Just write the chain complex seq of RP^3 with n odd version and RP^2

wedge S^3 with respect to chain complex of S^3 which C_3 and C_1 are
Z. when we use the wedge on the second seq, it will be same as the first
seq then their chain complex are iso hence homology groups are iso and
we have the same result for cohomology when use isomorphic cochain
Problem Set 3 seq.

Topology II, Spring 2024

Warm-up problems. It is strongly suggested that you do these problems, or at least convince
yourself that you know how to do them.

(W0) Reading: Sections 2.2-2.3 in Algebraic Topology by Hatcher. Some important topics that
we didn’t have time to cover in class include naturality on p127-128. You should also read
the explicit calculations using cellular homology in Examples 2.36-2.43. Then read the
introduction to Chapter 3 in Hatcher and all the way up to page 197.

(W1) Prove that chain homotopy of chain maps defines an equivalence relation.
we use the following relation : g-h=sop+pos s.t p is a map p:C_n(X)-->C_n+1(Y)
2 and s is the boundary map. with this map, we just check the following properties
(W2) Use Mayer-Vietoris to recalculate H∗ (T ). like: reflexive, symmetric and transivity. with the help of abelian group and
homeomorphism of s, we get the necessary result.
(W3) (a) Show that RP3 and RP2 ∨ S 3 have isomorphic homology groups (with Z coefficients)
Choose A,B isomorphic to a
cylinder which is isomorphic toand cohomology groups (with any coefficients).
(b)of Use the calculation H • (RP3 ) ∼
S^1. intersection of A and B is
isomorphic to disjoint union = Z2 [α]/(α3 ) to prove that RP3 is not homotopy equiv-
twu cylinder. So for n bigger oralent to RP2 ∨ S 3 . H•(RP^3) = Z_2[] / (^4) and The reduced cohomology ring of RP^2 S^3 with coeffs in
equal than 2, H_n(A)=H_n(B) Z_2 is He (RP^2; Z/2) × He (S^3; Z/2). But unlike the case of RP^3, we have ^3 = 0. So
=H_n(inter(A,B))=0. then just the cohomology rings are not isomorphic, and so the spaces
write LES of M-V Thm to are not homotopy equivalent.
calculate the desired value.
Main problems Submit complete solutions for at least 3 of the following 5 problems, and
submit sketches of how you would try to approach the remaining ones. For any problems
you get stuck on, come discuss it with me! If you are completely stuck, you may substitute
one main problem for two warm-up problems. You can also substitute one main problem
for an additional challenge problem (below).
to find the homology of genus g space (g copies of 2-torus) we choose U be our genus g space with a hole in it and V be a disk on the surface that slightly larger than the
hole. Now this (U,V) holds the M-V condition so we can write the LES of M-V. homology of U is Z^2g cause U is homotopically equi to the wedge of 2*g circles and the
1. Use Mayer-Vietoris and induction to calculate the homology of a closed, orientable, genus-g
surface.
homology of v (disk) is zero for n=1 and 2. and intersection of U and V def retracts to circle so homology of of this intersection homologous to zero and this will give us the
homology of our genus g surface
2. We can also use Mayer-Vietoris to try to calculate the homology of a space by realizing
it as a subspace A, B, or A ∩ B in a decomposition X = Å ∪ B̊. As an example, let K
be any knot in S 3 , i.e., an embedding of S 1 into S 3 . Calculate H∗ (S 3 \ K) by finding a
decomposition of X = S 3 where S 3 \ K = A ∩ B. Hint: Decompose K into a pair of arcs,
then take their complements in S 3 .
Just let S^3=(S^3\K) U V where V is an open nbd around K that is homeomorphic to the solid Torus D^2*S^1.Choose A=S^3\K and B=V(iso)D^2*S^1 and intersection of A and B is
T^2(Torus) and A U B(iso)S^3. Since D^2 is contractible then B=U has the same homology type as S^1 \hence H_i(B)=H_i(S^1). Now just write the M-V LES seq and find the
homology from this3.
seqProve the 5-lemma via diagram chasing: Consider a commutative diagram of abelian
groups as below. In order to prove the 5-Lemma, we should split the proof into two part and we prove each part with the help of 4-Lemma,
Then we combine these two part in order to reach the proof of 5-Lemma.
i j k l
A B C D E 4-Lemma are surjective and is
α β γ δ ε injective, then is surjective
are injective and 4-Lemma i′ j′ k′ l′
is
A′ B′ C′ D′ E′
surjective, then is injective.
If α is surjective, β and δ are isomorphisms, and ε is injective, then γ is an isomorphism.
we use example: when n>1, S^n*S^n has one 0-cell, two n-cell, and one 2n-cell. since n>1, these cells are not in adjacent
dimensions so we have: If X has no two cells in adjacent dimensions then d_n = j_n-1 o S_n = 0 for all n.and H_n(x) ~= C_n ~=
Z^(n-cells).In this case d_n vanish. boundary map in chain cx: d_n:C_n(X) --> C_n-1(X) and d_n(e^n)= \sum d_()*e^n-1.
following thm help us to reach the desired result: the coeffs d_() is equal to the degree of the map \delta_(): S_()^n-1 ---> S_()
^n-1 defined by composition of attaching map of e^n and collapsing map. so above formula for d_n shows that d_n agrees in
terms of degrees of map between spheres.
4. Recall the setup from our alternate definition of cellular homology: Given a CW complex
X, the cellular boundary map is defined by dn = jn−1 ◦ δn where

δn : Hn (X n , X n−1 ) → Hn−1 (X n−1 )

is the connecting homomorphism in the LES for the pair (X n , X n−1 ) and

jn−1 : Hn−1 (X n−1 ) → Hn−1 (X n−1 , X n−2 )

is the inclusion-induced map in the LES for the pair (X n−1 , X n−2 ). Using the isomorphisms

Cncell (X) ∼
= Hn (X n , X n−1 ) ∼
= Hn (X n /X n−1 ),

verify that the definition of dn agrees with our original definition of the cellular boundary
map in terms of degrees of maps between spheres.

5. Moore spaces: Given an abelian group G and integer n ≥ 1, a space X is said to be a

Moore space M (G, n) if Hn (X) ∼
= G and He i (X) = 0 for i ̸= n. If n > 1, we will further
demand that π1 (X) = 0.

(a) For any n ≥ 1, construct examples of Moore spaces M (Z, n) and M (Zk , n) as finite
CW complexes.
Hint: Start with along similar lines to the warm-up W4 on HW2. That is, what
should your underlying chain complex be? Then construct a CW complex with that
cellular chain complex.
(b) For any finitely generated abelian group G and integer n ≥ 1, construct a Moore
space M (G, n) as a finite CW complex.
Hint: Classification of finitely generated abelian groups, and use part (a)!
(c) Prove (sketch) that every sequence of abelian groups {Gi }∞
i=1 is realized as the se-
quence of homology groups {Hi (X)}∞i=1 of a connected CW complex.

Note: We will soon show that CW complexes that are Moore spaces are unique up to
homotopy equivalence.
5(a): If f:Sn-->Sn is a degree d map and we construct the mapping cone C_f=D_n+1 _(f) Sn, then if d0 this will be a M(Z/d,n).
The cellular chain complex of the space is the following: 0 -->Z--*m-->Z-->0--> ... --> Z -->0 . since we have cells only at
dimension 0,n and n+1 , with a single cell in each of these dimensions. The chain complex has nontrivial homology only at the
n-th level, where Hn(X)Z/kZ. Thus, the space is an M(Z/k,n)-space. Note that Sn is a M(Z,n). we can see in this case Hn(X)
Z.Thus, the space is an M(Z/k,n)-space.

5(b): From part (a) we assures that there is always a degree d map SnSn for any d and any n>1, and what we are saying is that
such a map lets you construct a M(Z/d,n) for any n>0 and d>1, and so since Sn is a M(Z,n) part (b) is solved for all cyclic
groups --> why? b/c by Classification of finitely generated abelian groups which say: every finitely generated abelian group is
isomorphic to a group of the form Z^nZ/q_1ZZ/q_2Z Z/q_tZ, where n 0 is the rank, and the numbers q1, ..., qt are powers of
prime numbers. to finish the proof of (b) for an arbitrary finitely-generated group G, which by the classification theorem
decomposes as a sum of cyclic groups.
5(c): For any abelian group G and integer n1, there is a CW complex M(G,n) such that reduced homology H(M(G,n))= G if i=n
and =0 if in called a Moore space. Moreover, for n>1, we can take these spaces to be simply connected. Using the fact that Hn(_
() X)=_() Hn(X), we see that for a given sequence of abelian groups {G_n}n=1 to , the CW complex X=_(n=1 to ) M(G_n,n) has
the property that H_i(X)=G_i.
.