PHYSICS LECTURE NOTES

COURSE : VIJAY(R)
(LECTURE No. 1 TO 9)

TOPIC : CENTRE OF MASS

 CENTRE OF MASS
LECTURE # 01
CENTRE OF MASS
Every physical system has associated with it a certain point whose motion characterises the motion of
the whole system. When the system moves under some external forces, then this point moves as if the
entire mass of the system is concentrated at this point and also the external force is applied at this
point for translational motion. This point is called the centre of mass of the system.

CENTRE OF MASS OF A SYSTEM OF 'N' DISCRETE PARTICLES

Consider a system of N point masses m1, m2, m3, ................ m n whose
  
position vectors from origin O are given by r1 , r2 , r3 ,...............

rn respectively. Then the position vector of the centre of mass C of the
n
system is given by. 
  
m1r1  m 2 r2  ........  m n rn
 mi ri
  i 1
rcm = m1  m 2  ........  mn
; rcm = n


i 1
mi
n
 1 
rcm =
M

i 1
m i ri


where, mi ri is called the moment of mass of the particle w.r.t O.

 n 
 m i  is the total mass of the system.
M =  
 i1 

n

Note: If the origin is taken at the centre of mass then  m r =0. hence, the COM is the point about which the
i 1
i i

sum of “mass moments” of the system is zero.

POSITION OF COM OF T WO PARTICLES

Centre of mass of two particles of masses m 1 and m 2 separated by a distance r lies in between the
two particles. The distance of centre of mass from any of the particle (r) is inversely proportional
to the mass of the particle (m)
1
i.e. r
m
r1 m2
or r2
= m
1
or m 1r 1 = m 2r 2
 m2   m1 
or r 1 =   r and r = 
 m m
r

 m2  m1 
2
 1 2 
Here, r 1 = distance of COM from m 1
and r 2 = distance of COM from m 2
From the above discussion, we see that
1
r1 = r2 = if m 1 = m 2, i.e., COM lies midway between the two particles of equal masses.
2
Similarly, r 1 > r 2 if m 1 < m 2 and r 1 < r 2 if m 2 < m 1, i.e., COM is nearer to the particle having larger
mass.

RESONANCE 1
Example :
Two particles of mass 1 kg and 2 kg are located at x = 0 and x = 3 m. Find the position of their
centre of mass.
Sol. Since, both the particles lies on x-axis, the COM will also lie on x-axis. Let the COM is located at
x = x, then
r 1 = distance of COM from the particle of mass 1 kg
=x
and r 2 = distance of COM from the particle of mass 2 kg
= (3 – x)
r1 m2 x 2
Using r2
= m1
or = or x = 2 m
3x 1
Thus, the COM of the two particles is located at x = 2 m. Ans.

Example :
The position vector of three particles of masses m 1 = 1 kg, m 2 = 2 kg and m 3 = 3 kg are
  
r1  ( î  4 ĵ  k̂ ) m , r2  ( î  ĵ  k̂ ) m and r3  ( 2 î  ĵ  2k̂ ) m respectively. Find the position vector of
their centre of mass.
Sol. The position vector of COM of the three particles will be given by
  
 m1r1  m 2 r2  m 3 r3
rCOM 
m1  m 2  m 3
Substituting the values, we get
 (1)( î  4 ĵ  k̂ )  (2)( î  ĵ  k̂ )  (3)(2î – ĵ – 2k̂ ) 1
rCOM   ( 3 î  ˆj  k̂ ) m Ans.
1 2  3 2

Example :
Four particles of mass 1 kg, 2 kg, 3 kg and 4 kg are placed at the four v ertices A, B, C and D of
a square of side 1 m. Find the position of centre of mass of the particles.
Sol. Assuming D as the origin, DC as x -axis and DA as y-axis, we have
m 1 = 1 kg, (x 1, y 1) = (0, 1m)
m 2 = 2 kg, (x 2, y 2) = (1m, 1m)
m 3 = 3 kg, (x 3, y 3) = (1m, 0)
and m 4 = 4 kg, (x 4, y 4) = (0, 0)
Co-ordinates of their COM are
m1x1  m 2 x 2  m 3m 3  m 4 x 4
x COM =
m1  m 2  m 3  m 4

(1)(0)  2(1)  3(1)  4(0)

=
1 2  3  4
5 1
= = m = 0.5 m
10 2
m1y1  m 2 y 2  m 3 y 3  m 4 y 4
Similarly, y COM =
m1  m 2  m 3  m 4

(1)(1)  2(1)  3( 0)  4( 0)
=
1 2  3  4
3
=m
10
= 0.3 m
 (x COM, y COM) = (0.5 m, 0.3 m) Ans.
Thus, position of COM of the four particles is as shown in figure.

RESONANCE 2
Question
Three particles of masses 0.5 kg, 1.0 kg and 1.5 kg are placed at the
three corners of a right angled triangle of sides 3.0 cm, 4.0 cm and 5.0
cm as shown in figure. Locate the centre of mass of the system.

Ans. The centre of mass is 1.3 cm to the right and 1.5 cm above the 0.5 kg particle.

Example :
Consider a two-particle system with the particles having masses m 1 and m 2. If the first particle is
pushed towards the centre of mass through a distance d, by what distance should the second particle
be moved so as to keep the centre of mass at the same position?
Sol. Consider figure. Suppose the distance of m 1 from the centre of mass C is x 1 and that of m 2 from C is x 2.
Suppose the mass m 2 is moved through a distance d towards C so as to keep the centre of mass at C.

Then,
m 1x 1 = m 2x 2 .........(i)
and m 1(x 1 – d) = m 2 (x 2 – d). .........(ii)
Subtracting (ii) from (i)
m 1d = m 2 d
m1
or, d = m d,
2

CENTRE OF MASS OF A CONTINUOUS MASS DISTRIBUTION

For continuous mass distribution the centre of mass can be located by replacing summation sign with an
integral sign. Proper limits for the integral are chosen according to the situation

x cm =
 x dm , y =
 y dm , z =
 z dm
cm cm
 dm  dm  dm
 dm = M (mass of the body)

 1 
rcm =
M  rdm .
Note: If an object has symmetric mass distribution about x axis then y coordinate of COM is zero and
vice-versa

CENTRE OF MASS OF A UNIFORM ROD

Suppose a rod of mass M and length L is lying along the x-axis with its one end at x = 0 and the
M
other at x = L. Mass per unit length of the rod =
L
M
Hence, dm, (the mass of the element dx situated at x = x is) = dx
L
The coordinates of the element dx are (x, 0, 0). Therefore, x-coordinate of COM of the rod will be
L
 0
x dm dx
x COM =
 dm x=0 x=x x=L
L M 
=
 0
( x )  dx 
L 
M

RESONANCE 3
 1 L L
=
L 0 x dx 
2
The y-coordinate of COM is

y COM =
 y dm = 0
 dm
Similarly, z COM = 0
L 
i.e., the coordinates of COM of the rod are  , 0, 0  , i.e. it lies at the centre of the rod.
2 
Question. The linear mass density of a straight rod of length L varies as  = A + Bx where x is the distance from
the left end. Locate the centre of mass.

3AL  2BL2
Sol.
3(2A  BL)

CENTRE OF MASS OF A SEMICIRC ULAR RING

Figure shows the object (semi circular ring). By observation we can say that the x-coordinate of
the centre of mass of the ring is zero as the half ring is symmetrical abnout y-axis on both sides
of the origin. Only we are required to find the y-coordinate of the centre of mass.
Y

Rd

y=Rsin
y cm d
 X

1
To find y cm we use y cm =
M
 dm y ...(i)

Here for dm we consider an elemental arc of the ring at an angle  from the x-direction of angular
width d. If radius of the ring is R then its y coordinate will be R sin, here dm is giv en as
M
dm = × R d
R
So from equation ---(i), we have

1 M
y cm =
M  R Rd (R sin)
0


R
=

 sin  d
0

2R
y cm = ...(ii)


CENTRE OF MAS S OF SEMICIRCULAR DISC

Figure shows the half disc of mass M and radius R. Here, we are only required to find the y-
coordinate of the centre of mass of this disc as centre of mass will be located on its half vertical
diameter. Here to find y cm, we consider a small elemental ring of mass dm of radius x on the disc

RESONANCE 4
 (disc can be considered to be made up such thin rings of increasing radii) which will be integrated
from 0 to R. Here dm is given as
2M
dm = ( x)dx
R 2
Y
ycm

dx

x
X
R

2x
Now the y-coordinate of the element is taken as , as in previous section, we have derived that

2R
the centre of mass of a semi circular ring is concentrated at

R
1 2x
Here y cm is given as y cm =
M  dm
0


R
1 4M
=  R 2
x 2 dx
M 0

4R
y cm =
3

Example :
Find the centre of mass of an annular half disc shown in figure.

Sol. Let  be the mass per unit area of the object. To f ind its centre of mass we consider an element
as a half ring of mass dm as shown in figure of radius r and width dr and there we have
Now, dm = r dr
2r
Centre of mass of this half ring will be at height

R2
1 2r
y cm =
M
 (. r dr ). 
R1

2 R2
4(R 32  R13 )
y cm =   (R 2  R 2 ) r 2 dr =

2
2 1 R1 3(R 22  R12 )
Alternative solution :
W e can also find the centre of mass of this object by considering it to be complete half disc of
radius R 2 and a smaller half disc of radius R 1 cut from it. If y cm be the centre of mass of this disc
we have from the mass moments.
 R12   4R1    2   R 22   4R 2 
 .     . (R 2  R12 )  (y ) =    
 2   3   2  cm  2  ×  3 
     

4(R 32  R13 )
y cm =
3(R 22  R12 )

RESONANCE 5
CENTRE OF MASS OF A SOLID HEMISPHERE
The hemisphere is of mass M and radius R. To f ind its centre of mass (only y-coordinate), we
consider an element disc of width dy, mass dm at a distance y from the centre of the hemisphere.
The radius of this elemental disc will be given as
r= R2  y2

The mass dm of this disc can be giv en as

3M
dm = ×  r 2 dy
2R 3
3M
= (R 2 – y 2) dy
2R 3
y cm of the hemisphere is given as
R
1
y cm =
M
 dm y
0

R
1 3M
=
M
 2R
0
3 (R 2 – y 2) dy y

R
3 2
= 3  (R  y 2 ) y dy
2R 0

3R
y cm =
8

RESONANCE 6
 LECTURE # 02
CENTRE OF MASS OF A HOLLOW HEMISPHERE
A hollow hemisphere of mass M and radius R. Now we consider an elemental circular strip of
angular width d at an angular distance  from the base of the hemisphere. This strip will have an
area.
dS = 2R cos  Rd

Its mass dm is given as

M
dm = 2R cos  Rd
2R 2
Here y-coordinate of this strip of mass dm can be taken as R sin. Now we can obtain the centre
of mass of the system as.

2
1
y cm =
M  dm R sin 
0


2
1  M 
=   2R 2
2 R 2 cos  d  R sin
M 
0


2


= R sin  cos  d
0

R
y cm =
2

Proceeding in the similar manner, we can find the COM of certain rigid bodies. Centre of mass of
some well known rigid bodies are given below :

CENTRE OF MASS OF SOME COMMON SYSTEMS

 A system of two point masses m1 r1 = m2 r2

The centre of mass lies closer to the heavier mass.

 Rectangular plate (By symmetry)

b L
xc = yc =
2 2

RESONANCE 7
 A triangular plate (By qualitative argument)

h
at the centroid : yc =
3

 A semi-circular ring

2R
yc = xc = 0


 A semi-circular disc

4R
yc = xc = 0
3

 A hemispherical shell

R
yc = xc = 0
2

 A solid hemisphere

3R
yc = xc = 0
8

 A circular cone (solid)

h
yc =
4

 A circular cone (hollow)

h
yc =
3
NOTE:
1. Centre of mass of a uniform rectangular, square or circular plate lies at its centre. Axis of symme-
try plane of symmetry.

RESONANCE 8
2. If some mass of area is removed from a rigid body, then the position of centre of mass of the
remaining portion is obtained from the following formulae:
   
 m1r1  m 2 r2  A1r1  A 2 r2
(i) rCOM  r
or COM 
m1  m 2 A1  A 2

m1x1  m 2 x 2 A1x1  A 2 x 2
(ii) x COM  or x COM  A  A
m1  m 2 1 2

m1y1  m 2 y 2 A1y1  A 2 y 2
y COM  or y COM  A  A
m1  m 2 1 2

m1z1  m 2 z 2 A 1z1  A 2 z 2
and z COM  or z COM  A  A
m1  m 2 1 2
  
Here, m 1, A 1, r1 , x 1, y 1 and z 1 are the values for the whole mass while m 2, A 2, r2 , x 2 , y 2 and z 2 are
the values for the mass which has been removed. Let us see two examples in support of the above
theory.

Example :
Find the position of centre of mass of the uniform lamina shown in figure.
Y

a X
O

Sol. Here,
A 1 = area of complete circle = a 2
2
a a 2
A 2 = area of small circle =    =
2 4
(x 1, y 1) = coordinates of centre of mass of large circle = (0, 0)
a 
and (x 2, y 2) = coordinates of centre of mass of small circle =  , 0 
2 

A1x1  A 2 x 2
Using x COM =
A1  A 2

a 2  a   1
  
  8
4  2 a
we get x COM = = a= –
a 2 3 6
a 2   
4  4 
and y COM = 0 as y 1 and y 2 both are zero.
 a 
Therefore, coordinates of COM of the lamina shown in figure are   , 0  Ans.
 6 
Question
The centre of mass of rigid body always lie inside the body. Is this statement true or false?
Ans. False
Question
The centre of mass always lie on the axis of symmetry if it exists. Is this statement true of false?
Ans. True

RESONANCE 9
Question
If all the particles of a system lie in y-z plane, the x-coordinate of the centre of mass will be zero.
Is this statement true or not?
Ans. True

MOTION OF CENTRE OF MASS AND CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM :

Velocity of centre of mass of system

dr1 dr dr dr
m1  m 2 2  m 3 3 ..............  m n n    
 dt dt dt dt m1 v 1  m 2 v 2  m 3 v 3 ..........  mn v n
v cm = =
M M
Here numerator of the right hand side term is the total momentum of the system i.e., summation
of momentum of the individual component (particle) of the system
Hence velocity of centre of mass of the system is the ratio of momentum of the system to the mass of the
system.
 
 PSystem
= M v cm
Acceleration of centre of mass of system
dv dv dv dv    
 m1 1  m 2 2  m 3 3 ..............  m n n m1a1  m 2a 2  m3 a 3 ..........  mn an
a cm = dt dt dt dt =
M M

Net force on system Net External Force  Net int ernal Force Net External Force
= = =
M M M
(action and reaction both of an internal force must be within the system. Vector summation will
cancel all internal forces and hence net internal force on system is zero)
 
 Fext = M a cm

where Fext is the sum of the 'external' forces acting on the system. The internal forces which the
particles exert on one another play absolutely no role in the motion of the centre of mass.
If no external force is acting on a system of particles, the acceleration of centre of mass of the
system will be zero. If a c = 0, it implies that v c must be a constant and if v cm is a constant, it
implies that the total momentum of the system must remain constant. It leads to the principal of
conservation of momentum in absence of external forces.
 
If Fext  0 then v cm = constant
“If resultant external force is zero on the system, then the net momentum of the system
must remain constant”.

Motion of COM in a moving system of particles:

(1) COM at rest :
If F ext = 0 and V cm = 0, then COM remains at rest. Individual components of the system may move
and have non-zero momentum due to mutual forces (internal), but the net momentum of the sys-
tem remains zero.
(i) All the particles of the system are at rest.
(ii) Particles are moving such that their net momentum is zero.
example:

(iii) A bomb at rest suddenly explodes into various smaller fragments, all moving in different directions then,
since the explosive forces are internal & there is no external force on the system for explosion therefore, the
COM of the bomb will remain at the original position and the fragment fly such that their net momentum
remains zero.
(iv) Two men standing on a frictionless platform, push each other, then also their net momentum remains

RESONANCE 10
 zero because the push forces are internal for the two men system.
(v) A boat floating in a lake, also has net momentum zero if the people on it changes their position, because
the friction force required to move the people is internal of the boat system.
(vi) Objects initially at rest, if moving under mutual forces (electrostatic or gravitation)also have net momen-
tum zero.
(vii) A light spring of spring constant k kept compressed between two blocks of masses m 1 and m 2
on a smooth horizontal surface. W hen released, the blocks acquire velocities in opposite direc-
tions, such that the net momentum is zero.
(viii) In a fan, all particles are moving but COM is at rest

(2) COM moving with uniform velocity :

If F ext = 0, then V cm remains constant theref ore, net momentum of the system also remains
conserved. Individual components of the system may have variable velocity and momentum due to
mutual forces (internal), but the net momentum of the system remains constant and COM contin-
ues to move with the initial velocity.
(i) All the particles of the system are moving with same velocity.
e.g. :A car moving with uniform speed on a straight road, has its COM moving with a constant
velocity.

(ii) Internal explosions / breaking does not change the motion of COM and net momentum remains
conserved. A bomb moving in a straight line suddenly explodes into various smaller fragments, all moving
in different directions then, since the explosive forces are internal & there is no external force on the system
for explosion therefore, the COM of the bomb will continue the original motion and the fragment fly such that
their net momentum remains conserved.
(iii) Man jumping from cart or buggy also exert internal forces therefore net momentum of the
system and hence, Motion of COM remains conserved.
(iv) Two moving blocks connected by a light spring on a smooth horizontal surface. If the acting
forces is only due to spring then COM will remain in its motion and momentum will remain con-
served.
(v) Particles colliding in absence of external impulsive forces also have their momentum con-
served.

(3) COM moving with acceleration :

If an external force is present then COM continues its original motion as if the external force is
acting on it, irrespective of internal forces.
Example:
Projectile motion : An axe thrown in air at an angle  with the horizontal will perform a compli-
cated motion of rotation as well as parabolic motion under the effect of gravitation

u 2 sin 2  u 2 sin 2 2u sin 

H com = R com = T= g
2g g

RESONANCE 11
 Example:
Circular Motion : A rod hinged at an end, rotates, than its COM performs circular motion. The
centripetal force (F c) required in the circular motion is assumed to be acting on the COM.

Rcom

Fc
 Fc
mg
Fc Fc

Fc  mω 2R COM mg
mg
mg

Example :
A projectile is fired at a speed of 100 m/s at an angle of 37º above the horizontal. At the highest
point, the projectile breaks into two parts of mass ratio 1 : 3, the lighter piece coming to rest. Find
the distance from the launching point to the point where the heavier piece lands.
Sol. Internal force do not effect the motion of the centre of mass, the centre of mass hits the ground at
the position where the original projectile would have landed. The range of the original projectile i s,

3 4
2u 2 sin  cos  2  10 4  
x COM = = 5 5
m
g 10
= 960 m
The centre of mass will hit the ground at this position. As the smaller block comes to rest after
breaking, it falls down vertically and hits the ground at half of the range, i.e., at x = 480 m. If the
heavier block hits the ground at x 2, then
m1x1  m 2 x 2
x COM = m1  m 2

(m)(480 )  (3m)( x 2 )
960 =
(m  3m)
x 2 = 1120 m Ans.

Question
In a boat of mass 4 M and length  on a frictionless water surface. Two men A (mass = M) and B
(mass 2M) are standing on the two opposite ends. Now A trav els a distance  /4 relative to boat
towards its centre and B moves a distance 3  /4 relative to boat and meet A. Find the distance
travelled by the boat on water till A and B meet.
Ans. 5  /28

Question
A block A (mass = 4M) is placed on the top of a wedge B of base
length  (mass = 20 M) as shown in figure. W hen the system is
released from rest. Find the distance moved by the wedge B till the
block A reaches ground. Assume all surfaces are frictionless.
Ans.  /6

Question
An isolated particle of mass m is moving in a horizontal xy plane, along x-axis. At a certain height
above ground, it suddenly explodes into two fragments of masses m/4 and 3m/4. An instant later,
the smaller fragment is at y = + 15 cm. Find the position of heavier fragment at this instant.
Ans. y = – 5 cm

RESONANCE 12
 LECTURE # 03
Momentum Conservation :
The total linear momentum of a system of particles is equal to the product of the total mass of the
 
system and the velocity of its centre of mass. P = M v cm

 dP
Fext =
dt

 dP = 0 
If Fext = 0  ; P = constant
dt
When the vector sum of the external forces acting on a system is zero, the total linear momentum of
the system remains constant.
   
P + P + P + ...............+ P = constant.
1 2 3 n
Example :
A shell is fired from a cannon with a speed of 100 m/s at an angle 60º with the horizontal (positive
x-direction). At the highest point of its trajectory, the shell explodes into two equal fragments.
One of the fragments moves along the negative x-direction with a speed of 50 m/s. W hat is the
speed of the other fragment at the time of explosion.
Sol. As we know in absence of external force the motion of centre of mass of a body remains uneffected.
Thus, here the centre of mass of the two fragments will continue to follow the original projectile
path. The velocity of the shell at the highest point of trajectory is
v M = ucos = 100 ×cos60º = 50 m/s.
Let v 1 be the speed of the fragment which moves along the negative x-direction and the other
fragment has speed v 2,. which must be along positive x-direction. Now from momentum conserva-
tion, we have
m m
mv = v1 + v
2 2 2
or 2v = v 2 – v 1
or v 2 = 2v + v 1 = (2 × 50) + 50 = 150 m/s

Question
A boy of mass 25 kg stands on a board of mass 10 kg which in turn is kept on a frictionless horizontal
ice surface. The boy makes a jump with a velocity component 5 m/s in horizontal direction with respect
to the ice. With what velocity does the board recoil? With what rate are the boy and the board separating
from each other ?
Sol. v = 12.5 m/s; 17.5 m/s.

Example :
A man of mass m is standing on a platform of mass M kept on smooth ice. If the man starts moving on
the platform with a speed v relative to the platform, with what velocity relative to the ice does the
platform recoil ?
Sol. Consider the situation shown in figure. Suppose the man moves at a
speed w towards right and the platform recoils at a speed V towards w
left, both relative to the ice. Hence, the speed of the man relative to the
V
platform is V + w. By the question, ice
V + w = v, or w = v – V .............(i) /////////////////////////////////////////////////
Taking the platform and the man to be the system, there is no external horizontal force on the system.
The linear momentum of the system remains constant. Initially both the man and the platform were at
rest. Thus,
0 = MV - mw
or, MV = m (v – V) [Using (i)]
mv
or, V= .
M m

RESONANCE 13
Example :
A flat car of mass M is at rest on a frictionless floor with a child of mass m standing at its edge.
If child jumps off from the car towards right with an initial velocity u, with respect to the car, f ind
the velocity of the car after its jump.
Sol. Let car attains a velocity v, and the net velocity of the child with respect to earth will be u – v, as
u is its velocity with respect to car.
m

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

m
u
v
M

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Initially, the system was at rest, thus according to momentum conservation, momentum after
jump must be zero, as
m (u – v) = M v
mu
v=
mM
Example :
A flat car of mass M with a child of mass m is moving with a velocity v 1on a friction less surface.
The child jumps in the direction of motion of car with a velocity u with respect to car. Find the final
velocities of the child and that of the car after jump.
Sol. This case is similar to the previous example, except now the car is moving before jump. Here also
no external force is acting on the system in horizontal direction, hence momentum remains con-
served in this direction. After jump car attains a velocity v 2 in the same direction, which is less
than v 1, due to backward push of the child for jumping. After jump child attains a velocity u + v 2 in
the direction of motion of car, with respect to ground.
m

M
v1

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

m
u
v2
M

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
According to momentum conservation
(M + m)v 1 = Mv 2 + m (u + v 2)
Velocity of car after jump is
(M  m)v 1  mu
v2 =
Mm
(M  m)v 1  (M)u
Velocity of child after jump is u + v 2 =
Mm

RESONANCE 14
Question
Two persons A and B, each of mass m are standing at the two ends of rail-road car of mass M. The
person A jumps to the left with a horizontal speed u with respect to the car. Thereafter, the person
B jumps to the right, again with the same horizontal speed u with respect to the car. Find the
velocity of the car after both the persons have jumped off.
m m

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

m 2u
Ans.
(M  2m)(M  m)

Question
Two identical buggies move one after the other due to inertia (without friction) with the same
velocity v 0. A man of mass m jumps into the front buggy f rom the rear buggy with a velocity u
relative to his buggy. Knowing that the mass of each buggy is equal to M, find the velocities with
which the buggies will move after that.
Mmu mu
Ans. vF = v0 + ; v A = v0 
(M  m)2 (M  m)

Example :
Each of the blocks shown in figure has mass 1 kg. The rear block moves with a speed of
2 m/s towards the front block kept at rest. The spring attached to the front block is light and has a
spring constant 50 N/m. Find the maximum compression of the spring. Assume, on a friction less
surface

k=50N/m
1kg 1kg
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Sol. Maximum compression will take place when the blocks move with equal velocity. As no net external
horizontal force acts on the system of the two blocks, the total linear momentum will remain constant.
If V is the common speed at maximum compression, we have,
(1 kg) (2 m/s) = (1 kg)V + (1 kg)V
or, V = 1 m/s.
1
Initial kinetic energy = (1 kg) (2 m/s)2 = 2 J.
2
Final kinetic energy
1 1
= (1 kg) (1m/s)2 + (1 kg) (1 m/s) 2
2 2
=1J
The kinetic energy lost is stored as the elastic energy in the spring.
1
Hence, (50 N/m) x 2 = 2J – 1J = 1 J or, x = 0.2 m.
2

Example :
Figure shows two blocks of masses 5 kg and 2 kg placed
5kg 2kg
on a frictionless surface and connected with a spring. An
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
external kick gives a velocity 14 m/s to the heavier block
towards the lighter one. Deduce (a) velocity gained by the
centre of mass and (b) the separate velocities of the two
blocks with respect to centre of mass just after the kick.

RESONANCE 15
Sol. (a) Velocity of centre of mass is
5  14  2  0
v cm = = 10 m/s
52
(b) Due to kick on 5 kg block, it starts moving with a velocity 14 m/s immediately, but due to
inertia 2 kg block remains at rest, at that moment. Thus, velocity of 5 kg block with
respect to the centre of mass is v 1 = 14 – 10 = 4 m/s
and the velocity of 2 kg block w.r.t. to centre of mass is v 2 = 0 – 10 = –10 m/s

Example :
A light spring of spring constant k is kept compressed between two blocks of masses m and M on
a smooth horizontal surface. W hen released, the blocks acquire velocities in opposite directions.
The spring loses contact with the blocks when it acquires natural length. If the spring was initially
compressed through a distance x, find the final speeds of the two blocks.
Sol. Consider the two blocks plus the spring to be the system. No external force acts on this system
in horizontal direction. Hence, the linear momentum will remain constant. Suppose, the block of
mass M moves with a speed v 1 and the other block with a speed v after losing contact with the
spring. From conservation of linear momentum in horizontal direction we have
m
Mv 1 – mv 2 = 0 or v 1 = v , ....(i)
M 2
1 2
Initially, the energy of the system = kx
2
1 1
Finally, the energy of the system = mv 22 + Mv 12
2 2
As there is no friction, mechanical energy will remain conserved.
1 1 1
Therefore, mv 22 + Mv 12 = kx 2 ...(ii)
2 2 2
Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
1/ 2
 kM 
or, v2 =   x
 m(M  m) 
1/ 2
 km 
and v1 =   x Ans.
 M(M  m) 

Question
Blocks A and B have masses 40 kg and 60 kg respectively. They are placed on a smooth surface
and the spring connected between them is stretched by 1.5m. If they are released from rest,
determine the speeds of both blocks at the instant the spring becomes unstretched.

Ans. 3m/s, 4.5 m/s

RESONANCE 16
 LECTURE # 04
Example :
A block of mass m is connected to another block of mass
M by a massless spring of spring constant k. The blocks
are kept on a smooth horizontal plane and are at rest. The
spring is unstretched when a constant force F starts acting
on the block of mass M to pull it. Find the maximum exten-
sion of the spring.
Sol. We solve the situation in the reference frame of centre of mass. As only F is the external force
acting on the system, due to this force, the acceleration of the centre of mass is F/(M + m). Thus
with respect to centre of mass there is a Pseudo force on the two masses in opposite direction,
the free body diagram of m and M with respect to centre of mass (taking centre of mass at rest)
is shown in figure.

Taking centre of mass at rest, if m moves maximum by a distance x 1 and M moves maximum by
a distance x 2, then the work done by external forces (including Pseudo force) will be

mF  MF 
W = . x1 + F   . x
mM  m M 2

mF
= . (x 1 + x 2)
mM
This work is stored in the form of potential energy of the spring as
1
U= k(x 1 + x 2) 2
2
Thus on equating we get the maximum extension in the spring, as after this instant the spring
starts contracting.
1 mF
k(x 1 + x 2) 2 = . (x 1 + x 2)
2 mM
2mF
x max = x 1 + x 2 =
k(m  M)

Example :
Two blocks of equal mass m are connected by an unstretched spring and the system is kept at
rest on a frictionless horizontal surface. A constant force F is applied on one of the blocks pulling
it away from the other as shown in figure (a) Find the displacement of the centre of mass at time
t (b) if the extension of the spring is x 0 at time t, find the displacement of the two blocks at this
instant.

Sol. (a) The acceleration of the centre of mass is

F
a COM =
2m
The displacement of the centre of mass at time t will be
1 Ft 2
a COM t 2 =
x = Ans.
2 4m
(b) Suppose the displacement of the f irst block is x 1 and that of the second is x 2. Then,
mx1  mx 2
x =
2m

Ft 2 x1  x 2
or, 
4m 2

RESONANCE 17
 Ft 2
or, x1 + x2 = ...(i)
2m
Further, the extension of the spring is x 1 – x 2. Therefore,
x1 – x2 = x0 ...(ii)

1  Ft 2 
  x0 
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), x1 =  2m 
2  

1  Ft 2 
and x2 =   x0  Ans.
2
 2m 
 

IMPULSE

Impulse of a force F acting on a body for the time interval t = t 1 to t = t 2is defined as :-

 t2 
 =  t1
Fdt

 
 dv 
 =  Fdt =  m
dt
dt =  m dv
    
 = m( v 2 - v 1 ) = Δ P = change in momentum due to force F
 t2  
Also, Res =
 FRes dt = Δ P (impulse - momentum theorem)
t1

Note: Impulse applied to an object in a given time interval can also be calculated from the area under
force time (F-t) graph in the same time interval.

Instantaneous Impulse :
There are many cases when a force acts for such a short time that the effect is instantaneous,
e.g., a bat striking a ball. In such cases, although the magnitude of the force and the time for
which it acts may each be unknown but the value of their product (i.e., impulse) can be known by
measuring the initial and final momenta. Thus, we can write.
    

  F dt  P  Pf  Pi
Important Points :
(1) It is a vector quantity.
(2) Dimensions = [MLT –1]
(3) S unit = kg m/s
(4) Direction is along change in momentum.
(5) Magnitude is equal to area under the F-t. graph.
   
(6) 
 = Fdt = Fav dt = Fav  t 
(7) It is not a property of a particle, but it is a measure of the degree to which an external force
changes the momentum of the particle.

Example :
The hero of a stunt film fires 50 g bullets from a machine gun, each at a speed of 1.0 km/s. If he fires
20 bullets in 4 seconds, what average force does he exert against the machine gun during this period.

RESONANCE 18
Sol. The momentum of each bullet
= (0.050 kg) (1000 m/s) = 50 kg-m/s.
The gun has been imparted this much amount of momentum by each bullet fired. Thus, the rate of
change of momentum of the gun
(50 kg  m / s)  20
= = 250 N.
4s
In order to hold the gun, the hero must exert a force of 250 N against the gun.

Example :
A sphere of mass m is moving with a velocity 4 î  ĵ when it hits a wall and rebounds with velocity

î  3 ĵ . Find the impulse it receives.

Sol. Using Impulse = change in momentum

J = m( î + 3 ĵ ) – m(4 î – ĵ )

= m(– 3 î + 4 ĵ ) Ans.

RESONANCE 19
 LECTURE # 05
Impulsive force :
A force, of relatively higher magnitude and acting for relatively shorter time, is called impulsive force.
An impulsive force can change the momentum of a body in a finite magnitude in a very short time
interval. Impulsive force is a relative term. There is no clear boundary between an impulsive and Non-
Impulsive force.
Note: Usually colliding forces are impulsive in nature.
Since, the application time is very small, hence, very little motion of the particle takes place.
Important points :
1. Gravitational force and spring force are always non-Impulsive.
2. Normal, tension and friction are case dependent.
3. An impulsive force can only be balanced by another impulsive force.

1. Impulsive Normal : In case of collision, normal forces at the surface of collision are always impulsive

example: Ni = Impulsive; Ng = Non-impulsive

N1

Both normals are Impulsive

N2
/////////////////////////////

N1
N1
N1, N3 = Impulsive; N2 = non-impulsive
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
N3
N2

Both normals are Impulsive

2. Impulsive Friction : If the normal between the two objects is impulsive, then the friction between the
two will also be impulsive.

RESONANCE 20
 Friction at both surfaces is impulsive Friction due to N2 is non-impulsive and due to N3 and N1 are
impulsive

3. Impulsive Tensions : W hen a string jerks, equal and opposite tension act suddenly at each
end. Consequently equal and opposite impulses act on the bodies attached with the string in the
direction of the string. There are two cases to be considered.
(a) One end of the string is fixed :
The impulse which acts at the fixed end of the string cannot change the momentum of the
fixed object there. The object attached to the free end however will undergo a change in
momentum in the direction of the string. The momentum remains unchanged in a direction
perpendicular to the string where no impulsive forces act.
(b) Both ends of the string attached to movable objects :
In this case equal and opposite impulses act on the two objects, producing equal and
opposite changes in momentum. The total momentum of the system therefore remains
constant, although the momentum of each individual object is changed in the direction of
the string. Perpendicular to the string however, no impulse acts and the momentum of
each particle in this direction is unchanged.

///////////////////

T is Impulsive T
A

T is non-impulsive B

C
T is non-impulsive

All normal are impulsive but tension

T is impulsive only for the ball A

For this example:

In case of rod, Tension is always impulsive and in case of spring, Tension is always non-impulsive.

RESONANCE 21
Example :
//////////
A block of mass m and a pan of equal mass are connected by a
string going ov er a smooth light pulley. Initially the system is at
rest when a particle of mass m falls on the pan and sticks to it. If
the particle strikes the pan with a speed v, find the speed with m
which the system moves just after the collision.
v
m
Sol. Let the required speed is V. m
Further, let J 1 = impulse between particle and pan
and J 2 = impulse imparted to the block and the pan by the string
Using, impulse = change in momentum
For particle J 1 = mv – mV ....(i)
For pan J 1 – J 2 = mV .....(ii)
For block J 2 = mV .....(iii)
v
Solving, these three equation, we get V = Ans.
3
Alternative Solution:
Applying conservation of linear momentum along the string;
mv = 3mV
v
we get, V = Ans.
3

Example :
Two identical block A and B, connected by a massless string are placed on a frictionless horizontal plane.
A bullet having same mass, moving with speed u strikes block B from behind as shown. If the bullet gets
embedded into the block B then find:
m m
m u
A C B

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////
(a) The velocity of A,B,C after collision.
(b) Impulse on A due to tension in the string
(c) Impulse on C due to normal force of collision.
(d) Impulse on B due to normal force of collision.
u
Sol. (a) By Conservation of linear momentum v =
3

mu
(b)  T dt  3

u  2mu
(c)  N dt  m 3  u  =
3

mu
(d)  (N  T) dt =  Ndt   T dt  3

2mu
  N dt  3

RESONANCE 22
 LECTURE # 06
COLLISION OR IMPACT
Collision is an event in which an impulsive force acts between two or more bodies for a short time,
which results in change of their velocities.

Note : (a) In a collision, particles may or may not come in physical contact.
(b) The duration of collision, t is negligible as compared to the usual time intervals of observation
of motion.
(c) In a collision the effect of external non impulsive forces such as gravity are not taken into a
account as due to small duration of collision (t) average impulsive force responsible for colli-
sion is much larger than external forces acting on the system.
The collision is infact a redistribution of total momentum of the particles. Thus, law of
conservation of linear momentum is indispensable in dealing with the phenomenon of collision
between particles.

Line of Impact
The line passing through the common normal to the surfaces in contact during impact is called line of
impact. The force during collision acts along this line on both the bodies.
Direction of Line of impact can be determined by:
(a) Geometry of colliding objects like spheres, discs, wedge etc.
(b) Direction of change of momentum.

If one particle is stationary before the collision then the line of impact will be along its motion after
collision.

Classification of collisions
(a) On the basis of line of impact
(i) Head-on collision : If the velocities of the colliding particles are along the same line before
and after the collision.
(ii) Oblique collision : If the velocities of the colliding particles are along different lines before
and after the collision.
(b) On the basis of energy :
(i) Elastic collision : In an elastic collision, the colliding particles regain their shape and size
completely after collision. i.e., no fraction of mechanical energy remains stored as defor-
mation potential energy in the bodies. Thus, kinetic energy of system after collision is equal
to kinetic energy of system before collision. Thus in addition to the linear momentum, ki-
netic energy also remains conserved before and after collision.
(ii) Inelastic collision : In an inelastic collision, the colliding particles do not regain their shape
and size completely after collision. Some fraction of mechanical energy is retained by the
colliding particles in the form of deformation potential energy. Thus, the kinetic energy of
the particles after collision is not equal to that of before collision. However, in the absence
of external forces, law of conservation of linear momentum still holds good.
(iii) Perfectly inelastic : If velocity of separation along the line of impact just after collision be-
comes zero then the collision is perfectly inelastic. Collision is said to be perfectly inelas-
tic if both the particles stick together after collision and move with same velocity,

Note : Actually collision between all real objects are neither perfectly elastic nor perfectly inelastic, its inelas-
tic in nature.

RESONANCE 23
Examples of line of impact and collisions based on line of imp act
(i) Two balls A and B are approaching each other such that their centres are moving along line CD.

Head on Collision

(ii) Two balls A and B are approaching each other such that their centre are moving along dotted lines as shown
in figure.

Oblique Collision

(iii) Ball is falling on a stationary wedge.

Oblique Collision

COEFFICIENT OF RESTITUTION (e)

The coeff icient of restitution is def ined as the ratio of the impulses of ref ormation and
deformation of either body.

Im pulse of reformation  F dtr Velocity of seperation along line of impact

e = Im pulse of deformation = = Velocity of approach along line of impact
 F dtd

The most general expression for coefficient of restitution is

velocity of separation of points of contact along line of impact
e=
velocity of approach of point of contact along line of impact

Example for calculation of e

Two smooth balls A and B approaching each other such that their centres are moving along line CD in
absence of external impulsive force. The velocities of A and B just before collision be u1 and u2 respectively.
The velocities of A and B just after collision be v 1 and v 2 respectively.

RESONANCE 24
 Just Before collision Just After collision
u1 u2 v1 v2

Line of impact Line of impact

C D C D
A B A B

u1 > u2 v1 < v2
u2 v v2
u1 v v1
ND ND NR
NR
m1 m1 m1


m2 m2 m2

Deformation Reformation

 F ext = 0 momentum is conserved for the system.

 m 1u1 + m 2 u2 = (m 1 + m 2)v = m 1v 1 + m 2v 2
m1u1  m 2u2 m1v1  m 2 v 2
 v= = .......(1)
m1  m 2 m1  m 2
Impulse of Deformation :
JD = change in momentum of any one body during deformation.
= m 2 (v – u2) for m2
= m 1 (–v + u1) for m1

Impulse of Reformation :
JR = change in momentum of any one body during Reformation.
= m 2 (v 2 – v) for m2
= m 1 (v – v 1) for m1

Impulse of Reformation (JR ) v 2  v1
e=  = u u
Impulse of Deformation ( JD ) 1 2

Velocity of separation along line of impact

= Velocity of approach along line of impact

Note : e is independent of shape and mass of object but depends on the material.
The coefficient of restitution is constant for a pair of materials.
(a) e=1  Impulse of Reformation = Impulse of Deformation
 Velocity of separation = Velocity of approach
 Kinetic energy of particles after collision may be equal to that of before collision.
 Collision is elastic.
(b) e=0  Impulse of Reformation = 0
 Velocity of separation = 0
 Kinetic energy of particles after collision is not equal to that of before collision.
 Collision is perfectly inelastic .
(c) 0<e<1  Impulse of Reformation < Impulse of Deformation
 Velocity of separation < Velocity of approach
 Kinetic energy of particles after collision is not equal to that of before collision.
 Collision is Inelastic.
Note : In case of contact collisions e is always less than unity.
 0e1

RESONANCE 25
Important Point :
In case of elastic collision, if rough surface is present then
kf < ki (because friction is impulsive) Where, k is Kinetic Energy.

Rough
/////////////////////////////////////

A particle ‘B’ moving along the dotted line collides with a rod also in state of motion as shown in the figure.
The particle B comes in contact with point C on the rod.
To write down the expression for coefficient of restitution e, we first draw the line of impact. Then we resolve
the components of velocities of points of contact of both the bodies along line of impact just before and just
after collision.

v 2 x  v1x
Then e=
u1x  u2 x

RESONANCE 26
 LECTURE # 07
Collis ion in one d im ens ion (Head on)
m1 m2 m1 m2
u1 u2 v1 v2

(a) (b)
Before Collision After Collision
u1 > u2 v2 > v1
v 2  v1
e = u u  (u1 – u2)e = (v 2 – v 1)
1 2

By momentum conservation,
m 1u1 + m2u2 = m1v 1 + m2v 2
v 2 = v 1 + e(u1 – u2)
m1u1  m 2u 2  m 2 e(u1  u 2 )
and v1 =
m1  m 2

m1u1  m 2u 2  m1e(u1  u 2 )
v2 =
m1  m 2
Special Case :
(1) e=0  v1 = v2
 for perfectly inelastic collision, both the bodies, move with same vel. after collision.

(2) e=1
and m 1 = m 2 = m,
we get v 1 = u2 and v 2 = u1
i.e., when two particles of equal mass collide elastically and the collision is head on, they ex-
change their velocities., e.g.

v1=0
2m/s m
m

Before Collision
(3) m 1 >>>> m 2
m2
m 1 + m 2  m 1 and 0
m1
 v 1 = u1 No change
and v 2 = u1 + e(u1 – u2)

Example :
Two identical balls are approaching towards each other on a straight line with velocity 2 m/s and 4 m/s
respectively. Find the final velocities, after elastic collision between them.

m 2m/s 4m/s m

Sol. The two velocities will be exchanged and the final motion is reverse of initial motion for both.

4m/s m m 2m/s

RESONANCE 27
Example :
Three balls A, B and C of same mass ‘m’ are placed on a frictionless horizontal plane in a straight line as
shown. Ball A is moved with velocity u towards the middle ball B. If all the collisions are elastic then, find the
final velocities of all the balls.
m m m
u
A B C
//////////////////////////////////////////
Sol. A collides elastically with B and comes to rest but B starts moving with velocity u
m m m
u
A B C
//////////////////////////////////////////
After a while B collides elastically with C and comes to rest but C starts moving with velocity u
m m m
u
A B C
//////////////////////////////////////////
 Final velocities V A = 0; VB = 0 and VC = u Ans.

Example :
Four identical balls A, B, C and D are placed in a line on a frictionless horizontal surface. A and D are moved
with same speed ‘u’ towards the middle as shown. Assuming elastic collisions, find the final velocities.
u u
A B C D
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Sol. A and D collides elastically with B and C respectively and come to rest but B and C starts moving with
velocity u towards each other as shown
u u
A B C D
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////
B and C collides elastically and exchange their velocities to move in opposite directions
u u
A B C D
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Now, B and C collides elastically with A and D respectively and come to rest but A and D starts moving
with velocity u away from each other as shown
u u
A B C D
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 Final velocities V A = u (  ); VB = 0; VC = 0 and VD = u (  ) Ans.

Question
Four identical balls are placed on a frictionless surface as shown. A is moved with velocity u towards right
and D is moved with 2u towards left. Assuming all collisions to be perfectly elastic and A & C do not collide
with B simultaneously. What will be the final velocities now be?
2u
u
A B C D
////////////////////////////////////////////////////

2u A B C D u
Ans.

Example :
Two particles of mass m and 2m mov ing in opposite directions on a frictionless surface collide
elastically with velocity v and 2v respectively. Find their velocities after collision, also find the
fraction of kinetic energy lost by the colliding particles.

2v v
m 2m

RESONANCE 28
Sol. Let the final velocities of m and 2m be v 1 and v 2 respectively as shown in the figure:
v2
m 2m

By conservation of momentum:
m(2v) + 2m(–v) = m(v 1) + 2m (v 2)
or 0 = mv 1 + 2mv 2
or v 1 + 2v 2 = 0 .........(1)
and since the collision is elastic:
v 2 – v 1 = 2v –(–v)
or v 2 – v 1 = 3v .........(2)

Solving the above two equations, we get,

v 2 = v and v 1 = –2v Ans.

i.e., the mass 2m returns with velocity v while the mass m returns with velocity 2v in the direction
shown in figure:
v
m 2m

The collision was elastic therefore, no kinetic energy is lost, KE loss = KE i - KE f

1 1  1 1 
or,  m( 2v ) 2  ( 2m)(  v ) 2    m( 2v ) 2  ( 2m )v 2  = 0
2 2  2 2 

Example :
On a frictionless surface, a ball of mass m moving at a speed v makes a head on collision with an
identical ball at rest. The kinetic energy of the balls after the collision is 3/4th of the original. Find
the coefficient of restitution.
Sol. As we have seen in the above discussion, that under the given conditions :

By using conservation of linear momentum and equation of e, we get,

 1 e   1 e 
v 1'   v and v2 '   v
 2   2 
3
Given that Kf  Ki
4

1 1 3  1 mv 2 
or mv 1’ 2 + mv 2’ 2 =  
2 2 4 2 
Substituting the value, we get
2 2
 1 e   1 e  3 1
  +   = or e= Ans.
 2   2  4 2

RESONANCE 29
Question
A block of mass m moving at speed v collides with another block of mass 2 m at rest. The lighter block
comes to rest after the collision. Find the coefficient of restitution.
1
Ans.
2
Example :
A block of mass 2 kg is pushed towards a very heavy object moving with 2 m/s closer to the block (as
shown). Assuming elastic collision and frictionless surfaces, find the final velocities of the blocks.

2m/s very
10m/s heavy
2kg object

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Sol. Let v 1 and v 2 be the final velocities of 2kg block and heavy object respectively then,
v 1 = u1 + 1 (u1 – u2) = 2u1 – u2
= –14 m/s
v 2 = –2m/s

Example :
A ball is moving with velocity 2 m/s towards a heavy wall moving towards the ball with speed 1m/
s as shown in fig. Assuming collision to be elastic, find the velocity of the ball immediately after
the collision.

Sol. The speed of wall will not change after the collision. So, let
v be the velocity of the ball after collision in the direction
shown in figure. Since collision is elastic (e = 1),

separation speed = approach speed

or v–1=2+1
or v = 4 m/s Ans.

Example :
Two balls of masses 2 kg and 4 kg are moved towards each other with velocities 4 m/s and
2 m/s respectively on a frictionless surface. After colliding the 2 kg ball returns back with velocity 2m/s.
Then find:

RESONANCE 30
 (a) velocity of 4 kg ball after collision
(b) coefficient of restitution e.
(c) Impulse of deformation JD.
(d) Maximum potential energy of deformation.
(e) Impulse of reformation JR.
Just before collision Just after collision

4m/s 2m/s 2m/s

2kg 4kg 2kg 4kg v2
//////////////////////////////////////////// ////////////////////////////////////////

Sol. (a) By momentum conservation,

2(4) – 4(2) = 2(–2) + 4(v 2)
 v 2 = 1 m/s
velocity of separation 1  (2) 3
(b) e = velocity of approach = 
4  (2) 6
= 0.5
(c) At maximum deformed state, by conservation of momentum, common velocity is v = 0.
JD = m1(v – u1) = m2(v – u2)
= 2(0 – 4) = –8 N -s
= 4(0 – 2) = – 8 N - s
or = 4(0 – 2) = – 8 N - s

(d) Potential energy at maximum deformed state U = loss in kinetic energy during deformation.
1 2 1 2 1
or U =  m1u1  m 2u 2  – (m1 + m2)v 2
 2 2  2

1 2 1 2 1
=  2(4)  4(2)  – (2 + 4) (0)2
2 2  2
or U = 24 Joule

(e) JR = m1(v 1 – v) = m2 (v – v2)

= 2 (–2 – 0) = –4 N-s
or = 4(0 – 1) = –4 N-s
JR
or e = J
D

 JR = eJD

= (0.5) (–8)
= –4 N-s

Question
The sphere of mass m 1 travels with an initial velocity u 1 directed as shown and strikes the station-
ary sphere of mass m 2 head on. For a given coefficient of restitution e, what condition on the mass
m1
ratio ensures that the final velocity of m 2 is greater than u 1?
m2
u1

m1 m2

m1 1
Ans. m2
>
e

RESONANCE 31
 LECTURE # 08

C ollis ion in tw o d im ens ion (ob lique)

1. A pair of equal and opposite impulses act along common normal direction. Hence, linear momen-
tum of individual particles do change along common normal direction. If mass of the colliding
particles remain constant during collision, then we can say that linear v elocity of the indiv idual
particles change during collision in this direction.
2. No component of impulse act along common tangent direction. Hence, linear momentum or linear
velocity of individual particles (if mass is constant) remain unchanged along this direction.
3. Net impulse on both the particles is zero during collision. Hence, net momentum of both the
particles remain conserved before and after collision in any direction.
4. Definition of coefficient of restitution can be applied along common normal direction,
i.e., along common normal direction we can apply
Relative speed of separation = e (relative speed of approach)

Example :
A ball of mass m hits a floor with a speed v 0 making an angle of incidence  with the normal. The
coefficient of restitution is e. Find the speed of the reflected ball and the angle of reflection of the
ball.
Sol. The component of velocity v 0 along common tangential direction v 0 sin  will remain unchanged.
Let v be the component along common normal direction after collision. Applying,
Relative speed of separation = e (Relative speed of approach)
along common normal direction, we get
v = ev 0 cos 

v (= ev0cos)

v'


v0sin

Thus, after collision components of velocity v’ are v 0 sin  and ev 0 cos 

 v '  ( v 0 sin  )2  (ev 0 cos  )2 Ans.

v 0 sin 
and tan  =
ev 0 cos 

tan 
or tan  = Ans.
e
Note : For elastic collision, e = 1
 v’ = v 0 and  = 

RESONANCE 32
Example :
A ball of mass m makes an elastic collision with another identical ball at rest. Show that if the
collision is oblique, the bodies go at right angles to each other after collision.
Sol. In head on elastic collision between two particles, they exchange their v elocities. In this case,
the component of ball 1 along common normal direction, v cos 

becomes zero after collision, while that of 2 becomes v cos . W hile the components along
common tangent direction of both the particles remain unchanged. Thus, the components along
common tangent and common normal direction of both the balls in tabular form are given below.

Com pone nt a long com m on Com pone nt a long com m on norm a l

Ba ll
ta nge nt dire ction dire ction
Before collision After collision B efore collision A fter collision
1 v sin  v sin  v cos  
2    v cos 

From the above table and figure, we see that both the balls move at right angle after collision with
velocities v sin  and v cos .

Note : When two identical bodies have an oblique elastic collision, with one body at rest before collision, then
the two bodies will go in  directions.
Example :
Two spheres are moving towards each other. Both have same radius but their masses are 2 kg and 4 kg. If
the velocities are 4 m/s and 2 m/s respectively and coefficient of restitution is e = 1/3, find.

2kg
4m/s
A
R
2m/s R

B
4kg

(a) The common velocity along the line of impact.

(b) Final velocities along line of impact.
(c) Impulse of deformation.
(d) impulse of reformation.
(e) Maximum potential energy of deformation.
(f) Loss in kinetic energy due to collision.

RESONANCE 33
 A 4m/s C Line of motion
2kg 
R R
Sol. R 4kg
Line of motion 2m/s B
Line of impact

BC R 1
In ABC sin  = = =
AB 2R 2
or  = 30º
(a) By conservation of momentum along line of impact.

4sin30º

2kg 4m/s
30º 4sin30º
4cos30º
2cos30º
30º
v
2m/s B 4kg
2sin30º
2sin30º
Maximum Deformed State
Just Before Collision Along LOI

2(4 cos 30º) – 4(2cos 30º) = (2 + 4)v

or v = 0 (common velocity along LO)

4sin30º

A v
(b) 2kg 1
4kg B
v2
2sin30º

Just After Collision Along LOI

Let v 1 and v 2 be the final velocity of A and B respectively then, by conservation of momentum along line of
impact,
2(4cos 30º) – 4(2cos 30º) = 2(v 1) + 4(v 2)
or 0 = v 1 + 2v 2 ......... (1)
By coefficient of restitution,
velocity of separation along LO 
e
velocity of approach along LO 

1 v 2  v1
or =
3 4 cos 30º 2 cos 30º

or v2 – v1 = 3 ........ (2)
from the above two equations,
2 1
v1 = m / s and v 2 = m/s .
3 3
(c) JD = m1(v – u1)
= 2(0 – 4 cos 30º) = – 4 3 N-s

RESONANCE 34
 1 4
(d) JR = eJD = (–4 3 ) = – N-s
3 3
(e) Maximum potential energy of deformation is equal to loss in kinetic energy during deformation upto
maximum deformed state,
1 1 1
U= m1(u1 cos )2 + m2(u2 cos )2 – (m1 + m2)v 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
= 2(4 cos 30º)2 + 4(–2cos 30º)2 – (2 + 4) (0)2
2 2 2
or U = 18 Joule.

(f) Loss in kinetic energy,

1 1 1 2 1 2
KE = m1(u1 cos )2 + m2(u2 cos )2 –  m1v 1  m 2 v 2 
2 2 2 2 

 1  2 2 1  1  2 
1 1      
= 2(4 cos 30º)2 + 4(–2 cos 30º)2 –  2 2 3   2 4 3  
2 2      

KE = 16 Joule

Example :
Two point particles A and B are placed in line on a frictionless horizontal plane. If particle A (mass 1 kg) is
moved with velocity 10 m/s towards stationary particle B (mass 2 kg) and after collision the two move at an
angle of 45º with the initial direction of motion, then find :
1kg 10m/s 2kg
A B
(a) Velocities of A and B just after collision.
(b) Coefficient of restitution.
Sol. The very first step to solve such problems is to find the line of impact which is along the direction of force
applied by A on B, resulting the stationary B to move. Thus, by watching the direction of motion of B, line of
impact can be determined. In this case line of impact is along the direction of motion of B. i.e. 45º with the
initial direction of motion of A.

vA
45º y
45º
vB
x
Line of impact

(a) By conservation of momentum, along x direction: mA uA = mAv A cos 45º + mBv B cos 45º
or 1(10) = 1(v A cos 45º) + 2(v B (cos 45º)
or v A + 2v B = 10 2 ............ (1)
along y direction
0 = mAv A sin 45º + mBv B sin 45º
or 0 = 1(v A sin 45º) – 2(v B sin 45º)
or vA = 2vB ............ (2)
solving the two equations,

10 5
vA = m/s and vB = m/s.
2 2

RESONANCE 35
 velocity of separation along LO 
(b) e
veloctiy of approach along LO 

vA

uA A
A 45º B 90º
uA cos45º vA cos 90º vB

LO LO

Before collision After collision

5
0
v B  v A cos 90º 2 1
or e= = 10 = Ans.
u A cos 45 º 2
2

Example :
A smooth sphere of mass m is moving on a horizontal plane with a velocity 3 î  ĵ when it collides

with a vertical wall which is parallel to the vector ĵ . If the coeff icient of restitution between the

1
sphere and the wall is , f ind
2
(a) the velocity of the sphere after impact,
(b) the loss in kinetic energy caused by the impact.

(c) the impulse J that acts on the sphere.

Sol. Let v be the velocity of the sphere after impact.

To find v we must separate the velocity components parallel and perpendicular to the wall.
Using the law of restitution the component of velocity parallel to
the wall remains unchanged while component perpendicular to the
wall becomes e times in opposite direction.
 3
Thus, v   î  ĵ
2
3
(a) Therefore, the velocity of the sphere after impact is =  î  ĵ Ans.
2
 2 
1 1 1 1   3   12   27 m
(b) The loss in K.E. = 2 2
mv – mu = m(3 + 1 ) – m   2 
2 2
 8 Ans.
2 2 2 2   

       3  9
(c)  
J = P  Pf  Pi  m( v )  m(u) = m   2 î  ĵ  – m 3 î  ĵ =  2 m î Ans.

Example :
A small steel ball A is suspended by an inextensible thread of length  = 1.5 from O. Another
identical ball is thrown vertically downwards such that its surface remains just in contact with
thread during downward motion and collides elastically with the suspended ball. If the suspended
ball just completes vertical circle after collision, calculate the velocity of the falling ball just be-
fore collision. (g = 10 ms –2)

RESONANCE 36
 O
B


Sol. Velocity of ball A just after collision is 5gl

Let radius of each ball be r and the joining centres of the two balls makes an angle  with the
vertical at the instant of collision, then

B A
r 1
sin  = = or  = 30º v0 cos30º
2r 2
v0 sin30º v0

Let velocity of ball B (just before collision) be v 0. This velocity can be resolv ed into two compo-
nents, (i) v 0 cos 30º, along the line joining the centre of the two balls and (ii) v 0 sin 30º normal to
this line. Head -on collision takes place due to v 0 cos 30º and the component v 0 sin 30º of velocity
of ball B remains unchanged.
Since, ball A is suspended by an inextensible string, therefore, just after collision, it can move
along horizontal direction only. Hence, a vertically upward impulse is exerted by thread on the ball
A. This means that during collision two impulses act on ball A simultaneously. One is impulsive
interaction J between the balls and the other is impulsive reaction J’ of the thread.
Velocity v 1 of ball B along line of collision is given by
J – mv 0 cos 30º = mv 1
J
or v1 =
– v 0 cos 30º ...(i)
m
Horizontal velocity v 2 of ball A is given by J sin 30º = mv 2
J
or v2 = 2m ...(ii)

mv0 cos 30º

mv1

B
v1
'J'
mv0 sin 30º
mv0 sin 30º J v2
J
30º v2 sin30º

small size A
mv2

Since, the balls collide elastically, therefore, coefficient of restitution is e = 1.

v 2 sin 30 º ( v1 )
Hence, e= 1 ...(iii)
v 0 cos 30 º 0
Solving Eqs. (i), (ii), and (iii), J = 1.6 mv 0 cos 30º
 v 1 = 0.6 v 0 cos 30º and v 2 = 0.8 v 0 cos 30º
Since, ball A just completes vertical circle, therefore v 2 = 5g

 0.8v 0 cos 30º = 5g or v 0 = 12.5 ms–1 Ans.

RESONANCE 37
 LECTURE # 09
VARIABLE MASS SYSTEM :

If a mass is added or ejected from a system, at rate  kg/s and relative velocity v rel (w.r.t. the system),

then the force exerted by this mass on the system has magnitude  v rel .

Thrust Force ( Ft )
   dm 
Ft  v rel  
 dt 

Suppose at some moment t = t mass of a body is m and its velocity is v . After some time at t =
 
t + dt its mass becomes (m – dm) and v elocity becomes v  dv . The mass dm is ejected with
  
relative velocity v r . Absolute velocity of mass ‘dm’ is therefore ( v + v r ). If no external forces are
acting on the system, the linear momentum of the system will remain conserved, or
 
Pi  Pf
    
or m v = (m – dm) ( v + d v ) + dm ( v + v r )
      
or m v = m v + md v – (dm) v – (dm) (d v ) + (dm) v + v r dm

The term (dm) (d v ) is too small and can be neglected.
 
 md v = – v r dm

 dv    dm 
or m   = vr   
 dt   dt 

 dv  
Here, m 


dt 
 
 = thrust force F
t

dm
and – = rate at which mass is ejecting
dt
   dm 
or Ft  v r  
 dt 

Problems related to variable mass can be solved in following four steps

1. Make a list of all the forces acting on the main mass and apply them on it.

   dm 
2. Apply an additional thrust force Ft on the mass, the magnitude of which is v r   dt  and direc-
 

tion is given by the direction of v r in case the mass is increasing and otherwise the direction of

– v r if it is decreasing.
3. Find net force on the mass and apply
 
dv
Fnet  m (m = mass at the particular instant)
dt
4. Integrate it with proper limits to find velocity at any time t.

Note : Problems of one-dimensional motion (which are mostly asked in JEE) can be solved in easier
manner just by assigning positive and negative signs to all vector quantities. Here are f ew ex-
ample in support of the above theory.

Example :
A flat car of mass m 0 starts moving to the right due to a constant horizontal force F. Sand spills on
the flat car from a stationary hopper. The rate of loading is constant and equal to  kg/s. Find the
time dependence of the velocity and the acceleration of the flat car in the process of loading. The

RESONANCE 38
 friction is negligibly small.


m0 F

Sol. Initial velocity of the flat car is zero. Let v be its velocity at time t
and m its mass at that instant. Then

At t = 0, v = 0 and m = m 0 at t = t, v = v and m = m 0 + t
Here, v r = v (backwards)
dm
= 
dt
dm
 Ft = v r = v (backwards)
dt
Net force on the flat car at time t is F net = F – F t
dv
or m = F – v ....(i)
dt
dv
or (m 0 + t) =F – v
dt
v dv t dt
or  0 F  v
=  0 m 0  t

1 1
 – [  n (F – v)] 0v = [  n (m 0 + t)] 0t
 

 F   m0  t 
  n   =  n  
 m 
 F  v   0 

F m  t
 = 0
F  v m0

Ft
or v= Ans.
m 0  t

dv
From Eq. (i), = acceleration of flat car at time t
dt
F  v
or =
m

 Ft 
F 
 m 0  t  Fm 0
a=  or a= Ans.
m0  t  (m 0  t ) 2
 
 

RESONANCE 39
Example :
A cart loaded with sand moves along a horizontal floor due to a constant force F coinciding in
direction with the cart’s velocity vector. In the process sand spills through a hole in the bottom
with a constant rate kg/s. Find the acceleration and velocity of the cart at the moment t, if at the
initial moment t = 0 the cart with loaded sand had the mass m 0 and its velocity was equal to zero.
Friction is to be neglected.
Sol. In this problem the sand spills through a hole in the bottom of the
cart. Hence, the relative velocity of the sand v r will be zero because
it will acquire the same velocity as that of the cart at the moment.
vr = 0
v
m
 dm  F
Thus, F t = 0  as Ft  v r 
 dt 
v
and the net force will be F only.
 F net = F
 dv 
or m  = F ....(i)
 dt 
But here m = m 0 – t
dv
 (m 0 – t) =F
dt
v t F dt
or  0
dv =  0 m 0  t

F
 v=  n ( m0   t )  0t

F  m 0 
or v= ln Ans.
  m0  t 
From eq. (i), acceleration of the cart
dv F
a= =
dt m
F
or a = m  t Ans.
0

Rocket propulsion :
Let m 0 be the mass of the rocket at time t = 0. m its mass at any time t and v its velocity at that
moment. Initially, let us suppose that the velocity of the rocket is u.

  dm 
Further, let   be the mass of the gas ejected per unit time and v r the exhaust velocity of the
 dt 

  dm 
gases with respect to rocket. Usually   and v r are kept constant throughout the journey of
 dt 
the rocket. Now, let us write few equations which can be used in the problems of rocket propul-
sion. At time t = t,

RESONANCE 40
   dm 
1. Thrust force on the rocket Ft = v r   (upwards)
 dt 
2. W eight of the rocket W = mg (downwards)
3. Net force on the rocket F net = F t – W (upwards)
  dm 
or F net = v r   –mg
 dt 

F
4. Net acceleration of the rocket a=
m

dv vr   dm 
or =   –g
dt m  dt 
vr
or dv =
m
 dm – g dt

v m  dm t
or u
dv  v r  m0 m
–g  0
dt

 m0 
Thus, v = u – gt + v r  n   ...(i)
 m 

 dm  dm
Note : 1. F t = v r    is upwards, as v r is downwards and is negative.
 dt  dt

 m0 
2. If gravity is ignored and initial velocity of the rocket u = 0, Eq. (i) reduces to v = v r ln  .
 m 
Example :
A rocket, with an initial mass of 1000 kg, is launched vertically upwards from rest under gravity.
The rocket burns fuel at the rate of 10 kg per second. The burnt matter is ejected vertically
downwards with a speed of 2000 ms –1 relative to the rocket. If burning stopsafter one minute. Find
the maximum velocity of the rocket. (Take g as at 10 ms –2)

Sol. Using the velocity equation

 m0 
v = u – gt + v r ln  
 m 
Here u = 0, t = 60s, g = 10 m/s 2, v r = 2000 m/s, m 0 = 1000 kg
and m = 1000 – 10 × 60 = 400 kg
 1000 
W e get v = 0 – 600 + 2000 ln  
 400 
or v = 2000 ln 2.5 – 600
The maximum velocity of the rocket is 200(10 ln 2.5 – 3) = 1232.6 ms –1 Ans.

Question
Find the mass of the rocket as a f unction of time, if it moves with a constant accleration a, in
absence of external forces. The gas escaps with a constant velocity u relative to the rocket and
its mass initially was m 0.
Ans. m =m 0e–at/u

Example :
A uniform chain of mass m and length  hangs on a thread and
touches the surface of a table by its lower end. Find the force ex-
erted by the table on the chain when half of its length has fallen on
the table. The fallen part does not form heap.

RESONANCE 41
Sol. 1. W eight of the portion BC of the chain
mg
lying on the table, W = (downwards) Using v = 2gh
2

 dm 
2. Thrust force F t = v r  
 dt 
vr = v
dm
= v
dt
m
F t = v 2 (where,   , is mass per unit length of chain)


v2 = (  g 
2
= g

m
 F t =   (g  ) = mg (downwards)

 Net f orce exerted by the chain on the table is
mg 3
F = W + Ft =  mg  mg
2 2
3
So, from Newton’s third law the force exerted by the table on the chain will be mg (vertically
2
upwards).
v=1.2 m/s
Question
If the chain is lowered at a constant speed v = 1.2 m/s, determine the
normal reaction exerted on the floor as a function of time. The chain has a 6m
mass of 80 kg and a total length of 6 m.

Ans. (19.2 + 16 t) N

LINEAR MOMENTUM CONSERVATION IN PRESENCE OF EXTERNAL FORCE.


 dP  
Fext =  Fext dt = dP
dt
  
 dP = Fext )mpulsive dt  If Fext )mpulsive = 0
 
 dP = 0 or P is constant
Note: Momentum is conserved if the external force present is non-impulsive. eg. gravitation or spring force
Example :
Two balls are moving towards each other on a vertical line collides with each other as shown. Find their
velocities just after collision.

2kg

3m/s

4m/s

4kg

RESONANCE 42
Sol. Let the final velocity of 4 kg ball just after collision be v. Since, external force is gravitational which is
non - impulsive, hence, linear momentum will be conserved.
4m/s

2kg

4kg

Applying linear momentum conservation:

1
2(–3) + 4(4) = 2(4) + 4(v) or v= m/s
2
Question
A ball is approaching ground with speed u. If the coefficient m
of restitution is e then find out:
(a) the velocity just after collision. u
(b) the impulse exerted by the normal due to ground on the ball.
/////////////////////////
Ans (a) v = eu; (b) J = mu(1 + e)

Example : /////////////////////
A bullet of mass 50g is fired from below into the bob of mass 450g of a long simple
pendulum as shown in figure. The bullet remains inside the bob and the bob rises
through a height of 1.8 m. Find the speed of the bullet. Take g = 10 m/s2.

Sol. Let the speed of the bullet be v. Let the common velocity of the bullet and the bob, after v
the bullet is embedded into the bob, is V. By the principle of conservation of the linear
momentum,
(0.05 kg) v v
V = 0.45 kg  0.05 kg =
10
The string becomes loose and the bob will go up with a deceleration of g = 10 m/s2. As it comes to rest
at a height of 1.8 m, using the equation v 2 = u2 + 2ax,
( v / 10)2
1.8 m = or, v = 60 m/s.
2  10 m / s 2
Example :
////////////////////////////////////

A small ball of mass m collides with a rough wall having coef- v Rough wall
ficient of friction  at an angle with the normal to the wall. If m ( )
after collision the ball moves with angle  with the normal to
the wall and the coefficient of restitution is e then find the re- 
flected velocity v of the ball just after collision. 

Sol. mv cos  – (m (–u cos )) =  N dt u

m
mv sin  – mu sin  = –  N dt
v cos 
and e=  v cos  = eu cos 
u cos 
or mv sin  – mu sin  = –(mv cos  + mu cos )
u
or v= [sin  –  cos  (e + 1)] Ans.
sin 

RESONANCE 43