CHAPTER 7

Introduction to dynamic
 Introduction

• Dynamic consist of:

i. Kinematic
❑ analysis of the geometry of motion without concern for the
forces causing the motion; which involving the quantity such as
displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time.
ii. Kinetic
❑ the study of motion and the forces associated with motion; it
involves the determination of the motion resulting from given
forces
 Geometry of motion in kinematic

Displacement and Distance

• Distance is a scalar quantity and displacement is a vector quantity.
• To travel from point A to point B, say, there are 3 paths with different
distance, but there have the same displacement. Path 3 has longer
distance than Path 1 or 2 but the entire three path have the same
displacement.
• Displacement is the basic parameter values to determine velocity and
acceleration

1
A 2 B
3
Speed and velocity
• Speed is a scalar quantity and velocity is a vector quantity.
• Speed – change of distance per unit of time, SI unit is meters per second
(m/s).

• Velocity – rate of change of displacement with respect to time and has the
same unit as speed.
• Velocity Resultant – combination of two or more velocity and can be
determined using triangle law or parallel rectangular law to determine
resultant vector.
Acceleration
• Acceleration
– change of velocity increment and decrement of velocity is known as
de-acceleration. It is expressed in terms of displacement/time/time. SI
units are .

or

• Ration velocity
– difference between two velocities and can be determined by using
triangle and parallel rectangle method.
Relationship of displacement, velocity and Time

Graph Displacement-time (s-t)

s (m) OL is the graph s-t for a body moves with

L constant velocity.
Therefore OA = constant acceleration

t (s)
M
Gradient for OL,
s
A
B Gradient for OL,
C D
t The gradient is the velocity of the body.
Graph velocity-time (v-t)

• AB = A body moves with constant velocity

• PQ=constant acceleration
• Distance = Area below the graph
– Area (1) = Area of ABCO
– Area (2) = Area of OPQS
• Gradient, m = acceleration for the body
– Graph 1,
– Graph 2,
 Type of motion

• Type of motion
– Rectilinear motion
• the particle or body moves in a straight lines and does not rotate
about its center of mass
– Circular motion
• a particle follows the path of a perfect circle.
– General plane motion
• a particle may follow a path that is neither straight nor circular.
This also applies to a body have both rotating and rectilinear
motion simultaneously
 Rectilinear motion

• The three equation that relate the variables of time, displacement,

velocity, and acceleration to each other are

where
• Derivation of equation

or

Rearranging equation Rearranging equation Using equation

To use these equations, the following points should bear in mind;

• Acceleration, although it may be in any direction, must be constant.

Constant velocity is a special case in which acceleration is constant at
zero.
• A free-failing body has an acceleration of

• Designate the direction that is to be positive. The direction of the initial

velocity or displacement is often used as the positive direction.
• An object that decelerates or slows down in the positive direction is
treated as having a negative acceleration (de-acceleration).
 Example 7.1
A particle is moving on a straight line plane with a fixed point on a line. Displacement, s from
point O is given by the equation, s = 6 + t –t2 . Calculate:-
(a) Displacement from point O when t = 0
(b) Velocity at t = 0
(c) Time when velocity is zero
 Example 7.2

A bikers passing though bridge A with a velocity of 5 m/s. In 4 seconds, he

reached bridge B with velocity 15 m/s. Calculate acceleration and
displacement the bicycle.
 Vertical motion
(motion under gravitational effects)

• When an object falls to the earth, it will move very fast i.e., increased
speed.
– The increased motion which is free-fallings (air resistance is ignored)
close to the earth surface is known as gravitational acceleration.
• Gravitational acceleration is same to all bodies, regardless of size or
chemical composition at any location.
• Where motion upward is negative and motion downwards is positive.

s = maximum height
 Example 7.3
• A particle is released freely from rest condition at the height of 150m.
Determine the time taken to reach the earth and particle velocity at that
moment.
 Example 7.4
A stone is throwing up with an initial velocity of 24.5 m/s. Calculates:-
a) Maximum peak the stone could reach
b) How long will the stone to re-touch the earth surface
c) What time when the velocity is equal to 4.9 m/s
d) When it will be at 19.6 m from the earth surface.
 Example 7.5

A stone is falling in a well. The water sprinkle heard at 2.56 seconds later.
If the water level from the earth surface is 30m, what is sound velocity in
the air?
 Straight motion on slope plane
• Involved the effect of gravitational acceleration like vertical motion.
• However, the calculated value of gravitational acceleration is the
component of gravitational acceleration which is parallel to the direction
of motion.
• Acceleration component which is perpendicular to the motion is ignored
because it does not gave any effect to the particle motion.
• Particles rolling from B to A, gravitational acceleration can be divided into
component of rectangular, i.e.,
– At the direction of particle motion
– At the direction parallel to the plane
 Example 7.6
A stone is rolling on the slope 30o from the horizontal plane. If it is rolls
with the velocity of 5m/s , determine the displacement, distance taken,
and velocity after 4 seconds.

g
(ii) Location of stone after 4s is at point C, i.e., 19.24m downward point
A. To determine distance taken at the maximum peak, distance of
AB need to be calculated (zero velocity)
 Distance taken = BA + AB + BC
= 2.55+2.55+19.24
= 24.34m
(iii) Velocity,
 Newton Motion Law
• First Newton Law
– states that a body in resting state will be in resting state and a body
moving in constant velocity will move in straight line if no external
force acting on it.
• Second Newton Law
– states that momentum change rate will be proportionate to its
resultant force.

The equation shows that:-

❑Force, F should be acting continuously and
constant acceleration produced constant
acceleration, a.
❑Force, F acting on the body is resultant
force.
❑Direction for the force, F and acceleration,
a is the same.
• Third Newton Law
– states that every single acting force will have another force which
have the same reaction but with different direction

N
a b. T

W W

A body imposed an acting force, A body imposed a reaction force

i.e., the weight of the object, W i.e., the weight of the object, W
on the table surface and the upon the tie rod and the tie rod
table imposed a reaction force imposed a reaction force i.e.,
i.e., normal reaction, N upon the tension upon the body.
body
• Application ( Example using Newton Law)
– Two object connected by light tie
– Constant Tension (T) along tie rod
– Similar acceleration but tie rod in elastic
– Use Second Newton Law
• Resultant acceleration with the statement that the body imposed the same or
opposite direction
 Newton ‘s Law Gravitational attraction

• Newton postulated the law governing the gravitational attraction

between any two particles. Stated mathematically,

Where
F = force of gravitation between the two particles
G = universal constant of gravitation; according to experimental evidence,
G = 66.73 x 10-12 m3/kgs2.
m1,m2=mass of each of the two particle
r = distance between the two particles
• two particles or bodies have mutual attractive (gravitational) force acting
between them.
– In the case of a particle located at or near the surface of the earth,
however, the only gravitational force having any sizeable magnitude is
that between the earth and particle.
• approximate expression for finding the weight, W of a particle having a
mass m1 = m is developed
– Assume the earth to be a non-rotating sphere of constant density and
having a mass m2 = Me , then if is the distance between the earth’s
center and the particle, we have

• Letting, yields , so, yields so

 Example 7.7

Mass of 12 kg and 8 kg was attached by using inelastic light tie rod at its
end passing at a light and smooth pulley and the system is released. Find
the acceleration and tension at tie rod

Solution:-
a
Assume that the acceleration for every mass is a,
m/s and tension of the rod is T N.
From 2nd Newton Law,
T

a
12 kg

m2 g
a
8 kg

m 1g
 Example 7.9

• A mass of 12kg now been placed on smooth horizontal plane. Determine

its acceleration and tension.

Solution
 Friction force
• Friction force
– the force that reacting when 2 surfaces rubbing each other and the
force reacting in different direction
– Advantage of friction force enables a body to initiate motion and stop
N

Rough floor
W

CASE 1; CASE 2;
F < friction force F > friction force
(The object will be in the resting (the object is moving in the
condition and static). direction of F and kinetic force exist)
Friction force = static force
• From the second Newton Law
F= ma
F-Q = ma
a
Q F
A body on smooth floor

Analysis involving kinetic friction

• Direction of friction force is opposite to direction of object’s movement
• The kinetic friction force value is proportionate to normal reaction force
upon rubbing surface.
• The kinetic friction force is not depending upon the object’s velocity or
net body velocity (if both rubbing objects are moving with different
velocity
 N
a
F

Object on rough floor

W

• F and friction force from the contact surface i.e.,

• Since is proportionate to the normal reaction, N hence we can write;

μk is kinetic friction constant. The value is in the interval of 0 ≤ μk≤ 1.0

• From 3rd Newton Law, N=mg , therefore we can substitute the value of N
in (1),

• Therefore the equation in (a ) become

 Example 7.10
A force of 100N is acting on a body with a mass of 20 kg placed on the
rough horizontal plane as shown below. Coefficient of kinetic friction on
the contact surface is 0.3. Calculate the friction force acted on the body
and its acceleration.

Solution
N From 2nd Newton Law,
Fg 100N

Newton 2nd Law

F=ma
 Example 7.12
Determine the minimum force to restrain the object with a mass of 20kg
from slipping down. The slope plane and static friction coefficient is given
as θ = 35oand 0.2 respectively.

Solution:-
Fg=μN

N
F

Fg
35o W
 Example 7.13
A block weighs 5 kg is pushing up on a slope plane of from horizontal
plane. If the value of F=100N , friction coefficient between the block and
plane,μ=0.3 and the block initially in the resting condition. Calculate the
velocity of the block after 2 seconds and the distance of the block moving
within the interval.
Solution

The velocity after 2 seconds:-

From 2nd Newton Law;

The displacement after 2 seconds:-
 Example 7.14

Two wood blocks, A and B connected with a light and inelastic tie rod as
shown below. It been pulled up from a horizontal surface with an
acceleration of2 m/s2 by a constant force, F. Mass A and B is given as 3kg
and 5kg respectively. If the friction coefficient between the block and
surface is given as 0.2, calculate the F and tie rod tension, T.
 Work

• What does WORK mean to you?

• Are you doing WORK when…
– Lifting weights?
– Walking with a big bag of grocery in your hand?
– Completing your homework assignment?
– Writing an essay?
Concept of work
• WORK is done only when a constant force applied on an object, causes the
object to move in the same direction as the force applied.

s
S1 S2

• Work or W or U is defined as the output of force, F multiply by the

distance taken in the direction (parallel distance) of force, s.

SI unit is N.m or Joule, J.

• When F is not parallel to s, then we must take the component of F which is
parallel to s .

Fh= F cos θ
Fv =F sin θ
Wk =Fhs= F (cos θ)s
• The force imposed on a body gives:-
– Positive work: If the direction of force parallel to its movement
– Negative work: If the direction of force opposite to its movement
– Zero work: If the direction of force perpendicular to its movement

s
F2 U2=-(F2cos θ )s
F1 U1=F1s

F4 U4=-F4s

F3 U3=0
 Example 8.7

A force of 4N pulls an object at the slope of in horizontal line. Calculate

the work been done if the object was moved in 3m.

4N

60o
Direction of movement

Solution:
Know ; F = 4 N; s = 3 m; θ = 60o
Need ; W
use ; W = F.s parallel = F cos θ x s
W= 4 x cos 60o x 3 = 6J
 Energy – Quick Re-cap

• Energy is the capacity to do work

• SI Unit: Joule (J)
• Many forms
• Common ones:
– Kinetic
– Potential
– Electric
– Chemical
– Solar
– Nuclear
 Kinetic Energy
• A form of energy that a body in motion possess due to movement.
• A body a rest, will it possess any Kinetic Energy?
• Examples:
– Bullet shot out from pistol
– Helicopter flying at 120km/h

• The amount of Kinetic Energy of a moving body depends on:

– Mass of body (kg)
– Velocity (ms-1)

• When either mass or velocity of moving body is increased, Kinetic Energy

will also increase.
• Formula:

Kinetic Energy = x Mass x (Velocity)2

K = x m x v2

Units: [J] [kg] [ms-1]2

Velocity, V

Mass = m kg

• SI Unit: Joule [ J ] … same as Work Done

 Examples of Kinetic Energy

• Find the KE of an empty van of mass 1000kg moving at 2m/s.

KE of van at 2m/s = ½ x 1000 x (2)2
= 2000 J = 2 kJ
• Find the KE of van when it is loaded with goods to give a total mass of
2000kg, and moving at 2m/s.
KE of van at 2m/s = ½ x 2000 x (2)2
= 4000 J = 4 kJ
• Find KE of unloaded van when it speeds up to 4m/s.
KE of van at 2m/s = ½ x 1000 x (4)2
= 8000 J = 8 kJ
 Relationship work and Kinetic Energy

• The work done by the net force acting on a body is equal to the change in
the body’s kinetic energy

This relationship is true as long as there is no change in vertical position.

 Potential Energy
• Potential energy is the energy possessed by an object as a result of its POSITION
or CONDITION.
• Two common kinds:
– Gravitational Potential Energy
– Elastic Potential Energy
• Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE)
– Energy that can be possessed by an object due to its POSITION.
– Any object that is at ground level has ZERO GPE.
– If object is lifted a certain height above ground, its GPE has increased
– Examples:
• When a chair lifted from ground a distance of 1m and You sitting on the
3rd storey of this building
• Elastic Potential Energy
– Energy that can be possessed by an object due to its CONDITION. Examples:
– Examples:
• Spring … when stretched or compressed
• Rubber band … when stretched
 Gravitational Potential Energy
• Can be calculated with:
GPE = F x distance
=mass × gravitational × height above
acceleration ground level
= m × g × h
Units:
[J] [kg] [m/s2] [m]
Object on top of
g building, of mass, m
SI Units of GPE : Joule [J] earth
Distance from
ground, h

Ground,
0 GPE
 Elastic Potential Energy
• Using a Hooke’s Law
– force which required to stretch or compressed a spring is
proportionate to stretching or compression of a spring if the elastic
limit is not exceeded

• If a force, F increased with the fixed rate to stretch a spring to x m,

potential energy stored in the spring is
 Conservation of Energy

• Energy always remain same or fixed in quantity!

• Energy of an object can be thought of as the sands in an hourglass!
• But this sand can change position, from the top to bottom and bottom to
top! Likewise energy can change in form
– eg. From Kinetic Energy 🡨🡨 Potential Energy

54
• Conversion of energy is the term used to denote change in energy
from one form to another.
• Eg.
– Burning candle: Chemical 🡨 Heat, Light
– Fuel: Chemical 🡨 Heat 🡨 KE 🡨 Electricity
– Nuclear explosion: Nuclear 🡨 Heat, light
– Spring: Elastic PE 🡨 KE
• For O-Levels, we are only concerned with:

• KE 🡨🡨 GPE (E.g: roller coaster, Falling

object)

• And such situations are only found when a moving object is at the
same time undergoing changes in height

55
• Free falling object
– An object in free fall means the object is falling freely, under the
influence of gravity

When the object is at the highest position, the GPE is

at maximum and KE is zero.

When the object is falling, the GPE decreases as it loses

height, and the KE increases

At the lowest position, the KE is at maximum and GPE

is zero.

56
 Example 8.8
Figure shows a pendulum swing where the pendulum mass is 5 kg. The
pendulum is pushed from point A which is located 15cm higher than B.
a) What is potential energy stored in pendulum at point A.
b) Maximum velocity in the pendulum
c) Kinetic energy in the pendulum when reached at point B.

solution
40 cm

15cm
A stone with a mass of 0.1 kg is throwing straight up with a velocity of 12
m/s. Determine the potential energy at maximum peak and kinetic energy
when reached the ground with assumption that there is no restriction.

Solution:-
 Power

• Power is the rate that we use energy.

• The units for power :

– J/s
– Kg m2 / s2 /s
– N m /s

• Efficiency,
Remarks

• Energy is the ability to move

• Potential is stored energy (Statics)
– Dependant on height
• Kinetic is moving energy (Dynamics)
– Dependant on velocity
• Springs store energy dependant on distance and constant
 Example 8.10

A lorry is moving with a constant velocity of 30 m/s along its way. If the
applied friction force is 800N, calculate the engine power.

Solution;
 Example 8.11
A force is applied to compress a spring to the wall. If the initial length of the
spring is 50 cm and the last length is 30cm while the last force applied to the
spring is 20N,
(a) Calculate the work done,
(b) Kinetic elastic energy by the spring
solution

Before compression After compression

20 N

50 cm 30 cm

a) b) 4kJ
∴the work done by the compression of the spring
 Example 8.12

a) A car weigh 1 tan moves on the horizontal road with a constant velocity
of 10 m/s and a total of 400N friction force is applied on it. Calculate the
pulling power of the engine.
b) If the car riding up the hill with the slope of at horizontal plan and
assume that friction force imposed constant at 400N, what is the engine
power required to push the car at the velocity of 15 m/s.

(a)
(b) From 2nd Newton Law,
F

mg
 Example 8.13

A mass of 200g been pushed to a spring and compressed to 15 cm from

equilibrium. The mass was shot to the right. If the friction is ignored,
calculate the speed of the mass that moves to the left when pushed

Solution

From 2nd Newton Law:-

K=400 N/m
200 g
 Exercise 1

Ball A is released from rest at a height of 12 m at

the same time that a second ball B is thrown
upward 1.5 m from the ground. If the balls pass
one another at a height of 6 m, determine the
speed at which ball B was thrown upward.
 Exercise 2

The van is travelling at 20 km/h when the coupling of the trailer at A fails. If
the trailer has a mass of 250 kg and costs 45 m before coming to rest,
determine the constant horizontal force F created by rolling friction which
causes the trailer to stop.
 Exercise 3

The escalator stepd move with a constant speed of 6.0m/s. If the steps are
125 mm high and 250 mm in length, determine the power of a motor needed
to lift an average mass of 150 kg per step. There are 32 steps.
GOOD LUCK!!