, Government Guard Unit shall be responsible and held accountable for the compensation
of the following benefits due their respective security personnel as required by law:
a. salary and wage prescribed in the minimum wage law;
b. health, medical and insurance benefits;
c. separation and retirement pay and benefits;
d. Pag-ibig benefits
e. others as may be prescribed later

SECTION 20. Mandatory Insurance Coverage - It shall be the responsibility of private security agency/company
guard forces operators/ owners to ensure that all posted security personnel under their employ shall be covered
with adequate insurance. In case of death of any security personnel, monetary benefits may be granted to his
dependents/beneficiaries by the PSA/CGFs concerned.

RULE V
LICENSE TO EXERCISE PRIVATE SECURITY PROFESSION

SECTION 1. Who may apply for a License to Exercise Private Security Profession? Any Filipino citizen may apply for
License to Exercise Private Security Profession to engage in the occupation, calling or employment either as a
Private Security Guard, Private Security Officer, Private Detective and/or Private Security Consultant, after
complying with both academic/scholastic and skills/training requirements subject to other
requirements prescribed hereinunder provisions.

SECTION 2. Basic requirements of private security personnel -

a. Filipino citizen;
b. Not be less than eighteen (18) years of age.
c. Must have taken a private security course/seminar and/or must have adequate training or experience in
security business or rendering security/detective services;
d. Of good moral character and must not have been convicted of any crime or violation of these rules and
regulations carrying a penalty of prohibition to be licensed; and
e. Must be physically and mentally fit.

SECTION 3. Qualifications a Private Security Guard. No person shall be licensed as security guard unless he
possesses the following qualifications:
a. Filipino citizen;
b. High school graduate;
c. Physically and mentally fit;
d. Not less than eighteen (18) years of age nor more than fifty (50) years of age (for new applicants and SGs
in non-supervisory position); and
e. Has undergone a pre-licensing training course or its equivalent.

SECTION 4. Qualifications for Security Officer. - No person shall be licensed as Security Officer unless he has the
following qualifications:
a. Filipino citizen;
b. Holder of a Baccalaureate Degree;
c. Physically and mentally fit; and
d. Has graduated from a Security Officer Training Course or its equivalent.

SECTION 5. Qualifications of Security Consultants. - No person shall be licensed as a Security Consultant unless he
possesses the following qualifications:
a. Filipino citizen;
b. Physically and mentally fit;
c. Holder of a Master’s degree in either Criminology, Public Administration, MNSA, Industrial Security
Administration, or Law;
d. Must have at least ten (10) years of experience in the operation and management of security business.

SECTION 6. Qualifications of a private detective.- No person shall be licensed as a private detective unless
possesses the following qualifications:
a. Filipino citizen;
b. Physical and mentally fit;
c. Holder of a baccalaureate degree preferably Bachelor of laws or Bachelor of Science in Criminology;
d. Graduate of a Criminal Investigation Course offered by the Philippine National Police or the National Bureau
of Investigation or any police training school, or a detective training in any authorized/recognized training
center;
e. Advance ROTC/CMT graduate or its equivalent.

SECTION 7. Exemptions from Basic Pre-Licensing Training. -

a. Veterans and retired military/police personnel or those honorably discharged military/police personnel
possessing all the qualifications mentioned in the preceding Section shall be exempted from pre-licensing
training/seminar and academic/scholastic attainment which is a requirement for the initial issuance of License
to exercise private security profession but shall not however be exempted from taking the refresher training
courses or its equivalent.
b. Likewise, graduates of ROTC advance/CHDF (or its equivalent in the PNP) Training graduates shall be
exempted from the required Basic-licensing Training/Seminar.

SECTION 8. Processing SOP. License to exercise profession processing, standards and documentary requirements
shall be prescribed in a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) issued by the Director, CSG.

SECTION 9. Types of Licenses.

a. Temporary License – initial and conditional issuance while awaiting issuance of regular license identification
cards or in the interim for purposes not covered by Rule V.
b. Regular License – generated Private Security Personnel License Card, duration or validity of which shall be for
two (2) years.

SECTION 10. Government Security Personnel – no person shall be licensed as Government Security Personnel unless
he possesses the qualifications as prescribed in Section 3, 4, 5 of this rule, provided he submits an appointment
order coming from the Civil Service Commission.

SECTION 11. Processing.

a. All applications for Licenses to Exercise Profession filed shall be processed by SAGSD-CSG for approval and
subsequent issuance of the appropriate License to Exercise Profession, and/or for disapproval.
b. When all requisites for the issuance of License to Exercise Profession have been complied with, corresponding
license certificate shall be issued upon payment by the applicant of applicable fees.
SECTION 12. New Applicant – applicants from NCR may file their application for license to exercise profession
with the Personnel Licensing Section, SAGSD, Civil Security Group, Camp Crame, Quezon City. Applicants from the
provinces may file their applications with the Firearms, Explosives, Security Agencies and Guards Section (FESAGS),
Regional Operation and Plans Division (ROPD) of the Police Regional Office concerned. The requirements are as
follows:
a. Application Form for Social Security ID (E-6 Rev 11-2000);
b. Application for License of Private Security Guard;
c. General Knowledge Examination Result (PASSED);
d. Training Certificate (Pre-Licensing Training Certificate);
e. Training Closing Report;
f. Neuro-Psychiatric Test Clearance;
g. Drug Test Result/Clearance;
h. Physical Fitness Certificate;
i. PNP Intelligence Clearance (DI);
j. NBI Clearance;
k. Court Clearance;
l. Police Clearance;
m. High School Diploma or Transcript of Record and College Diploma; and
n. Birth Certificate

SECTION 13. Renewal of License

a. Deadline for Filing and Late Filing. The deadline for filing of applications for renewal of License to Exercise
Profession shall be sixty (60) days prior to the month of the expiry date. Applications filed/accepted thereafter
shall be penalized for late filing.
b. Failure to file for renewal. The Licenses to Exercise Profession of those who fail to file renewal applications
SHALL AUTOMATICALLY BE CANCELLED upon expiry.
c. Renewal of license to exercise profession shall also be filed with SAGSD, CSG, Camp Crame, Quezon City or
through the Firearms, Explosives, Security Agencies and Guards Section (FESAGS), Regional Operation and
Plans Division (ROPD) of the Police Regional Office concerned after the completion of the required re-training
and requirements for renewal of license. The requirements are as follows:
1. Application for Social Security ID (E-6 Rev 11-2000 Form);
2. Application for License of Private Security Guard (PNPSF-01 Revised 2000);
3. General Knowledge Examination Result (PASSED);
4. Proof of Training;
5. Neuro-Psychiatric Test Clearance;
6. Drug Test Result/Clearance;
7. PNP Intelligence Clearance (DI) or NBI Clearance
d. All licensed security personnel must undergo in-service re-training at least once in every two (2) years
preferably two months before his/her birth month. The certificate of in-service training shall be a prerequisite
among others, for the renewal of license to exercise profession.

SECTION 14. Disposition of Applications for License. All license to exercise private security profession shall be
processed for the appropriate Approval, Disapproval, Cancellation or Suspension by the Chief, SAGSD.

SECTION 15. Possession of License.

a. All licensed private security personnel while in the exercise of their profession shall have in his body and
possession his/her valid license to exercise private security profession together with the corresponding
proof of payment of license fee.
 b. The License issued shall be the proof of authority of the grantee to engage or exercise private security
profession.
c. In no case shall the authority of the License be used in violation of laws.

RULE VI
PAYMENT OF FEES

SECTION 1. License Fees. – Consistent with laws existing during this formulation, the Chief of Philippine National
Police or his authorized representative, after receipt of the application for license and after finding the applicant
qualified under these rules and regulations, shall approve the application upon payment of the annual fees in
accordance with the following schedules:
a. For agency. –
1. The sum of two thousand five hundred pesos (P2, 500.00) as annual national license fee;
2. The sum of fifty pesos (P50.00) as payment for annual registration fee for each security guard employed.
b. For individual. -The amount of one hundred fifty pesos (P150.00) per year for Security Consultant, Security
Officer and Private Detectives and the amount of one hundred (P100) pesos per year for Security Guard as
annual license fee.

SECTION 2. Exemptions. Employees of the national or local governments or the agencies or instrumentalities thereof,
as well as of government-owned or controlled corporations, who are employed or utilized as licensed security
personnel as herein defined, shall not pay the fees nor file the prescribed bonds.

SECTION 3. Payment System. All payments of fees relative to the licensing of private security/training/detective
agencies, company guard forces, and private security/training personnel shall be made by the respective
applicant or his duly authorized representative following an approved revenue and collection system in the PNP.

SECTION 4. Changes. Any adjustments, modifications and/or additions to the fees provided in section 1 above
may be initiated through the SAGSD or CSG, and approved for adoption following current laws on revenue and
collection of fees.

RULE VII
USE OF FIREARMS

SECTION 1. Possession of Firearms by Private Security Agency /Private Detective Agency/ Company Security Force/
Government Security Unit. – Private Security Agency /Private Detective Agency/ Company Security Force/
Government Security Unit shall be entitled to possess firearms after satisfactorily complying with the requirements
prescribed by the Chief, Philippine National Police pertinent to the possession of firearms, provided that the number
of firearms shall not exceed one (1) firearm for every two (2) security guard in its employ. No private security
agency/private detective agency/company security force/government security unit shall be allowed to possess
firearms in excess of 500 units.

SECTION 2. Restriction to possess high-powered firearms. – A private detective agency/private security agency/
company security services/ government security unit is not allowed to possess high caliber firearms considered as
military-type weapons such as M16, M14, cal .30 carbine, M1 Garand, and other rifles and special weapons with
bores bigger than cal .22, to include pistols and revolvers with bores bigger than cal .38
such as cal .40, cal .41, cal .44, cal .45, cal .50, except cal .22 centerfire magnum and cal .357 and other pistols
with bores smaller than cal .38 but with firing characteristics of fully automatic burst and three-round burst. However,
when such entities are operating in areas where there is an upsurge of lawlessness and criminality as determined
by the Chief, PNP, Police Regional Office Regional Director or their authorized representative,
they may be allowed to acquire, possess and use high-powered firearms under the following conditions:
a. The acquisition of the high-powered firearms shall be at the expense of the private security agency/private
detective agency/company security force/government security unit concerned;
b. The firearms should first be registered with the Firearms and Explosives Division before issuance and shall not
be used or transferred in places other than those specially authorized by the Director, CSG;
c. The total number of high-powered firearms that an agency or security force/unit is authorized to possess shall
not exceed ten percent (10%) of the total number of security guards of watchmen in its employ; and
d. The duly licensed security guards or watchmen who will use the firearm shall first be given adequate training
in the care and use thereof and will be under the supervision of qualified officers and men of the Philippine
National Police.

SECTION 3. Limitations in the carrying of firearms.

a. Unless specified and/or exempted pursuant to provisions of these rules and regulations and/or firearms laws,
no firearm shall be borne nor be in the possession of any private security personnel except when in the actual
performance of duty, in the prescribed uniform, in the place and time so specified in the DDO.
b. The firearm issued to security personnel of private security agency/private detective agency/company security
services/government security unit shall be carried by the security personnel only within the compound of the
establishment where he is assigned to guard, except when the security personnel is escorting big amount of
money or valuables on conduction duties outside its jurisdiction or area of operation, upon prior coordination
with the nearest PNP units/stations, or when in hot pursuit of criminal offenders.

SECTION 4. Duty Detail Order (DDO) - Private security agency/private detective agency / company security
services/ government guard unit detailing their security personnel on duty under the circumstances mentioned in
the preceding section or while escorting big amount of cash or valuable outside its jurisdiction or area of operation,
shall issue an appropriate duty detail order to the security personnel concerned using SAGSD Form No. 12-94
under the following conditions:
a. DDOs for the purpose of transporting agency licensed firearms from agency vault/office to post and back for
posting, for routine rotation, replacement of firearms or for conduction service duties, shall be issued for not
more than a duration of twenty-four (24) hours;
b. DDOs for the purpose of post duties not requiring transport of firearms outside of the physical compound or
property of a client or client establishment/firm shall be issued for not more than a thirty (30) day duration;
c. Transport of firearm other than those covered in paragraph a and b, Section 4, Rule VII above, shall require
the appropriate transport permit issued by the Firearms and Explosives Division or Police Regional, Provincial
or City Office nearest the place of origin;
d. The issuance of DDOs for private detective personal protection service duties shall be prescribed in an SOP to
be issued by NHPNP in consideration of Rule XII of these rules and regulations; and
e. All DDOs shall indicate the following:
1. Name, address and telephone number of agencies
2. Issue serial number and date of DDO
3. Complete name and designation of grantee
4. Purpose
5. Inclusive dates of detail
6. Firearms description and license number
7. Authorized uniform to be used
8. Other specific instructions/remarks
9. Signature and designation of issuing officer

SECTION 5. Justification for confiscation of firearms. No firearm issued to any security guard or private detective
while in the performance of his duties, shall be confiscated by any law enforcement agency, except by uniformed
member of the PNP when duly authorized by the proper authority and/or under any of the following circumstances,
wherein an appropriate receipt for the firearm shall be issued:
a. When the firearm is about to be used in the commission of a crime;
b. When the firearm is actually being used in the commission of crime;
c. When the firearm has just been used in the commission of a crime;
d. When the firearm being carried by the security guard is unlicensed or a firearm not authorized by law
and regulation for his use;
 e. When the confiscation of the firearm is directed by the order of the court;
f. When the firearm is used or carried outside the property, compound or establishment serviced by the
agency without proper authority; or
g. When a security guard does not possess any license to exercise his profession. In all the above cases, the
confiscating officer shall inform immediately the agency concerned.

SECTION 6. Disposition of confiscated firearms. Any law enforcement officer authorized by law effecting the
confiscation of firearm under any of the circumstances mentioned in the preceding section shall inform the Chief,
Philippine National Police thru the CSG within twenty-four (24) hours after such confiscation. The firearm shall be
turned over immediately to the nearest Philippine National Police unit/station which shall
be responsible for the conveyance of same to the FED, CSG, except when charges have been filed against the
suspect, in which case, the firearm shall be turned over to the concerned court.

SECTION 7. Filing of application for firearms license. Application for licensing of firearms by any private security
agency, private detective agency, or company security force, shall be filed with the Firearms and Explosives
Division through the SAGSD and Police Regional Offices for other Regions outside NCR in accordance with the
usual procedure prescribed by the firearms laws and implementing executive orders and
regulations. In addition, the following shall be submitted:
a. License to Operate a private security agency, private detective agency or company security force duly
approved by the Chief, Philippine National Police;
b. Certification that such agency has provided a safety vault as prescribed by the Chief of the Firearms and
Explosives Division;
c. Required surety bond per firearm pursuant to Sec. 887 of the Revised Administrative Code;
d. Sworn Statement of the manager or operator of the agency that its security personnel shall be required by the
management to undertake the following in case of impending or actual strike:
1. To report to the Chief, Philippine National Police or to the nearest police agency such impending strike;
2. To exercise necessary diligence in the collection and safekeeping of firearms of the agency to include
firearm safely vaults provided thereof to prevent the use of the firearm thereon in the furtherance of the
strike;
3. To ensure that all firearms and ammunition in the possession of all striking security personnel of the agency
are immediately collected and secured in the safety vaults under control of the agency; and
4. To assume responsibility in the proper handling of firearms in order to prevent misuse of same or that no
non-members shall be allowed to hold said firearms issued or licensed in favor of the agency.

SECTION 8. Revocation of license. License to possess firearm may be revoked under any of the following instances:
a. Failure to submit any issued firearm for verification as required.
b. Carrying of firearms by security personnel without appropriate Duty Detail Order (DDO).
c. When the firearm serial number has been duplicated on another firearm or using one firearms license for
more than one firearm other than those stipulated in the license.
d. Carrying of firearms outside of the place stated in the permit or in places prohibited under the law; or
e. Conviction of the operator or manager of the agency of any crime.
f. When the firearm was reported lost.

SECTION 9. Illegal possession of firearms. No person employed as security guard or private detective shall use
unlicensed firearms in the performance of his duties, nor be allowed to use firearms with duplicated serial numbers.
Unless otherwise approved by the CPNP, only firearms licensed in the name of the PSA/PDA/CGF/GGU concerned
shall be used.

SECTION 10. Stocking of ammunition. Stocks of ammunition in the agency shall be authorized on a limited and
reasonable quantity that will suit the requirement and need of such agency and shall be subjected to inspection
from time to time by representatives of the Chief, Philippine National Police, and unless otherwise provided for
under existing laws, shall not exceed a basic load of fifty (50) rounds of ammunition per unit of duly licensed
firearms. Individual issue to each security guard shall be limited to one half of such basic load or twenty-five (25)
rounds for every security guard.

SECTION 11. Instructional Firearms .Accredited Private Security Training Schools/Centers after conformity with
licensing requirements, may be licensed firearms for instructional, training or classroom purposes, in a number and
type as prescribed under existing firearms laws, rules or regulations.

RULE VIII
UNIFORM, EQUIPMENT AND PARAPHERNALIA
PART 1
Uniform And Paraphernalia

SECTION 1. Uniform (male). The uniform of private security guard/either from the private security
agency/company security force/ government security unit shall consist of headgear, service shirt, service trousers
service belt and footwear as herein prescribed. The uniform shall be made of fast navy-blue thick fabric for the
trouser for daily security officers wear and for service shirts of field or perimeter guards while a choice of light
blue and/or white service shirts for internal guards for a private security agency; light gray for company security
force and white for government security unit.
a. Headgear
Pershing cap - Fast navy-blue cap with gold strap, black visor, octagonal nylon net top and prescribed
SAGSD metal cap device. It shall be the headgear for daily wear by security guards. It may be used by the
security guard for ceremonial purposes with the black strap.
b. Service Bush jacket Service jacket shall be worn only by the Directorial and Staff Officers of agency, color
of trousers and shirt shall conform with the color prescribed in Section 1 in the above rule.
(1) Private Security Agency. - Trousers and shirt short sleeves with shoulder straps, two each breast and front
pockets with cover flaps and fixed cloth belt fastened by brass metal buckle.
(2) Company Security Force. - It shall be sewn in the same manner as in Para. b, Section 1, this rule.
(3) Government Security Unit. - It shall be sewn in the same manner as prescribed in para. b (1) section 1 of
this rule.
c. Service Shirt for Security Officer
(1) Service uniform. –
(a) Private Security Guard - Fast navy blue, short sleeves, shoulder straps, two breast pockets with cover
flaps and navy-blue front buttons, tucked in
(b) Company Security Force. - It shall be sewn in the same manner as prescribed for private security agency
except that the color is light gray and the fabric for shirt.
(c) Government Security Unit. - It shall be sewn in the same manner as prescribed for private security
agency except that the color is white and the shirt shall be fabric “white”.
(2) Field Uniform. - (Optional for cold weather areas only);
(a) Private Security Agency. - Fast navy blue, long sleeves with buttoned cuffs, shoulder straps, two breast
pockets with cover flaps, navy blue front buttons and shirt-jacket style with overlap waist strap.
Detachable hoods shall be adopted for cold weather area use.
(b) Company Security Force. - It shall be sewn in the same manner as prescribed for private security agency
except that the color is light gray and the fabric materials for the shirt.
(c) Government Security Unit. - It shall be sewn in the same manner as prescribed for private security
agency except that the color is white and the shirting materials shall be fabric. (Note: A single strand
yellow lanyard may be used to secure sidearm to the shoulder).
(3) Gala Uniform. - It shall be worn for ceremonial purposes only and at the expense of the establishment
conducting the ceremonies.
(a) Pershing cap. - This shall be same specifications and distinctions as provided for under Sec. 1a of this
Rule.
(b) Blouse. - The material shall be of fabric with colors as prescribed for private/company/government
security officers. It shall be tailored as an open coat, long sleeves with a center flap at the back of the
 unsewed part of which shall be the same level with the waistline. It shall have shoulder straps as the
service Bush Jacket. Security guard officers shall wear shoulder boards with the authorized rank design.
(c) Buttons. - There shall be four (4) big brass buttons to close dress and four (4) small buttons for the
pockets. The buttons shall be plain brass.
(d) Shirt. - The shirt shall be white long sleeves.
(e) Necktie. - It shall conform to the color of the blouse five (5) centimeters wide.
(f) Trousers. - It shall be of the same design, style and materials as the service trousers.
(4) Service Trouser. - Fast Navy-blue color, straight cut, slanted pockets and two back pockets without over
flaps.
(5) Service Belt. – Of leather material which shall be used as pistol belt measuring four and a half (4-1/2
centimeters in with.
(6) Footwear. –
(a) Service shoes. - Black leather shoes with rubber heels and soles, plain top low-cut and black shoelace
to be worn with plain black socks.
(b) Rubber rain boots. - Optional as the nature of the post requires.

SECTION 2. Uniform (Female). - The uniform of the lady security guard shall be made of a thick fabric. It shall
consist of a modified overseas cap two (2) ply similar to the women police service, service skirts (palda) and blouse,
service belt and black leather shoes as herein described and/or illustrated.
Headgear. - Fast navy blue (2 ply) cap without piping but with regulation cap device.
a. Service shirt –
(1) Private Security Agency. - Fast navy blue, light blue or white, thick fabric, short sleeves, shoulder straps,
two breast pockets with cover flaps and navy-blue front buttons, tucked in.
(2) Company Security Force. - It shall be sewn in the same manner as prescribed for private security agency
except that the shirting materials shall be fabric “Light Gray” in color.
(3) Government Security Unit. - It shall be sewn in the same manner as the private/company agency except
that the shirting materials shall be white fabric.
b. Service trousers. - Fast navy-blue thick fabric trousers, straight cut with slanted side pocket and two back
pockets without cover flaps. It may be worn during night duty/inclement weather.
c. Service skirt. - (Optional) Navy blue A-line skirt with two front slide pockets. It may be worn when posted
indoors.
d. Service belt. - Of leather material which shall be used as pistol belt measuring four and one half (4-1/2
centimeters in width.
e. Footwear. -
(1) Service shoes - Plain black shoes, low-cut rubber soles and heel (maximum of five cms.) and black shoes
laces.
(2) Rubber rain boots black - Optional as the nature of post so requires.

SECTION 3. Ornaments and patches. -

a. National badge. - as approved by C, PNP
b. Cap device. - The brass cap device as approved by the Chief of Philippine National Police shall be attached
on the Pershing cap of officers
c. Regulation Buckle - as approved by C, PNP without agency name
d. Collar device
e. Name cloth - shall consist of embroidered navy blue black-lettered surname and initials of first and middle
names on yellow background with blue borderline, his names on yellow background with blue borderline, his
name shall be preceded by the word: Security Guard” or “SG”. The letter shall be one and one half (1-1/2)
centimeters in height and the name cloth shall be sewn on the right top pocket.
f. Agency/unit name cloth. - A similarly embroidered agency/unit cloth shall be sewn on the top of the left breast
pocket, navy blue block-lettered on yellow background.
g. Equipment and paraphernalia. –
 (1) Security Director/Inspector
(a) Leather pistol belt with regulation buckle; and
(b) Holster, black leather.
(2) Security Guard (male or female):
(a) Black leather belt for pistol and nightstick with regulation buckle;
(b) Holster, black leather for pistol, night stick and handheld radio;
(c) Nightstick (Baton) with horizontal handle
(d) Whistle with lanyard;
(e) Pocket notebook with writing pen.

SECTION 4. Design and Use of White Uniform. – A special set of security personnel uniform shall be prescribed for
security personnel posted at hotels, resorts, cultural and entertainment areas and other sites noted as tourist-heavy
areas. A special set of security personnel uniform shall be prescribed for security personnel
posted at department stores noted as tourist-heavy areas, banks and other foreign clientele.
a. Uniform (male)- The special set of uniform for security agencies officer/guard and lady guard shall consist of
pershing cap, ball cap, service bush, jacket, service shirt, service trousers, service belt, necktie, lanyard and
footwear.
(1) Pershing cap – same as defined in Section 1 a (2), Rule VI. It shall be fast navy blue with gold strap, black
visor, octagonal nylon net top and prescribed metal cap device. It shall be worn by security agency officers
and guards while wearing a complete special type of uniform.
(2) Service Bush Jacket - It shall be white ramie polyester fabric and shall be sewn short sleeves with shoulder
straps, two each breast and front pockets with cover flaps and fixed cloth belt fastened with metal buckle.
It shall be worn by security agency officer while on duty at indoor places
b. with complete prescribed paraphernalia and agency/client patches.
(3) Service Shirt - It shall be white cotton/cotton polyester fabric and shall be sewn short sleeves as the case
maybe, shoulder straps, two breast pockets with cover flaps and white front buttons. It shall be worn by
security guards while on duty as designated indoor places with complete prescribed paraphernalia and
agency/client patches. Tuck-in.
(4) Service Trousers - Fast navy-blue color, straight cut, slanted pockets and two back pockets with cover flaps.
It shall be worn by security agency officer and security guards.
(5) Service Belt - It shall be black in color, leather, to be used as pistol belt measuring four and one-half
centimeters in width. It shall be worn by both security officers and security guards while in complete special
type of uniform.
(6) Necktie - Plain fast navy blue and five centimeters wide. It shall be worn by security guards while in
complete special type of uniform.
(7) Lanyard - Navy blue in color, same style as used by AFP or PNP Personnel. It shall be worn by security
agency officers and security guards while in complete special type of uniform.
(8) Footwear - Black leather shoes with rubber heels and soles, plain top low-cut and black shoelace to be
worn with plain black socks.
(9) Ball cap - It shall be fast navy-blue round nylon net top with visor and prescribed embroidered cloth cap
device. It shall be optional in lieu of the pershing cap.
c. Uniform (Female) - The uniform for a lady security guard shall consist of an oversea cap two (2) ply service
bush jacket, service belt, lanyard and black leather shoes.
(1) Bush cap - Fast navy blue (2 ply) without piping but with regulation cap device.
(2) Service Bush Jacket - It shall be white in color and shall be sewn in same style as that of security agency
officer. It shall be worn by security lady officer with complete prescribed paraphernalia, name cloths and
agency/ client patches.
(3) Service Shirt - White ramie polyester fabric and shall be sewn short sleeves or long sleeves as the case
maybe, shoulder straps, two breast pockets with cover flaps and navy-blue front buttons. It shall be worn
by private security lady guard with complete prescribed paraphernalia, name cloth agency/client patches,
service belt, lanyard. Tuck in. This type of uniform shall be worn only at indoor places.
(4) Service Belt
(5) Lanyard
 (6) Service Skirt - A line skirt with two front slide pockets. It shall be worn when posted indoors.
(7) Footwear - Plain black leather shoes, low-cut rubber sole and heel (maximum of five cm) and black shoelaces.
d. Paraphernalia - As prescribed under Sec.3 Rule VI, IRR, RA 5487, as amended.

SECTION 5. The special set of uniform in Section 4 above shall be prescribed/authorized to be issued only on a
case-to-case basis at the areas as herein authorized upon prior request of the clients concerned; provided that the
request is predetermined on the need of the workplace for the use of the special set of uniform and NOT on the
individual desire of the agency or client.

SECTION 6. Provision for uniform. – All employers/owners/ operators of private security agency/company security
force shall provide at least one (1) set of the prescribed uniform free of charge to their respective security guard
for every year of service with them. Likewise, all licensed security guard shall provide themselves with one (1) set
of the prescribed uniform once a year unless their employers provide it for free.

SECTION 7. Manufacture/tailoring. - The heads/operators of the Private Security Agencies. Company Security
Force and Government Security Unit shall be responsible for the manufacture and/or tailoring of the prescribed
uniform for their respective security guard.

PART 2
BASIC EQUIPMENT

SECTION 8. Basic Equipment.

a. The following shall comprise of the Basic Equipment of a security guard which shall be made mandatory and
ready for his/her use while performing post, conduction, armored service duties and the like:
1. Prescribed Basic Uniform
2. Nightstick/baton
3. Whistle
4. Timepiece (synchronized)
5. Writing pen
6. Notebook and duty checklist (electronic or not)
7. Flashlight
8. First Aid Kit
9. Service Firearms (as required)
b. The security agency shall have the responsibility of ensuring the availability and issuance of the basic equipment
to its posted guards.
c. Security Guards shall be responsible for inspecting operability of basic equipment issued to him, and be
responsible for keeping himself acquainted with the proper use of these.

SECTION 9. Other Equipment.

a. Apart from the mandatory basic equipment, other equipment may be issued to the security guard as
determined necessary following client contract requirement, provided that the security guard shall have
acquired the prior training/knowledge on the proper use of the same but not limited to the following:
1. Handcuffs
2. Metal detectors
3. Communications Radio
4. Stun devices
5. Armor vests
6. canine (k-9) units
b. Electronic and/or communication devices requiring registration under the jurisdiction of other government
agencies shall be complied with prior to issuance for use of the security guard.
c. Live units such as canine (dogs), shall require prior training confirmation and registration with the PNP before
utilization by any security agency purposely to ensure truthful deployment versus client requirement or purpose
of operation.

PART 3
UNIFORM AND EQUIPMENT BOARD

SECTION 10. Modifications, Additions and Exemptions. Any changes or additions to the above-described uniforms,
paraphernalia and equipment, and/or exemptions to the prescribed uniforms, equipment and/or paraphernalia
may be made through or through the initiation of SAGSD-CSG for the approval of a Private Security Personnel
Uniform and Equipment Board organized by the Chief, SAGSD.

SECTION 11. Composition and Representation. The Board shall at least be composed of representatives from the
PNP, PADPAO and/or concerned sector of the private security industry, Licensed Security Personnel Practitioners
and if needed representative client/clients of distinguished reputation.

SECTION 12. Effectivity and Transition. Changes or modifications of basic uniform, paraphernalia or equipment
shall be made effective only with ample transition to temper the cost of adoption. Provided that, approved
exemptions for alternatives to operative provisions may be made effective on the date of approval.

RULE IX
RANKS, POSITIONS, STAFFING PATTERN AND JOB DESCRIPTION

SECTION 1. Ranks and Position - The security agency operator/owner must observe the required major ranks and
positions in the organization of the agency.
a. Security Management Staff
1. Security Director (SD) – Agency Manager/Chief Security Officer.
2. Security Executive Director (SED) – Assistant Agency Manager/Assistant Chief Security Officer;
3. Security Staff Director (SSD) – Staff Director for Operation and Staff Director for Administration.
4. Security Staff Director for Training – Staff in-Charge for Training
b. Line Leadership Staff
1. Security Supervisor 3 – Detachment Commanders
2. Security Supervisor 2 – Chief Inspector
3. Security Supervisor 1 – Inspector
c. Security Guard
1. Security Guard 1 – Watchman/guard
2. Security Guard 2 – Shift in-charge
3. Security Guard 3 – Post in-charge
d. Security Consultant – (optional)

SECTION 2. Staffing Pattern. – Security agency owner/manager shall follow the required staffing pattern as
follows:
a. The agency manager is automatically the Security Director who shall be responsible for the entire operation
and administration/management of the security agency. He shall be the authorized signatory to all Duty Detail
Orders, and all other documents and communications pertinent to the operation and management of a security
agency. He may delegate certain functions to a subordinate, provided the subordinate is qualified to discharge
the given function in accordance with law.
b. The Security Agency shall appoint a staff officer as Security Training Officer, who shall be responsible for the
training of the Agency’s security personnel in accordance with the requirements of RA 5487 and the IRR. The
Training Officer shall be licensed as a Security Officer and likewise accredited as such by the Training and
Education Branch, SAGSD.
c. The Staff Director for Operation is the staff assistant of the security manager for the efficient operation of the
agency. This position includes the responsibility to canvass clientele and the implementation of contract and
agreement. He is also responsible for the conduct of investigation and the conduct of training.
d. The Staff Director for Administration is the staff assistant of the agency manager for the effective and efficient
administration and management of the agency. He is responsible for the professionalization of the personal,
procurement/recruitment, confirming of awards, mobility and issuance of FA’s.
e. The Detachment Commander is the field or area commander of the agency. The Detachment shall consist of
several posts.
f. The Chief Inspector shall be responsible for inspecting the entire area covered by the detachment.
g. Security Inspector is responsible for the area assigned by the Chief Inspector of the Detachment Commander.
h. Post-in-Charge is responsible for the entire detailed security office within a certain establishment.
i. Shift in-Charge is responsible for the security officers who are scheduled in a certain shift for a particular
period.
j. Security Guard is the one actually posted as watchman and or guard.

SECTION 3. License Requirement. No person shall be designated nor be allowed to fill-up the positions enumerated
and described in the preceding sections unless he is licensed security personnel as follows:
a. must at least be a licensed Private Security Officer to occupy Security Management Staff position as Security
Director, Security Executive Director, or Security Staff Director;
b. must at least be a licensed Private Security Training Officer to occupy Security Management Staff position as
Security Staff Director for Training; and
c. must at least be a licensed Private Security Guard with Supervisory Training to occupy any positions in the Line
Leadership Staff.

RULE X
PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT AND ETHICS

SECTION 1. Security Guard Creed, Code of Ethics, and Code of Conduct.- All members of the private security agency
and private detective agency/company security force/government security unit duly licensed in accordance with
RA 5487, as amended, and its implementing rules and regulations shall strictly observe the following:

A. SECURITY GUARDS CREED

As a security guard my fundamental duty is to protect lives and property and maintain order within my
place of duty; protect the interest of my employer and our clients and the security and stability of our
government and country without compromise and prejudice, honest in my action, words and thought; and do
my best to uphold the principle: MAKADIOS, MAKABAYAN, MAKATAO at MAKAKALIKASAN.

B. ETHICAL STANDARD
a. As a security guard/detective his fundamental duty is to serve the interest or mission of his agency in compliance
with the contract entered into with clients or customers of the agency he is supposed to serve;
b. He shall be honest in thoughts and deeds both in his personal and official actuations, obeying the laws of the
land and the regulations prescribed by his agency and those established by the company he is supposed to
protect;
c. He shall not reveal any confidential information confided to him as a security guard and such other matters
imposed upon him by law;
d. He shall act at all times with decorum and shall not permit personal feelings, prejudices and undue friendship
to influence his actuation while in the performance of his official functions;
e. He shall not compromise with criminals and other lawless elements to the prejudice of the customers or clients
and shall assist the government in its relentless drive against lawlessness and other forms of criminality;
f. He shall carry out his assigned duties as required by law to the best of his ability and shall safeguard the life
and property of the establishment he is assigned to;
g. He shall wear his uniform, badge, patches and insignia properly as a symbol of public trust and confidence,
as an honest and trustworthy security guard and private detectives;
h. He shall keep his allegiance first to the government, then to the agency where he is employed and to the
establishment he is assigned to serve with loyalty and utmost dedication;
i. He shall diligently and progressively familiarize himself with the rules and regulations laid down by his agency
and those of the customers or clients;
j. He shall at all times be courteous, respectful and salute his superior officers, government officials and officials
of the establishment where he is assigned or the company he is supposed to serve;
k. He shall report for duty always in proper uniform and neat in his appearance; and
l. He shall learn at heart and strictly observe the laws and regulations governing the use of firearms.

C. CODE OF CONDUCT
a. He shall carry with him at all times during his tour of duty his license, identification card and duty detail order
with an authority to carry firearm;
b. He shall not use his license and other privileges if any, to the prejudice of the public, the client or customer and
his agency;
c. He shall not engage in any unnecessary conversation with anybody except in the discharge of his duties or sit
down unless required by the nature of his work and shall at all times keep himself alert during his tour of duty;
d. He shall refrain from reading newspapers, magazines, books, etc., while actually performing his duties;
e. He shall not drink any intoxicating liquor immediately before and during his tour of duty;
f. He shall know the location of the alarm box near his post and sound the alarm in case of fire or disorder.
g. He shall know how to operate any fire extinguisher at his post;
h. He shall know the location of the telephone and/or telephone number of the police precincts as well as the
telephone numbers of the fire stations in the locality;
i. He shall immediately notify the police in case of any sign of disorder, strike, riot or any serious violation of the
law;
j. He or his group of guards, shall not participate or integrate any disorder, strike, riot, or any serious violations
of the law;
k. He shall assist the police in the preservation and maintenance of peace and order and in the protection of life
and property having in mind that the nature of his responsibilities is similar to that of the latter.
l. He shall familiarize himself by heart with the Private Security Agency Law (RA 5487, as amended) and these
implementing rules and regulations;
m. When issued a FA she should not lend his FA s to anybody.
n. He shall always be in proper uniform and shall always carry with him his basic requirements, and equipment’s
such as writing notebook, ballpen, night stick (baton) and/or radio.
o. He shall endeavor at all times, to merit and be worthy of the trust and confidence of the agency he represents
and the client he serves.

SECTION 2. Rules of Engagement. For the matter of performance of duties by security personnel, rules of
engagement shall be formulated through an SOP to be issued by the Director, CSG.

SECTION 3. Creed of Security Agency Proprietor, Code of Ethics and Code of Conduct for Private Security Force and
Government Security Agencies/Company Security Force and Government Security Unit. - All private security agencies,
company security service and government guard unit licensed to operate under RA 5487, as amended, and its
implementing rules and regulations, shall adhere to the following Code of Ethics and Code of Conduct:

A. SECURITY AGENCY OPERATOR’S CREED

As a security agency proprietor, my fundamental duty is to serve the interest of my clientele and my security
guard; protect the interest of the government; adhere professionally in the conduct of my business without
prejudices and compromises to human rights, and uphold constantly the law and abide by the rules and
regulations set by the government in the conduct of my business.
B. ETHICAL STANDARD
As a licensed private security agency /company security force, it shall be its prime concern to share with
other licensed agencies and company security forces, the burden of responsibility in upholding the integrity
and trust of the private security profession at all times. In discharging this responsibility its officials shall:
a. Endeavor to fulfill their professional duties in accordance with the highest moral principles, always
conforming to the precepts of truth, fairness and justice;
b. Contribute to the national welfare by securing and preserving industrial facilities of the country, through
competent guarding services;
c. Promote the well-being of security guard thru adequate wages and other emoluments;
d. With faith and diligence, perform their contractual obligations for the protection of life, limb and property;
e. Constantly endeavor to raise quality standards of private security services; and
f. Continuously work with and assist the law enforcement agencies in the preservation of peace and order in
the country.

C. CODE OF CONDUCT
a. They shall at all times adhere to professional ethics and refrain from practices that negate the best interest
of the private security service industry.
b. They shall always consider that unity in the profession is vital and paramount for the attainment of common
objectives;
c. They shall not use deceitful means and/or misrepresentations in all their business transactions. To this end,
they shall avoid granting of rebates, or commissions in securing guarding contracts;
d. They shall not indulge in cut-throat competition by undercutting the existing contract rates between the PSA
and the client and/or the minimum contract rate prescribed under the PADPAO Memorandum Agreement
in conformity with existing minimum wage laws.
e. They shall pay their guards in accordance with rates fixed by law. They shall not impose any unauthorized
deductions on the guards to seek employment elsewhere as they choose, subject to existing laws, nor accept
a guard without clearance from the losing agency;
f. When a prospective client with existing company security force calls/ bids for additional security guard,
all bidding security agencies shall observe the principle of “equal pay for equal work” considering the rate
of pay of the company security service and their own guards;
g. Anchored on the principle of securing property, of providing safety of persons and maintaining peace and
order within such property, when accepting contracts with clients having existing conflict of claims,
management, ownership or administration of properties and/or establishments, where there exist or
forthcoming another contracted/contracting agency, they should conduct themselves and their deployed
guards in a manner primarily not to be used against each other at the same time without compromising
their respective contracts;
h. They shall endeavor to raise the standard of service in the security profession thru incentive and in-service
training;
i. They shall establish an adequate library of books, magazines and other publications on security subject,
materials, references, etc. in each PSA.
j. They shall always be truthful and accurate in reports required by SAGSD and/or other competent
authorities and be prompt in the submission of the same;
k. They shall not, under any circumstances, employ for guard duty any person without a professional license
as a security guard duly issued by the Chief, PNP;
l. They shall at all times exercise vigilance and be prepared to prevent the use of their guards or the agency
in activities inimical to the state or national security. When activities of this nature come to their attention,
they shall as a matter of duty render an appropriate report to the PNP authorities.

SECTION 4. Sanction. – Any private security agency operator or guard who violates the creeds, ethical standards
and codes as set forth in the preceding sections, shall be subject to the penalties provided in these implementing
rules and regulations.

RULE XI
PRIVATE SECURITY TRAINING
PART 1
General Provisions

SECTION 1. Policy. The following provisions encompass all persons, natural or juridical, who conduct and/or provide
private security training and/or training services.

SECTION 2. Private Security Training. It shall refer to training and academic programs and courses duly approved
or prescribed by the Philippine National Police and adopted by the Technical Education and Skills Development
Authority. It includes the pre-licensing requirements of individual security guards and other security personnel
approved by RA 5487, the periodic and non-periodic in-service skill refreshers for such security personnel, and
other specialized, individual or group, private security personnel skills development.

SECTION 3. Private Security Training Services. These shall refer to the conduct of Private Security Training, provision
of the physical facilities and installation necessary in the conduct thereof, and the provision of the appropriate
management, administrative, and instructor/training staffs therefore, the actual performance and/or exercise of
which requires the appropriate permit and/or authority as herein provided.

SECTION 4. Private Security Training Institutions. These shall refer to all persons, natural and/or juridical, who/that
provide and/or conduct private security training, and/or services.

SECTION 5. Categories of Private Security Training. The following are the general categories of Private Security
Training:
a. Pre-Licensing Training Programs. As a matter of licensing prerequisite, Pre-Licensing Training Programs
include all training and/or academic programs and courses whose objective is to indoctrinate the individual
with the basic skills and educational backgrounds necessary in the effective exercise and performance of
his/her elected/ would-be security/detective profession. It includes but is not limited to the Basic Security Guard
Course, the Security Officers Training Course, Private Security Agency Operators Training/Seminar, Private
Security Training Trainors’ Course.
b. Refresher Training Programs. This shall refer to periodic and non-periodic training programs and courses
designed with the objective of reinvigorating and/or developing basic skills and knowledge gained previously
or gained while in the exercise of his/her profession as a matter of experience, to enhance current in-service
and future individual and/or collective exercise of profession. This includes mandated periodic in-service
training to be initiated by employer-security agencies which is further a pre-requisite for the renewal of
individual professional security licenses. It includes but is not limited to the periodic Re- Training Course, Basic
Security Supervisory Course, and Security Supervisor Development Course.
c. Specialized Training Programs. This shall refer to training program and courses other than those described in
the preceding categories designed at developing previously-gained skills and knowledge, designed at
augmenting or expanding current skills and knowledge, and/or designed at developing current skills and
knowledge to suit identified future applications. It includes but is not limited to such courses as the
Intelligence/Investigator Training Course, Basic Crises Management Course, Personal/VIP Security Training
Course, Armoured Car Crew Training Course, Bomb Disposal Training Course, Bank Security Training Course,
and Basic Aviation Security Specialist Course.
SECTION 6. Categories of Private Security Training Institutions.
a) Private Security Training Systems. Government or duly registered private training establishments,
associations, firms, partnerships, corporations and the like, which provide the physical facilities and
installations, and the appropriate management, administrative, and instruction/training staff necessary and
for the purpose of conducting Private Security Training:
1) Private Security Training Centers – Private Security Training Systems whose primary purpose is to
provide private security training and training services, may be qualified to offer and conduct Private
Security Training Programs in all categories provided that, it has secured Regular Accreditation from
the SAGSD upon compliance and conformity with the latter’s application and approval requirements,
and prior TESDA registration/accreditation.
2) Other Juridical Entities - Private Security Training Systems whose primary purpose is not to provide
private security training and training services, may be qualified, on interim basis, to offer and conduct
Private Security Training for a specific course/class and duration under Refresher and Specialized
programs only, provided that, it has secured prior Interim Accreditation from the SAGSD upon
 compliance and conformity the latter’s application and approval requirements. Such Interim
Accreditation is also issued to those with Regular Accreditation but which cannot comply with the renewal
requirements.
3) Watchman/Security and/or Detective Agencies defined under RA 5487 as amended, which shall not
be required prior accreditation to operate, by virtue of their License to Operate as Private Security
Agency, Company Security Force or Government Security Force, may be authorized to conduct only in-
house refresher or specialized training for its own security personnel, upon compliance and conformity
with application and approval requirements of SAGSD.
4) Police Offices/Units assigned/designated to conduct Private Security Training, which shall not be
required TESDA registration but shall require prior official authority of SAGSD, may conduct training
in all categories but subject to requirements of Rule XI of these rules and regulations or as may be
prescribed by SAGSD.
5) Police Supervisory Office (presently the SAGSD) as having the primary responsibility of the conduct,
supervision, and control of all private security training and training services.
b) Training Instructor. Any person who renders personal and/or professional Trainor, instructor, and/or teacher
services relative to private security training by virtue of his profession, expertise, knowledge, and/or
experience in a particular field of knowledge. Training Instructor includes but is not limited to currently or
retired licensed or accredited private security training instructors, professional educators, and/or
field/practicing experts.

SECTION 7. Validity and Duration of Accreditation.

a. Accreditation/recognition certificates issued except those under interim status, shall be valid for not more than
two (2) years unless sooner terminated, cancelled, or revoked.
b. Letter Authority (LA) shall be a one-time-use authority issued to security training systems, to conduct, open, offer
one (1) course/class, shall be valid for not more than six (6) months.
c. Interim accreditation shall be valid for nor more than six (6) months, unless sooner terminated, cancelled or
revoked, and may be renewed only thrice.

SECTION 8. Organization for Private Security Training. The following are the minimum staff/personnel
requirements for the conduct of a particular Private Security Training Program or Course conducted by Regular
and Interim Accredited Training Centers:

Administration Staff:
a. Center or School Superintendent/Director/Administrator.
b. Course/Training Director.

Training Staff:
a. Training Officer, Regular/Special Accreditation
b. Training Instructors, Regular/Special Accreditation
c. Guest Instructors. Persons other than accredited private security training instructors, who render personal or
professional instructor, Trainor, or teacher services in a particular field of knowledge, subject, or training in a
private security training program/course as a resource because of his profession, expertise, education, and/or
experience.

SECTION 9. Limitations and Prohibitions.

a. No private security training course or class shall be conducted without the appropriate Letter Authority (LA)
to conduct training issued by SAGSD;
b. The maximum number of students, trainees or participants for every class shall not exceed sixty (60);
c. All training courses/classes shall be conducted only in the place/venue approved;
d. Person(s)/applicant(s) likewise suffering from disqualifications enumerated in Section 4 of Rule I of these
rule and regulation above, shall not be allowed to participate in any private security training course/class;
e. Corollary to Section 9 (d) above, training institutions shall not accept for enrollment disqualified applicants
for training, and consequently shall be responsible for confirming the qualifications of all training applicants;
 f. Responsibility for Training and Progressive Development of Personnel - It is the primary responsibility of all
operators of private security agencies and company security forces to maintain and upgrade the standards
of efficiency, discipline, performance and competence of their personnel. To attain this end, each duly
licensed
a. private security agency and company security force shall establish a staff position for training and appoint
a training officer whose primary functions are to determine the training needs of the agency/guards in
relation to the needs of the client/market/industry, and to supervise and conduct appropriate training
requirements. All private security personnel shall be re-trained at least once every two years.
g. PSAs without a Training Officer - In the event that a private security agency and company security force
shall fail to hire a Training Officer, the Security Director assumes responsibility/ accountability for the
training needs of the Agency. In order that the training shall be conducted in accordance with the provisions
of the IRR, subject security agency shall undertake a Memorandum of Agreement with an accredited training
school to undertake the functions of the training officer as provided herein, shall be executed. Provided
that the aforesaid agreement may be canceled or suspended the moment the private security
agency/company security force shall be able to hire a competent training officer.
h. Accredited active members of the PNP/AFP or other government agencies shall exercise Private Security
Training profession only to the extent as officially allowed by their respective offices, after office hours or
as authorized by law.

PART 2
Conduct of Private Security Training

SECTION 10. Preparations before the Conduct of Training

a. A request for Letter Authority to Conduct Training shall be submitted to Chief, SAGSD with the following
attachments:
1. A photocopy of TESDA Recognition Certificate
2. Appointment of accredited Training Director
3. Photocopies of SAGSD accreditation of the teaching staff
4. Training Schedule
5. SSS Employment History Certificate of trainees/participants
6. Clearances (NP, Drug Test, PNP DI, Court & NBI)
7. Subsequently on the second request for LA, the SBR (Training Fee) of the previously conducted course/class
shall be attached.
b. All Region based applicants’ requests shall be endorsed by respective PNP Police Regional Office.

SECTION 11. Conduct of Training

a. The School Director/Guest shall formally open each class.
b. One (1) day after its opening, a report containing the following data (name of student, age, sex, height, status
educational attainment, agency, address and remarks) shall be submitted to Chief, SAGSD
c. Participants shall be graded thru written, oral and practical examinations.
d. Participants who accumulate absences exceeding twenty (20%) percent of the total number of trainings shall
be dropped.
e. School/Center policies shall be enforced at all times.
f. The School, Center or, PSA shall also ensure the maintenance of orderliness, presentability, discipline and
security of its training facilities and all persons therein.
g. A General Knowledge Examination (GKE) shall be administered by SAGSD (Private Security Training
Management Branch) one (1) day before the closing of each class provided a photocopy of the proof of
payment (SBR) for the ongoing class is submitted.
h. Any student who fails the GKE may be given three (3) chances to retake, after which if he fails, he shall repeat
the course.

SECTION 12. General Knowledge Examination

a. A General Knowledge Examination (GKE) shall be administered by the PNP and shall be given each graduate
after completion of each training course as a matter of evaluating the graduate’s assimilation of the course in
relation to his qualification for license to exercise private security profession. The GKE shall also be used among
others, to evaluate the quality of training of or transmission of the course by the accredited training systems.
b. For region-based Training Centers/Schools, FESAGS, ROPD will administer the GKE and submit. After GKE
Result to SAGSD five (5) days after the closing of each class for reference and disposition.

SECTION 13. After Training

a. Each course must be formally closed by the Training Director or by an invited Guest.
b. A Closing report in a prescribed format, shall be submitted five (5) days after graduation of each class to
Chief, SAGSD.
c. Upon completion of the course, the school shall furnish all students the following documents:
1. Declaration of Graduates
2. Order of Merit
3. Certificate of Completion (Diploma)
4. GKE Certificate
5. Opening Report/Closing Report (indicating therein name of student, age, height, weight, status, sex,
educational attainment, grade and remarks)
6. School Accreditation Number
7. Name of School, telephone number/address
8. Course title, Class Number, Letter Authority Number and Control Number and Inclusive dates of training.

SECTION 14. Processing of Students. Accredited Training Schools, Centers or PSAs shall have the responsibility of
and be accountable for the initial processing for the qualification and fitness of all applicants/registrants for
enrollment to the corresponding class/course being applied for with their respective schools, centers or PSAs.

SECTION 15. Duration of Courses. Duration of courses shall conform with the corresponding Program of Instructions
(POI) for each type of course/training/seminar, prescribed by the PNP and adopted by the TESDA.

SECTION 16. Basic Guarding Subjects. The following shall at least be the basic knowledge and/or subject
requirements on guarding or providing security that private security personnel trainees should be imparted with:
a. Principles, definitions, aspects and risks of guarding and security
b. General Orders and Functions of a Guard
c. Patrolling, observation and description, recording and reporting, investigation
d. Visitor, material and vehicle movement/access control/denial
e. Inspection and key control procedures
f. Public relations, regulation/law enforcement and arrests
g. Communications and other equipment
h. Reaction to emergencies (bomb threat, disaster, fire, injury or sickness etc.)

SECTION 17. Fees and Charges

a. Consistent with laws existing during this formulation, the Chief of Philippine National Police or his authorized
representative shall impose the following fees and charges relative to private security training:
1) Pre-Licensing Training Programs
Basic Scty Guard Training Course - P 200.00/participant
Security Officer Training Course - P 300.00/participant
Private Scty Trng Trainor’s Course - P 300.00/participant
Private Detective Training - P 300.00/participant
2) Refresher Training Programs
 SG In-Service Training - P 100.00/participant
Other refresher/re-training courses - P 50.00/participant
3) Specialized Training Courses (all) - P 100.00/participant

b. The same schedule of fees will also be charged from individual walk-in applicants who will avail of the private
security training programs.
c. Serialized certificates of completion/participation shall be given to each participant which issuance shall be
managed by SAGSD.
d. The following shall be collected as permit fees from among the Private Security Training Institutions which are
conducting Private Security Training, for every Letter of Authority / Training Directive for:
Pre-licensing Training - P 100.00
Refresher Training - P 100.00
Any Specialized Training - P 100.00

e. The following shall be collected as accreditation fees from among the approved applicants for:
Accreditation of Training Systems - P 2,500.00/yr.
Accreditation of Training Personnel:
Training Consultant - P 150.00/yr.
Training Officer - P 150.00/yr.
Training Instructor - P 150.00/yr.

f. The fees collected shall accrue to the PNP in accordance with the provisions of Rule VI hereof Rules and
Regulations.

PART 3
Accreditation and Processing

SECTION 18. Private Security Training Related Processing. All processing, standards and documentary requirements
relative to the conduct of private security training shall be prescribed in a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP)
to be issued by SAGSD.

SECTION 19. Accreditation of Training Schools or Centers

a. Pre-inspection
1. A joint Inspection Team composed of two (2) Technical Experts each from PNP SAGSD and TESDA shall be
designated as inspectors to check the following:
a. Physical appearance of the school/center
b. Training aids & materials/references/books
c. Training staffs (SAGSD accreditation)
d. Program of Instructions
e. Training Facilities (drills & ceremonies, Unarmed defense)
f. MOA with Firing Range Owner
2. A Letter Order duly signed by the Chief, SAGSD will be the authority in the conduct of inspection indicating
therein as specified in the Inspection Checklist (Name of Training School, venue, date of inspection, name
of Inspectors, courses offered, list of mandatory requirements, additional findings,
recommendations/remarks and acknowledgement receipt by the school staff/representative).

b. Conduct of Inspection
1. The Joint Inspection Team will introduce themselves to the School Director and/or Training Staff.
 2. If defects are noted, it shall be properly indicated on the Inspection Checklist and shall be acknowledged
by the school representative present during the inspection, after which a re-inspection shall be
recommended by the inspectors.
3. If the defects were compiled during the re-inspection, it shall be properly documented (pictorials to be
attached).

c. Post Inspection
1. The results of inspection shall be the basis for the granting of Recognition Certificate issued by TESDA.
2. The Certificate of TESDA Recognition shall be submitted with the application for Accreditation to Chief,
SAGSD with the following attachments:
(a) Corporate & Administrative Documents
(b) Board Resolution to offer the Program
(c) SEC Registration & Articles of Incorporation
(d) Proof of building ownership or Lease Contract at least 5 yrs.
(e) Fire Safety Certificate
(f) Curricular Requirements
(g) Curriculum (including job titles & competencies developed)
(h) Course and subject’s description
(i) List of Supplies, tools and equipment for the Program
(j) List of instructional materials (books, videotapes, internet access, unarmed defense equipment, others)
(k) Training Schedules
(l) Faculty and Personnel (with resume/biodata)
(m) List of Officials & their Qualifications
(n) List of Faculty for the Program & their Qualifications
(o) Academic Rules and Student-Instructor Conduct
(p) Schedule of Tuition & other Fees
(q) Grading System
(r) Entrance Requirements
(s) Rules on Attendance
(t) Other Support Services
(u) Health Services
(v) Career Guidance/Placement Services
(w) Community Outreach Program

d. Issuance of Accreditation.
1. The Chief, SAGSD shall have the authority to approve, disapprove, cancel or suspend accreditations of
private security training schools/centers.
2. Approved applications for accreditations shall be issued the corresponding Certificates of Accreditation
following a design and format prescribed in a circular by Chief, SAGSD.

SECTION 20. Accreditation of Training Personnel

a. Qualifications of the Teaching Staff:
1. Training Director
(a) Holder of Masters’ Degree, Board /Bar Passers
(b) Must have at least five (5) years’ experiences in the operation and management of a security business
(c) Must have no criminal record
(d) Must be physically and mentally fit
 2. Training Officer
(a) Baccalaureate Degree holder (4 years)
(b) Must have taken/passed the Private Security Trainor’s Course
(c) Must have served at least five (5) years in the security industry
(d) Must have no criminal record
(e) Must be physically and mentally fit
3. Training Instructor
(a) A graduate of a Baccalaureate Degree Course (preferably BSEEd)
(b) Must have taken the Private Security Trainor’s Course sponsored by CSG/SAGSD/PARSTS
(c) Must have served the security industry for at least three (3) years
(d) Must be physically and mentally fit
(e) Must have no criminal record
b. Requirements for Accreditation of the Teaching Staff. The following shall be the supporting documents
accompanying the application for accreditation:
1. Training Director
(a) Basic letter request addressed to Chief, SAGSD (Attn: C, PSTM Branch)
(b) Transcript of Records
(c) College Diploma and/or Post Grad Studies)
(d) Certification from Private Security Training School/Agency that he has five (5) years’ experiences in
the security industry
(e) Documentary Clearances (NP & Drug Test, Barangay, Mayor, Court, PNP DI & NBI)
(f) Latest updated Resume with 2X2 ID picture (colored)
2. Training Officer
(a) Basic letter request addressed to Chief, SAGSD (Attn: C, PSTM Branch)
(b) Transcript of Records
(c) College Diploma
(d) Must have actual experience in Security Management or government service for at least five (5) years
continuous service
(e) Certificate of Security Trainor’s Course
(f) Documentary Clearances (NP, Drug Test, Barangay, Mayor, PNP DI, Court & NBI)
(g) Latest updated Resume with 2X2 ID picture (colored)
(h) Certification from Private Security Training School/Center/ and/or Agency that he has five (5) years’
experiences in the security industry
3. Training Instructor
(a) Basic letter request addressed to Chief, SAGSD (Attn: C, PSTM Branch) indicating the subject of
expertise
(b) Transcript of Records
(c) College Diploma
(d) Certificate of Private Security Trainor’s Course
(e) Documentary Clearances (NP, Drug Test, Barangay, Mayor, PNP DI, Court & NBI)
(f) Certification from Private Security Training School/Center and/or Agency that he has served five (5)
years in the security industry.

c. All applicants from the Region must be properly endorsed by the C, ROPD.
d. Issuance of Accreditation
1. The Chief, SAGSD shall have the authority to approve, disapprove, cancel or suspend accreditations of
private security training personnel.
 2. Approved applications for accreditations shall be issued the corresponding Certificates of Accreditation
following a design and format prescribed in a circular by Chief, SAGSD.

PART 4
Private Security Training Board

SECTION 21. Private Security Training Board. The Chief, SAGSD upon determination of need, may organize a
Private Security Training Board with at least one (1) representation from the PADPAO, Philippine Association of
Recognized Security Training Schools (PARSTS) and TESDA for the following purposes relative to private security
training:
a. Conduct of random training visitation
b. Prescribe accreditation processing procedures, standards and requirements
c. Prescribe course POIs and subjects
d. Prescribe training procedures, guides and regulations
e. Prescribe exemptions and waivers
f. Prescribe course equivalents
g. Others as may be directed by Chief, SAGSD