Principles of Psychology

and Sociology

• The materials were first developed for the Dubai Medical College for Girls (DMCG) 2023-2024."
Personality
 PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

• The behaviors that make people

different from one another are those
behaviors that psychologists consider
to be at the root of personality.
• Personality is what makes a person a
unique person and it is recognizable
soon after birth.
 Personality
▪The word personality is Latin word. Its drive
from word ‘persona’ that means mask.

▪Personality is a combination of
psychological and physical aspects that
determine unique adjustment to the
environment.

personality is the combination of behavior ,

emotions and thought pattern that people
display over time and across situation and that
distinguish individual from each other.
 Theories of personality

▪There are four perspective of personality

theory.
▪Psychoanalytical theory: role of unconscious
mind in the development of personality.
▪Behavioral perspective/ Social Cognitive :
focus one effect of environment in behavior.
▪Humanistic perspective: focus on the role of
each person’s conscious life experiences and
choices in personality development.
▪Trait perspective: assume that traits are
biological determined, others make no such
assumption.
 Psychodynamic approach

▪ Psychodynamic approaches to personality:

Approaches that assume that personality is
motivated by inner forces and conflicts about
which people have little awareness and over
which they have no control.
▪ The most important pioneer of the
psychodynamic approach was Sigmund
Freud.
▪ According to Freud psychoanalytical
approach, personality based on three
perspectives:
▪ Structure
▪ Psychosexual Development
▪ Dynamic of personality
 Psychoanalytical theory
▪ Psychoanalytic theory: Freud’s theory that unconscious forces act
as determinants of personality.
▪ Unconscious: A part of the personality that contains the memories,
knowledge, beliefs, feelings, urges, drives, and instincts of which
the individual is not aware.
▪ Pre – conscious: this contain memories that are not part of current
thought but readily be brought to mind if need to arise.
▪ Conscious: aware of certain things around us and of certain
thoughts.
 Freud and Personality Structure

Id - energy constantly striving to satisfy basic drives

Pleasure Principle

Ego - seeks to gratify the Id in realistic ways

Reality Principle
Super
Ego
Ego Super Ego
- voice of conscience
that focuses on how
Id we ought to behave
 Psychoanalytical theory
➢Id ( pleasure principle): The raw,
unorganized, inborn part of personality
whose sole purpose is to reduce tension
created by primitive drives related to
hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational
impulses.

➢Ego ( reality principle): The part of the

personality that provides a buffer between
the id and the outside world.

➢ Superego : According to Freud, the final

personality structure to develop; it
represents the rights and wrongs of society
as handed down by a person’s parents,
teachers, and other important figures.
Id, ego and superego
 Freud and Personality Development
“personality
“personality forms
forms during
during the
the first
first few
few years
years of
of life,
life,
rooted
rooted in
in unresolved
unresolved conflicts
conflicts of of early
early childhood”
childhood”
Oedipus complex
:male begin to develop
interest in his mothers,
Psychosexual Stages
and start to see his Oral (0-18 mos) - centered on the mouth
father as a rival Anal (18-36 mos) - focus on bowel/bladder elim.
Electra complex: Phallic (3-6 yrs) - focus on genitals/“Oedipus Complex”
females begin to (Identification & Gender Identity)
develop their interest Latency (6-puberty) - sexuality is dormant
towards fathers Genital (puberty on) - sexual feelings toward others

Strong conflict can fixate an individual at Stages 1,2 or 3

 Psychosexual development
Stages of psychosexual development

stages activities
oral Sucking,bitting, chewing, put everything in
mouth

anal Toilet training

phallic Excessive attachment to the parent of opposite

gender

latency Social interaction in their on genders (same

genders)

genital Individual are attached to opposite genders

Figure Freud believed that
psychoanalysis could bring parts of
the unconscious into the conscious
mind, where the client could deal
with them.
 Defense mechanisms
▪ Anxiety an intense negative emotional experience.
▪ Defense mechanisms are unconscious strategies that people use to
reduce anxiety by concealing its source from themselves and others.
➢Repression: unconscious defense mechanism
The primary defense mechanism in which unacceptable or unpleasant
id impulses are pushed back into the unconscious.
they can affect later behavior, and they may be revealed through
dreams or slips of the tongue or symbolically in some other
fashion.
Whenever you face guilt.
➢It's triggered by superego
E.g. : childhood traumas, hatred behavior
 Defense mechanisms

➢Regression : People behave as if they were at

an earlier stage of development.
➢When faced with unacceptable, fearful,
threatening, thoughts or impulse.
➢E.g. behave like a child.
➢ A boss has a temper tantrum when an
employee makes a mistake.
➢You start crying over your mistakes, either
solved it or face it
 Defense mechanisms
▪ Displacement :replace one to another to
satisfy your id.
▪ Transfer impulse or idea from a threatening
object is less threatening object.
▪ Transfer you anger to others.
▪ The expression of an unwanted feeling or
thought is redirected from a more threatening
powerful person to a weaker one.
▪ E.g. boss yells at employee, husband yells at
wife, wife pass it to child.
▪ You can't afford expensive cloth, and buy it
copy .
▪ A brother yells at his younger sister after a
teacher gives him a bad grade.
 Defense mechanisms

▪ Rationalization ( means reason):

▪ keep proving yourself right, when you are wrong .
▪ People provide self-justifying explanations in place of the actual, but threatening,
reason for their behavior.
▪ Example: an employee didn’t fulfill the task and blame other that they didn't
provide him an appropriate material.
▪ A student who goes out drinking the night before a big test rationalizes his behavior
by saying the test isn’t all that important
 Defense mechanisms
▪ Denial People refuse to accept or acknowledge an anxiety-producing piece of
information.
▪ Most common defense mechanisms.
▪ Refuse of reality and facts.
▪ Example: death news, life threatening disease.
▪ A student refuses to believe that he has fail a course
 Defense mechanisms

▪ Projection : the projection is an ego defense

mechanism that transfer the drive, attitude or
behavior that Cause anxiety to others.

▪ People attribute unwanted impulses and

feelings to someone else.

▪ Example: A man who is unfaithful to his wife

and feels guilty suspects that his wife is
unfaithful.
 Defense mechanisms
▪ Sublimation : change negative impulse
into positive or socially acceptable
behavior.
▪ People divert unwanted impulses into
socially approved thoughts, feelings, or
behaviors.
▪ Example: A person with strong feelings
of aggression becomes a soldier.
▪ Aggressive person becomes cricket,
boxing, poetry, painting
 Defense mechanisms
▪ Reaction formation :
▪ Beyond denial and behaves in the
opposite way to which he or she thinks or
feel.
▪ Unconscious impulses are expressed as
their opposite in consciousness.
▪ Example : politicians' behavior inside and
out.
 The behavior perspective
▪ B. F skinner
▪ Assume that personality is a shape of behavior that has been learned through
reinforcement.
▪ Social learning theorist believe that personality are influenced by reinforcement.
▪ They emphasize on importance of model and observational learning.
▪ According to them person and their environment affects each other.
▪ Personality learned way of behavior, and behaviors are learned by principal
reinforcement(generalization, extinction, discrimination and punishment)
▪ Albert bandura’s social learning theory
▪ Acc to him , it is possible to learn and modify one's behavior by observing and
them imitating the actions with or without reinforcement.
▪ He also emphasize the role of cognition in learning.
 The humanistic perspective
• People behavior is controlled by their unique perspective of the world
around them.
• How did human psychology develop?
Presented by Carl roger and Maslow.
• They focus on how people perceive the world and their own behavior. And
how they grow and develop with their full capacities
• They insist on positive side of human perspective. Because people strive for
self actualization.
• Carl roger focus on individual person or organism
• The whole of experience Rogers call the phenomenal field.
 The human perspective

• Individual avoid those values and negative

experience that contract, reduce or block
development.
• In short, organism has a strong inner tendency
toward enhancing and actualizing inner potential.
 The Humanistic Perspective

Maslow’s Roger’s
Self-Actualizing Person-Centered
Person Perspective

“Healthy” rather than “Sick”

Individual as greater than the sum of test scores
Roger’s Person-Centered Perspective
People are basically good
with actualizing tendencies.

Given the right environmental

conditions, we will develop
to our full potentials

Genuineness, Acceptance, Empathy

Self Concept:
Concept central feature
of personality (+ or -)
 Type and Trait theory

• Personality is defined by different traits of a

person.
• Traits are strong, stable characteristics of any
personality.
• Different situation reflects these personal traits.
Type theory
• Focus on group of people rather than individual.
• Two type of group people ( active and passive)
• Similar groups of people have same type of
traits.
• It is proposed by Carl Jung.
• Acc to him, people could be grouped into two
basic groups.
• Introvert and extrovert.
 Type and trait theory
• Introvert (shy, careless about others and
more withdrawn)
• Extrovert ( social , relaxed and cheerful
around other people, orient about own
experiences.)
• Trait theory
• Acc to this theory, can be described in
term of how much of various traits
individual posses.
Raymond B. cattle
identified 16 basic traits.
• He developed the 16PF to measure these traits.
• He said personality lies in two trait.
• Surface traits: reflecting consistent pattern of behavior, curiosity ,
altruism and realism
 Type and trait theory

• The deeper source traits : support

surface traits, these characteristics such as
dominance or submissiveness or ego
strength, the capacity to withstand
pressure.
• He concluded personality lies in sixteen
traits.
• Developed a questionnaire scale that
measure how people stand on this traits.
• 16 PF scale.
• Factor analysis statistical analysis use for
interpretation.
 Recently personality theorists have begun to converge on the view
that there are 5 basic personality dimensions:
 1: emotional stability versus neuroticism:
 calm, secure, self-satisfied VS anxious, insecure, self-pitying.
 2: extraversion versus introversion:
 sociable, fun-loving, affectionate VS retiring, sober, reserved.
 3: openness versus close-mindedness:
 imaginative, independent VS practical, conforming.
 4: agreeableness versus disagreeableness:
 kind, trusting, helpful VS ruthless, suspicious, uncooperative.
 5: conscientiousness versus undependable:
 organized, careful, disciplined VS disorganized, careless, impulsive.
 Describe Your Behavior
1. On a date
2. At home with parents
3. In class
4. At a sporting event
5. Reading a book
6. In dining hall at mealtime
7. Talking with a good friend

Choose 2 for each: Selfish Energetic Demanding Polite Reserved Helpful

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