Cumulative Review of Vectors

1. For the vectors a
12, 1, 2 2 and b
13, 4, 122 , determine the following:
! !

a. the angle between the two vectors

! !
b. the scalar and vector projections of a on b
! !
c. the scalar and vector projections of b on a
2. a. Determine the line of intersection between p1 : 4x  2y  6z  14
0
and p2 : x  y  z  5
0.
b. Determine the angle between the two planes.
! !
3. If x and y are unit vectors, and the angle between them is 60°, determine the
value of each of the following:
a. 0x # y 0 b. 02x # 3y 0 c. 0 12x  y 2 # 1x  3y 2 0
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! !
4. Expand and simplify each of the following, where i , j , and k represent the
standard basis vectors in R 3:
a. 21i  2j  3k 2 412i  4j  5k 2  1i  j 2
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

b. 213i  4j  5k 2 # 12i  3k 2  2i # 13j  2k 2

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

Determine the angle that the vector a
14, 2, 3 2 makes with the positive
!
5.
x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis.
If a
11, 2, 32 , b
11, 1, 22 , and c
13, 4, 12 , determine each
! ! !
6.
of the following:
! ! ! !
a. a  b c. the area of the parallelogram determined by a and b
d. c # 1b  a 2
! ! ! ! !
b. 2a  3b
7. Determine the coordinates of the unit vector that is perpendicular to
a
11, 1, 1 2 and b
12, 2, 32.
! !

8. a. Determine vector and parametric equations for the line that contains
A12, 3, 12 and B11, 2, 3 2.
b. Verify that C14, 13, 3 2 is on the line that contains A and B.
9. Show that the lines L1: r
12, 0, 92  t11, 5, 2 2, t苸R, and
!

L2 : x  3
5
z 
y5 10
2
are parallel and distinct.
10. Determine vector and parametric equations for the line that passes through
(0, 0, 4) and is parallel to the line with parametric equations x
1,
y
2  t, and z
3  t, t苸R.
11. Determine the value of c such that the plane with equation
2x  3y  cz  8
0 is parallel to the line with equation
x1

y 2
2 3

z  1.

NEL CHAPTERS 6–9 557

 12. Determine the intersection of the line x 
y5
z
2 3
3 5
with the plane
5x  y  2z  2
0.
13. Sketch the following planes, and give two direction vectors for each.
a. x  2y  2z  6
0 b. 2x  3y
0 c. 3x  2y  z
0
P(1, –2, 4) 14. If P11, 2, 4 2 is reflected in the plane with equation 2x  3y  4z  66
0,
determine the coordinates of its image point, P¿. (Note that the plane
2x  3y  4z  66
0 is the right bisector of the line joining P11, 2, 4 2
Q
with its image.)
15. Determine the equation of the line that passes through the point A11, 0, 2 2
and intersects the line r
12, 3, 42  s11, 1, 2 2, s苸R, at a right angle.
!
P9
2x – 3y – 4z + 66 = 0
16. a. Determine the equation of the plane that passes through the points
A11, 2, 32, B12, 0, 0 2, and C11, 4, 02 .
b. Determine the distance from O10, 0, 02 to this plane.
17. Determine a Cartesian equation for each of the following planes:
a. the plane through the point A11, 2, 52 with n
13, 5, 42
!

b. the plane through the point K14, 1, 2 2 and perpendicular to the line joining
the points (2, 1, 8) and 11, 2, 4 2
c. the plane through the point 13, 1, 32 and perpendicular to the z-axis
d. the plane through the points 13, 1, 2 2 and 11, 3, 1 2 and parallel to the
y-axis
18. An airplane heads due north with a velocity of 400 km> h and encounters
a wind of 100 km> h from the northeast. Determine the resultant velocity
of the airplane.
19. a. Determine a vector equation for the plane with Cartesian equation
3x  2y  z  6
0, and verify that your vector equation is correct.
b. Using coordinate axes you construct yourself, sketch this plane.
20. a. A line with equation r
11, 0, 22  s12, 1, 22 , s苸R, intersects the
!
plane x  2y  z
2 at an angle of u degrees. Determine this angle to
the nearest degree.
b. Show that the planes p1: 2x  3y  z  1
0 and p2 : 4x  3y  17z
0
are perpendicular.
c. Show that the planes p3 : 2x  3y  2z  1
0 and
p4 : 2x  3y  2z  3
0 are parallel but not coincident.
25 N 21. Two forces, 25 N and 40 N, have an angle of 60° between them. Determine
60° the resultant and equilibrant of these two vectors.
40 N

558 C U M U L AT I V E R E V I E W O F V E C TO R S NEL
 ! !
22. You are given the vectors a and b , as shown at the left.
b
a ! ! ! 1 !
a. Sketch a  b . b. Sketch 2a  b .
2
23. If a
16, 2, 32 , determine the following:
!
!
a. the coordinates of a unit vector in the same direction as a
!
b. the coordinates of a unit vector in the opposite direction to a
24. A parallelogram OBCD has one vertex at O10, 0 2 and two of its remaining
three vertices at B11, 72 and D19, 2 2.
a. Determine a vector that is equivalent to each of the two diagonals.
b. Determine the angle between these diagonals.
! !
c. Determine the angle between OB and OD .
25. Solve the following systems of equations:
a. 1 xyz
2 c. 1 2x  y  z
1
2 x  y  2z
1 2 4x  2y  2z
2
3 x  y  4z
5 3 2x  y  z
5
b. 1 2x  3y  z
11 d. 1 x  y  3z
1
2 x  2y  z
2 2 2x  2y  6z
2
3 x  y  3z
12 3 4x  4y  12z
4
26. State whether each of the following pairs of planes intersect. If the planes
do intersect, determine the equation of their line of intersection.
a. xyz1
0
x  2y  2z  2
0
b. x  4y  7z
28
2x  8y  14z
60
c. xyz2
0
2x  y  z  4
0
27. Determine the angle between the line with symmetric equations x
y,
z
4 and the plane 2x  2z
5.
! !
28. a. If a and! b are unit !vectors, and the angle between them is 60°, calculate
16a  b 2 # 1a  2b 2.
! !

b. Calculate the dot product of 4x  y and 2x  3y if 0x 0
3, 0y 0
4, and

! ! ! ! ! !
! !
the angle between x and y is 60°.

NEL CHAPTERS 6–9 559

 29. A line that passes through the origin is perpendicular to a plane p and
intersects the plane at 11, 3, 1 2. Determine an equation for this line and
the cartesian equation of the plane.
30. The point P11, 0, 12 is reflected in the plane p: y  z
0 and has P¿ as its
image. Determine the coordinates of the point P¿.
31. A river is 2 km wide and flows at 4 km> h. A motorboat that has a speed of
10 km> h in still water heads out from one bank, which is perpendicular to the
current. A marina lies directly across the river, on the opposite bank.
a. How far downstream from the marina will the motorboat touch
the other bank?
b. How long will it take for the motorboat to reach the other bank?
32. a. Determine the equation of the line passing through A12, 1, 3 2 and
B16, 3, 42.
b. Does the line you found lie on the plane with equation
x  2y  4z  16
0? Justify your answer.
33. A sailboat is acted upon by a water current and the wind. The velocity of the
wind is 16 km> h from the west, and the velocity of the current is 12 km> h
from the south. Find the resultant of these two velocities.
34. A crate has a mass of 400 kg and is sitting on an inclined plane that makes an
angle of 30° with the level ground. Determine the components of the weight
of the mass, perpendicular and parallel to the plane. (Assume that a 1 kg
mass exerts a force of 9.8 N.)
35. State whether each of the following is true or false. Justify your answer.
a. Any two non-parallel lines in R 2 must always intersect at a point.
b. Any two non-parallel planes in R 3 must always intersect on a line.
c. The line with equation x
y
z will always intersect the plane with
equation x  2y  2z
k, regardless of the value of k.
x z1 x1 z1 y1
d. The lines 2
y  1
2 and 4
2
2 are parallel.
y2
36. Consider the lines L1: x
2, 3

z and L2 : x
y  k
z k 14.
a. Explain why these lines can never be parallel, regardless of the value of k.
b. Determine the value of k that makes these two lines intersect at a single
point, and find the actual point of intersection.

560 C U M U L AT I V E R E V I E W O F V E C TO R S NEL
 r 5 a ! , 0, b
8.
5 2
a. x 5 ! t, y 5 1 " t, z 5 t, tPR
! 37 15 Cumulative Review of Vectors,
7 7 2 2 pp. 557–560
1 1 " t 111, 2, !52 , tPR;
r 5 17, 0, !1 2 " t 111, 2, !5 2 ,
b. x 5 3, y 5 , z 5 ! !
1. a. about 111.0°
4 2 14
c. x 5 3t ! 3s " 7, y 5 t, z 5 s, tPR; z 5 !1 ! 5t, tPR b. scalar projection: ! ,
13
s, tPR b. All three lines of intersection found vector projection:
1 1 1 5 in part a. have direction vector
111, 2, !52, and so they are all a! b
9. a. x 5 " t, y 5 ! " t, 52 56 168
2 36 2 12 , ,!
169 169 169
z 5 t, tPR parallel. Since no pair of normal
vectors for these three planes is 14
9 31 1 1 c. scalar projection: ! ,
b. x 5 ! t, y 5 " t, z 5 t, parallel, no pair of these planes is 3
8 24 4 12 vector projection:
tPR coincident.
a! , , b
28 14 28
a , 1, b , a , 1, ! b , a , !1, b ,
10. a. These three planes meet at the point 1 1 1 1 1 1
22.
1!1, 5, 3 2. 2 3 2 3 2 3 9 9 9
2. a. x 5 8 " 4t, y 5 t, z 5 !3 ! 3t,
a , !1, ! b , a ! , 1, b ,
b. The planes do not intersect. 1 1 1 1
tPR
Geometrically, the planes form a 2 3 2 3 b. about 51.9°
a , !1, ! b a ! , 1, ! b , and
triangular prism. 1 1 1 1 1
c. The planes meet in a line through 2 3 2 3 3. a.
2
the origin, with equation x 5 t,
a ! , !1, b
1 1 b. 3
y 5 !7t, z 5 !5t, tPR 2 3 3
11. 4.90 7 2 3 2 c.
y5 x ! x! 2 !
12. a. x ! 2y " z " 4 5 0 23. ! !
r 5 13, 1, !52 " s12, 1, 0 2, sPR
! 6 2 3 4. a. !7i ! 19j ! 14k
m # n 5 12, 1, 02 11, !2, 12 5 0 a , ,! b
! ! 29 4 33 b. 18
24.
7 7 7 5. x-axis: about 42.0°, y-axis: about
Since the line’s direction vector is
25. A 5 5, B 5 2, C 5 !4 111.8°, z-axis: about 123.9°
a. r 5 1!1, !4, !6 2 a. 1!7, !5, !12
perpendicular to the normal of the
plane and the point 13, 1,!5 2 lies
!
26. 6.
" t 1!5, !4, !3 2, tPR b. 1!42, !30, !62
on both the line and the plane, the
b. a , 2, ! b
13 3 c. about 8.66 square units
line is in the plane.
b. 1!1, !1, !5 2 2 2 d. 0
a! , 0b and a
c. x ! 2y " z " 4 5 0 c. about 33.26 units 2 1 1 1 1
7. ,! , , 0b
!1 ! 21!1 2 " 1!5 2 " 4 5 0 27. 6x ! 8y " 9z ! 115 5 0 Ï2 Ï2 Ï2 Ï2
The point 1!1, !1, !52 is on the
8. a. vector equation: Answers may vary.
r 5 12, !3, 12 " t1!1, 5, 22 , tPR;
!
plane since it satisfies the equation Chapter 9 Test, p. 556
parametric equation:
a. 13, !1, !52
of the plane.
1. x 5 2 ! t, y 5 !3 " 5t,
d. 7x ! 2y ! 11z ! 50 5 0
b. 3 ! 1!12 " 1!52 " 1 5 0 z 5 1 " 2t, tPR
13. a. 5.48
b. 13, 0, !1 2
3"1!5"150 b. If the x-coordinate of a point on the
a. 1!2, !3, 02.
050 line is 4, then 2 ! t 5 4, or
14.
b. r 5 1!2, !3, 0 2 " t 11, !2, 1 2 ,
13 t 5 !2. At t 5 !2, the point on
the line is 12, !3, 1 2 ! 21!1, 5, 2 2
!
2. a. or 1.08
12
5 14, !13, !3 2 . Hence,
tPR
a. !10x " 9y " 8z " 16 5 0 40
C14, !13, !3 2 is a point on the line.
15. b. or 13.33
b. about 0.45 3
4t t 9. The direction vector of the first line is
1!1, 5, 2 2 and of the second line is
16. a. 1 3. a. x 5 , y 5 1 ! , z 5 t, tPR
b. r 5 10, 0, !12 " t 14, 3, 72 , tPR
11, !5, !2 2 5 !1!1, 5, 22. So they
!
5 5
17. a. x 5 2, y 5 !1, z 5 1 b. 14, 0, 52
b. x 5 7 ! 3t, y 5 3 ! t, z 5 t, tPR 4. a. 11, !5, 4 2 are collinear and hence parallel.
b. The three planes intersect at the The lines coincide if and only if for
2 3 1
18. a5 ,b5 ,c5
3 4 2 point 11, !5, 42 . any point on the first line and second
1 t 3t 1 line, the vector connecting the two
a 4, ! , b
7 7 5. a. x 5 ! ! , y 5 " , z 5 t, points is a multiple of the direction
19. 2 4 4 2
4 2 tPR vector for the lines. (2, 0, 9) is a point
on the first line and 13, !5, 10 2 is a
a! , , b
5 8 4 b. The three planes intersect at this line.
20.
3 3 3 6. a. m 5 !1, n 5 !3 point on the second line.
b. x 5 !1, y 5 1 ! t, z 5 t, tPR 12, 0, 92 ! 13, !5, 10 2 5 1!1, 5, !1 2
21. a. r 5 a , 0, ! b k1!1, 5, 2 2 for kPR. Hence, the
! 45 21
7. 10.20
4 4
" t111, 2, !5 2, tPR;
lines are parallel and distinct.

NEL Answers 687

 10. vector equation: c. b. z
r 5 10, 0, 4 2 " t10, 1, 12, tPR;
! z
(0, 0, 6)
parametric equation: x 5 0, y 5 t, (0, 3, 6)
z 5 4 " t, tPR
11. !13
a ,! , b
3 31 13
12.
2 6 6 (0, –3, 0)
(0, 0, 0)
13. a.
z (1, 1, –1) y
x y
x (2, 0, 0)
(0, 0, 3)

(0, 3, 0) y
x (6, 0, 0)

20. a. 16°
b. The two planes are perpendicular if
Answers may vary. For example, and only if their normal vectors are
10, 3, 6 2 and 11, 1, !1 2 . also perpendicular. A normal vector
Answers may vary. For example, 14. 1!7, 10, 20 2 for the first plane is 12, !3, 1 2 and
10, 3, !32 and 16, 0, !32 . 15. q 5 11, 0, 22 " t1!11, 7, 22 , tPR
!
a normal vector for the second plane
b. 16. a. 12x ! 9y ! 6z " 24 5 0 is 14, !3, !17 2. The two vectors
b. about 1.49 units are perpendicular if and only if their
z 17. a. 3x ! 5y " 4z ! 7 5 0 dot product is zero.
b. x ! y " 12z ! 27 5 0 12, !3, 12 # 14, !3, !172
c. z ! 3 5 0 5 214 2 ! 31!3 2 " 11!172
(–3, –2, 2) d. x " 2z " 1 5 0 50
18. 336.80 km> h, N 12.1° W Hence, the normal vectors are
19. a. r 5 10, 0, 62 " s11, 0, !32
!
perpendicular. Thus, the planes are
(0, 0, 0) " t10, 1, 22, s, tPR. To verify, find
y perpendicular.
(3, 2, 1) the Cartesian equation corresponding c. The two planes are parallel if and
to the above vector equation and see only if their normal vectors are
if it is equivalent to the Cartesian also parallel. A normal vector for
the first plane is 12, !3, 2 2 and a
x equation given in the problem. A
normal vector to this plane is the normal vector for the second plane
cross product of the two directional is 12, !3, 2 2. Since both normal
vectors. vectors are the same, the planes
n 5 11, 0, !3 2 # 10, 1, 2 2
!
are parallel. Since
210 2 ! 31!12 " 210 2 ! 3 5 0,
5 10122 ! 1!3 2 11 2 , !310 2 ! 112 2 , the point 10, !1, 0 2 is on the
Answers may vary. For example,
1!3, !2, 22 and 13, 2, 1 2.
111 2 ! 010 22 second plane. Yet since
5 13, !2, 1 2 2102 ! 31!1 2 " 210 2 ! 1 5 2 0,
So the plane has the form 10, !1, 0 2 is not on the first plane.
3x " 2y " z " D 5 0, for some Thus, the two planes are parallel but
constant D. To find D, we know that not coincident.
(0, 0, 6) is a point on the plane, so 21. resultant: about 56.79 N, 37.6° from
3102 ! 210 2 " 16 2 " D 5 0. So, the 25 N force toward the 40 N force,
6 " D 5 0, or D 5 !6. So, the equilibrant: about 56.79 N, 142.4°
Cartesian equation for the plane is from the 25 N force away from the
3x ! 2y " z ! 6 5 0. Since this is 40 N force
the same as the initial Cartesian 22. a.
equation, the vector equation for the –b
plane is correct. a
a –b

688 A n s w e r s NEL
 b. 1 c. True; the line x 5 y 5 z has 2 13
2
b
direction vector (1, 1, 1), which is 3. a. y 5 x !
3 3
not perpendicular to the normal
b. y 5 1x " 8 2 " 3
2
2a + 21 b vector 11, !2, 22 to the plane 3
2a x ! 2y " 2z 5 k, k is any constant. 3Ï3
Since these vectors are not c. y 5 ! x!3
5
perpendicular, the line is not
d. y 5 1x " 11 2 ! 4
11
23. a. a , , ! b
6 2 3 parallel to the plane, and so they
7 7 7 10
will intersect in exactly one point.
4. (0, 1)
b. a ! , ! , b
6 2 3 d. False; a direction vector for the line
x z"1 5. a. 1
7 7 7 5 y ! 1 5 2 is (2, 1, 2).
b. a , Ï5 b and a ! , !Ï5 b
2 3 3
24. a. OC 5 18, 9 2,
!
A direction vector for the line
x!1 !1 "1 Ï5 Ï5
BD 5 110, !52 5 y !2 5 z !2 is
!
!4 6. !10
b. about 74.9° 1!4, !2, !22 , or (2, 1, 1) (which is 7. 7x ! y ! 11 5 0
c. about 85.6° parallel to 1!4, !2, !222 . Since 1 3
25. a. x 5 t, y 5 !1 " t, z 5 1, tPR (2, 1, 2) and (2, 1, 1) are obviously 8. y 5 x !
2 2
b. 11, 2, !32 not parallel, these two lines are not 4
9. a. !1
1x " y2 2
c. x 5 1, y 5 t, z 5 !3 " t, tPR parallel.
d. x 5 1 " 3s " t, y 5 t, z 5 s, 36. a. A direction vector for
s, tPR y!2 b. 4 Ïx " y ! 1
L1: x 5 2, 5 z is (0, 3, 1), 3x 2 ! 8xy
26. a. yes; x 5 0, y 5 !1 " t, z 5 t, tPR 3 10. a.
b. no and a direction vector for 4x 2 ! 3
c. yes; z " 14 x3 4x 4 ! 9x 2
L2: x 5 y " k 5 b. y 5 2
4x ! 3 14x 2 ! 3 2 2
is (1, 1, k). ;
x 5 2 ! 2t, y 5 t, z 5 3t, tPR k
27. 30° But (0, 3, 1) is not a nonzero scalar
3 dy 3x2 ! 8xy
multiple of (1, 1, k) for any k, since 5
28. a. ! c.
2 the first component of (0, 3, 1) is 0. dx 4x2 ! 3
b. 84 This means that the direction x3
29. r 5 t1!1, 3, 1 2, tPR,
! y5
vectors for L1 and L2 are never 4x2 ! 3
!x " 3y " z ! 11 5 0
3x2 ! 8x Q4x2x! 3 R
parallel, which means that these 3
30. 1!1, 1, 02 lines are never parallel for dy
5
31. a. 0.8 km any k. dx 4x2 ! 3
b. 12 min b. 6; 12, !4, !2 2 3x ! 14x2 ! 32 ! 8x4
2
5
14x2 ! 32 2
32. a. Answers may vary.
r 5 16, 3, 42 " t14, 4, 12, tPR Calculus Appendix
!
b. The line found in part a will lie in 12x ! 9x2 ! 8x4
4
5
the plane x ! 2y " 4z ! 16 5 0 if Implicit Differentiation, p. 564 14x2 ! 3 2 2
and only if both points A12, !1, 3 2
1. The chain rule states that if y is a 4x ! 9x2
4
and B16, 3, 42 lie in this plane. We 5
verify this by substituting these
composite function, then 14x2 ! 32 2
dy dy
points into the equation of the dx
5 du du dx
. To differentiate an 11. a.
plane, and checking for consistency. equation implicitly, first differentiate
For A: both sides of the equation with respect
2 ! 21!12 " 413 2 ! 16 5 0 to x, using the chain rule for terms
For B: involving y, then solve for dy dx
.
6 ! 2132 " 4142 ! 16 5 0 x
2. a. !
Since both points lie on the plane, y
so does the line found in part a. x2
b.
33. 20 km>h at N 53.1° E 5y one tangent
34. parallel: 1960 N, !y 2 b.
perpendicular: about 3394.82 N c.
2xy " y2
35. a. True; all non-parallel pairs of lines 9x
intersect in exactly one point in R2. d.
16y
However, this is not the case for 13x
lines in R3 (skew lines provide a e. !
48y
counterexample).
2x
b. True; all non-parallel pairs of f. !
2y " 5
planes intersect in a line in R3.
one tangent

NEL Answers 689