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PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE AND VARIATIONS
INTRODUCTION
Genetics term was given by W. Bateson.
Genetics = Collective study of heredity & Variations.
Heredity = Transmission of genetic characters from parent to offsprings.
Variation = individuals of same species have some differences, these are called variation.
Inheritance :- Process by which character are passed on from parent to progeny.
G.J. Mendel – Father of Genetics.
W. Bateson – Father of Modern Genetics.
Morgan – Father of Experimental genetics
Some importance Definition :-
1. Factor/Gene :- Unit of heredity responsible for inheritance of character and appearance of character.

2. Allele :- Alternative form of gene. T T T t t t

3. Homozygous :- A zygote is formed by fusion of two gametes having identicle factors is called homozygote and
organism developed from this zygote is called homozygous. Ex. TT, RR, tt
4. Heterozygous :- A zygote is formed by fusion of two different types of gamete carrying different factors is
called heterozygote (Tt, Rr) and individual developed from such zygote is called heterozygous.
5. Phenotype :- It is the external and morphological appearance of an organism for a particular character.
6. Genotype :- The genetic constitution or genetic make-up of an organism for a particular character.

MENDELISM
Gregor Johann Mendel (1822 - 1884) :- Worked on Pisum Sativum (garden pea 2n = 14)
Working year 1856-1863 (7 years)
Paper : Experiment in plant hybridization
In 1900, Mendel's postulates were rediscovered by three scientists independently. ie.

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1. Carl Correns - Germany
2. Hugo deVries - Holland
3. Erich von Tschermak Seysenegg - Austria
Reason for Mendle's Failure :-
(i) Communication was not easy.
(ii) His concept of genes (or factors, in Mendel’s words) was not accepted by his contemporaries.
(iii) Mendel’s approach of using mathematics to explain biological phenomena was totally new and unacceptable
to many of the biologists of his time.
(iv) He could not provide any physical proof for the existence of factors.
Reasons for Mendel's success :
(i) Mendel studied the inheretance of one or two characters at a time.
(ii) Selection of Material –
Selection of garden Pea plant is suitable for studies ;which have the following advantages :
(a) Short life cycle of 2-3 months.
(b) It has many contrasting traits.
(c) Natural self pollination and artificial cross pollination are present in pea plant.
(iii) Mendel quantitatively analyse the inheritance of qualitative characters.
(iv) He maintained the statistical records of all the experiments.
(v) His experiment had large sampling size.

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Mendel's work : Mendel studied 7 characters or 7 pairs of contrasting traits.

S.No. Character Ch. No. Dominant Recessive

1. Length of plant 4th tall dwarf
2. Flower position 4th axial terminal
3. Shape of pod 4th inflated constricted
4. Colour of pod 5th green yellow
5. Shape of seed 7th round wrinkled
6. Colour of colytedon 1st yellow green
7. Colour of flower 1st violet white

Petal

Stigma
Anther
Stamen
Carpel

Removel of anthers
(Emasculation)

Parent Parent
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Transter of Pollen
(Pollination)

Steps in making a cross in Pea

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MONOHYBRID CROSS
When we consider the inheritance of one character at a time in a cross.

Tall Plant Dwarf Plant

Parents
TT X tt

(T) (t) Gametes

Tt F1 (Heterozygous Tall)

Tt X Tt F1 on Selfing

(T) (t) (T) (t) Gametes

Checker Board

(T) (t)
+
TT Tt
(T)
Homozygous Tall Heterozygous Tall

Tt tt

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(t)
Heterozygous Tall Homozygous Dwarf

Monohybrid Cross Ratio

Phenotypic ratio : 3 : 1 (3 Tall : 1 Dwarf)
Genotypic ratio : 1 : 2 : 1 (1 TT : 2 Tt : 1 tt)
Note :- Checker Board Method was used by Reginald. C. Punnett.

Conclusions (results) of Monohybrid Cross

Ist Conclusion (Postulate of paired factors) :
(i) Characters are controlled by discrete units called factors.
(ii) Factors occur in pairs.
II Conclusion (Postulate of Dominance):
nd

In a dissimilar pair of factors one member of the pair dominates (dominant) the other (recessive).
Tall
TT
× Dwarf
tt

F1-Generation Tt All tall

Law of dominance = Postulate of paired factors + Postulate of Dominance
There are two exceptions of law of dominance. [A] Incomplete dominance, [B] Co-dominance,
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IIIrd Conclusion (Law of segregation):

During gamete formation ; the unit factors of a pair segregate randomly and transfer inside different gamete.
Each gamete receives only one factor of a pair; so gametes are pure for a particular trait. It is known as
conclusion of purity of gametes or segregation.

Tt
gametogenesis

T t
gamete gamete

– The segregation is essential during the meiotic division in all sexually reproducing organisms. (Nondisjunction
may be exception of this law).

Type of gamete /phenotypic category = 2n

Type of genotype = 3n

No. of zygote produced by selfing of a genotype = 4 n

n = No of hybrid character or heterozygous pair.

DIHYBRID CROSS
A cross in which study of inheritance of two pairs of contrasting traits.

Mendel selected traits for dihybrid cross for his experiment as follows :-

Round [R] - Dominant

Seed shape
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Wrinkled [r] - Recessive

In garden Pea
Yellow [Y] - Dominant
Seed colour
Green [y] - Recessive

Mendel crossed, yellow and round seeded plants with green and wrinkled seeded plants.

All the plants in F1–generation had yellow and round seeds.

When F1 plants were self pollinated to produce four kinds of plants in F2 generation such as yellow round,
yellow–wrinkled, green round and green wrinkled, there were in the ratio of 9 : 3 : 3 : 1.
Phenotypic ratio : round yellow : round green : wrinkled yellow : wrinkled green
9 3 3 1
No. of Phenotype = 4

Genotypic Ratio :- RRYY RrYY RRYy RrYy rrYY rrYy RRyy Rryy rryy
1 2 2 4 1 2 1 2 1

No. of Genotype = 9

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P generation
Round yello Wrinkled green

Gametes

Round yello

F1 generation
Selfing

Gametes Gametes

F2 generation

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Conclusion (Law of Independent Assortment):

The law states that "When two pairs of trait [2 different characters] are combined in a hybrid, segregation of one
pair of character is independent of the other pair of character."

This is known as Conclusion of Independent Assortment. It is based on F2 - generation of dihybrid cross.

Exception : Linkage

TEST CROSS
When F1 progeny is crossed with recessive parent.

[A] Monohybrid Test Cross :-

F1 progeny(hybrid) Recessive parent
Tt × tt

t
T Tt Monohybrid test cross ratio = 1 : 1
t tt

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[B] Dihybrid Test Cross:-
F1 - dihybrid Recessive parent
TtRr × ttrr

RT Tr Rt tr
tr TtRr Ttrr ttRr ttrr
Phenotypic Ratio = Genotypic Ratio = 1 : 1 : 1 : 1
Conclusion:- (i) In test cross phenotypes and genotypes ratio are same.
(ii) Test cross helps to find out the genotype of dominant individual.

POST MENDELISM
[1] Incomplete dominance :- P generation
Red (RR) White (rr)
F1 phenotype did not resemble either of the two
parents and was in between the two. Gametes

Example :-

(i) Flower colour in Mirabilis jalapa : F1 generation

Phenotypic ratio : 1(red) : 2(pink) : 1(white) All pink (Rr)

Genotypic ratio : 1(Rr) : 2(Rr) : 1(rr)
Gametes Gametes
(ii) Flower colour in Antirrhinum majus
(Snapdragon or Dog flower).
(iii) Size of starch grain in pea plant :
F2 generation
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[2] Co-dominance :-
F1 generation resembles both parent.
Examples :- (i) Co-dominance is seen in animals for coat colour.
when a black parent is crossed with white parent, a roan colour F 1 progeny is produced.
(ii) AB blood group inheritance (IAIB)
(iii) Carrier of Sickle cell anaemia (HbA HbS)
[3] Multiple allele :–
More than two alternative forms of same gene called as multiple allele. Multiple allele is formed due to mutation.
n ( n + 1)
If n is the number of allele of a gene then number of different possible genotype =
2
Example of multiple allele :
ABO blood group ® ABO blood groups are determined by three alleles – I A, IB, and IO
IA = dominant
IB = dominant
IO = recessive
Possible phenotypes - A, B, AB, O
3 ( 3 + 1)
Possible genotype number = = 6 genotype
2
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Blood group Genotype Antigen or Antibody or
agglutinogen agglutinin
A I I ,I I
A A A O
A b
B IBIB, IBIO B a
AB II
AB
A&B None
O IOIO none a&b
[4] Pleiotropic gene :– Gene which controls more than one character is called pleiotropic gene. This gene shows
multiple phenotypic effect.
For example :
Seed shape Size of
(i) In Pea plant : Single gene influences Seed shape
starch grain
Size of starch grain
BB Round Large

Bb Round Medium

bb Wrinkel Small

(ii) Sickle cell anaemia - (Autosomal recessive disorder/qualitative disorder)

Possible genotype = 3
HbAHbA = Normal
HbAHbS = Carrier/Normal
HbSHbS = S.C.A./Diseases [lethal]
The defect is caused by the substitution of Glutamic acid (Glu) by Valine (Val) at the sixth position of the
beta globin chain of the haemoglobin molecule. The substitution of amino acid in the globin protein
results due to the single base substitution at the sixth codon of the beta globin gene from GAG to GUG.

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The mutant haemoglobin molecule undergoes polymerisation under low oxygen tension causing the
change in the shape of the RBC from biconcave disc to elongated sickle like structure.

----GAG— ----GTG—
Normal Hb (A)gene Sickle-cell Hb (S)gene
----CTC— ----CAC—

mRNA ----GAG— mRNA ----GUG—

Val His Leu Thr Pro Glu Glu Val His Leu Thr Pro Val Glu
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
HbA peptide HbS peptide
(a) (b)
Micrograph of the red blood cells and the amino acid composition of the relevant portion of b-chain of haemoglobin :

(a) From a normal individual; (b) From an individual with sickle-cell anaemia

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POLYGENIC INHERITANCE
Inheritance of characters in which one character is controlled by many genes and intensity of character depends
upon the number of dominant allele. Besides the involvement of multiple genes polygenic inheritance also takes
into account the influence of environment. In a polygenic trait the phenotype reflects the contribution of each
allele, i.e., the effect of each allele is additive.
Examples :-
(i) Human height (regulated by 5 gene pairs).
(ii) Human skin colour (regulated by 3 gene pairs).
When a Negro Black (AABBCC) phenotype is crossed with white (aabbcc) phenotype, intermediate phenotype
produced in F1 generation.

CHROMOSOMAL THEORY OF INHERITANCE

This theory was proposed by Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri (1902).
Walter Sutton and Theodore Boveri noted that the behaviour of chromosomes was parallel to the behaviour of
genes and used chromosome movement to explain Mendel’s laws.
Possibility I Possibility II
One long orange and One long orange and
short green chromosome short red chromosome
and long yellow and and long yellow and
short red chromosome short green chromosome
at the same pole at the same pole
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Meiosis-II - anaphase Meiosis-II - anaphase

Germ cells Germ cells

Independent assortment of chromosomes

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A Comparison between the Behaviour of Chromosomes and Genes

A (Gene) B (Chromosome)

Occur in pairs Occur in pairs

Segregate at the time of gamete formation such that only Segregate at gamete formation and only one of
one of each pair is transmitted to a gamete each pair is transmitted to a gamete

Independent pairs segregate independently of each other One pair segregates independently of another pair
Thomas Hunt Morgan and his colleagues, led to discovering the basis for the variation that sexual reproduction
produced. Morgan worked with the tiny fruit files,
Drosophila melanogaster, which were found very suitable for such studies as :-
1. They could be grown on simple synthetic medium in the laboratory.
2. They complete their life cycle in about two weeks,
3. A single mating could produce a large number of progeny flies.
4. There was a clear differentiation of the sexes – the male and female flies are easily distinguisable.
5. It has many types of hereditary variations that can be seen with low power microscopes.

LINKAGE (By Morgan)

Linkage is the tendency of genes which are close together on a same chromosome to be inherited together.

Linked genes do not assort independently.

Genes present on same chromosome are called Linked genes.

Linked genes are non-allelic.

Crossing over breaks linkage.

Linkage and independent assortment can be represented in dihybrid plant, as –

In case of linkage in dihybrid AaBb In case of independent assortment in

dihybrid AaBb

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A l l a A l l a B l l b
B l l b

It produces two types of gamete It produces four types of gamete

AB : ab AB : ab : aB : Ab
Linkage Group : All the genes present on a chromosome collectively forms one linkage group.
Number of Linkage group = haploid no. of homologous chromosomes.
Types of Linkage :- There are two types of linkage –

Complete Linkage Incomplete Linkage

! Rare type of linkage ! Most common type of Linkage.
! Only parental combinations are found in gametes ! Parental as well as recombinant gametes are formed.
! No Recombination ! Recombination frequency less than or equal to 50%
! Example: Male Drosophila

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· Distance can be identified by the incomplete linkage. It's unit is centi Morgan.

1 1
Strength of linkage µ µ
Distance b/w linked gene Crossing Over

· Genetic map/Linkage map/chromosome map - In genetic map different genes are linearly arranged
according to % of crossing over (µ Distance) between them.
Morgan's student Alfred Sturtevant used the frequency of recombination between gene pairs on the same
chromosome as a measure of the distance between genes and ‘mapped’ their position on the chromosome.

LINKAGE : RESULTS OF TWO DIHYBRID CROSSES CONDUCTED BY MORGAN

Cross A shows crossing between gene y (body colour) and w (eye colour)
Cross B shows crossing between genes w (eye colour) and m (wings size).
Cross A Cross B

yw y+ w+ w m w+ m+
Parental
yw w w
Yellow, white Wild type White, miniature Wild type

yw yw w m w m
F1 generation
+ +
y+ w+ w m
Wild type Yellow, white Wild type

Gametes
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y+ w+ y+ w w
+
m
+
w
+
m

Wild type Wild Wild type

y w y w+ w m w m+

Yellow, white Yellow

F2 generation
+ +
y w+ y w w+ m+ w+ m
y w y w w m w m
Wild type Wild type
y w y w+ w m w m
+

y w y w w m w m
Yellow, white Yellow

Figure : Results of two dihybrid crosses conducted by Morgan.Cross A shows crossing between gene y and w;
Cross B shows crossing between genes w and m. Here dominant wild type alletes are represented with (+) sign
in superscript. Note : The strength of linkage between y and w is higher than w and m.

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SEX LINKAGE
When the genes are present on sex-chromosome is termed as sex linked gene and such phenomenon is known
as sex-linkage.
Types of sex linkage :-
1. X-linkage.
Genes of somatic characters are found on x-chromosome.
Example of X-linkage :-
[i] Eye colour in Drosophila :- Eye colour in Drosophila is controlled by a X–linked gene.
[ii] Haemophilia (bleeder's disease/royal's disease) :-
The gene of haemophilia is recessive and x-linked lethal gene.
On the basis of x-linked, following types of genotype are found.
Xh X = Carrier female
XhXh = Affected female
XhY = Affected male.
But, XhXh type of female dies during embryo stage because in homozygous condition, this gene becomes lethal
and causes death.
[iii] Colour Blindness (X-linked recessive) :- Due to defect in either red or green cone of eye resulting in failure to
discriminate between red and green colour.
[iv] Diabetes insipidus (recessive).
[v] Pesudoricketes (Dominant)
2. Y- linkage - The genes of somatic characters are located on Y- chromosome. The inheritance of such type of
character is only through the males. Such type of character is called Holandric character. These characters
found only in male.
Example :- (i) Gene which forms TDF /sry-gene
(ii) Hypertrichosis (excessive hair on ear pinna.)

SEX DETERMINATION
Establishment of sex through differential development in an individual at an early stage of life, is called sex

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determination.
Mechanism of sex determination :
[I] Allosomic determination of sex –
Method Female Male Examples
XX-XY Homogamatic Heterogamatic Human Drosophila
ZW-ZZ Heterogamatic Homogamatic Birds, Reptiles
XX-XO Homogamatic Heterogamatic Grasshopper, Cockroach

X- Chromosome discovered by "Henking" and called 'x-body'.

[II] Haploid - diploid mechanism (Sex determination in Honey Bee) –
Diploid (two sets) ® Female [32-chromosomes]
Haploid (One set) ® Male [16-chromosomes]
In honey bee, male individual (Drone) develops from unfertilized eggs (Haploid). Male is always parthenogenote.
Queen and worker bees develop from diploid eggs i.e. fertilized egg.
[III] Cytological basis of sex Identification (Barr body technique) –
Interphasic nucleus of human female contains two X- chromosomes. Out of two, one X- chromosome becomes
heterochromatin and other X- chromosome is euchromatin. By staining X- heterochromatin, it appears as a
dense body which is called Barr body.
No. of Barr body Þ (No. of X chromosomes – 1)
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HUMAN GENETICS
The study (analysis) of genetic characters and aspects like genetic improvements among humans are included in
human genetics.
The study and analysis of human genetics is performed by many methods like pedigree analysis, statistical
analysis and human karyotyping.
Pedigree Analysis
Study of ancestoral history of man of transmission of genetic characters from one generation to next, is pedigree
analysis.
To study and analyse them a pedigree of genetic facts/data and following symbols are used.

Male
parents above and
female children below
(in order of birth-left lo right)

sex unspecified
parents with male child
affected individuals affected with disease

mating

mating between relatives parents with male child

(consanguineous mating)

Examples :-
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(a) (b)

(a) Autosomal dominant trait (Mytotonic Dystrophy) (b) Autosomal recessive trait (Sickle Cell Anaemia)

Special Note :-

Autosomal Disorder

Autosomal Dominant Autosomal recessive

AA Þ Affected AA Þ Normal
Aa Þ Affected Aa Þ Normal
aa Þ Normal aa Þ Affected
Ex. Mytonic dystrophy Ex. Albinism
Polydactyly Phenylketonuria
Alkeptonuria
Sickel cell Anaemia
Thalassemia
Cystic fibrosis

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EXERCISE
1. On which plant Mendel had carried out his 10. If 120 Plants are produced on crossing pure red
investigations :- and pure white flowered pea plants, than the ratio
(1) Garden - pea (2) Wild pea of offsprings will be :-
(3) Cow-pea (4) Pigeon pea (1) 90 Red : 30 White (2) 30 Red : 90 White
2. During breeding the removal of anthers from a (3) 60 Red : 60 White (4) All Red
flower is called :- 11. An individual with two identical members of a pair
(1) Anthesis (2) Pollination of genetic factors is called :-
(3) Emasculation (4) Vasectomy (1) Heteromorphic (2) Heterozygote
3. In monohybrid cross what is the ratio of homozygous (3) Homomorphic (4) Homozygote
dominant and homozygous recessive individuals in 12. Two allelic genes are located on :
F2–generation :-
(1) The same chromosome
(1) 1:2:1 (2) 2:1 / 1:2
(2) Two homologous chromosomes
(3) 3:1 / 1:3 (4) 1:1
(3) Two-non-homologous chromosomes
4. What is the genotypic and phenotypic ratio of
(4) Any two chromosomes
monohybrid test cross :-
13. When two hybrids Ttrr & Rrtt are crossed, the
(1) 1:1 (2) 1:2
phenotypic ratio of offspring shell be :-
(3) 3:1 (4) 1:2:1
(1) 3:1 (2) 1:1:1:1
5. How many types & in what ratio the gametes are
(3) 1:1 (4) 9:3:3:1
produced by a dihybrid heterozygous :-
14. How many plants are dihybrid in F 2 generation of
(1) 4 types in the ratio of 9:3:3:1
dihybrid cross :-
(2) 2 types in the ratio of 3:1
(1) One (2) Two
(3) 3 types in the ratio of 1:2:1
(4) 4 types in the ratio of 1:1:1:1 (3) Four (4) Sixteen

6. Which genotype represents a true dihybrid condition 15. When a plant have two alleles of contrasting

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(1) tt rr (2) Tt rr characters it is called :-
(3) Tt Rr (4) TT Rr (1) Homozygous (2) Dioecious
7. In a cross between a pure tall plant with green pod (3) Heterozygous (4) Monoecious
& a pure short plant with yellow pod. How many 16. Heterozygous tall plants were crossed with dwarf
short plants are produced in F 2 generation out of plants. what will be the ratio of dwarf plants in the
16 :- progeny :-
(1) 1 (2) 3 (1) 50% (2) 25%
(3) 4 (4) 9 (3) 75% (4) 100%
8. In a dihybrid cross between AABB and aabb the 17. A pure tall plant can be differentiated from a hybrid
ratio of AABB, AABb, aaBb, aabb in F 2 generation tall plant :
is :- (1) By measuring length of plant
(1) 9:3:3:1 (2) 1:1:1:1
(2) By spraying gibberalins
(3) 1:2:2:1 (4) 1:1:2:2
(3) If all plants are tall after self-pollination
9. Who rediscovered the results of Mendel's
(4) If all plants are dwarf after self-pollination
experiments :-
18. Genetic constitution of an individual is represented
(1) DeVries, Tschemark, Correns
by :-
(2) DeVries, Tschemark, Morgan
(1) Genome (2) Genotype
(3) Tschemark, Morgan, Correns
(3) Phenotype (4) Karyotype
(4) Tschemark, Bateson, Punnet,
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19. Genes do not occur in pairs in :- 27. If a homozygous tall plant is crossed with a dwarf

(1) Zygote (2) Somatic cell plant, what shall be the ratio of plants in offsprings :-
(1) All heterozygous tall
(3) Embryo (4) Gametes
(2) Two tall & Two dwarf
20. "Like begets like" an important and universal (3) 1:2:1
phenomenon of life, is due to :- (4) All homozygous dwarf
(1) Eugenics (2) Inheritance 28. In order to find out the different types of gametes
produced by a pea plant having the genotype AaBb,
(3) dominance (4) Crossing-over
it should be crossed to a plant with the genotype
21. How many types of gametes are expected from
(1) AaBb (2) aabb
the organism with genotype AABBCC:- (3) AABB (4) aaBB
(1) One (2) Two 29. Law of independent assortment of Mendel was
(3) Four (4) Eight proved by :-
(1) Monohybrid cross (2) Reciprocal cross
22. According to Mendelism which character is showing
(3) Dihybrid cross (4) Back cross
dominance-
30. If selfing occurs in the plant having genotype RrYy,
(1) Terminal position of flower then ratio of given genotype will be :- RRYY, RrYY,
(2) Green colour in seed coat RRYy, RrYy
(3) Wrinkled seeds (1) 1:2:2:4 (2) 1:2:2:1
(3) 1:1:1:1 (4) 2:2:2:1
(4) Green pod colour
31. A trihybrid cross involve three pair of characters
23. Due to the cross between TTRr × ttrr the resultant
which will give rise to the F1 hybrids which are
progenies showed how many percent plants would heterozygous for three genes. How many types of
be, tall, red flowered :– gametes will be produced in both male and female-
(1) 50% (2) 75% (1) 2 (2) 4 (3) 6 (4) 8

(3) 25% (4) 100% 32. When an F1 individual is crossed with its either of
the two parent. Then it is known as :-
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24. A gene said to be dominant if :–

(1) Test cross (2) Back cross
(1) It express it's effect only in homozygous stage. (3) Reciprocal cross (4) Monohybrid cross
(2) It expressed only in heterozygous condition 33. How many types of genotypes are formed in F2
(3) It expressed both in homozygous and progeny obtained from self polination of a dihybrid
heterozygous condition. F1 :-
(1) 9 (2) 3 (3) 6 (4) 1
(4) It never expressed in any condition.
34. A test cross is performed :
25. Which one of the following traits of garden pea (1) by selfing of F2-generation plants
studied by Mendel, was a recessive feature:- (2) by selfing of F1-generation plants
(1) Axial flower position (3) to determine whether F1-plant is homozgous or
heterozygous
(2) Green seed colour
(4) between a homozygous dominant and
(3) Green pod colour
homozygous recessive plant
(4) Round seed shape 35. If a cross is made between AA and aa, the nature
26. If a heterozygous tall plant is crossed with a of F1 progeny will be :-
homozygous dwarf plant then what shall be the (1) genotypically AA, phenotypically a
percentage of dwarf in offspring :- (2) genotypically Aa, phenotypically a
(1) 25% (2) 100% (3) genotypically Aa, phenotypically A
(3) 75% (4) 50% (4) genotypically aa, phenotypically A

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36. A pure tall and a pure dwarf plant were crossed 43. The phenotype of any character will not be affected
to produce offsprings. Offsprings were self crossed, if the modified allele produces–
then find out the ratio between true breeding tall (1) Normal enzyme
to true breding dwarf :- (2) Non-functional enzyme
(1) 1 : 1 (2) 3 : 1 (3) No-enzyme at all
(3) 2 : 1 (4) 1 : 2 : 1 (4) 2 and 3 both
37. What result Mendel would have got when he self 44. The recessive characters are –
pollinated a dwarf F2 plant ? (1) Only expressed in heterozygous condition

(1) All tall plants (2) Only expressed in homozygous condition

(3) Blend in heterozygous condition
(2) Tall and dwarf plants in 3:1 ratio
(4) Always impure
(3) All dwarf plants
45. In Mirabilis & Antirrhinum plant the appearence of
(4) Tall and dwarf plants in 1:1 ration
the pink hybrid (Rr) between cross of a red (RR)
38. Dihybrid test cross ratio proposed by Mendel is
and white (rr) flower parent indicates :-
(1) 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
(1) Incomplete dominance
(2) 1 : 1 : 1 : 1
(2) Segregation
(3) 1 : 2 : 2 : 4 : 1 : 2 : 1 : 2 : 1
(3) Dominance
(4) 3 : 1 (4) Heterosis
39. A cross between pure tall pea plant with green pods 46. In case of incomplete dominance the monohybrid
and dwarf pea with yellow pods will produce tall ratio of phenotypes in F2 generation is :-
F2 plants, out of 16, (1) 1:2:1 (2) 3:1:1
(1) 15 (2) 13 (3) 9:3:3:1 (4) 2:3:1
(3) 12 (4) 7 47. In Mirabilis jalapa when homozygous red flowered
40. Mendel's Principle of segregation means that the and white flowered plants are crossed, all F1 plants
gamete cells always receive :- have pink coloured flowers. In F2 produced by
(1) one pair of alleles selfing of F1 plants, red, pink, white flowered plants

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(2) one quarter of the genes would appear respectively in the ratio of :-
(3) one of the paired alleles
(1) 1:1:2 (2) 2:1:1
(4) any pair of alleles
(3) 1:0:1 (4) 1:2:1
41. Some of the dominant traits studied by Mendel
48. In a dihybrid cross, when one pair of alleles show
were :-
incomplete dominance, genotypic ratio comes to
(1) Round seed shape, constricted pod shape and
axial flower position (1) 3 : 6 : 3 : 1 : 2 : 1
(2) Yellow seed colour, inflated pod shape and axial (2) 1 : 2 : 2 : 4 : 1 : 2 : 1 : 2 : 1
flower position (3) 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
(3) Yellow seed colour, violet flower colour and (4) 1 : 2 : 1
yellow pod colour 49. Which of the following is the example of co-
(4) Axial flower position, green pod colour and
dominance :-
green seed colour
(1) HbA HbA, IA IB (2) Hbs Hbs, IA IB
42. Accoding to Mendel, "factors" or "genes"
(1) are the units of inheritance (3) HbA Hbs, IA IB (4) Hbs Hbs, IA IA

(2) contain information that is required to express 50. AB - Blood group shows :-
(1) Co-dominance
a particular trait
(2) Complete dominance
(3) Both 1 and 2
(3) Mixed inheritance
(4) None of the above
(4) Composite inheritance
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51. ABO blood group is an example of :- 61. A man with blood group B marries a female with
(1) Epistasis (2) Multiple allelism blood group A and their first child is having blood
(3) Pleotropism (4) Complementary genes group B. What is the genotype of child :-
52. A child is blood group is 'O'. His parents blood group (1) IAIB (2) IAIO (3) IBIO (4) IBIB
can not be :- 62. A child with mother of blood group A and father
(1) B & O (2) A & O (3) AB (4) A & B of blood group AB, will not have which of the
53. If one parent has blood group A and the other following blood group :-
parent has blood group B. The offsprings have
(1) A (2) B (3) AB (4) O
which blood group :-
63. If mother has blood group B, father has A group,
(1) AB only (2) O only
the offspring will be of :-
(3) B only (4) A, B, AB, O
(1) A (2) O
54. A child of O blood group, has B-blood group father,
(3) AB (4) any of the above
the genotype of father would be :-
(1) I0I0 (2) IBIB (3) IAIB (4) IBI0 64. Two nonallelic genes produces the new phenotype
55. A gene that shows it's effect on more than one wh en present t oget her but fail to do so
character is :- independently then it is called :–
(1) Polygene (1) Epistatisis
(2) Pleotropic gene (2) Polygene
(3) Multifactor gene (3) Non complimentary gene
(4) Multiple gene (4) Complimenatry gene
56. Blood grouping in humans is controlled by:- 65. Sickel cell anemia is the result of __________
(1) 4 alleles in which IA is dominant mutation in the haemoglobin gene :-
(2) 3 alleles in which IA and IB are dominant (1) frame shift (2) deletion
(3) 2 alleles in which none is dominant
(3) point (4) none of the above
(4) 3 alleles in which IA is recessive
66. When both alleles of a pair are fully expressed in
57. Multiple alleles are present :-
a heterozygote, theye are called :-
(1) In different chromosomes
(1) Lethals
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(2) At different loci on chromosome

(2) Co-dominants
(3) At the same locus on homologous chromosomes
(4) At the non homologous chromosome (3) Semi-dominants
58. What would be the colour of flower in F 1 progeny (4) Recessive allele
as a result of cross between homozygous red and 67. The three different alleles of human ABO blood
homozygous white flowered Snapdragon :- types will produce how many genotypes &
(1) Red (2) White phenotypes respectively–
(3) Red and White (4) Pink (1) 4 & 6 (2) 6 & 4
59. In Mirabilis red (RR) and white (rr) flower produces (3) 6 & 6 (4) 4 & 4
pink (Rr) flower. A plant with pink flower is crossed 68. In sickle cell anaemia–
with white flower the expected phenotypic ratio (1) The mutant haemoglobin molecule undergoes
is :- polymerisation under low oxygen tension causing
(1) red : pink : white (1 : 2: 1)
the change in the shape of RBC
(2) pink : white (1 : 1)
(2) Substitution of Glutamic acid by valine at the
(3) red : pink (1 : 1)
sixth position of the a-chain of haemoglobin
(4) red : white (3 : 1)
(3) Th e mutant hae moglobin undergo es
60. The possible blood groups of children born to
polymerization under high oxygen tension
parents having A and AB groups are :-
(1) O, A (2) A, B, AB causing the change in shape of RBC
(3) O, A, B (4) O, A, B, AB (4) a-globin chain is modified

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69. In case of ABO blood group allele IA and IB if present 78. The recessive genes located on X–chromosome in
together then – humans are always :-
(1) Ony IA allele expresses
(1) Expressed in females
(2) Only IB allele expresses
(2) Lethal
(3) Both IA and IB alleles express
(4) None of these (3) Sub–lethal
70. A colourblind man marries a normal lady whose (4) Expressed in males
father was colour blind. If it produces two sons &
79. If father shows normal genotype and mother shows
two daughters, how many of them would be suffer
(1) Both sons a carrier trait for haemophelia
(2) Both daughters (1) All the female children will be carrier
(3) One son & one daughter (2) A male child has 50% chances of active disease
(4) Both sons & both daughters
(3) Female child has probability of 50% to active
71. Hypertrichosis is :-
disease
(1) Holandric character (2) X-Linked character
(3) Diagenic character (4) Sex-influened character (4) All the female children will be colourblind
72. Which of the following is not a sex linked characters
80. Which of the following show linkage group in
(1) Haemophilia (2) Colour blindness
coupling phase :-
(3) Hypertrichosis (4) Baldness
73. The condition in which only one allele of a pair is
present in a diploid organism is known as :- (1) (2)
(1) Homozygous
(2) Heterozygous
(3) Hemizygous (3) (4)
(4) Incomplete dominance
74. Baldness in man is a :- 81. Haemophilia is more commonly seen in human
(1) Autosomal character males than in human females because –
(2) Sex linked character (1) This disease is due to a Y–linked recessive

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(3) Sex influenced character mutation
(4) 1 and 3 both (2) This disease is due to an X–linked recessive
75. A colourblind man marries a daughter of colourblind mutation
father, then in the offsprings :- (3) This disease is due to an X–linked dominant
(1) All sons are colourblind mutation
(2) All daughters are colourblind (4) A greater proportion of girls die in infancy
(3) Half sons are colourblind 82. If Mendel has chosen to study traits determined by
(4) No daughter is colourblind linked genes he would not have discovered
76. In a cross between individuals homozygous for (a, (1) Law of segregation
b) and wild type (+ +). In this cross 700 out of 1000 (2) Law of dominance
individuals were of parental type. Then the distance (3) Law of independant assortment
between a and b is :- (4) Law of unit character
(1) 70 map unit (2) 35 map unit 83. If Mendel might have studies 7 pairs of characters
(3) 30 map unit (4) 15 map unit in a plant with 12 chromosomes. instead of 14,
77. There are three genes a, b, c percentage of crossing then :-
over between a and b is 20%, b and c is 28% (1) He could not discover independant assortment
and a and c is 8%. What is the sequence of genes
(2) He might have not discovered linkage
on chromosome
(3) He might have discovered crossing-over
(1) b, a, c (2) a, b, c
(4) He might have not observed dominance
(3) a, c, b (4) None

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84. A diseased man marries a normal woman. They 94. In which of the following sex is determined by female
get three daughters and five sons. All the daughters individual –
were diseased and sons were normal. The gene
(1) Human
of this disease is :–
(2) Drosophila
(1) Sex linked dominant
(2) Sex linked recessive (3) Birds
(3) Sex limited character (4) Grasshopper
(4) Autosomal dominant 95. Male heterogamy found in case of
85. Who postulated the 'Chromosome Theory of
(1) XO type male in Grasshopper
Inheritance' :-
(2) XY type male in human
(1) De Vries (2) Mendel
(3) Sutton and Boveri (4) Morgan (3) ZW male in birds
86. Experimental verification of the chromosomal (4) 1 and 2 both
theory of inheritance done by Thomas Hunt Morgan 96. There are two alleles (A1 & A2) out of which one
and his colleagues they worked with – (A1) has nil abundance in a population then the
(1) Pea plant (2) Sweet pea plant
abundance of second allele (A2) is :-
(3) Snapdragon (4) Drosophila
(1) 0.25 (2) 1.00
87. Which is incorrect for Drosophila melanogaster
(1) They could be grown on simple synthetic medium (3) 0.40 (4) 0.50
(2) Single mating could produce a large number of 97. Probability of four son to a couple is :–
progeny 1 1 1 1
(3) They complete their life cycle in about 7 weeks (1) (2) (3) (4)
4 8 16 32
(4) There was a clear differentiation of the sexes.
98. In a random mating population of 28,800
88. The experimental verification of the chromosomal
individuals percentage of dominant homozygous
theory of inheritance by–
individuals is 49% find out the percentage of
(1) Boveri (2) Sutton
heterozygous individual –
(3) T.H. Morgan (4) Bateson
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(1) 21% (2) 42% (3) 32% (4) 9%

89. Which of the following possess homogametic male
99. Study the given pedigree carefully, the trait
(1) Plants (2) Man
indicated is :-
(3) Insect (4) Birds
90. Which chromosome set is found in male grass
hopper :-
(1) 2A + XY (2) 2A + XO
(3) 2A + YY (4) 2A + XX
91. Which of the following symbols are used for
representing sex chromosome of birds :-
(1) ZZ – ZW (2) XX – XY
(3) XO – XX (4) ZZ – WW : Normal male
92. If somatic cells of a human male contain single : Affected male
Barrbody, the genetic composition of the person : Normal female
would be :-
: Affected female
(1) XYY (2) XXY (3) XO (4) XXXY
93. In which organism female in homogametic & also (1) Autosomal recessive
have one chromosomes more than male. (2) X–linked recessive
(1) Birds (2) Drosophila (3) Maternal inheritance
(3) Chicks (4) Grasshopper (4) Paternal inheritance
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100. A pedigree is shown below for a disease that is 104. Study the pedigree given below and assign the type
autosomal recessive. The genetic make up of the of inheritance of the trait.
first generation :-
Normal male
Affected male

Normal female
Affected female
(1) AA, aa (2) Aa, Aa
(3) Aa, aa (4) aa, aa
(1) X-linked recessive
101. In a random mating population frequency of disease
(2) Y-linked
causing recessive allele is 80%. What would be the
(3) autosomal recessive
frequency of carrier individual in population :-
(4) autosomal dominant
(1) 64% (2) 32% (3) 16% (4) 100%
105. Which of the following symbol is used for mating
102. In a random mating population frequency of
between relatives (Consangeineous mating)
dominant allele is 0.7. What will be the frequency
of recessive phenotype :- (1) 5 (2)
(1) 0.49 (2) 0.09 (3) 0.3 (4) 0.21
103. At a particular locus, frequency of 'A' allele is 0·6
(3) (4)
and that of 'a' is 0·4. What would be the frequency
of heterozygotes in a random mating population at
equilibrium –
(1) 0·24 (2) 0·16 (3) 0·48 (4) 0·36

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ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. 1 3 4 1 4 3 3 3 1 4 4 2 2 3 3
Que. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. 1 3 2 4 2 1 4 1 3 2 4 1 2 3 1
Que. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Ans. 4 2 1 3 3 1 3 2 3 3 2 3 1 2 1
Que. 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. 1 4 2 3 1 2 3 4 4 2 2 3 4 2 2
Que. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75
Ans. 3 4 4 4 3 2 2 1 3 3 1 4 3 4 3
Que. 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
Ans. 2 1 4 2 1 2 3 1 1 3 4 3 3 4 2
Que. 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105
Ans. 1 2 4 3 4 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 3 3 3
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