COMPUTER NETWORKS

AND WEB TECHNOLOGIES

Basic networking concepts, including mobile
networks
What is communication?
 Communication is a means of sending or receiving
information.

 Communication is simply the act of transferring

information from one place, person or group to
another.
Opps! I just
spilt the tea!
Telecommunications

 Telecommunication -
communication over a distance by
cable, telegraph, telephone, or
broadcasting(TV).
 Telecommunication - is the
transmission of information by
various types of technologies over
wire, radio, optical or other
electromagnetic systems.
Data Communication

 Data communications means the

exchange of data between two
devices.
 Data communication is a subset of
telecommunication. Focuses on
data, digital transmission of bits.
 Components of
Telecommunications

 Sender
 Medium
 Receiver
Transmission Mode/Direction
 What is a stand alone device?
 A standalone or stand-
alone device is any
mechanism or system
that performs its
function without
needing another
device, computer, or
connection.
Networks
 A Network is a set of devices(nodes) connected by
communication links(media). A node can be a
computer, printer, scanner, fax, or any other device
capable of sending and/receiving data generated by
the other nodes it is connected to.
What is a network?
 A network is two or more
computers/other nodes connected
in order to share resources, files or
allow communication.
 A network doesn’t always mean the
internet. You can be on a network
and not connected to the internet.
The internet is just a TYPE of
network. More on that later.
Nodes
 Nodes are computers, printers, scanner, fax
or any other devices that can send or
receive data (messages).
To network or not to network?
Advantages Disadvantages
 Information sharing  Expensive to install

 Controls access to  Requires time and

information expertise
 Share resources  Server fails---L

 Flexible access  Increase susceptibility

 Collaboration to unauthorized
access.
Types of Communication Media
 Wired
 Twisted Pair e.g. Ethernet cables
 Coaxial e.g. Cable TV connection.
 Fibre Optic e.g. connecting countries.
 Wireless
 Microwave Antenna (no, not to warm up food).
 Satellite (Out of this world! Literally!)
 Infrared
 Bluetooth

 More on this later

PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF
A NETWORK
Basic elements of a computer network include
hardware, software, and protocols.
Essentials for Building a network

 Some important network components

are NIC/Network adaptor,
hub, switch, transmission
media, router, and modem.
Network Adapter
 A network adapter is the component of a
computer’s internal hardware that is used for
communicating over a network with another
computer. It enables a computer to connect with
another computer, server or any networking
device over an local area network.
 A network adapter for wired networks has an RJ-
45 port that uses twisted or untwisted pair cable
for network connectivity.
 Wireless adapters connect with the network
through a built-in or externally connected
antenna.
 Network Adapter = NIC = Network
Interface Card=Network Interface
Controller=Network Card.
NIC

 NIC stands for network interface card.

 NIC is a hardware component used to
connect a computer with another
computer onto a network.
 Wireless NIC
 Wired NIC
Hub
 A hub is a device used to connect all the computers on the
network to facilitate communication.
 When a computer requests information from a network or
a specific computer, it sends the request to the hub
through a cable. The hub will receive the request and
transmit it to the entire network. Each computer in the
network should then figure out whether the broadcast
data is for them or not.
Switch
 A switch is a hardware device that connects multiple
devices on a computer network.
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layer/what-is-a-network-switch/
 A Switch does not broadcast the message to the
entire network like the Hub. Switch delivers the
message to the correct destination based on the
physical address present in the incoming message.
Router
 A router is a device that is used to connect
networks (usually LANs).
 It serves two primary functions:
 managing traffic between networks by forwarding
data packets to their intended IP addresses
 and allowing multiple devices to use the same
Internet connection.
 It is also known as an intelligent device as
it can calculate the best route to pass the
network packets from source to the
destination automatically.
Router

• It allows the users to connect several

LAN and WAN.
• https://www.javatpoint.com/router
Modem

 A modem transforms digital

information from your computer
into analog signals that can
transmit over wires (and vice versa)
by modulating and demodulating
electrical impulses sent through
phone lines, coaxial cables, or other
types of wiring.
Analog vs Digital
 Modem is short for "Modulator-Demodulator." It is
a hardware component that allows a computer or another
device, such as a router or switch, to connect to the
Internet. It converts or "modulates" an analog signal from
a telephone or cable wire to digital data (1s and 0s) that a
computer can recognize.
Often, your
internet service
provider will give
you a device
typically referred
to as a gateway,
a single box that
serves as both
modem and
router.
Modem vs Router
 A modem is a box that connects your home network
to your internet service provider, or ISP.
 A router is a box that lets all of your wired and
wireless devices use that internet connection at once
and allows them to talk to one another directly.
 Routers use a modem to allow communication
between other devices and the internet.
Types of Networks

 Networks are categorised by the

size of the coverage.

 Types in order of Range

 PAN
 LAN
 MAN
 WAN
Network Configuration & Coverage

 Network coverage speaks to the

physical distance over which all the
nodes in the network are spread.
 PAN
 Personal Area Network is
the shortest of all distances up
to 30 ft. The size of a room.
 Usually connecting devices
such as telephones, video
game consoles, electronic
devices, laptop, PDAs, printers,
smart phone, and other
wearable computer devices.
 Connecting your Bluetooth
headset to a cellphone is a PAN
network.
 Air dropping distance.
LAN
 Local Area Network - a computer network that
links devices within a building or group of adjacent
buildings, especially one with a radius of less than 1
km.
 Local area network is developed to operate over
small region like as shopping mall, office building,
small campus etc.
Types of LANs
 Peer to Peer – every node is
connected to every node.
 Client-Server LAN – One computer
(Server) stores all files and
programs needed for the network.
Also known as a Centralized LAN

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MAN
 A metropolitan area network connects computers
within a metropolitan area, which could be a single
large city (Kingston Ciddy), multiple cities and
towns, or any given large area with multiple
buildings.
WAN
 Wide Area Network provides long distance
transmission of data. A WAN can cover a country,
continent or even the whole world. The internet is
the largest WAN.
Communication Media

 The hardware that is used to

connect devices, it is the
infrastructure over which data
travels. It is the vehicle that carries
the data from one node in the
network to the other.
Wired Media
 Twisted Pair
 Coaxial Cable
 Fibre Optic Cable
Twisted Pair
 Also know as Ethernet Cable
transmits 300 to 9600 bits
per second.
 It’s slow but easy to set up
and cheap.
 The longer the cable the
weaker the signal at the
end.
 Twisted Pair (voice-band -
up to 9600 bits per sec) eg.
Ethernet cables
Coaxial Cable
 Coaxial Cables are copper
cables that transmits
thousands of Characters per
second. 8-10 Times more than
Twisted Pairs.
 Coaxial Cables are more
expensive and bulky than
twisted pairs but are faster
speeds and can travel longer
distances.
 Coaxial (broadband -
Thousands of Characters per
sec) eg. Cable TV connection.
Fibre Optic Cable
 Clear fibre glass cables that
transmit data using light
rather than electromagnetic
waves.
 Although fragile, data travels
at far greater speeds as data
travels at approximately the
speed of light. Travels
longer distances.
 Fibre Optic (broadband)
Used for long distances eg
connecting countries.
Wireless Media

 Infrared
 Microwave
 Satellite
 Bluetooth
 Wi-Fi
 Cellular – mobile voice calls
Infrared
 Infrared radiation is used in industrial, scientific,
military, commercial, and medical applications.
 Night-vision devices using active near-infrared
illumination allow people or animals to be observed
without the observer being detected.
Microwave
 A microwave antenna is a physical transmission device
used to broadcast microwave transmissions between two
or more locations. Direct line of sight: cannot be
physically blocked.
 A microwave antenna is designed to receive and transmit
electromagnetic radiation. Microwave radiation can travel
through the atmosphere or space; the antennas pick up
those signals in broadband.
 Microwave antenna applications vary from radio,
television, and data communications.
Satellite
 A satellite or artificial satellite is an object
intentionally placed into orbit in outer space.
Satellites have a variety of uses, including
communication relay, weather forecasting,
navigation (GPS), broadcasting, scientific research,
and Earth observation.
Bluetooth
 Bluetooth is a short-range wireless technology
standard that is used for exchanging data between
fixed and mobile devices over short distances and
building in personal area networks (PANs).
 Wi-Fi – Wireless-Fidelity
 Wi-Fi, networking technology that uses radio waves to allow
high-speed data transfer over short distances.
 Wi-Fi allows local area networks (LANs) to operate without
cables and wiring, making it a popular choice for home and
business networks.
 Wi-Fi can also be used to provide
wireless broadband Internet access for many modern devices,
such as laptops, smartphones, tablet computers,
and electronic gaming consoles.
 Wi-Fi-enabled devices are able to connect to the Internet when
they are near areas that have Wi-Fi access, called “hotspots.”
 Hotspots have become common, with many public places such
as airports, hotels, bookstores, and coffee shops offering Wi-Fi
access. Some cities have constructed free citywide Wi-Fi
networks.
Data Communication Capacity and Speed

 Bandwidth - The maximum amount

of data transmitted over
transmission media in a given
amount of time.
 Bandwidth is how much information
you receive every second, while
speed is how fast that information is
received.
Data Communication Capacity and Speed

 Narrow-band – low volume of data flow. 45-300 bits

per sec. It is used in telegraph communication system.
 Voice-band – moderate data transmission – 300 to
9600 bits per second. Twisted Pairs – Dial up, telephones.
 Broadband – 1 million bits per sec or more. High
capacity and speed. It is used in data transmission through optical fiber cable, microwave etc.
Topology
 Topology speaks to how the
network is laid out and how the
nodes connect to each other in
order to transfer data.
Topologies - Star
Topologies - Bus
Topology - Ring
Topology – Mesh (Peer to Peer)

 Each computer acts as a server and

a client. No 1 dedicated server.
Topology - Hybrid
Server and Client
 Servers are computers that hold shared
files, programs, and the network operating
system.

 Clients are computers that access and use

the network and shared network resources.

 https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Basic
_computer_network_components
Sharing on a Network
 Shared data - Data that file servers provide
to clients such as data files, printer access
programs and e-mail.

 Shared printers and other peripherals -

hardware resources provided to the users
of the network by servers. Resources
provided include data files, printers,
software, or any other items used by clients
on the network.
Internet and Web Technology concepts

WEB TECHNOLOGIES

Basic elements of a computer network include

hardware, software, and protocols.
Data Transmission
 Upload – Sending of data from your computer to
another computer. Putting data onto a medium of
transmission.
 Download – Receiving data from another computer
to your computer. Taking data FROM a medium of
transmission.
 Point to Point – Direct link from one node to another
node.
 Broadcasting – One computer sends one message to
many nodes on the network. TV, Radio.
Intranet, Internet and Extranet
 Access to information and privacy is very important
to all businesses. Because the internet is publicly
accessible to anyone with the right link, it became
important for organizations to be able to still use the
internet network but keep their data private.
 Intranet – a PRIVATE Network based on internet
technology that is only accessible to individuals
WITHIN the organization.
 Extranet – a section of the Intranet that allows
AUTHORIZED persons LIMITED access to a
company's Intranet.
The World Wide Web

 The Web is an interconnected

system of public files/webpages
accessible through the Internet.
 The Web is not the same as the
Internet: the Web is one of many
applications built on top of the
Internet.
The World Wide Web
 Each computer on the internet can create
information files made publicly available.
 These computers are call Web Servers.
They host/store files that are publicly
available.
 These Files/Documents are called Web
pages.
 A collection/folder of linked Web pages is a
Website. The link between webpages is
called a Hyperlink.
 The “front page” of a Website is the
Homepage.
The World Wide Web

 A Web Browser is the application

used to view/read web pages. Just
like Word is the application used to
read .docx files.
 A search engine is an application
used to find websites using
keywords. Search engines are often
built into Web Browsers.
 HTML is the language used to
code/build web pages.
 Web Technology Concepts
 Every webserver/computer is given a unique
address on the internet so it can be found
easily. This is called the IP Address (Internet
Protocol Address). E.g. 172.16.26.222.
 The Internet Protocol, is responsible for
addressing, delivering and routing your online
requests.
 Every IP address is divided into two sections
that define 1) your network and 2) your
computer/host. All computers on the same
network share the same network ID. Each
computer has its own unique host ID.
Web Technology Concepts
 Uniform Resource Locator(URL) is a name given
to the IP address that’s easier to remember.

 https://developer.mozilla.org/en-
US/docs/Learn/Common_questions/What_is_a_
URL
 https://www.kaspersky.com/resource-
center/definitions/what-is-an-ip-address
 https://www.sunnyvalley.io/docs/network-
basics/what-is-ip-address
Main Internet Services

 Email – Electronic Mail

 Data Exchange – Uploading and
downloading data/files.
 Instant Messaging – Real time
text/video/audio/image exchange.
 The World Wide Web – Access to
Information
Uses of the WWW
 Blogs(weblog-written), vlogs(video log) and podcasts
(audio) – a regularly updated website or web page,
typically one run by an individual or small group, that
is written in an informal or conversational style. Idea
sharing/commentary/discussions on personal
website/spaces.
 VoIP - Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), is a
technology that allows you to make voice calls using
a broadband Internet connection instead of a regular
telephone line.
 Streaming - a method of transmitting or receiving
data (especially video and audio material) over a
computer network as a steady, continuous flow,
allowing playback to start while the rest of the data is
still being received.
Uses of the WWW
 Social media - Social media is a collective term for
websites and applications that focus on
communication, community-based input, interactions
and content sharing.

 E-commerce - commercial transactions(buying,

selling) conducted electronically on the internet.

 Online banking – Bank transactions(update accounts,

transfer money) that are conducted electronically
over the internet.
The WWW
Advantages Disadvantages
 Collaboration  No control in

 Information Sharing Information Quality

 Interactivity –  Cost

Immediate  Security – My Leaked

 WFH nudes :o
 E-commerce  Some level of
expertise
 Viruses, yuk!

 Difficult to copyright
your data.
Basic elements of a computer network include hardware,
software, and protocols.

NETWORK PROTOCOLS
Protocols
 Protocol is the set of rules for
sending and receiving data
over the internet.
Protocols
 TCP/IP – Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol

 FTP – File Transfer Protocol

 HTTP – HyperText Transfer

Protocol
TCP/IP

 Data is broken up into chunks of

data packets and sent using the IP
routing.
 Transmission Control Protocol
determines how the data is broken
up before it is sent, and how it gets
put back together when it arrives.
FTP

 FTP means "File Transfer Protocol"

and refers to a group of rules that
govern how computers transfer files
from one system to another over
the internet.
 Businesses use FTP to send files
between computers, while websites
use FTP for the uploading and
downloading of files from their
website's servers.
HTTP

 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

is a protocol for transmitting
hypermedia documents, such as
HTML.
MOBILE NETWORKS
Mobile Networks

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1JZG9x_VOwA
Let’s discuss

 What are the pros and cons of

mobile technology in the fields of
education, commerce, and
journalism?

 What’s the deal with 5G?

resources

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