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Design and Architecture

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Software Design and Architecture

Topic#119

What is software architecture? What is software architecture The

word “architecture” means many different things to many different
people Software systems are constructed to satisfy organizations’
business goals The architecture is a bridge between those (often
abstract) business goals and the final (concrete) resulting system.
Software Architecture Defined Some people define the architecture
as the system’s “early” or “major” design decisions Many architectural
decisions are made early, not all are especially in Agile or spiral-
development projects. It’s also true that very many decisions are
made early that are not architectural Software Architecture Defined
The software architecture of a system is the set of structures needed
to reason about the system Comprises of Software elements
Relations among them Properties of both Software Architecture as a
set of Structures Structure - a set of elements held together by a
 relation Software systems are composed of many structures No single
structure holds claim to being the architecture Software Design and
Architecture (my prompt is that give me simple beginner level
examples of all the topics or text above given by me in this prompt)
Important Note: do not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Sure! Here are simple beginner-level examples that illustrate the key
concepts discussed in the provided content on software architecture.

What is Software Architecture?

Software architecture refers to the fundamental structures of a

software system and the discipline of creating such structures and
systems. It serves as a bridge between business goals and the final
software system.

Examples:

1. Business Goals and Software Architecture

Business Goal: An organization wants an online store to sell

products. Software Architecture: The architecture includes a website
frontend, a backend server, a database for storing product
information, and an authentication system for user logins.

2. Early or Major Design Decisions

Early Design Decision: Choosing to use a relational database like

MySQL for storing data. Major Design Decision: Deciding to split the
application into a frontend and backend to separate concerns and
improve scalability.

Software Architecture Defined

Software Elements:

 Example: In a chat application, the elements could include the user

interface (UI), messaging service, notification service, and user profile
management.
 Relations Among Them:

 Example: The user interface communicates with the messaging

service to send and receive messages, and with the notification
service to alert users of new messages.

Properties of Both:

 Example:
 User Interface: Must be responsive and user-friendly.
 Messaging Service: Must be reliable and handle real-time
communication.
 Notification Service: Must deliver timely alerts without significant
delay.

Software Architecture as a Set of Structures

Example of a Simple Software System

Software System: An online library system.

Module Structure:


 Modules: User Management, Book Catalog, Borrowing System,

Notification System.
 Example: The User Management module handles user registration
and login, while the Book Catalog module manages the inventory of
books.


Component and Connector Structure:



 Components: Web Server, Application Server, Database Server.

 Connectors: HTTP for communication between web server and
application server, SQL queries for communication between
application server and database server.
 Example: The web server handles user requests and forwards them
to the application server, which processes the request and interacts
with the database server to fetch or store data.


Allocation Structure:


 Allocation: Mapping software components to physical servers or

cloud instances.
 Example: The web server and application server are deployed on
separate cloud instances to handle more traffic efficiently. The
database server is hosted on a high-performance database service.

Summary

 Software architecture is crucial in translating business goals into a

software system.
 It involves software elements, relations among them, and
properties of both.
 Software systems are composed of multiple structures like module
structure, component and connector structure, and allocation
structure.

These examples provide a foundational understanding of software

architecture concepts and how they apply to real-world software
systems.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#120 Categories of structures

in Architectural Design Categories of Structures in Architectural
Design Three categories Categories of Structures in Architectural
Design Static Structures Implementation units or modules Dynamic
Structures component-and-connector (C&C) structures –
components are runtime entities Deployment Structures aka
allocation structures Play an important role in the design,
documentation, and analysis of architectures Software Design and
Architecture Topic#120 END! Software Design and Architecture
Topic#121 Static Software Structures - Modules Implementation units
or modules Static structures focus on the way the system’s
functionality is divided up and assigned to implementation teams.
 Assigned specific computational responsibilities Basis of work
assignments for programming teams (Team A works on the database,
Team B works on the business rules, Team C works on the user
interface, etc.) Implementation units or modules In large projects,
these elements (modules) are subdivided for assignment to
subteams. For example, the database for a large enterprise resource
planning (ERP) implementation might be so complex that its
implementation is split into many parts. aka Module Decomposition
Structure captures that decomposition Implementation units or
modules Class Diagrams Kind of module structure emerges as an
output of object-oriented analysis and design Layered Structure
Modules aggregated (organized) into layers (my prompt is that give
me simple beginner level examples of all the topics or text above
given by me in this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Sure! Here are simple beginner-level examples illustrating the

concepts discussed in Topics #120 and #121 on categories of
structures in architectural design and static software structures.

Topic #120: Categories of Structures in Architectural Design

Categories of Structures

1.

Static Structures:

2.
 Definition: These structures focus on how the system's functionality
is divided and assigned to different implementation units or modules.
 Example: In a blogging platform, static structures might include
modules like User Management, Content Management, and
Comment System.
3.

Dynamic Structures:

4.
 Definition: These structures describe the runtime behavior of the
system, focusing on components and their interactions during
execution.
 Example: In a messaging app, dynamic structures include
components like Message Sender, Message Receiver, and
Notification Service interacting in real-time as users send and receive
messages.
5.

Deployment Structures:

6.
 Definition: Also known as allocation structures, these describe how
software components are mapped to hardware or deployment
environments.
 Example: For a web application, the deployment structure might
include a Web Server deployed on AWS EC2, a Database Server on
AWS RDS, and a Load Balancer distributing traffic.

Role in Design, Documentation, and Analysis

 These structures help in organizing the design process, documenting

the system architecture, and analyzing the system’s performance,
scalability, and other properties.

Topic #121: Static Software Structures - Modules

Static Structures (Modules)

 Definition: Static structures focus on how the system's functionality

is divided into modules or implementation units, which are then
assigned to different development teams.
 Example: In an online shopping system, modules could include:
 Database Module: Managed by Team A, responsible for storing
product and user data.
 Business Rules Module: Managed by Team B, responsible for
processing orders and payments.
 User Interface Module: Managed by Team C, responsible for the
web pages and user interactions.
 Module Decomposition Structure

 Definition: This structure captures how a system is decomposed into

smaller modules or units for implementation.
 Example: In a large enterprise resource planning (ERP) system, the
database module might be further subdivided into smaller units like
User Data, Product Data, and Transaction Data for assignment to
subteams.

Class Diagrams

 Definition: A kind of module structure that emerges from object-

oriented analysis and design, showing classes and their relationships.
 Example: In a library management system, a class diagram might
include classes like Book, Member, Loan, and Librarian, each with
their attributes and methods.

Layered Structure

 Definition: Modules are organized into layers, where each layer has a
specific role and provides services to the layer above it.
 Example: In a web application:
 Presentation Layer: Handles the user interface, consisting of web
pages and forms.
 Business Logic Layer: Contains business rules and application logic.
 Data Access Layer: Manages data storage and retrieval from the
database.

These examples provide a clear and straightforward understanding of

the concepts of static, dynamic, and deployment structures in
architectural design, as well as the specifics of static structures and
module decomposition in software design.

Topic#121 Static Software Structures - Modules Implementation units

or modules Static structures focus on the way the system’s
functionality is divided up and assigned to implementation teams.
Assigned specific computational responsibilities Basis of work
assignments for programming teams (Team A works on the database,
Team B works on the business rules, Team C works on the user
interface, etc.) Implementation units or modules In large projects,
 these elements (modules) are subdivided for assignment to
subteams. For example, the database for a large enterprise resource
planning (ERP) implementation might be so complex that its
implementation is split into many parts. aka Module Decomposition
Structure captures that decomposition Implementation units or
modules Class Diagrams Kind of module structure emerges as an
output of object-oriented analysis and design Layered Structure
Modules aggregated (organized) into layers (my prompt is that give
me simple beginner level examples of all the topics or text above
given by me in this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #121: Static Software Structures - Modules

Implementation Units or Modules

Definition: Implementation units or modules are distinct parts of a

software system, each responsible for a specific piece of functionality.

Example: In an online store application, you might have modules like:

 User Authentication: Handles login, registration, and user sessions.

 Product Catalog: Manages the listing of products, including
categories and search functionality.
 Shopping Cart: Manages items that users intend to purchase.
 Order Processing: Handles payment and order confirmation.
 Inventory Management: Keeps track of product stock levels.

Static Structures

Definition: Static structures focus on how the system’s functionality

is divided and assigned to different teams or units within the
software. This division helps organize the development process.

Example: In a social media platform:

 Team A works on the Database module, managing user data and

posts.
 Team B works on the Business Rules module, handling how posts
are displayed and interactions (likes, comments).
 Team C works on the User Interface module, designing the web
pages and mobile app interface.

Specific Computational Responsibilities

Definition: Each module is assigned specific computational tasks it

must handle, making it easier to assign work to different
programming teams.

Example:

 User Authentication Module: Responsible for encrypting passwords

and validating user credentials.
 Product Catalog Module: Responsible for querying the database to
retrieve product details and applying filters.

Basis of Work Assignments for Programming Teams

Example:

 Team A works on developing the Database Module.

 Team B works on the Business Rules Module.
 Team C works on the User Interface Module.

Large Projects and Subdivision of Modules

Example: In a large ERP system:

 The Database Module might be subdivided into:

 User Data Submodule: Manages user information.
 Product Data Submodule: Manages product information.
 Transaction Data Submodule: Manages transaction records.

Module Decomposition Structure

Definition: A structure that captures how a system is broken down

into smaller modules or units.

Example: In a hospital management system:

 Patient Management Module: Subdivided into Registration,
Medical Records, and Billing.
 Staff Management Module: Subdivided into Doctors, Nurses, and
Administrative Staff.

Class Diagrams

Definition: Diagrams that show the static structure of a system by

representing classes and their relationships.

Example: In a library management system:

 Classes: Book, Member, Loan, Librarian.

 Relationships:
 A Member can have multiple Loans.
 A Librarian manages Books and Members.

Layered Structure

Definition: Organizing modules into layers, where each layer has a

specific responsibility and interacts with the layer above or below it.

Example: In a web application:

 Presentation Layer: Contains UI components like web pages and

forms.
 Business Logic Layer: Contains the core functionality and business
rules.
 Data Access Layer: Manages database operations and data retrieval.

These examples provide a clear and straightforward understanding of

static software structures, modules, and their organization in a
software system.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#122 Component-and-

Connector and Allocation Structures Component-and-Connector
(C&C) Structures Runtime structures Component Focus on the way
the elements interact with each other at runtime to carry out the
system’s functions. Component-and-Connector (C&C) Structures For
example the system to be built as a set of services would include: the
 service – made up of the programs in various implementation units
the infrastructure they interact with the synchronization and
interaction relations among them Allocation Structures Mapping
from software structures to the system’s organizational,
developmental, installation, and execution environments (my prompt
is that give me simple beginner level examples of all the topics or text
above given by me in this prompt) Important Note: do not use
analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #122: Component-and-Connector and Allocation Structures

Component-and-Connector (C&C) Structures

Definition: These are runtime structures that focus on how elements

interact with each other during execution to carry out the system’s
functions.

Example: In a simple chat application:

 Components:
 Message Sender: Sends messages.
 Message Receiver: Receives messages.
 Notification Service: Sends notifications for new messages.
 Database: Stores chat history.
 Connectors:
 Message Queue: Connects Message Sender and Message Receiver,
ensuring messages are delivered in the correct order.
 API Calls: Connects the Notification Service to the Message Receiver
to trigger notifications.
 Database Queries: Connects the Message Sender and Message
Receiver to the Database for storing and retrieving messages.

These components and connectors interact at runtime to allow users

to send, receive, and get notified about messages.

Allocation Structures
 Definition: These structures map software elements to the system's
organizational, developmental, installation, and execution
environments.

Example: For a web-based e-commerce platform:

 Development Environment:
 Frontend Development Team: Works on the User Interface module.
 Backend Development Team: Works on the Business Logic module.
 Database Development Team: Works on the Database module.
 Organizational Environment:
 Teams: Different teams for UI, backend, and database, each assigned
specific modules.
 Installation Environment:
 Servers:
 Web Server: Hosts the frontend application.
 Application Server: Hosts the backend services.
 Database Server: Hosts the database.
 Execution Environment:
 Cloud Services:
 Amazon EC2 instances for web and application servers.
 Amazon RDS for the database.
 Load Balancer: Distributes incoming traffic among web and
application servers.
 CDN (Content Delivery Network): Distributes static content (like
images and stylesheets) for faster access.

These allocation structures ensure that the software elements are

correctly mapped and executed in their respective environments,
providing a clear understanding of where and how each part of the
system operates.

Summary
 Component-and-Connector (C&C) Structures: Focus on runtime
interactions between components and the connectors that facilitate
these interactions.
 Allocation Structures: Focus on the mapping of software elements
to various environments (organizational, developmental, installation,
and execution).

These examples provide a straightforward understanding of how C&C

structures and allocation structures are applied in real-world software
systems.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#123 Quality Attributes

Architectural Structures Software comprises of a large number of
structures not all of them are architectural. For example - code A
structure is architectural if it supports reasoning about the system
and the system’s properties an attribute of the system that is
important to some stakeholder Quality Attributes These include
functionality achieved by the system the availability of the system in
the face of faults the difficulty of making specific changes to the
system the responsiveness of the system to user requests and many
others. Software Design and Architecture Topic#123 END! (my
prompt is that give me simple beginner level examples of all the
topics or text above given by me in this prompt) Important Note: do
not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #123: Quality Attributes and Architectural Structures

Architectural Structures

Definition: Architectural structures are those parts of a software

system that allow stakeholders to reason about the system and its
properties.

Example:

 Non-Architectural Structure: A specific piece of code that performs

a calculation.
 Architectural Structure: The overall design of the system’s
components and how they interact, such as a microservices
architecture.

Quality Attributes

Definition: Quality attributes are characteristics that affect the

performance, usability, and maintainability of a system, and are
important to stakeholders.

Examples:

1.

Functionality:

2.
 Example: In a banking application, functionality includes features like
account management, fund transfers, and bill payments.
 Reasoning: Stakeholders need to ensure that these features work
correctly and meet user needs.
3.

Availability:

4.
 Example: An e-commerce website needs to be available 24/7 to
handle customer orders.
 Reasoning: Stakeholders need to ensure that the system remains
operational even in the face of server failures or other issues.
5.

Maintainability:

6.
 Example: In a content management system, the ease of adding new
content types or modifying existing ones.
 Reasoning: Stakeholders need to ensure that changes can be made
quickly and efficiently without disrupting the entire system.
7.
 Responsiveness:

8.
 Example: A social media platform needs to load user feeds and
notifications quickly.
 Reasoning: Stakeholders need to ensure that the system responds
promptly to user actions to provide a good user experience.
9.

Security:

10.
 Example: An online banking application must protect user data and
transactions from unauthorized access.
 Reasoning: Stakeholders need to ensure that the system is secure
from threats and vulnerabilities.
11.

Scalability:

12.
 Example: A video streaming service needs to handle increasing
numbers of concurrent viewers.
 Reasoning: Stakeholders need to ensure that the system can scale up
to meet growing demand without performance degradation.
13.

Performance:

14.
 Example: A real-time trading platform must process transactions
within milliseconds.
 Reasoning: Stakeholders need to ensure that the system performs
efficiently under high load.

These examples illustrate the importance of architectural structures

and quality attributes in software design, helping stakeholders to
reason about and ensure the desired properties of the system.
 Topic#124 What should not be included in it? Software Architecture
an architecture is an abstraction of a system that selects certain
details and suppresses others. The architecture specifically omits
certain information about elements that is not useful for reasoning
about the system information that has no ramifications outside of a
single element Software Architecture Architecture is concerned with
the public interface private details of elements—details having to do
solely with internal implementation—are not architectural. The
architectural abstraction lets us look at the system in terms of: its
elements how they are arranged how they interact how they are
composed what are their properties that support our system
reasoning … Abstraction is essential to taming the complexity of a
system we simply cannot, and do not want to, deal with all of the
complexity all of the time Software Design and Architecture
Topic#124 END! (my prompt is that give me simple beginner level
examples of all the topics or text above given by me in this prompt)
Important Note: do not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #124: What Should Not Be Included in Software

Architecture

Abstraction in Software Architecture

Definition: Software architecture is an abstraction that focuses on

essential details and omits others that are not useful for reasoning
about the system.

Example:

 Included Details: The architecture of an e-commerce application

includes components like User Management, Product Catalog,
Shopping Cart, and Order Processing, and their interactions.
 Omitted Details: The specific algorithms used to implement the
search functionality within the Product Catalog component are not
included in the architecture.

Public Interface vs. Private Details

 Definition: Architecture is concerned with the public interface of
components, not their internal implementation details.

Example:

 Public Interface: For a Payment Processing component, the

architecture specifies that it accepts payment details, processes
payments, and returns success or failure status.
 Private Details: The architecture does not specify how the
component encrypts payment information internally or the specific
database schema used to store payment records.

Architectural Abstraction

Definition: The architectural abstraction allows us to view the system

in terms of its elements, their arrangement, interaction, composition,
and properties, without delving into unnecessary complexity.

Example:

 Elements and Their Arrangement: The architecture shows that the

User Interface component interacts with the Backend API, which in
turn interacts with the Database.
 Interaction and Composition: The architecture details how user
requests flow from the User Interface to the Backend API and then to
the Database.
 Properties Supporting System Reasoning: The architecture
specifies that the Backend API must handle a high volume of requests
and ensure data integrity in the Database.

Importance of Abstraction

Definition: Abstraction is crucial for managing system complexity by

focusing on significant aspects and ignoring irrelevant details.

Example:

 Managing Complexity: In a large social media application, the

architecture abstracts away the internal workings of individual
 components like the Feed Generator or Notification System, focusing
instead on their interactions and overall performance requirements.

Summary

 Software architecture abstracts and focuses on essential aspects of

a system, omitting details not useful for reasoning about the system.
 Public interfaces of components are included in the architecture,
while private implementation details are not.
 The architectural abstraction helps in understanding the system's
elements, their arrangement, interactions, composition, and essential
properties, aiding in managing complexity.

These examples provide a clear understanding of what should and

should not be included in software architecture, emphasizing the
importance of abstraction in simplifying system design and analysis.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#125 Difference between

Architecture and Representation of the Architecture Every Software
System Has a Software Architecture Every system can be shown to
comprise elements and relations among them to support some type
of reasoning. In the most trivial case, a system is itself a single
element—an uninteresting and probably non-useful architecture, but
an architecture nevertheless. Even though every system has an
architecture, it does not necessarily follow that the architecture is
known to anyone Software Design and Architecture Topic#125 END!
(my prompt is that give me simple beginner level examples of all the
topics or text above given by me in this prompt) Important Note: do
not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #125: Difference Between Architecture and Representation

of the Architecture

Every Software System Has a Software Architecture

Definition: Every software system has an architecture, meaning it

consists of elements and relations among them that support
reasoning about the system.
 Example:

 Simple System: A single-function calculator application can be seen

as having a trivial architecture, where the whole system is one
element with no internal structure. It’s not useful for complex
reasoning but is still an architecture.
 Complex System: An online banking system consists of multiple
elements like User Management, Account Management, Transaction
Processing, and Security, with defined relationships among them,
allowing for detailed reasoning about the system’s functionality,
performance, and security.

Unknown Architecture

Definition: Just because a system has an architecture doesn’t mean it

is known to anyone. The architecture might not be documented or
explicitly understood by the developers or stakeholders.

Example:

 Legacy System: A decades-old accounting software may have a

complex architecture that evolved over time. The original developers
might have left, and current developers may not fully understand its
structure or how different parts interact.
 Poorly Documented System: A startup’s rapidly developed
application might work well, but if the developers didn’t document
the architecture, new team members might struggle to understand
how the system’s components are organized and interact.

Summary

 Architecture: The inherent structure of a software system,

comprising its elements and their relations, regardless of whether it is
documented or understood.
 Example: An online banking system with clearly defined modules like
User Management, Account Management, and Security.
 Representation of the Architecture: The documented or known
description of the system’s architecture, which helps stakeholders
understand and reason about the system.
 Example: Diagrams, documentation, and models that describe how
the User Management module interacts with the Account
Management module in the online banking system.

These examples illustrate the concepts of software architecture and

its representation, emphasizing that a system always has an
architecture, even if it is not known or documented.

Topic#126 Difference between Software, System, and Enterprise

Architectures System and enterprise architectures share a great deal
with software architectures All can be designed, evaluated, and
documented all answer to requirements all are intended to satisfy
stakeholders all consist of structures, which in turn consist of
elements and relationships Each has its own specialized vocabulary
and techniques System and Enterprise Architectures Both of these
disciplines have broader concerns than software Affect software
architecture through the establishment of constraints within which a
software system must live System Architecture Concerned with a total
system, including hardware, software, and humans mapping of
functionality onto hardware and software components a mapping of
the software architecture onto the hardware architecture, and a
concern for the human interaction with these components System
Architecture A description of the software architecture, as it is
mapped to hardware and networking components, allows reasoning
about qualities such as performance and reliability A description of
the system architecture will allow reasoning about additional qualities
such as power consumption, weight, and physical footprint Enterprise
Architecture Concerned with how an enterprise’s software systems
support the business processes and goals of the enterprise Enterprise
Architecture A description of the structure and behavior of an
organization’s processes, information flow, personnel, and
organizational subunits, aligned with the organization’s core goals
and strategic direction Software Design and Architecture Topic#126
END! (my prompt is that give me simple beginner level examples of
all the topics or text above given by me in this prompt) Important
Note: do not use analogies.

ChatGPT
 Topic #126: Difference Between Software, System, and Enterprise
Architectures

System and Enterprise Architectures vs. Software Architectures

Definition: System and enterprise architectures encompass broader

concerns compared to software architectures, impacting the
constraints within which software systems operate.

System Architecture

Definition: System architecture is concerned with the entire system,

including hardware, software, and human interactions. It involves
mapping functionalities to hardware and software components.

Example:

 Automated Teller Machine (ATM) System:

 Hardware: The physical ATM machine, including the card reader,
cash dispenser, and keypad.
 Software: The software controlling user interface, transaction
processing, and network communication.
 Human Interaction: How users interact with the ATM machine, like
inserting a card, entering a PIN, and withdrawing cash.
 Mappings: The software component handling transactions is
mapped to the central bank server (hardware), and the user interface
software is mapped to the ATM’s screen and input devices.

Qualities Considered:

 Performance: How quickly transactions are processed.

 Reliability: Ensuring the ATM functions correctly without errors.
 Power Consumption: How much electricity the ATM uses.
 Physical Footprint: The size and placement of the ATM machine.

Enterprise Architecture

Definition: Enterprise architecture is concerned with how an

organization’s software systems support its business processes and
goals. It describes the structure and behavior of processes,
information flow, personnel, and organizational subunits.
 Example:

 Retail Company:
 Processes: Order processing, inventory management, customer
service, and supply chain management.
 Information Flow: Data flow between the e-commerce platform,
warehouse management system, and customer relationship
management (CRM) system.
 Personnel: Roles such as warehouse staff, customer service
representatives, and IT support.
 Organizational Subunits: Departments like sales, logistics, and IT
support.

Alignment with Goals:

 Business Goals: Increasing sales, improving customer satisfaction,

and optimizing inventory levels.
 Strategic Direction: Expanding market reach, enhancing online
presence, and automating processes for efficiency.

Software Architecture

Definition: Software architecture focuses on the internal structure of

software systems, consisting of elements and their interactions to
meet specific requirements and satisfy stakeholders.

Example:

 E-Commerce Platform:
 Components: User Authentication, Product Catalog, Shopping Cart,
and Order Processing.
 Interactions: User Authentication verifies users, Product Catalog
displays products, Shopping Cart manages selected items, and Order
Processing completes transactions.

Qualities Considered:

 Functionality: Ensuring the platform supports all required features.

 Maintainability: Making it easy to update and add new features.
 Scalability: Supporting increasing numbers of users and transactions.

Summary

 System Architecture: Focuses on the entire system, including

hardware, software, and human interaction, and considers qualities
like performance, reliability, power consumption, and physical
footprint.
 Example: ATM System with its hardware, software, and user
interactions.
 Enterprise Architecture: Focuses on how software systems support
business processes and goals, considering the structure and behavior
of processes, information flow, personnel, and organizational
subunits.
 Example: Retail Company’s order processing, inventory management,
and customer service processes.
 Software Architecture: Focuses on the internal structure of software
systems, considering the functionality, maintainability, and scalability
of software components.
 Example: E-Commerce Platform with components like User
Authentication, Product Catalog, and Order Processing.

These examples illustrate the distinct focus areas and qualities

considered in software, system, and enterprise architectures.

Topic#127 Architectural Views Different views of the human body:

the skeletal, the vascular, and the X-ray Although these views are
pictured differently and have very different properties, all are
inherently related, interconnected Different views of the human body:

the skeletal, the vascular, and the X-ray Together they describe the
architecture of the human body Software Architectural Views Modern
systems are frequently too complex to grasp all at once Instead, we
restrict our attention at any one moment to one (or a small number)
of the software system’s structures Software Architectural Views To
communicate meaningfully about an architecture, we must make
clear which structure or structures we are discussing at the moment
 which view we are taking of the architecture Structures and Views A
view is a representation of a coherent set of architectural elements, as
written by and read by system stakeholders consists of a
representation of a set of elements and the relations among them
Structures and Views A view is a representation of a structure. For
example, a module structure is the set of the system’s modules and
their organization A module view is the representation of that
structure, documented according to a template in a chosen notation,
and used by some system stakeholders Software Design and
Architecture Topic#127 END! (my prompt is that give me simple
beginner level examples of all the topics or text above given by me in
this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #127: Architectural Views

Software Architectural Views

Definition: Modern software systems are often too complex to

understand entirely at once. Architectural views help manage this
complexity by allowing us to focus on one or a small number of
structures at a time.

Example:

 System Overview: For a web-based learning management system,

architectural views might include:
 Module View: Shows different modules like User Management,
Course Content, and Assessment.
 Component-and-Connector View: Shows how the web server,
application server, and database server interact.
 Deployment View: Shows how the system is distributed across
different servers and data centers.

Structures and Views

Definition: A view is a representation of a coherent set of

architectural elements and their relationships, as written and read by
system stakeholders. It documents a specific structure of the system.
 Example:

 Module Structure: The set of modules and their organization in a

system.
 Module View: Representation of the module structure, showing
modules like Authentication, User Profiles, Course Management, and
how they are organized.

Views and Their Use:

1.

Module View:

2.
 Definition: Shows the system's modules and their organization.
 Example: In a content management system, the module view would
show modules like Content Creation, Content Management, User
Authentication, and Reporting.
 Use: Helps developers understand the overall organization of the
code and assign work to different teams.
3.

Component-and-Connector View:

4.
 Definition: Shows the system's runtime elements (components) and
their interactions (connectors).
 Example: For a real-time chat application, the component-and-
connector view would show components like Chat Server, Chat
Clients, and connectors like WebSocket connections.
 Use: Helps understand how the system operates at runtime and how
different components communicate.
5.

Deployment View:

6.
 Definition: Shows how the system is physically distributed across
hardware and network environments.
 Example: For a cloud-based application, the deployment view would
show how different microservices are deployed across various cloud
instances, load balancers, and databases.
 Use: Helps with planning infrastructure, scaling, and understanding
the physical distribution of system components.

Summary

 Software Architectural Views: Help manage the complexity of

modern systems by focusing on specific structures.
 Example: Different views like module, component-and-connector,
and deployment views for a web-based learning management
system.
 Structures and Views: A view represents a specific structure of the
system, showing elements and their relationships.
 Module View: Shows the organization of system modules.
 Example: Modules like Authentication, User Profiles, and Course
Management in a content management system.
 Component-and-Connector View: Shows runtime components and
their interactions.
 Example: Chat Server and Chat Clients in a real-time chat application.
 Deployment View: Shows the physical distribution of the system.
 Example: Microservices deployed across cloud instances in a cloud-
based application.

These examples illustrate how different architectural views provide a

focused perspective on the system, making it easier to understand
and manage its complexity.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#128 4+1 View Model of

Software Architecture “4+1 view model” Philippe Kruchten leader of
RUP development team in Rational corp. (now owned by IBM)
Valuable experiences in industry (Telecom, Air traffic control system)
which he used them for confirmation of his model Problem Various
stakeholders of software system: end-user, developers, system
engineers, project managers Arch. documents over-emphasize an
aspect of development (i.e. team organization) do not address the
concerns of all stakeholders Software engineers struggled to
represent more on one blueprint, and so arch. documents contain
complex diagrams Solution Using several concurrent views or
perspectives, with different notations each one addressing one
specific set for concerns “4+1” view model presented to address large
and challenging architectures 4+1 View Model of Architecture Logical
View (Object-oriented Decomposition) Viewer: End-user considers:
Functional requirements What the system should provide in terms of
services to its users.
Process View (The process decomposition) viewer: Integrators
considers: Non - functional requirements (concurrency, performance,
scalability) Development View (Subsystem decomposition) Basis of a
line of product Viewer: Programmers and Software Managers
considers: software module organization (Hierarchy of layers,
software management, reuse, constraints of tools) Physical View
(Mapping the software to the Hardware) Viewer: System Engineers
Considers: Non-functional req. regarding underlying hardware
(Topology, Communication) Scenarios (Putting it all together) Viewer:
All users of other views and Evaluators. Considers: System
consistency, validity Correspondence between views Views are
interconnected. Start with Logical view (Req. Doc) and Move to
Development or Process view and then finally go to Physical view.
Software Design and Architecture Topic#128 END! (my prompt is that
give me simple beginner level examples of all the topics or text above
given by me in this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #128: 4+1 View Model of Software Architecture

Problem Addressed

Problem: Various stakeholders of a software system (end-users,

developers, system engineers, project managers) have different
concerns that are not adequately addressed by traditional
architectural documents, which often over-emphasize certain aspects
and lead to complex diagrams.
 Solution: 4+1 View Model

Solution: Philippe Kruchten introduced the 4+1 View Model to

address the challenges of large and complex software architectures
by using several concurrent views, each with different notations, to
address specific stakeholder concerns.

4+1 View Model of Architecture

1.

Logical View (Object-Oriented Decomposition)

2.
 Viewer: End-users
 Concerns: Functional requirements, what the system should provide
in terms of services to its users.
 Example: For a social media platform, this view would focus on
modules like User Profile Management, Friend Network, and Posting
Features.
3.

Process View (Process Decomposition)

4.
 Viewer: Integrators
 Concerns: Non-functional requirements such as concurrency,
performance, and scalability.
 Example: This view would show how different processes like
authentication, data retrieval, and messaging interact to ensure
efficient system performance.
5.

Development View (Subsystem Decomposition)

6.
 Viewer: Programmers and Software Managers
 Concerns: Software module organization, hierarchy of layers,
software management, reuse, and constraints of tools.
 Example: This view would depict the organization of modules like
User Interface, Business Logic, and Data Access Layers, showing how
they are structured for development and maintenance.
7.

Physical View (Mapping to Hardware)

8.
 Viewer: System Engineers
 Concerns: Non-functional requirements related to underlying
hardware, including topology, communication, and deployment.
 Example: This view would illustrate how software components are
deployed across different servers, databases, and network
configurations.
9.

Scenarios (Putting It All Together)

10.
 Viewer: All users of other views and evaluators
 Concerns: Ensuring system consistency and validity by validating the
correspondence between different views.
 Example: Scenarios would include use cases that demonstrate how a
user interacts with the system, covering scenarios like user
registration, making a purchase, or searching for content.

Summary

 Logical View: Focuses on functional requirements from the

perspective of end-users.
 Example: Modules like User Management, Content Management,
and Authentication.
 Process View: Deals with non-functional requirements such as
performance and scalability.
 Example: Processes like transaction handling, data caching, and
messaging.
 Development View: Organizes software modules for programmers
and software managers.
 Example: Layers like Presentation, Business Logic, and Data Access.
 Physical View: Maps software components to hardware for system
engineers.
 Example: Servers, databases, and network configurations.
 Scenarios: Integrates all views to ensure system consistency and
validity.
 Example: Use cases like user registration and content search.

This model ensures that each stakeholder's concerns are adequately

addressed, providing a comprehensive view of the system
architecture from various perspectives.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#129 Module Structures The

Three Categories of Structures in Architectural Design Static
Structures Module Structures Dynamic Structures component-and-
connector (C&C) structures – components are runtime entities
Deployment Structures aka allocation structures Module Structures
Embody decisions as to how the system is to be structured as a set of
code or data units that have to be constructed or procured. In any
module structure, the elements are modules of some kind (perhaps
classes, or layers, or merely divisions of functionality, all of which are
units of implementation). Module Structures Modules represent a
static way of considering the system. Modules are assigned areas of
functional responsibility there is less emphasis in these structures on
how the resulting software manifests itself at runtime. Module
Structures Module structures allow us to answer questions such as
these: What is the primary functional responsibility assigned to each
module? What other software elements is a module allowed to use?
What other software does it actually use and depend on? What
modules are related to other modules by generalization or
specialization (i.e., inheritance) relationships? Module Structures
Module structures convey this information directly, but they can also
be used by extension to ask questions about the impact on the
system when the responsibilities assigned to each module change.
looking at its module views is an excellent way to reason about a
system’s modifiability Software Design and Architecture Topic#129
END! (my prompt is that give me simple beginner level examples of
 all the topics or text above given by me in this prompt) Important
Note: do not use analogies.

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Topic #129: Module Structures

Module Structures

Definition: Module structures in software architecture embody

decisions on how the system is structured as a set of code or data
units that need to be constructed or procured.

Example:

 E-commerce Application:
 Modules:
 User Authentication Module: Responsible for managing user logins
and permissions.
 Product Catalog Module: Manages the inventory of products
available for purchase.
 Order Processing Module: Handles the processing and fulfillment of
customer orders.
 Functional Responsibility: Each module has a specific functional
responsibility, such as managing users, handling products, or
processing orders.
 Dependencies: The Product Catalog Module might depend on the
User Authentication Module for user access rights.

Questions Answered by Module Structures

1.

Primary Functional Responsibility:

2.
 Example: The User Authentication Module's primary responsibility is
managing user login and access control.
3.
 Allowed Software Elements:

4.
 Example: The Order Processing Module may be allowed to access
the Payment Gateway Service for processing payments.
5.

Dependencies:

6.
 Example: The Product Catalog Module depends on the Database
Module for storing and retrieving product information.
7.

Relationships Between Modules:

8.
 Example: Inheritance relationships, where a base module might be
specialized by another module to extend its functionality.

Impact on System Modifiability

Definition: Module structures allow us to understand and reason

about how changes to one module can impact the system's overall
modifiability.

Example:

 Change Impact Analysis:

 Scenario: If we need to add a new feature that allows users to rate
products, we would need to modify the Product Catalog Module to
accommodate this new functionality.
 Analysis: By examining the module structure, we can identify which
modules are affected by this change (e.g., Product Catalog, User
Authentication) and plan accordingly.

Summary

Module structures in software architecture provide a static view of

how the system is organized into functional units, allowing us to
 understand their responsibilities, dependencies, and relationships.
They are essential for managing system complexity and planning for
system changes.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#130 Component and

Connector Structures Component-and-connector Structures Embody
decisions as to how the system is to be structured as a set of
elements that have runtime behavior (components) and interactions
(connectors) The elements are runtime components which are the
principal units of computation services, peers, clients, servers, filters,
etc connectors - communication vehicles among components call-
return, process synchronization operators, pipes, etc Component-
and-connector Structures Component-and-connector views help us
answer questions such as these: What are the major executing
components and how do they interact at runtime? What are the
major shared data stores? Which parts of the system are replicated?
How does data progress through the system? What parts of the
system can run in parallel? Can the system’s structure change as it
executes and, if so, how? Component-and-connector Structures
component-and-connector views are crucially important for asking
questions about the system’s runtime properties performance,
security, availability, and more Software Design and Architecture
Topic#130 END! (my prompt is that give me simple beginner level
examples of all the topics or text above given by me in this prompt)
Important Note: do not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #130: Component and Connector Structures

Component-and-Connector Structures

Definition: Component-and-connector structures in software

architecture embody decisions on how the system is structured as a
set of elements that have runtime behavior (components) and
interactions (connectors).

Example:

 E-commerce Application:
 Components:
 Web Server Component: Responsible for serving web pages to
clients.
 Application Server Component: Handles business logic and
application processing.
 Database Server Component: Manages and stores product
information, user data, and orders.
 Connectors:
 HTTP Connector: Connects the Web Server to the clients through
HTTP requests.
 Database Connector: Connects the Application Server to the
Database Server to retrieve and store data.
 Message Queue Connector: Connects the Application Server to
background processes for asynchronous tasks.

Questions Answered by Component-and-Connector Structures

1.

Major Executing Components and Interactions at Runtime:

2.
 Example: The Web Server interacts with the Application Server
through HTTP requests to process orders and manage user sessions.
3.

Major Shared Data Stores:

4.
 Example: The Database Server is a shared data store accessed by the
Application Server and other components for product information
and user data.
5.

Replicated Parts of the System:

6.
 Example: The Application Server can be replicated to handle
increased traffic during peak times.
7.

Data Progress Through the System:

8.
 Example: Data flows from the Web Server to the Application Server
for processing, and then to the Database Server for storage.
9.

Parallel Execution:

10.
 Example: The Web Server and Application Server components can
handle client requests in parallel, improving system performance.
11.

System Structure Changes During Execution:

12.
 Example: The number of Application Server instances can be
dynamically adjusted based on system load to maintain performance.

Importance of Component-and-Connector Views

Definition: Component-and-connector views are crucial for

understanding the system’s runtime properties such as performance,
security, and availability.

Example:

 Performance: By analyzing component interactions, we can optimize

communication patterns between components to improve overall
system performance.
 Security: Understanding how connectors handle authentication and
encryption between components ensures secure data transmission.
 Availability: Redundancy in connectors and components ensures
that the system remains available even if certain components fail.
 Summary

Component-and-connector structures in software architecture focus

on the runtime behavior and interactions of components within the
system. They help to understand how different parts of the system
work together to achieve functional and non-functional requirements.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#131 Allocation Structures

Allocation Structures Embody decisions as to how the system will
relate to non software structures in its environment CPUs, file
systems, networks, development teams, etc. These structures show
the relationship between the software elements and elements in one
or more external environments in which the software is created and
executed. Allocation Structures Allocation views help us answer
questions such as these: What processor does each software element
execute on? In what directories or files is each element stored during
development, testing, and system building? What is the assignment
of each software element to development teams? Useful for
Performance, availability, security analysis Configuration control,
integration, test activities Project management, best use of expertise
and available resources, management of commonality Software
Design and Architecture Topic#131 END! (my prompt is that give me
simple beginner level examples of all the topics or text above given
by me in this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.

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Topic #131: Allocation Structures

Allocation Structures

Definition: Allocation structures in software architecture embody

decisions on how the system will relate to non-software structures in
its environment, such as CPUs, file systems, networks, development
teams, etc.

Example:

 E-commerce Application:
 Processor Allocation:
 Web Server Component: Executes on a dedicated virtual machine
with a specific CPU allocation to handle web traffic.
 Database Server Component: Executes on another virtual machine
with a separate CPU allocation for handling database queries.
 File Allocation:
 Source Code Files: Stored in a version control system like Git during
development.
 Configuration Files: Stored in specific directories on the server
during deployment.
 Team Assignment:
 Development Team A: Responsible for frontend development,
including the Web Server component.
 Development Team B: Responsible for backend development,
including the Database Server component.

Questions Answered by Allocation Structures

1.

Processor Allocation:

2.
 Example: The Web Server component runs on a specific CPU in a
virtualized environment to ensure performance and scalability.
3.

Storage Allocation:

4.
 Example: Source code files are stored in a Git repository for version
control, and configuration files are stored in a designated directory
on the server.
5.

Team Assignment:

6.
 Example: Development teams are assigned responsibilities based on
their expertise, with clear boundaries between frontend and backend
development.

Usefulness of Allocation Views

Definition: Allocation views help answer questions related to

performance, availability, security analysis, configuration control,
integration, test activities, project management, and resource
management.

Example:

 Performance Analysis:
 Scenario: By analyzing processor allocation, we can ensure that
critical components have sufficient resources to handle user requests
efficiently.
 Security Analysis:
 Scenario: By understanding file system allocation, we can ensure that
sensitive configuration files are protected from unauthorized access.
 Project Management:
 Scenario: By assigning development teams to specific components,
we can manage project timelines and ensure effective collaboration.

Summary

Allocation structures in software architecture define how software

elements are related to external environments, including hardware,
file systems, and development teams. They are essential for
understanding resource allocation, managing project activities, and
ensuring system performance and security.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#132 Structures and Quality

Attributes Putting it all together Static Structures Module Structures
Dynamic Structures component-and-connector (C&C) structures –
components are runtime entities Deployment Structures aka
allocation structures Each structure provides a perspective for
reasoning about some of the relevant quality attributes. For example:
 The module “uses” structure, which embodies what modules use what
other modules, is strongly tied to the ease with which a system can
be extended or contracted. For example: The concurrency structure,
which embodies parallelism within the system, is strongly tied to the
ease with which a system can be made free of deadlock and
performance bottlenecks. For example: The deployment structure is
strongly tied to the achievement of performance, availability, and
security goals. Each structure provides the architect with a different
insight into the design (that is, each structure can be analyzed for its
ability to deliver a quality attribute). Each structure presents the
architect with an engineering leverage point By designing the
structures appropriately, the desired quality attributes emerge.
Software Design and Architecture Topic#132 END! (my prompt is that
give me simple beginner level examples of all the topics or text above
given by me in this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #132: Structures and Quality Attributes

Static Structures

Module Structures:

 Definition: Module structures define how the system's functionality

is divided into implementation units or modules, which are assigned
specific computational responsibilities.
 Example: In an e-commerce application, the User Authentication
Module is responsible for managing user logins and permissions,
while the Product Catalog Module manages the inventory of
products.

Dynamic Structures

Component-and-Connector (C&C) Structures:

 Definition: C&C structures define how the system is structured as a

set of components (runtime entities) and their interactions
(connectors) at runtime.
 Example: The Web Server component interacts with the Database
Server component through HTTP requests and database queries to
process and store user orders.

Deployment Structures

Allocation Structures:

 Definition: Allocation structures define how the software elements

are mapped onto the system's organizational, developmental,
installation, and execution environments.
 Example: The Web Server component is deployed on a cloud-based
virtual machine with specific CPU and memory allocations to ensure
optimal performance and availability.

Quality Attributes

Ease of System Extension or Contraction:

 Related Structure: Module "uses" structure.

 Example: The module structure defines dependencies between
modules. Clear dependencies make it easier to extend the system by
adding new modules without affecting existing ones.

Ease of Making the System Free of Deadlock and Performance

Bottlenecks:

 Related Structure: Concurrency structure.

 Example: The concurrency structure defines how processes or
threads interact. Proper concurrency management ensures that the
system can handle multiple requests without deadlocks or
bottlenecks.

Achievement of Performance, Availability, and Security Goals:

 Related Structure: Deployment structure.

 Example: The deployment structure defines how software
components are allocated to hardware resources. Proper deployment
ensures that the system meets performance, availability, and security
requirements.
 Importance of Structures

Definition: Each structure provides an insight into the system's

design and can be analyzed to understand its impact on achieving
quality attributes.

Example:

 Engineering Leverage Point: By designing module structures that

clearly define responsibilities, the system can achieve modifiability.
 Designing for Quality Attributes: Properly designing the
concurrency structure can prevent performance bottlenecks and
ensure scalability.

Summary

Each structure in software architecture—static, dynamic, and

deployment—provides a unique perspective into the system's design
and behavior. By analyzing these structures, architects can ensure
that the system meets its quality attribute goals such as modifiability,
performance, availability, and security.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#133 Relating Structures to

Each Other Relating Structures to Each Other Each of these structures
provides a different perspective and design handle on a system each
is valid and useful in its own right. Relating Structures to Each Other
Although the structures give different system perspectives, they are
not independent. Elements of one structure will be related to
elements of other structures For example, a module in a
decomposition structure may be manifested as one, part of one, or
several components in one of the component-and-connector
structures, In general, mappings between structures are many to
many. Example of how two structures might relate to each other The
figure on the left shows a module decomposition view of a tiny
client-server system Decomposition View Two modules must be
implemented: The client software and the server software The figure
on the right shows a component-and-connector view of the same
system Component-and-connector view of the same system At
runtime there are ten clients running and accessing the server two
modules and eleven components (and ten connectors) Used for very
 different things For example, the view on the right could be used for
performance analysis, bottleneck prediction, and network traffic
management, which would be extremely difficult or impossible to do
with the view on the left. Software Design and Architecture
Topic#133 END! (my prompt is that give me simple beginner level
examples of all the topics or text above given by me in this prompt)
Important Note: do not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #133: Relating Structures to Each Other

Relating Structures to Each Other

Definition: Each structure in software architecture provides a

different perspective on the system's design and behavior, and they
are related to each other.

Example of How Structures Relate

Decomposition View:

 Definition: Shows how the system is divided into modules or

subsystems based on functional responsibilities.
 Example: In an e-commerce system, there are modules for user
management, product catalog, and order processing.

Component-and-Connector View:

 Definition: Shows how components (runtime entities) interact

through connectors at runtime.
 Example: In an e-commerce system, the Web Server component
interacts with the Database Server component via HTTP requests and
database queries.

Relating the Views:

 Example Scenario:
 Decomposition View:
 Modules: User Interface Module, Business Logic Module, Database
Access Module.
 Component-and-Connector View:
 Components: Web Server Component, Application Server
Component, Database Server Component.
 Connectors: HTTP Connector, Database Connector.
 Mapping Example:
 The User Interface Module in the Decomposition View may be
realized by the Web Server Component in the Component-and-
Connector View.
 The Business Logic Module may be realized by the Application
Server Component.
 The Database Access Module may be realized by the Database
Server Component.

Usage and Differences:

 Decomposition View Usage:

 Used for understanding the system's high-level structure and module
responsibilities.
 Helpful for designing and modifying the system based on functional
requirements.
 Component-and-Connector View Usage:
 Used for performance analysis, bottleneck prediction, and network
traffic management.
 Provides insights into how components interact at runtime.

Summary:

 Relationships: Structures in software architecture are related;

elements in one structure map to elements in another.
 Usage: Each structure serves different purposes, such as design,
development, and runtime analysis.
 Example: In a client-server system, the Decomposition View shows
modules like client software and server software, while the
Component-and-Connector View shows components like clients and
servers interacting at runtime.

By understanding how these structures relate and complement each

other, architects can effectively design and analyze software systems
to meet functional and non-functional requirements.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#134 Choosing an

Appropriate Structure Degree of Rigor Not all systems warrant
consideration of many architectural structures The larger the system,
the more dramatic the difference between these structures tends to
be For small systems we can often get by with fewer Degree of Rigor
Instead of working with each of several component-and-connector
structures, usually a single one will do If there is only one process,
then the process structure collapses to a single node and need not be
explicitly represented in the design If there is to be no distribution
(that is, if the system is implemented on a single processor), then the
deployment structure is trivial and need not be considered further
Degree of Rigor In general, design and document a structure only if
doing so brings a positive return on the investment, usually in terms
of decreased development or maintenance costs Which Structures to
Choose? Many architectural structures to choose from Which ones
shall an architect choose to work on? Which ones shall the architect
choose to document? Surely not all of them. Which Structures to
Choose? How the various available structures provide insight and
leverage into the system’s most important quality attributes, and then
choose the ones that will play the best role in delivering those
attributes Software Design and Architecture Topic#134 END! (my
prompt is that give me simple beginner level examples of all the
topics or text above given by me in this prompt) Important Note: do
not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #134: Choosing an Appropriate Structure

Degree of Rigor

Not All Systems Warrant Consideration of Many Architectural

Structures:
 Explanation: Smaller systems may not need multiple architectural
structures.
 Example: A simple calculator app may only require a module
structure to organize operations, without needing complex
component-and-connector or deployment structures.

Choosing Structures Based on System Size:

 Explanation: Larger systems benefit from more structures, each

serving specific purposes.
 Example: A large e-commerce platform might require module
structures to organize product management, component-and-
connector structures for handling user interactions, and deployment
structures for scalability.

Simplifying Structures When Appropriate:

 Explanation: If a system operates on a single processor, the

deployment structure can be simplified.
 Example: A small business accounting software running on a single
computer may collapse the deployment structure to a single node, as
no distribution is needed.

Which Structures to Choose?

Decision Criteria:

 Insight and Leverage into Quality Attributes: Choose structures

that provide insight into the most important quality attributes.
 Example: For a real-time messaging application, choose component-
and-connector structures to analyze performance and reliability.

Documentation:

 Purpose: Document structures that bring a positive return on

investment.
 Example: Documenting a module structure helps developers
understand code organization and reduces maintenance costs.

Summary
 System Size Impact: Larger systems benefit from multiple structures,
while smaller systems may require fewer.
 Simplification: Structures can be simplified based on system
characteristics (e.g., single processor).
 Choosing Structures: Select structures that best support the
system's quality attributes and provide engineering leverage.

By choosing and documenting appropriate structures, architects can

effectively design and maintain software systems that meet
requirements and optimize development efforts.

Topic#135 Architectural Patterns – Overview In some cases,

architectural elements are composed in ways that solve particular
problems. The compositions have been found useful over time, and
over many different domains, and so they have been documented
and disseminated. These compositions of architectural elements,
called architectural patterns, provide packaged strategies for solving
some of the problems facing a system. An architectural pattern
delineates the element types and their forms of interaction used in
solving the problem. Patterns can be characterized according to the
type of architectural elements they use Some Examples Module
Patterns Layered Pattern Component-and-connector type pattern
Shared Data (or repository) Pattern Client-Server Pattern Allocation
Patterns Multi-tier pattern Competence center and platform center
Layered Pattern Module type pattern When the uses relation among
software elements is strictly unidirectional, a system of layers
emerges. A layer is a coherent set of related functionality. In a strictly
layered structure, a layer can only use the services of the layer
immediately below it. Many variations of this pattern, lessening the
structural restriction, occur in practice. Layers are often designed as
abstractions (virtual machines) that hide implementation specifics
below from the layers above, engendering portability Shared Data (or
repository) Pattern Component-and-connector type pattern
comprises components and connectors that create, store, and access
persistent data. The repository usually takes the form of a database.
The connectors are protocols for managing the data, such as SQL.
Client-Server Pattern Component-and-connector type pattern The
components are the clients and the servers, and the connectors are
protocols and messages they share among each other to carry out
 the system’s work. Multi-tier Pattern Allocation pattern Describes how
to distribute and allocate the components of a system in distinct
subsets of hardware and software, connected by some
communication medium. This pattern specializes the generic
deployment (software-to-hardware allocation) structure. Competence
center and platform Allocation pattern specialize a software system’s
work assignment structure. In competence center, work is allocated
to sites depending on the technical or domain expertise located at a
site. For example, user-interface design is done at a site where
usability engineering experts are located. In platform, one site is
tasked with developing reusable core assets of a software product
line, and other sites develop applications that use the core assets.
Software Design and Architecture Topic#135 END! (my prompt is that
give me simple beginner level examples of all the topics or text above
given by me in this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #135: Architectural Patterns – Overview

What are Architectural Patterns?

Definition: Architectural patterns are predefined solutions to

common architectural problems. They provide strategies for
organizing software elements to achieve specific quality attributes.

Characteristics:

 Compositions of Architectural Elements: Composed ways of

solving problems found useful across various domains.
 Documented and Disseminated: These patterns are documented
and shared to provide reusable solutions.
 Types of Architectural Patterns: Classified based on the types of
architectural elements and their interactions.

Examples of Architectural Patterns

Module Patterns:

 Definition: Patterns that organize software elements into modules or

units.
 Example: Module decomposition in a payroll system where modules
handle different aspects like employee management, payroll
calculations, and reporting.

Layered Pattern:

 Type: Module type pattern.

 Description: Uses a strict hierarchy of layers where each layer can
only interact with the layer directly below it.
 Example: A web application with presentation layer (UI), business
logic layer (processing rules), and data access layer (database
interaction).

Shared Data (or Repository) Pattern:

 Type: Component-and-connector type pattern.

 Description: Involves components that create, store, and access
persistent data, typically using a database.
 Example: An e-commerce system using a shared database repository
for storing product information, customer details, and order history.

Client-Server Pattern:

 Type: Component-and-connector type pattern.

 Description: Involves clients and servers communicating via
protocols and messages.
 Example: A chat application where clients (user devices) interact with
a server that manages chat sessions and message delivery.

Multi-tier Pattern:

 Type: Allocation pattern.

 Description: Describes how components are distributed across
different tiers of hardware and software.
 Example: A web application with a front-end (client), middleware
(application server), and backend (database server) tiers.

Competence Center and Platform Center Pattern:

 Type: Allocation pattern.

 Description: Specializes work assignment structures based on
technical or domain expertise.
 Examples:
 Competence Center: User interface design tasks assigned to a site
with usability engineering expertise.
 Platform Center: Core asset development centralized at one site,
with other sites developing applications using those assets.

Summary

 Purpose: Architectural patterns provide reusable solutions to

common architectural problems.
 Types: Patterns are categorized based on the types of architectural
elements and their interactions.
 Examples: Each pattern solves a specific set of problems and
provides guidance on organizing software systems.

By understanding and applying architectural patterns, architects can

design systems that are efficient, scalable, and maintainable, meeting
both functional and non-functional requirements effectively.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#136 What makes a good

architecture? No such thing as an inherently good or bad architecture
Is it fit for some purpose? A three-tier layered service-oriented
architecture may be the right thing for a large enterprise’s web-based
B2B system but completely wrong for an avionics application. An
architecture carefully crafted to achieve high modifiability does not
make sense for a throwaway prototype (and vice versa!).
Architectures can in fact be evaluated—but only in the context of
specific stated goals There are rules of thumb that should be
followed when designing most architectures Failure to apply any of
these does not automatically mean that the architecture will be fatally
flawed, but it should at least serve as a warning sign that should be
investigated. Recommendation process recommendations product
(or structural) recommendations
Software Design and Architecture Topic#136 END! (my prompt is
that give me simple beginner level examples of all the topics or text
above given by me in this prompt) Important Note: do not use
analogies.
 ChatGPT

Topic #136: What Makes a Good Architecture?

Context-Specific Evaluation

Key Point: There's no universally good or bad architecture. Its value

is determined by how well it meets specific goals.

Example 1:

 Scenario: A large enterprise's web-based B2B system.

 Appropriate Architecture: Three-tier layered service-oriented
architecture (e.g., presentation, business logic, data access layers).
 Inappropriate for: An avionics application, which requires a highly
reliable and real-time system.

Example 2:

 Scenario: A throwaway prototype meant for quick demonstration.

 Appropriate Architecture: Simplified and quick to develop, focusing
on speed rather than modifiability.
 Inappropriate for: A system requiring high modifiability, which
needs a more structured and maintainable design.

Evaluation in Context of Goals

Key Point: Architectures should be evaluated based on how well they

achieve specific goals (e.g., performance, modifiability, security).

Example:

 Goal: High performance and low latency for a real-time financial

trading system.
 Evaluation Criteria: Throughput, response time, resource utilization.

Rules of Thumb

Key Point: Certain guidelines should be followed to design effective

architectures. Deviations from these guidelines warrant further
investigation.
 Process Recommendations:

 Documentation: Clearly document architectural decisions and the

rationale behind them.
 Stakeholder Involvement: Engage stakeholders early to understand
their requirements and constraints.

Example:

 Scenario: Developing a health monitoring system.

 Documentation: Capture how the system handles data privacy and
security.
 Stakeholder Involvement: Include healthcare professionals to
ensure the system meets medical standards and usability needs.

Product (Structural) Recommendations:

 Modularity: Design the system with well-defined modules that can

be developed and tested independently.
 Scalability: Ensure the architecture can handle increasing loads by
scaling up or out as needed.

Example:

 Scenario: A social media platform.

 Modularity: Separate user management, content management, and
notification services.
 Scalability: Design with load balancers and database sharding to
support millions of users.

Summary

A good architecture:

 Context-Specific: Fits the specific goals and requirements of the

project.
 Evaluated in Context: Judged based on how well it meets defined
goals.
 Follows Guidelines: Adheres to best practices in process and
structure, ensuring maintainability, scalability, and performance.
By following these principles and recommendations, architects can
create systems that are effective, efficient, and well-suited to their
intended purposes.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#137 Process

Recommendations Process Recommendations - 1 The architecture
should be the product of a single architect or a small group of
architects with an identified technical leader. This approach gives the
architecture its conceptual integrity and technical consistency. This
recommendation holds for Agile and open source projects as well as
“traditional” ones. There should be a strong connection between the
architect(s) and the development team, to avoid ivory tower designs
that are impractical. Process Recommendations - 2 The architect (or
architecture team) should, on an ongoing basis, base the architecture
on a prioritized list of well-specified quality attribute requirements.
These will inform the tradeoffs that always occur. Functionality
matters less. Process Recommendations - 3 The architecture should
be documented using views. The views should address the concerns
of the most important stakeholders in support of the project timeline.
This might mean minimal documentation at first, elaborated later.
Concerns usually are related to construction, analysis, and
maintenance of the system, as well as education of new stakeholders
about the system. Process Recommendations - 4 The architecture
should be evaluated for its ability to deliver the system’s important
quality attributes. This should occur early in the life cycle, when it
returns the most benefit, and repeated as appropriate, to ensure that
changes to the architecture (or the environment for which it is
intended) have not rendered the design obsolete. Process
Recommendations - 5 The architecture should lend itself to
incremental implementation, to avoid having to integrate everything
at once (which almost never works) as well as to discover problems
early. One way to do this is to create a “skeletal” system in which the
communication paths are exercised but which at first has minimal
functionality. This skeletal system can be used to “grow” the system
incrementally, refactoring as necessary. Software Design and
Architecture Topic#137 END! (my prompt is that give me simple
beginner level examples of all the topics or text above given by me in
this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.
 ChatGPT

Topic #137: Process Recommendations

Process Recommendation 1

Key Point: The architecture should be designed by a single architect

or a small team with a clear technical leader. This ensures consistency
and technical coherence. There should be strong communication
between the architect(s) and the development team.

Example:

 Scenario: Designing a new e-commerce platform.

 Implementation: A small team led by a chief architect collaborates
closely with the developers to ensure practical and consistent
architectural decisions.

Process Recommendation 2

Key Point: The architecture should be driven by a prioritized list of

well-defined quality attribute requirements, such as performance,
security, and scalability, rather than functionality alone.

Example:

 Scenario: Developing a real-time stock trading system.

 Implementation: The architecture team prioritizes low-latency and
high-availability requirements over additional features to ensure the
system can handle rapid trades effectively.

Process Recommendation 3

Key Point: Document the architecture using different views tailored

to stakeholders' concerns. Start with minimal documentation and
elaborate over time.

Example:

 Scenario: Building a hospital management system.

 Implementation: Initially, provide high-level diagrams to show how
major components interact. Later, add detailed views for the
development team, including data flow and security measures.

Process Recommendation 4

Key Point: Evaluate the architecture early and periodically to ensure

it meets the system's quality attributes. This helps identify potential
issues before they become significant problems.

Example:

 Scenario: Creating a new messaging app.

 Implementation: Conduct an architecture review focusing on
scalability and security soon after the initial design is completed.
Reevaluate after each major update.

Process Recommendation 5

Key Point: The architecture should support incremental

implementation to identify issues early and integrate components
gradually. Start with a skeletal system that exercises communication
paths with minimal functionality.

Example:

 Scenario: Developing a social networking site.

 Implementation: Begin with a basic framework that includes user
registration and simple messaging. Gradually add features like photo
sharing, comments, and notifications while continuously testing
integration.

These process recommendations help ensure that the software

architecture is robust, practical, and adaptable to changing
requirements and environments.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#138 Product

Recommendations Structural Recommendations - 1 The architecture
should feature well-defined modules whose functional responsibilities
are assigned on the principles of information hiding and separation
of concerns. The information-hiding modules should encapsulate
things likely to change, thus insulating the software from the effects
of those changes. Each module should have a well-defined interface
that encapsulates or “hides” the changeable aspects from other
software that uses its facilities. These interfaces should allow their
respective development teams to work largely independently of each
other. Structural Recommendations - 2 Unless your requirements are
unprecedented—possible, but unlikely—your quality attributes
should be achieved using well-known architectural patterns and
tactics specific to each attribute Structural Recommendations - 3 The
architecture should never depend on a particular version of a
commercial product or tool. If it must, it should be structured so that
changing to a different version is straightforward and inexpensive
Structural Recommendations - 4 Modules that produce data should
be separate from modules that consume data. This tends to increase
modifiability because changes are frequently confined to either the
production or the consumption side of data. If new data is added,
both sides will have to change, but the separation allows for a staged
(incremental) upgrade. Structural Recommendations - 5 Don’t expect
a one-to-one correspondence between modules and components.
For example, in systems with concurrency, there may be multiple
instances of a component running in parallel, where each component
is built from the same module. For systems with multiple threads of
concurrency, each thread may use services from several components,
each of which was built from a different module. Structural
Recommendations - 6 Every process should be written so that its
assignment to a specific processor can be easily changed, perhaps
even at runtime. Structural Recommendations - 7 The architecture
should feature a small number of ways for components to interact.
That is, the system should do the same things in the same way
throughout. This will aid in understandability, reduce development
time, increase reliability, and enhance modifiability. Structural
Recommendations - 8 The architecture should contain a specific (and
small) set of resource contention areas, the resolution of which is
clearly specified and maintained. For example, if network utilization is
an area of concern, the architect should produce (and enforce) for
each development team guidelines that will result in a minimum of
network traffic. If performance is a concern, the architect should
produce (and enforce) time budgets for the major threads. Software
 Design and Architecture Topic#138 END! (my prompt is that give me
simple beginner level examples of all the topics or text above given
by me in this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #138: Product Recommendations

Structural Recommendation 1

Key Point: The architecture should feature well-defined modules with

functional responsibilities based on information hiding and
separation of concerns. Each module should have a well-defined
interface.

Example:

 Scenario: Developing a payment processing system.

 Implementation: Create separate modules for payment validation,
transaction processing, and notification. Each module has an interface
that hides its internal implementation details, allowing changes
without affecting other modules.

Structural Recommendation 2

Key Point: Use well-known architectural patterns and tactics to

achieve quality attributes unless requirements are entirely unique.

Example:

 Scenario: Designing an online book store.

 Implementation: Use a layered architecture pattern to separate the
presentation, business logic, and data access layers to ensure
maintainability and scalability.

Structural Recommendation 3

Key Point: The architecture should not depend on a specific version

of a commercial product or tool. If it must, make changing to a
different version straightforward.

Example:
 Scenario: Using a database in a customer management system.
 Implementation: Abstract database access through a data access
layer that can easily be configured to switch from one database
version to another.

Structural Recommendation 4

Key Point: Separate modules that produce data from those that
consume data to increase modifiability.

Example:

 Scenario: Developing a reporting system.

 Implementation: Separate modules for data collection and data
reporting. If data formats change, only the collection or reporting
module needs to be updated.

Structural Recommendation 5

Key Point: Avoid expecting a one-to-one correspondence between

modules and components. Components may run in parallel or use
services from multiple modules.

Example:

 Scenario: Building a chat application.

 Implementation: The chat module handles messages, but multiple
chat components run concurrently to handle different user sessions.

Structural Recommendation 6

Key Point: Write processes so their assignment to specific processors

can be easily changed, even at runtime.

Example:

 Scenario: Developing a distributed computing system.

 Implementation: Design processes to be assigned to different
servers dynamically based on load balancing algorithms.

Structural Recommendation 7
 Key Point: Limit the number of ways components interact to
enhance understandability, reduce development time, increase
reliability, and enhance modifiability.

Example:

 Scenario: Creating a microservices-based application.

 Implementation: Standardize inter-service communication using
RESTful APIs for all microservices.

Structural Recommendation 8

Key Point: Specify and maintain a small set of resource contention

areas with clear resolution strategies.

Example:

 Scenario: Developing a high-performance trading system.

 Implementation: Define clear guidelines for network usage to
minimize traffic and enforce time budgets for critical processing
threads to ensure performance targets are met.

These recommendations help ensure that the architecture is robust,

flexible, and capable of evolving to meet new requirements or
technologies.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#139 Architectural Drivers

considerations that need to be made for the software system that are
architecturally significant. They drive and guide the design of the
software architecture. Architectural drivers describe what you are
doing and why you are doing it. Software architecture design satisfies
architectural drivers. Architectural drivers are inputs into the design
process, and include: Design objectives Primary functional
requirements Quality attribute scenarios Constraints Architectural
concerns Software Design and Architecture Topic#139 END! (my
prompt is that give me simple beginner level examples of all the
topics or text above given by me in this prompt) Important Note: do
not use analogies.

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 Topic #139: Architectural Drivers

1. Design Objectives

Key Point: These are the main goals or purposes of the software
system.

Example:

 Scenario: Developing an e-commerce website.

 Design Objective: Create a platform that supports millions of users
and processes thousands of transactions per second.

2. Primary Functional Requirements

Key Point: These are the essential functions that the software must
perform.

Example:

 Scenario: Developing a social media application.

 Functional Requirement: Users must be able to post updates,
comment on posts, and like posts.

3. Quality Attribute Scenarios

Key Point: These describe how well the system performs its functions
under certain conditions.

Example:

 Scenario: Developing a video streaming service.

 Quality Attribute Scenario: The system must stream videos with less
than 2 seconds of buffering time for users with at least a 5 Mbps
internet connection.

4. Constraints

Key Point: These are limitations or restrictions that must be

considered in the design.

Example:
 Scenario: Developing a healthcare application.
 Constraint: The application must comply with HIPAA regulations to
ensure patient data privacy.

5. Architectural Concerns

Key Point: These are issues or challenges that need to be addressed

in the architecture.

Example:

 Scenario: Developing a banking application.

 Architectural Concern: Ensure the system is highly secure to protect
against unauthorized access and fraud.

These architectural drivers help shape the design and implementation

of the software system, ensuring that it meets its goals and
requirements effectively.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#140 The Architecture Meta-

Frame considerations that need to be made for the software system
that are architecturally significant. The Architecture Meta-Frame
Software Design and Architecture Topic#140 END! (my prompt is that
give me simple beginner level examples of all the topics or text above
given by me in this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.

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Topic #140: The Architecture Meta-Frame

The Architecture Meta-Frame is a conceptual framework that helps to

organize and guide the key considerations for software architecture.
It ensures that all architecturally significant aspects are taken into
account when designing a system.

1. Functional Requirements

 Key Point: The core features and capabilities the system must
provide.
 Example: For an online shopping system, the functional requirements
include user account management, product catalog browsing, and
checkout process.

2. Quality Attributes

 Key Point: Non-functional requirements that define how the system

performs under certain conditions.
 Example: The system should be able to handle 10,000 simultaneous
users (performance), ensure data is encrypted (security), and maintain
99.99% uptime (availability).

3. Constraints

 Key Point: Limitations or restrictions on the system's design and

implementation.
 Example: The system must run on Linux servers, must be compatible
with existing database systems, and must comply with GDPR for data
privacy.

4. Architectural Patterns

 Key Point: Proven solutions for common architectural problems.

 Example: Using a microservices architecture to break down a large
application into smaller, independent services that can be developed,
deployed, and scaled individually.

5. Architectural Styles

 Key Point: The overarching design philosophy or approach.

 Example: Adopting a RESTful architecture style for web services to
ensure stateless communication and a uniform interface.

6. Technical Environment

 Key Point: The technology stack and tools that will be used.
 Example: Utilizing Java for backend development, Angular for
frontend development, and Docker for containerization.

7. Stakeholder Concerns
 Key Point: The interests and priorities of all stakeholders.
 Example: Ensuring that the system meets the usability needs of end-
users, the maintainability requirements of developers, and the
scalability expectations of business managers.

8. Change Drivers

 Key Point: Factors that may require the architecture to evolve over
time.
 Example: Anticipating future integration with third-party payment
systems, accommodating changes in user demand, or adapting to
new regulatory requirements.

By considering all these aspects within the Architecture Meta-Frame,

architects can create a comprehensive and well-rounded design that
addresses the various needs and constraints of the system.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#141 The Architecture Meta-

Frame Quality Attributes: Introduction A quality attribute (QA) is a
measurable or testable property of a system that is used to indicate
how well the system satisfies the needs of its stakeholders. a quality
attribute is a measure of the “goodness” of a product along some
dimension of interest to a stakeholder the qualities that must be
provided for in a system’s architecture aka cross-cutting concerns,
non-functional requirements, service-level agreements, etc. Systems
are frequently redesigned not because they are functionally deficient
but because they are difficult to maintain, port, or scale; or they are
too slow; or they have been compromised by hackers. Software
Design and Architecture Topic#141 END! (my prompt is that give me
simple beginner level examples of all the topics or text above given
by me in this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.

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Topic #141: The Architecture Meta-Frame - Quality Attributes:

Introduction

A quality attribute (QA) is a measurable or testable property of a

system that indicates how well the system satisfies the needs of its
stakeholders. Quality attributes measure the "goodness" of a product
 along dimensions that stakeholders care about. These qualities must
be provided for in a system’s architecture and are also known as
cross-cutting concerns, non-functional requirements, or service-level
agreements.

Examples of Quality Attributes

1.

Performance

2.
 Definition: The system's ability to process requests and execute tasks
within acceptable time limits.
 Example: An e-commerce website should load each page within 2
seconds even during peak traffic.
3.

Scalability

4.
 Definition: The system's ability to handle increased loads by adding
resources such as servers or databases.
 Example: A social media platform should be able to support an
increase from 1 million to 10 million users without degrading
performance.
5.

Maintainability

6.
 Definition: The ease with which the system can be modified to fix
defects, improve performance, or adapt to a changing environment.
 Example: Code should be organized and documented so that new
developers can easily understand and update it.
7.

Security

8.
 Definition: The system's ability to protect data and resources from
unauthorized access and modifications.
 Example: A banking application should ensure that all sensitive
transactions are encrypted and that only authenticated users can
access their accounts.
9.

Usability

10.
 Definition: The ease with which users can learn and use the system.
 Example: A mobile app should have a simple and intuitive interface
so that new users can perform basic tasks without training.
11.

Availability

12.
 Definition: The proportion of time the system is operational and
accessible when required for use.
 Example: An online payment system should have an uptime of
99.99%, meaning it is unavailable for only a few minutes each year.
13.

Portability

14.
 Definition: The ease with which the system can be transferred from
one environment to another.
 Example: Software developed on Windows should be easily portable
to Linux without major changes in the code.
15.

Modifiability

16.
 Definition: The ease with which the system can accommodate
changes.
 Example: The architecture of a content management system should
allow for easy addition of new features, like a blog or a forum,
without major redesign.

Systems are often redesigned not because they lack functional

capabilities but because they are hard to maintain, port, scale,
perform poorly, or are insecure. Addressing quality attributes
effectively ensures the system remains valuable and meets
stakeholder needs over time.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#142 The Architecture Meta-

Frame Architecturally Significant Quality Attributes architecture
provides the mapping of a system’s functionality onto software
structures that determines the architecture’s support for qualities how
various qualities are supported by architectural design decisions How
to express the qualities we want our architecture to provide to the
system or systems we are building from it How to achieve those
qualities How to determine the design decisions we might make with
respect to those qualities Quality Attributes Quality attributes can be
used to focus your thinking around the critical problems that your
design should solve. Depending on your requirements, you might or
might not need to consider every quality attribute Quality Attributes
For example, every application design must consider security and
performance, but not every design needs to consider interoperability
or scalability. Quality Attributes Understand your requirements and
deployment scenarios first so that you know which quality attributes
are important for your design. Quality Attributes quality attributes
may conflict; for example, security often requires a tradeoff against
performance or usability. Analyze and understand the key tradeoffs
when designing for security attributes so that side effects do not
become obvious later. Software Design and Architecture Topic#142
END! (my prompt is that give me simple beginner level examples of
all the topics or text above given by me in this prompt) Important
Note: do not use analogies.

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Topic #142: The Architecture Meta-Frame - Architecturally

Significant Quality Attributes
 Architecturally significant quality attributes are those that have a
major impact on the architecture of a system. They guide how
functionality is mapped onto software structures and influence design
decisions to ensure the system meets specific qualities.

Examples of Quality Attributes and Their Architectural Support

1.

Performance

2.
 Expressing Quality: The system must process user requests within 2
seconds.
 Achieving Quality: Use efficient algorithms, optimize database
queries, and use caching mechanisms.
 Design Decisions: Choose high-performance servers, minimize data
transfer between components, and use asynchronous processing for
non-critical tasks.
3.

Scalability

4.
 Expressing Quality: The system must handle 10,000 concurrent
users.
 Achieving Quality: Implement load balancing and design the system
to allow adding more servers as needed.
 Design Decisions: Use a microservices architecture to distribute the
load and ensure each service can be scaled independently.
5.

Security

6.
 Expressing Quality: Only authenticated users should access sensitive
data.
 Achieving Quality: Implement robust authentication and
authorization mechanisms, encrypt data in transit and at rest.
 Design Decisions: Use secure communication protocols (e.g., HTTPS),
integrate with identity management systems, and conduct regular
security audits.
7.

Maintainability

8.
 Expressing Quality: The system should allow easy updates and bug
fixes.
 Achieving Quality: Follow coding standards, use modular design,
and maintain comprehensive documentation.
 Design Decisions: Implement a clear separation of concerns, use
version control systems, and create automated testing frameworks.
9.

Usability

10.
 Expressing Quality: Users should be able to complete tasks with
minimal effort.
 Achieving Quality: Design intuitive interfaces, conduct user testing,
and provide clear instructions and feedback.
 Design Decisions: Adopt user-centered design principles, ensure
consistency across the interface, and provide accessibility features.
11.

Availability

12.
 Expressing Quality: The system should be available 99.99% of the
time.
 Achieving Quality: Implement redundancy, failover mechanisms, and
regular backups.
 Design Decisions: Use redundant servers, deploy in multiple data
centers, and monitor system health continuously.
13.

Interoperability
14.
 Expressing Quality: The system must integrate with third-party
services.
 Achieving Quality: Use standard protocols and formats for data
exchange, provide APIs.
 Design Decisions: Adopt RESTful or SOAP web services, support
common data formats like JSON and XML, and document APIs
clearly.
15.

Portability

16.
 Expressing Quality: The system should run on different operating
systems.
 Achieving Quality: Use platform-independent technologies and
avoid system-specific features.
 Design Decisions: Develop using languages and frameworks that
support multiple platforms (e.g., Java, .NET Core), and use
containerization (e.g., Docker) to ensure consistency across
environments.

Understanding which quality attributes are important and how they

may conflict (e.g., security vs. performance) is crucial. Architects need
to make informed trade-offs to balance these attributes and meet the
system's overall goals.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#143 The Architecture Meta-

Frame Guidelines for Quality Attributes When designing to
accommodate quality attributes, consider the following guidelines:
Quality attributes are system properties that are separate from the
functionality of the system. From a technical perspective,
implementing quality attributes can differentiate a good system from
a bad one. There are two types of quality attributes: those that are
measured at run time, and those that can only be estimated through
inspection. Analyze the tradeoffs between quality attributes.
Questions you should ask when considering quality attributes include:
What are the key quality attributes required for your application?
Identify them as part of the design process. What are the key
 requirements for addressing these attributes? Are they actually
quantifiable? What are the acceptance criteria that will indicate that
you have met the requirements? Software Design and Architecture
Topic#143 END! (my prompt is that give me simple beginner level
examples of all the topics or text above given by me in this prompt)
Important Note: do not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #143: The Architecture Meta-Frame - Guidelines for

Quality Attributes

When designing a system to meet specific quality attributes, it's

important to follow certain guidelines to ensure the system's
effectiveness and efficiency.

Guidelines and Examples for Quality Attributes

1.

Identify Key Quality Attributes

2.
 Example: For an e-commerce application, key quality attributes
might include performance, security, and scalability.
3.

Quantifiable Requirements

4.
 Example:
 Performance: The system should handle 100 transactions per second.
 Security: The system should use two-factor authentication for all
users.
 Scalability: The system should support 10,000 concurrent users.
5.

Acceptance Criteria

6.
 Example:
 Performance: Load tests must show that the system maintains
response times under 2 seconds for 95% of requests under peak load.
 Security: A security audit must find no critical vulnerabilities.
 Scalability: The system must maintain performance criteria under
simulated peak loads.
7.

Measure at Runtime vs. Estimate through Inspection

8.
 Runtime Measurement:
 Example: Measure response times and throughput during
performance testing.
 Inspection Estimation:
 Example: Code reviews to ensure compliance with coding standards
and security best practices.
9.

Analyze Tradeoffs Between Quality Attributes

10.
 Example: Improving security (e.g., adding encryption) might reduce
performance slightly. Ensure that the performance degradation is
within acceptable limits while achieving the desired security level.
11.

Questions to Consider

12.
 What are the key quality attributes required for your
application?
 Example: For a healthcare application, key attributes might be
security, reliability, and data integrity.
 What are the key requirements for addressing these attributes?
Are they quantifiable?
 Example:
 Security: All patient data must be encrypted both in transit and at
rest.
 Reliability: The system should have 99.99% uptime.
 Data Integrity: Data input validation must ensure no incorrect data is
stored.
 What are the acceptance criteria that will indicate that you have
met the requirements?
 Example:
 Security: Pass a penetration test with no critical findings.
 Reliability: System monitoring shows less than 5 minutes of downtime
per month.
 Data Integrity: Automated tests confirm that no invalid data can be
saved in the database.

By following these guidelines and addressing the key questions, you

can ensure that your software architecture adequately supports the
required quality attributes, making the system robust, efficient, and
suitable for its intended purpose.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#144 The Architecture Meta-

Frame Quality Attributes – Description Software Design and
Architecture Topic#144 END! (my prompt is that give me simple
beginner level examples of all the topics or text above given by me in
this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #144: The Architecture Meta-Frame - Quality Attributes

Description

Quality attributes describe the essential characteristics that a system

must possess. Here are some key quality attributes with simple
beginner-level examples:

1.

Performance
2.
 Description: How quickly does the system respond to user actions or
process data?
 Example: An online banking system should process a balance inquiry
within 2 seconds.
3.

Scalability

4.
 Description: How well does the system handle growth, such as an
increasing number of users or transactions?
 Example: A social media application should be able to handle a
million users without performance degradation.
5.

Security

6.
 Description: How well does the system protect against unauthorized
access and data breaches?
 Example: An e-commerce website should use encryption to protect
customer payment information.
7.

Availability

8.
 Description: How often is the system operational and accessible
when needed?
 Example: A news website should be available 99.9% of the time,
meaning less than 8 hours of downtime per year.
9.

Usability

10.
 Description: How easy is it for users to learn and use the system?
 Example: A mobile app should have an intuitive interface that new
users can navigate without instructions.
11.

Maintainability

12.
 Description: How easy is it to update, fix, and improve the system?
 Example: A library management system should allow developers to
easily add new features like book reservation without extensive code
changes.
13.

Reliability

14.
 Description: How consistently does the system perform its intended
functions correctly?
 Example: A medical record system should accurately store and
retrieve patient information every time.
15.

Interoperability

16.
 Description: How well does the system work with other systems?
 Example: A payment gateway should integrate seamlessly with
various e-commerce platforms.
17.

Portability

18.
 Description: How easily can the system be moved to different
environments?
 Example: A web application should run on different browsers like
Chrome, Firefox, and Safari without issues.
19.
 Testability

20.
 Description: How easily can the system be tested to ensure it works
correctly?
 Example: A payroll system should have automated tests to verify that
tax calculations are accurate.

Understanding and implementing these quality attributes in your

software architecture ensures that the system meets the needs and
expectations of its stakeholders, providing a robust and effective
solution.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#145 The Architecture Meta-

Frame Requirements and Constraints Constraints a design decision
with zero degrees of freedom external factors (such as not being able
to train the staff in a new language, or having a business agreement
with a software supplier, or pushing business goals of service
interoperability) have led those in power to dictate these design
outcomes. Software Design and Architecture Topic#145 END! (my
prompt is that give me simple beginner level examples of all the
topics or text above given by me in this prompt) Important Note: do
not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #145: The Architecture Meta-Frame - Requirements and

Constraints

Requirements

Requirements are the specifications of what the system should do.

They guide the design and development of the software. Here are
some simple examples:

1.

Functional Requirements

2.
 Description: Specific behaviors or functions of the system.
 Example: An e-commerce website must allow users to search for
products by name or category.
3.

Non-Functional Requirements (Quality Attributes)

4.
 Description: Characteristics of the system that do not relate to
specific behaviors.
 Example: The website should load within 3 seconds.

Constraints

Constraints are design decisions that are fixed and cannot be

changed. They limit the design choices available to the architect. Here
are some examples:

1.

Technical Constraints

2.
 Example: The system must be developed using Java because the
existing infrastructure and team expertise are centered around Java.
3.

Business Constraints

4.
 Example: The system must integrate with a third-party payment
gateway due to a business agreement with that payment provider.
5.

Legal and Regulatory Constraints

6.
 Example: The system must comply with GDPR regulations, ensuring
user data protection and privacy.
7.
 Resource Constraints

8.
 Example: The system must be developed within a budget of
$100,000 and must be completed in six months.
9.

Operational Constraints

10.
 Example: The system must run on existing hardware, which limits the
software choices to those compatible with the current setup.
11.

Organizational Constraints

12.
 Example: The system must use the existing version control system
(e.g., Git) and project management tools (e.g., Jira) that the company
has standardized on.

These requirements and constraints guide the architecture of the

system, ensuring that it meets the necessary specifications and works
within the given limitations.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#146 The Architecture Meta-

Frame Application Types Application Types Your choice of application
type will be related both to the technology constraints and the type
of user experience you plan to deliver. Choosing the right application
type is the key part of the process of designing and architecting an
application. Application Types Your choice of an appropriate
application type is governed by your specific requirements and
infrastructure limitations. Use scenarios to help you choose an
application type. Application Types For example, if you want to
support rich media and graphics delivered over the Internet, a rich
Internet application (RIA) is probably the best choice. However, if you
want to support data entry with forms in an occasionally connected
scenario, a rich client is probably the best choice. Application Type
Mobile applications designed for mobile devices. Rich client
 applications designed to run primarily on a client PC. Rich Internet
applications designed to be deployed from the Internet, which
support rich user interface (UI) and media scenarios. Application Type
Service applications designed to support communication between
loosely coupled components. Web applications designed to run
primarily on the server in fully connected scenarios. Software Design
and Architecture Topic#146 END! (my prompt is that give me simple
beginner level examples of all the topics or text above given by me in
this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #146: The Architecture Meta-Frame - Application Types

Mobile Applications

 Description: Applications designed to run on mobile devices like

smartphones and tablets.
 Example: A fitness tracking app that records your daily steps and
syncs data to the cloud.

Rich Client Applications

 Description: Applications designed to run primarily on a client PC

with significant processing and storage capabilities.
 Example: A desktop photo editing software that allows users to edit
images locally on their computer.

Rich Internet Applications (RIA)

 Description: Applications deployed from the Internet that provide a

rich user interface and support media scenarios.
 Example: An online video editing tool that runs in a web browser and
provides advanced editing features similar to desktop applications.

Service Applications

 Description: Applications designed to support communication

between loosely coupled components, often running on servers and
accessed via APIs.
 Example: A weather service API that provides real-time weather data
to various client applications.

Web Applications

 Description: Applications designed to run primarily on a server and

accessed through a web browser in fully connected scenarios.
 Example: An online shopping website where users can browse
products, add them to a cart, and make purchases.

Choosing the right application type depends on the specific

requirements and constraints of your project, such as the need for
mobility, offline capability, user interface richness, and the nature of
the data being processed.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#147 The Architecture Meta-

Frame Application Types and Deployment Strategy Deployment
Strategy When you design your application architecture, you must
take into account corporate policies and procedures, together with
the infrastructure on which you plan to deploy your application.
Deployment Strategy Whether or not the target environment is
inflexible, your application design must accommodate any restrictions
that exist in that environment. Your application design must also take
into account quality attributes such as security, performance, and
maintainability. Deployment Strategy Your application design must
also take into account quality attributes such as security,
performance, and maintainability. Sometimes you must make design
tradeoffs due to protocol restrictions and network topologies.
Deployment Strategy Identify the requirements and constraints that
exist between the application architecture and infrastructure
architecture early in the design process. Deployment Strategy This
helps you to choose an appropriate deployment topology, and to
resolve conflicts between the application and infrastructure
architecture early in the process. Software Design and Architecture
Topic#147 END! (my prompt is that give me simple beginner level
examples of all the topics or text above given by me in this prompt)
Important Note: do not use analogies.

ChatGPT
 Topic #147: The Architecture Meta-Frame - Application Types and
Deployment Strategy

Deployment Strategy Overview

 Description: When designing an application architecture, consider

corporate policies, infrastructure constraints, and required quality
attributes like security and performance.

Example: Security Considerations

 Requirement: The application must protect user data.

 Deployment Strategy: Implement encryption for data in transit and
at rest, use secure authentication methods, and ensure the
deployment environment complies with security standards.

Example: Performance Considerations

 Requirement: The application must handle high traffic volumes

efficiently.
 Deployment Strategy: Use load balancers to distribute traffic, cache
frequently accessed data, and optimize database queries to improve
response times.

Example: Maintainability Considerations

 Requirement: The application should be easy to update and

maintain.
 Deployment Strategy: Use containerization (e.g., Docker) to package
the application, making it easier to deploy updates and roll back
changes if necessary.

Example: Protocol Restrictions and Network Topologies

 Requirement: The application must work within the existing network

setup.
 Deployment Strategy: If the network topology includes firewalls that
block certain ports, design the application to use allowed ports. If the
corporate policy restricts external API calls, ensure that all required
services are accessible within the internal network.
 Example: Identifying Requirements and Constraints

 Requirement: The application must integrate with legacy systems.

 Deployment Strategy: Early in the design process, identify the
interfaces and protocols used by the legacy systems. Ensure that the
new application can communicate with these systems, possibly by
implementing adapters or middleware.

Example: Choosing Deployment Topology

 Requirement: The application needs to be scalable and highly

available.
 Deployment Strategy: Choose a cloud-based deployment topology
using services like auto-scaling groups, redundant instances across
multiple availability zones, and managed database services that offer
high availability features.

By identifying and addressing these deployment-related factors early

in the design process, you can ensure that your application will work
effectively within the given infrastructure and meet the necessary
quality attributes.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#148 The Architecture Meta-

Frame Application Types – Description Software Design and
Architecture Topic#148 END! (my prompt is that give me simple
beginner level examples of all the topics or text above given by me in
this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #148: The Architecture Meta-Frame - Application Types –

Description

Mobile Applications

 Description: Applications designed to run on mobile devices like

smartphones and tablets.
 Example: A weather forecasting app that provides real-time weather
updates and alerts.

Rich Client Applications

 Description: Applications designed to run primarily on a client PC,
offering a rich user interface.
 Example: An accounting software installed on a desktop that allows
users to manage finances and generate reports.

Rich Internet Applications (RIA)

 Description: Applications deployed over the Internet with rich user

interfaces and media capabilities.
 Example: An online photo editor that provides advanced image
manipulation tools within a web browser.

Service Applications

 Description: Applications designed to support communication

between loosely coupled components, typically using web services or
APIs.
 Example: A RESTful API that provides endpoints for a booking
system used by various front-end clients.

Web Applications

 Description: Applications that run primarily on a server and are

accessed through web browsers.
 Example: An e-commerce website where users can browse products,
add them to a cart, and make purchases online.

These examples help illustrate the different types of applications and

their respective environments, functionalities, and deployment
methods.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#149 The Architecture Meta-

Frame Architecture Styles Architectural Style aka architectural pattern
The choice of architectural styles represents a set of principles that a
design will follow an organizing set of ideas that can be used to keep
the design cohesive and focused on the key objectives and scenarios.
Architectural Style Each style defines a set of rules that specify: the
kinds of components you can use to assemble a system, the kinds of
relationships used in their assembly, constraints on the way they are
assembled, and assumptions about the meaning of how you put
 them together. Architectural Style Examples of architectural styles are:
client/server, component-based, layered architecture, message-bus,
Separated Presentation, 3-tier/N-tier, object-oriented, and service-
oriented architecture (SOA). Architectural Style factors influencing the
choice of architectural styles include: the capacity of your
organization for design and implementation the capabilities and
experience of developers the infrastructure constraints and
deployment scenarios available Architectural Styles choice of
architectural styles depends upon application type the requirements
and constraints the scenarios you want to support, and the styles with
which one is most familiar and comfortable. Software Design and
Architecture Topic#149 END! (my prompt is that give me simple
beginner level examples of all the topics or text above given by me in
this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #149: The Architecture Meta-Frame - Architecture Styles

Client/Server Architecture

 Description: Divides the system into two main components: the

client and the server. The client requests services, and the server
provides them.
 Example: A chat application where the client is a user’s device that
sends messages to a central server which then distributes the
messages to other clients.

Component-Based Architecture

 Description: Builds the system using reusable, independent

components that encapsulate specific functionality.
 Example: An online shopping platform where different components
handle product catalog, user authentication, payment processing,
and order management.

Layered Architecture

 Description: Organizes the system into layers with each layer having
a specific role and only interacting with the layer directly below it.
 Example: A typical web application with a presentation layer (UI),
business logic layer, and data access layer.

Message-Bus Architecture

 Description: Uses a message bus to facilitate communication

between different parts of the system.
 Example: An event-driven system where various services
communicate through a central messaging queue, like a notification
system where user actions trigger different notifications.

Separated Presentation

 Description: Separates the user interface from the business logic and
data.
 Example: An MVC (Model-View-Controller) web application where
the model manages the data, the view displays the UI, and the
controller handles input and updates the model.

3-Tier/N-Tier Architecture

 Description: Extends the layered architecture by adding more layers,

usually including presentation, logic, and data storage layers.
 Example: A banking application with separate layers for client
interface, transaction processing, and database management.

Object-Oriented Architecture

 Description: Organizes the system as a collection of interacting

objects, each encapsulating data and behavior.
 Example: A simulation software where different objects represent
entities like people, vehicles, and buildings, each with their own
properties and methods.

Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)

 Description: Structures the system as a collection of services that

communicate over a network.
 Example: An enterprise resource planning (ERP) system where
different services manage inventory, accounting, human resources,
and customer relations.
 These examples provide a clear view of different architectural styles
and their applications in various types of systems.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#150 The Architecture Meta-

Frame Architecture Frame – Part I – Cross-Cutting Concerns
Architecture frame The architecture frame is a collection of hotspots
that you can use to analyze your application architecture. This helps
you to turn core features such as caching, data access, validation, and
workflow into actions. Architecture Frame Each hotspot represents
key engineering decisions Each represents an opportunity to improve
your design and build a technically more effective architecture. Key
Engineering Decisions Architecture frame helps in organizing and
thinking about key engineering decisions Architecture Frame These
categories help one to focus on the most important areas, and obtain
the most meaningful and actionable guidance. Cross-Cutting
Concerns Cross-cutting concerns represent key areas of your design
that are not related to a specific layer in your application. For
example, you might want to cache data in the presentation layer, the
business layer, and the data access layer. Software Design and
Architecture Topic#150 END! (my prompt is that give me simple
beginner level examples of all the topics or text above given by me in
this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.

2/2

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Topic #150: The Architecture Meta-Frame - Architecture Frame

and Cross-Cutting Concerns

Architecture Frame

The architecture frame is a set of key focus areas, or "hotspots," in

your application architecture. These hotspots help you make crucial
engineering decisions to improve your design.

Key Engineering Decisions

 Data Access: Choosing how your application will interact with data
sources (e.g., databases, file systems).
 Caching: Deciding where and how to store data temporarily to
improve performance.
 Validation: Ensuring data integrity and correctness across your
application.
 Workflow: Defining the sequence of processes and tasks within your
application.

Cross-Cutting Concerns

Cross-cutting concerns affect multiple parts of an application, rather

than being confined to a single layer.

1.

Security

2.
 Example: Implementing user authentication and authorization in all
layers to ensure only authorized users can access certain functions
and data.
3.

Logging and Monitoring

4.
 Example: Adding logging in the presentation layer (for tracking user
actions), business layer (for tracking business logic operations), and
data access layer (for tracking database queries).
5.

Exception Handling

6.
 Example: Creating a unified strategy for handling errors and
exceptions that occur in different parts of the application, ensuring
consistent error messages and recovery actions.
7.

Caching
8.
 Example: Storing frequently accessed data in memory to speed up
data retrieval in the presentation layer (e.g., user interface elements),
business layer (e.g., computation results), and data access layer (e.g.,
database query results).
9.

Validation

10.
 Example: Ensuring that data input from users is validated in the
presentation layer (e.g., form validation), business layer (e.g., business
rule validation), and data access layer (e.g., database constraints).

By focusing on these hotspots and cross-cutting concerns, you can

build a robust and efficient architecture that addresses critical aspects
of your application's design and operation.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#151 The Architecture Meta-

Frame Architecture Frame – Part II – Key Cross-Cutting Concerns Key
Cross-Cutting Concerns - Authentication and authorization allow one
to identify the users of an application with confidence, and to
determine the resources and operations to which they should have
access. Key Cross-Cutting Concerns Authentication. Determine how
to authenticate your users and pass authenticated identities across
the layers. Key Cross-Cutting Concerns Authorization Ensure proper
authorization with appropriate granularity within each layer, and
across trust boundaries. Key Cross-Cutting Concerns - Caching
Caching improves performance, reduces server round trips, and can
be used to maintain the state of your application. Identify what
should be cached, and where to cache, to improve application’s
performance and responsiveness. Key Cross-Cutting Concerns -
Communication Communication strategies determine how will
communication be achieved between layers and tiers, including
protocol, security, and communication-style decisions. Choose
appropriate protocols, reduce calls across the network, and protect
sensitive data passing over the network. Key Cross-Cutting Concerns
– Exception Management Exception-management strategies describe
techniques for handling errors, logging errors for auditing purposes,
 and notifying users of error conditions. Exception management. Catch
exceptions at the boundaries. Do not reveal sensitive information to
end users. Key Cross-Cutting Concerns - Instrumentation and logging
Logging and instrumentation represent the strategies for logging key
business events, security actions, and provision of an audit trail in the
case of an attack or failure. Instrument all of the business and system-
critical events, and log sufficient details to recreate events in your
system. Do not log sensitive information. Software Design and
Architecture Topic#151 END! (my prompt is that give me simple
beginner level examples of all the topics or text above given by me in
this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #151: The Architecture Meta-Frame - Key Cross-Cutting

Concerns

Authentication and Authorization

Authentication: Determine how to authenticate users and pass

authenticated identities across layers.


 Example: Use OAuth to authenticate users. Pass the authentication

token from the user interface layer to the business logic layer and
then to the data access layer.


Authorization: Ensure proper authorization with appropriate

granularity within each layer and across trust boundaries.


 Example: In a banking application, ensure only users with the

"Manager" role can approve large transactions, enforced at both the
business logic layer and the database layer.

Caching

 Caching: Identify what should be cached and where to cache to

improve application performance and responsiveness.
 Example: Cache user profile data in the client application to avoid
repeated server requests every time the profile is accessed.

Communication

 Communication: Choose appropriate protocols, reduce calls across

the network, and protect sensitive data passing over the network.
 Example: Use HTTPS to secure data transmitted between the client
and server. Implement RESTful APIs to reduce the number of network
calls by combining related data requests into single calls.

Exception Management

 Exception Management: Catch exceptions at the boundaries and

ensure proper handling without revealing sensitive information.
 Example: In an e-commerce application, catch database exceptions
at the data access layer, log the error details for debugging, and
return a user-friendly error message to the client without exposing
technical details.

Instrumentation and Logging

 Instrumentation and Logging: Log key business events and security

actions, providing an audit trail in case of an attack or failure.
 Example: In a healthcare application, log user login attempts, access
to patient records, and changes to patient data. Ensure that logs do
not contain sensitive information like passwords or patient identifiers.

By considering these key cross-cutting concerns during the design

and implementation phases, you can create a robust, secure, and
efficient architecture that addresses critical aspects of your
application's behavior and performance.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#152 The Architecture Meta-

Frame Key Engineering Decisions – Part I Authentication and
Authorization allow one to identify the users of an application with
confidence, and to determine the resources and operations to which
they should have access Key Engineering Decisions - Authentication
and
 Authorization How to store user identities How to authenticate callers
How to authorize callers How to flow identity across layers and tiers
Software Design and Architecture Topic#152 END! (my prompt is that
give me simple beginner level examples of all the topics or text above
given by me in this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.

2/2

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Topic #152: The Architecture Meta-Frame - Key Engineering

Decisions – Part I: Authentication and Authorization

How to Store User Identities

 Example: Store user identities in a secure, encrypted database. Use

hashed passwords with salts to protect against password cracking.

How to Authenticate Callers

 Example: Implement OAuth 2.0 for authentication. Users log in

through a secure login page, and the system issues an access token
that is used for subsequent requests to verify the user's identity.

How to Authorize Callers

 Example: Use role-based access control (RBAC) where each user is

assigned a role, and each role has specific permissions. For instance,
in a content management system, roles might include "Admin",
"Editor", and "Viewer", each with different levels of access to create,
edit, or view content.

How to Flow Identity Across Layers and Tiers

 Example: Pass the access token received during authentication with

each request from the client to the server. The server then verifies this
token before processing the request. Use JSON Web Tokens (JWT) for
secure and efficient token handling, ensuring the token contains
necessary claims (like user roles and permissions) that the server can
use to enforce authorization policies.
 By addressing these key engineering decisions, you ensure that user
identity and access management are handled securely and effectively
throughout your application, providing confidence in identifying
users and controlling their access to resources and operations.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#153 The Architecture Meta-

Frame Key Engineering Decisions – Part II Caching and State Caching
improves performance, reduces server round trips, and can be used
to maintain the state of your application. How to choose effective
caching strategies How to improve performance by using caching
How to improve availability by using caching How to keep cached
data up to date How to determine the data to cache How to
determine where to cache the data How to determine an expiration
policy and scavenging mechanism How to load the cache data How
to synchronize caches across a Web or application farm Software
Design and Architecture Topic#153 END! (my prompt is that give me
simple beginner level examples of all the topics or text above given
by me in this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #153: The Architecture Meta-Frame - Key Engineering

Decisions – Part II: Caching and State

How to Choose Effective Caching Strategies

 Example: Use a read-through cache where data is automatically

cached when it is first read from the database. This ensures that
frequently accessed data is always available in the cache.

How to Improve Performance by Using Caching

 Example: Cache the results of expensive database queries so that

repeated requests can be served quickly without querying the
database again. For example, cache user profile data after the first
retrieval.

How to Improve Availability by Using Caching

 Example: Implement a distributed cache like Redis to store session
data. This way, if one server fails, other servers can still access the
cached session data, ensuring high availability.

How to Keep Cached Data Up to Date

 Example: Use cache invalidation policies, such as time-to-live (TTL) or

event-driven invalidation. For example, invalidate and refresh cached
product details whenever a product is updated in the database.

How to Determine the Data to Cache

 Example: Cache data that is frequently read but infrequently

updated, such as product catalogs or user profile information.

How to Determine Where to Cache the Data

 Example: Use in-memory caching for data that requires very fast
access, such as session data. Use a distributed cache for data that
needs to be shared across multiple servers.

How to Determine an Expiration Policy and Scavenging Mechanism

 Example: Set a TTL for cached items, such as 10 minutes for user
session data. Use a least-recently-used (LRU) policy to remove items
from the cache when it reaches capacity.

How to Load the Cache Data

 Example: Preload the cache with critical data during application

startup. For example, preload configuration settings and frequently
accessed reference data.

How to Synchronize Caches Across a Web or Application Farm

 Example: Use a distributed caching solution like Redis or

Memcached that automatically synchronizes data across multiple
servers. This ensures consistency and availability of cached data
across the entire application farm.
 By addressing these key engineering decisions, you can effectively
use caching to enhance the performance, availability, and scalability
of your application.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#154 The Architecture Meta-

Frame Key Engineering Decisions – Part III Communication
Communication strategies determine how will communication be
achieved between layers and tiers, including protocol, security, and
communication-style decisions How to communicate between layers
and tiers How to perform asynchronous communication How to
communicate sensitive data Software Design and Architecture
Topic#154 END! (my prompt is that give me simple beginner level
examples of all the topics or text above given by me in this prompt)
Important Note: do not use analogies.

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Topic #154: The Architecture Meta-Frame - Key Engineering

Decisions – Part III: Communication

How to Communicate Between Layers and Tiers

 Example: Use RESTful APIs to enable communication between the

presentation layer (frontend) and the business logic layer (backend).
The frontend makes HTTP requests to the backend endpoints, which
return JSON data.

How to Perform Asynchronous Communication

 Example: Implement a message queue like RabbitMQ or Apache

Kafka to handle asynchronous tasks. For example, when a user
submits a form, the frontend sends a message to the queue, and the
backend processes it in the background without making the user
wait.

How to Communicate Sensitive Data

 Example: Use HTTPS to encrypt data transmitted between the client

and server to protect it from being intercepted. Additionally, use
encryption standards like AES for storing sensitive data such as user
passwords and credit card information in the database.
 These strategies ensure that communication between different parts
of your application is efficient, secure, and scalable.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#155 The Architecture Meta-

Frame Key Engineering Decisions – Part IV Concurrency and
Transaction Concurrency is concerned with the way that your
application handles conflicts caused by multiple users creating,
reading, updating, and deleting data at the same time. Transactions
are used for important multi-step operations in order to treat them as
though they were atomic, and to recover in the case of a failure or
error. How to handle concurrency between threads How to handle
distributed transactions How to handle long-running transactions
How to determine appropriate transaction isolation levels Software
Design and Architecture Topic#155 END! (my prompt is that give me
simple beginner level examples of all the topics or text above given
by me in this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.

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Topic #155: The Architecture Meta-Frame - Key Engineering

Decisions – Part IV: Concurrency and Transactions

How to Handle Concurrency Between Threads

 Example: Use locking mechanisms like mutexes or semaphores to

control access to shared resources. For example, if two threads need
to update a shared counter, they must acquire a lock before updating
it and release the lock afterward to prevent race conditions.

How to Handle Distributed Transactions

 Example: Use a transaction coordinator that implements the two-

phase commit protocol. For instance, in a banking system,
transferring money from one account to another in different
databases would involve the transaction coordinator ensuring both
debit and credit operations either complete successfully or both are
rolled back.

How to Handle Long-Running Transactions

 Example: Implement a saga pattern, where a series of transactions
are managed as a chain of local transactions, with compensating
transactions to undo any completed steps in case of failure. For
example, in an order processing system, each step of the order
(reserve inventory, charge payment, generate invoice) can be handled
separately with compensating actions if one fails.

How to Determine Appropriate Transaction Isolation Levels

 Example: Set the isolation level to READ COMMITTED to prevent dirty reads,
ensuring that any data read during the transaction is committed at
the time of reading. This is useful in a scenario where you need to
balance consistency with performance, such as when reading user
profiles that are frequently updated but do not require the highest
level of isolation.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#156 The Architecture Meta-

Frame Key Engineering Decisions – Part V Data Access Data access
strategies describe techniques for abstracting and accessing data in
your data store. This includes data entity design, error management,
and managing database connections. How to manage database
connections How to handle exceptions How to improve performance
How to improve manageability How to handle binary large objects
(BLOBs) How to page records How to perform transactions Software
Design and Architecture Topic#156 END! (my prompt is that give me
simple beginner level examples of all the topics or text above given
by me in this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.

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Topic #156: The Architecture Meta-Frame - Key Engineering

Decisions – Part V: Data Access

How to Manage Database Connections

 Example: Use a connection pool to manage database connections

efficiently. This ensures that connections are reused, reducing the
overhead of opening and closing connections repeatedly. For
instance, configuring a connection pool with a maximum of 10
connections allows your application to handle multiple database
 operations concurrently without the cost of constantly creating new
connections.

How to Handle Exceptions

 Example: Implement a centralized error handling mechanism that

logs database errors and provides user-friendly messages. For
example, when a database connection fails, catch the exception, log
the error details, and show a generic error message like "An error
occurred while accessing the database. Please try again later."

How to Improve Performance

 Example: Use indexing on frequently queried columns to speed up

data retrieval. For instance, adding an index on the email column of a
users table can significantly improve the performance of queries that

search for users by email.

How to Improve Manageability

 Example: Use an Object-Relational Mapping (ORM) tool like Entity

Framework to abstract the data access layer. This allows you to work
with data as objects rather than dealing with SQL queries directly,
making the code more maintainable. For example, using ORM, you
can write context.Users.Find(userId) instead of a SQL query.

How to Handle Binary Large Objects (BLOBs)

 Example: Store large files like images or videos in a dedicated file

storage system (like AWS S3 or Azure Blob Storage) and keep
references (URLs) in the database. This approach keeps the database
size manageable and improves performance. For instance, save the
URL of an uploaded image in the profile_picture_url column of the users
table.

How to Page Records

 Example: Implement SQL queries with LIMIT and OFFSET clauses to

retrieve a subset of records for pagination. For example, to fetch the
second page of users with 10 users per page, use a query like SELECT *
FROM users LIMIT 10 OFFSET 10.
 How to Perform Transactions

 Example: Use database transactions to ensure atomicity of multiple

operations. For instance, when transferring money from one account
to another, wrap the debit and credit operations in a transaction
block to ensure that both operations succeed or both fail together,
maintaining data integrity.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#157 The Architecture Meta-

Frame Key Engineering Decisions – Part VI User Experience User
experience is the interaction between your users and your
application. A good user experience can improve the efficiency and
effectiveness of the application, while a poor user experience may
deter users from using an otherwise well designed application. How
to improve task efficiency and effectiveness How to improve
responsiveness How to improve user empowerment How to improve
the look and feel Software Design and Architecture Topic#157 END!
(my prompt is that give me simple beginner level examples of all the
topics or text above given by me in this prompt) Important Note: do
not use analogies.

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Topic #157: The Architecture Meta-Frame - Key Engineering

Decisions – Part VI: User Experience

How to Improve Task Efficiency and Effectiveness

 Example: Implement keyboard shortcuts for common actions. For

example, in a text editor application, allow users to save their work
with Ctrl + S or Cmd + S. This reduces the time spent navigating menus.

How to Improve Responsiveness

 Example: Use asynchronous operations for long-running tasks. In a

web application, if a user submits a form that triggers a lengthy
process, show a loading spinner and process the form submission in
the background. This keeps the UI responsive and informs the user
that their request is being handled.

How to Improve User Empowerment

 Example: Provide customization options. Allow users to customize
their dashboard by adding, removing, or rearranging widgets
according to their preferences. This makes the application more
useful and personalized to their needs.

How to Improve the Look and Feel

 Example: Use consistent design elements and color schemes across

the application. For instance, follow a design system like Material
Design to ensure that buttons, forms, and other UI components have
a uniform appearance and behavior. This creates a visually appealing
and cohesive experience for users.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#158 Agility and Architecture

Design Modern thinking on architecture assumes that your design
will evolve over time and that you cannot know everything you need
to know up front in order to fully architect your system. Your design
will generally need to evolve during the implementation stages of the
application as you learn more, and as you test the design against
real-world requirements. Create your architecture with this evolution
in mind so that it will be agile in terms of adapting to requirements
that are not fully known at the start of the design process. Consider
the following questions as you create an architectural design with
agility in mind: What are the foundational parts of the architecture
that represent the greatest risk if you get them wrong? What are the
parts of the architecture that are most likely to change, or whose
design you can delay until later with little impact? What are your key
assumptions, and how will you test them? What conditions may
require you to refactor the design? There will be aspects of your
design that you must fix early in the process, which may represent
significant cost if redesign is required. Identify these areas quickly
and invest the time necessary to get them right. Software Design and
Architecture Topic#158 END! (my prompt is that give me simple
beginner level examples of all the topics or text above given by me in
this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.

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Topic #158: Agility and Architecture Design

 Foundational Parts of the Architecture Representing Greatest Risk

 Example: Choosing the database technology. If you select an

inappropriate database (e.g., one that doesn't scale well with your
expected data load), it could be very costly and time-consuming to
switch later. For instance, if you're building a social media platform
expecting millions of users, opting for a highly scalable database like
PostgreSQL or MongoDB from the start can mitigate risks.

Parts of the Architecture Most Likely to Change

 Example: User interface design. The look and feel of the application
are likely to change based on user feedback. Therefore, it’s beneficial
to use a front-end framework that allows easy modifications, such as
React or Angular, which supports modular and reusable components.

Key Assumptions and How to Test Them

 Example: Assuming a certain load capacity for your web server. You
can test this assumption by performing load testing with tools like
Apache JMeter or Locust to see if your server can handle the
expected number of concurrent users.

Conditions Requiring Refactoring

 Example: If user requirements change significantly after the initial

release, such as needing to support offline functionality in a web
application. This might require refactoring the data handling and
synchronization logic to accommodate offline storage and syncing.

Identifying Areas to Fix Early

 Example: Security protocols. Implementing robust security measures

early in the development process, such as using HTTPS, proper
authentication mechanisms, and encryption, is critical. If overlooked,
it can lead to significant issues and costs if vulnerabilities are
discovered later.

By considering these aspects, you ensure that your architecture is

flexible and can adapt to changes without requiring extensive
redesigns.
 Software Design and Architecture Topic#159 Key Architecture
Principles Key Architecture Principles Build to change over build to
last. Wherever possible, design your application so that it can change
over time to address new requirements and challenges. Model to
analyze and reduce risk. Use threat models to understand risks and
vulnerabilities. Key Architecture Principles Models and views are a
communication and collaboration tool. Efficient communication of
design principles and design changes is critical to good architecture.
Use models and other visualizations to communicate your design
efficiently and to enable rapid communication of changes to the
design. Key Architecture Principles Identify key engineering decisions.
Use the architecture frame in this guide to understand the key
engineering decisions and the areas where mistakes are most often
made. Invest in getting these key decisions right the first time so that
the design is more flexible and less likely to be broken by changes.
Software Design and Architecture Topic#159 END! (my prompt is that
give me simple beginner level examples of all the topics or text above
given by me in this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.

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Topic #159: Key Architecture Principles

Build to Change Over Build to Last

 Example: Use microservices architecture for your application. Instead

of a monolithic application, where changing one part could affect the
entire system, microservices allow you to update or replace individual
services without impacting the rest of the application. For instance, if
you need to update the payment processing service, you can do so
without affecting the user authentication service.

Model to Analyze and Reduce Risk

 Example: Create a threat model for your web application. Identify

potential security risks, such as SQL injection or cross-site scripting
(XSS). By modeling these threats, you can implement measures like
input validation and sanitization, secure coding practices, and regular
security testing to mitigate these risks.
 Models and Views as Communication Tools

 Example: Use UML diagrams to represent the structure of your

system. For example, a class diagram can show the relationships
between different classes in your application. Sharing these diagrams
with your team helps ensure everyone understands the system
design and can quickly grasp any changes.

Identify Key Engineering Decisions

 Example: Decide on the technology stack early in the project. This

includes choosing the programming language (e.g., JavaScript,
Python), frameworks (e.g., Django, Angular), and database (e.g.,
MySQL, MongoDB). Ensuring these decisions align with the project
requirements and team expertise helps prevent costly changes later.

By following these principles, you can create a flexible, secure, and

well-communicated architecture that can adapt to changes and
mitigate risks effectively.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#160 Incremental and

Iterative Approach to Architectural Design Incremental and Iterative
Approach to Architecture Consider using an incremental and iterative
approach to refining your architecture. Do not try to get it all right
the first time—design just as much as you can in order to start testing
the design against requirements and assumptions. Iteratively add
details to the design over multiple passes to make sure that you get
the big decisions right first, and then focus on the details. A common
pitfall is to dive into the details too quickly and get the big decisions
wrong by making incorrect assumptions, or by failing to evaluate
your architecture effectively. Software Design and Architecture
Topic#160 END! (my prompt is that give me simple beginner level
examples of all the topics or text above given by me in this prompt)
Important Note: do not use analogies.

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Topic #160: Incremental and Iterative Approach to Architectural

Design

Incremental and Iterative Approach to Architecture



Example 1: Initial High-Level Design:



 Action: Create a high-level overview of your system architecture. This

might include defining the major components such as user interface,
business logic, and data storage.
 Outcome: You have a basic blueprint that outlines how the main
parts of your application will interact.


Example 2: First Iteration - Basic Functionality:



 Action: Implement a simple version of the user interface and connect

it to a basic backend service that handles simple data retrieval and
storage.
 Outcome: You now have a working prototype that can perform basic
operations, like displaying a list of items from the database.


Example 3: Second Iteration - Adding More Features:



 Action: Add more detailed functionality to the business logic layer,

such as input validation and more complex data processing.
 Outcome: The system can now handle more complex user
interactions and data manipulations.


Example 4: Third Iteration - Refining and Testing:



 Action: Perform thorough testing to find and fix bugs, optimize

performance, and improve security features.
 Outcome: The system is more robust, efficient, and secure.


Example 5: Fourth Iteration - Final Adjustments:


 Action: Fine-tune the user interface for better user experience, and
adjust backend services to handle higher loads.
 Outcome: The application is now user-friendly, scalable, and ready
for deployment.

By following this incremental and iterative approach, you ensure that

the core architectural decisions are validated early, and the system
evolves with growing complexity while maintaining a solid
foundation.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#161 Baseline and Candidate

Architectures Baseline Architecture A baseline architecture describes
the existing system it is how your system looks today. If this is a new
architecture, your initial baseline is the first high-level architectural
design from which candidate architectures will be built. Candidate
Architecture A candidate architecture includes the application type,
the deployment architecture, the architectural style, technology
choices, quality attributes, and cross-cutting concerns. Use baseline
architectures to get the big picture right, and use candidate
architectures to iteratively test and improve your architecture. When
testing your architecture, consider the following questions: What
assumptions have I made in this architecture? What explicit or
implied requirements is this architecture meeting? What are the key
risks with this approach? What countermeasures are in place to
mitigate key risks? In what ways is this architecture an improvement
over the baseline or the last candidate architecture? Software Design
and Architecture Topic#161 END! (my prompt is that give me simple
beginner level examples of all the topics or text above given by me in
this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.

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Topic #161: Baseline and Candidate Architectures

Baseline Architecture

Example 1: Existing System Overview


 Action: Document the current architecture of your application,
including components like the user interface, backend services, and
data storage.
 Outcome: You have a clear picture of how your system operates
today, such as an online store having a web frontend, a server
handling requests, and a database storing product information.


Example 2: Initial High-Level Design for New System



 Action: For a new project, create an initial high-level design that

outlines major components like the API layer, service layer, and data
layer.
 Outcome: This initial design serves as a starting point for developing
more detailed candidate architectures.

Candidate Architecture

Example 1: Application Type and Deployment



 Action: Decide on the application type (e.g., web application) and

deployment model (e.g., cloud-based).
 Outcome: You have chosen to build a cloud-based web application
to leverage scalability and availability.


Example 2: Architectural Style and Technology Choices



 Action: Choose an architectural style (e.g., microservices) and

appropriate technologies (e.g., Docker, Kubernetes).
 Outcome: You have selected a microservices architecture using
Docker for containerization and Kubernetes for orchestration to
ensure flexibility and scalability.


Example 3: Quality Attributes and Cross-Cutting Concerns



 Action: Define quality attributes like performance, security, and

maintainability, and address cross-cutting concerns like
authentication and logging.
 Outcome: Your candidate architecture includes measures for high
performance, robust security practices, and comprehensive logging
for auditing purposes.

Testing and Improving Architecture

Example 1: Assumptions Review



 Action: List all assumptions made during the architectural design,

such as expected user load and data growth rates.
 Outcome: Identified assumptions include expecting 10,000 daily
users and data growth of 5GB per month.


Example 2: Requirements Validation



 Action: Ensure that the architecture meets all explicit requirements

(e.g., must support mobile users) and implied requirements (e.g.,
must be user-friendly).
 Outcome: The architecture supports mobile users through a
responsive web design and meets usability standards.


Example 3: Risk Identification and Mitigation



 Action: Identify key risks (e.g., potential data breaches) and

implement countermeasures (e.g., encryption, regular security audits).
 Outcome: Risks like data breaches are mitigated with encryption
protocols and periodic security reviews.


Example 4: Comparative Improvement Analysis



 Action: Compare the candidate architecture with the baseline or

previous candidate to identify improvements.
 Outcome: The new candidate architecture improves scalability and
security over the baseline by adopting microservices and
implementing stronger encryption.

By following this process, you iteratively refine your architecture,

ensuring it meets requirements, mitigates risks, and improves upon
previous designs.

2/2

Software Design and Architecture Topic#162 Architectural Spikes

Architectural Spikes An architectural spike is an end-to-end test of a
small segment of the application. The purpose of an architectural
spike is to reduce risk and to test potential paths. Architectural Spikes
As you evolve your architecture, you may use spikes to explore
different scenarios without impacting the existing design. An
architectural spike will result in a candidate architecture that can be
tested against a baseline. Architectural Spikes If the candidate
architecture is an improvement, it can become the new baseline from
which new candidate architectures can be created and tested.
Architectural Spikes This iterative and incremental approach allows
you to get the big risks out of the way first, iteratively render your
architecture, and use architectural tests to prove that each new
baseline is an improvement over the last. Consider the following
questions to help you test a new candidate architecture that results
from an architectural spike: Does this architecture introduce new
risks? Does this architecture mitigate additional known risks? Does
this architecture meet additional requirements? Does this architecture
enable architecturally significant use cases? Does this architecture
address quality attribute concerns? Does this architecture address
additional cross-cutting concerns? Software Design and Architecture
Topic#162 END! (my prompt is that give me simple beginner level
examples of all the topics or text above given by me in this prompt)
Important Note: do not use analogies.

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 Topic #162: Architectural Spikes

Definition and Purpose

Example 1: End-to-End Test Segment



 Action: Develop a small, end-to-end prototype of a specific feature,

like user login functionality.
 Outcome: You have a working prototype that demonstrates how the
user login feature will work, including the user interface,
authentication logic, and database interactions.


Example 2: Risk Reduction and Path Testing



 Action: Create a small prototype to test the integration of a new

database technology, such as migrating from SQL to NoSQL.
 Outcome: You understand the potential challenges and benefits of
using NoSQL, and can better plan the full migration if the prototype
is successful.

Exploring Scenarios

 Example 1: Exploring Different Scenarios

 Action: Create a prototype to test a new communication protocol
between microservices, like switching from REST to gRPC.
 Outcome: You have a clear understanding of how gRPC works in
your environment and can compare its performance and usability
against REST.

Iterative and Incremental Approach

Example 1: Improving the Baseline


 Action: Use the successful gRPC prototype to create a candidate
architecture and test it against your current REST-based architecture.
 Outcome: If the gRPC architecture shows improved performance and
scalability, it becomes the new baseline architecture.


Example 2: Risk Management



 Action: Identify and mitigate new risks introduced by the gRPC

architecture, such as compatibility issues with existing services.
 Outcome: You address these risks by updating or refactoring
affected services, ensuring a smooth transition.

Testing Candidate Architectures

Example 1: New Risks



 Question: Does the new gRPC-based architecture introduce new

risks, such as increased complexity or security vulnerabilities?
 Outcome: You identify and plan to mitigate these risks by
implementing additional security measures and providing training for
the development team.


Example 2: Mitigating Known Risks



 Question: Does the new architecture mitigate known risks, such as

performance bottlenecks in the existing REST architecture?
 Outcome: The gRPC architecture successfully reduces latency and
improves throughput, addressing these performance concerns.


Example 3: Meeting Additional Requirements



 Question: Does the new architecture meet additional requirements,

like supporting streaming data?
 Outcome: The gRPC prototype demonstrates support for streaming,
which was a limitation in the REST architecture.


Example 4: Supporting Use Cases



 Question: Does this architecture enable architecturally significant use

cases, such as real-time data processing?
 Outcome: The gRPC architecture effectively supports real-time data
processing, proving its suitability for these use cases.


Example 5: Quality Attribute Concerns



 Question: Does this architecture address quality attribute concerns

like scalability and maintainability?
 Outcome: The gRPC architecture scales better and is easier to
maintain due to its performance and structured communication
patterns.


Example 6: Cross-Cutting Concerns



 Question: Does this architecture address additional cross-cutting

concerns, such as logging and monitoring?
 Outcome: The architecture includes enhanced logging and
monitoring capabilities to ensure comprehensive observability.

By using architectural spikes, you can iteratively refine your

architecture, reduce risks, and ensure that each new iteration meets
the necessary requirements and improves upon the previous designs.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#163 Architecturally

Significant Use Cases Architecturally Significant Use Cases
Architecturally significant use cases are those that meet the following
criteria: They are important for the success and acceptance of the
deployed application. They exercise enough of the design to be
useful in evaluating the architecture. Architecturally Significant Use
 Cases After you have determined architecturally significant use cases
for your application, you can use them as a way to evaluate the
success or failure of candidate architectures. Architecturally
Significant Use Cases If the candidate architecture addresses more
use cases, or addresses existing use cases more effectively, it will help
you to determine that this candidate architecture is an improvement
over the baseline architecture. Software Design and Architecture
Topic#163 END! (my prompt is that give me simple beginner level
examples of all the topics or text above given by me in this prompt)
Important Note: do not use analogies.

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Topic #163: Architecturally Significant Use Cases

Criteria for Architecturally Significant Use Cases

1.

Importance for Success and Acceptance

2.
 Example: User Registration
 Scenario: A new user must be able to register an account on your
website.
 Importance: If users cannot register, they cannot use your
application, making this feature critical for success.
 Example: Payment Processing
 Scenario: Users need to make payments securely for your e-
commerce application.
 Importance: Without secure and reliable payment processing, users
will not trust or use your platform.
3.

Exercising Enough of the Design

4.
 Example: Data Synchronization
 Scenario: Data entered on a mobile device should sync with the
server when a connection is available.
 Design Impact: This involves data storage, network communication,
error handling, and user notifications.
 Example: Real-Time Notifications
 Scenario: Users receive real-time updates about their account
activities.
 Design Impact: This involves the notification system, user settings,
and real-time data handling.

Using Architecturally Significant Use Cases to Evaluate Architectures

1.

Determining Use Cases

2.


Example: Performance Testing

 Use Case: Handling 10,000 simultaneous users during a flash sale.

 Evaluation: Ensure the architecture can support high load without
crashing or slowing down.


Example: Security Testing

 Use Case: Preventing unauthorized access to user data.

 Evaluation: Ensure the architecture includes proper authentication,
authorization, and encryption mechanisms.
3.

Evaluating Candidate Architectures

4.
 Example: Comparing Architectures
 Scenario: You have two candidate architectures, A and B.
Architecture A uses a traditional relational database, while
Architecture B uses a NoSQL database.
 Use Case: Rapid search functionality for a large dataset.
 Evaluation: Test which architecture handles large volumes of search
queries more efficiently. If Architecture B performs better, it may be
the preferred choice.
5.

Addressing More Use Cases

6.
 Example: Feature Addition
 Use Case: Introducing a new chat feature in your social media
application.
 Evaluation: Test if the candidate architecture can handle real-time
messaging along with existing features like user profiles and posts. If
the new architecture supports this seamlessly, it is considered an
improvement.

By focusing on architecturally significant use cases, you can ensure

that your architecture supports critical functionalities, meets
performance and security standards, and adapts well to new
requirements, thereby improving the overall design and robustness
of your application.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#164 Reference Application

Architecture Represents a canonical view of a typical application
architecture, using a layered style to separate functional areas into
separate layers. The reference application architecture demonstrates
how a typical application might interact with its users, external
systems, data sources, and services. The reference application
architecture also shows how cross-cutting concerns such as security
and communication impact all of the layers in your design, and must
be designed with the entire application in mind. Microsoft’s reference
application architecture Software Design and Architecture Topic#164
END! (my prompt is that give me simple beginner level examples of
 all the topics or text above given by me in this prompt) Important
Note: do not use analogies.

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Topic #164: Reference Application Architecture

Canonical View of a Typical Application Architecture

1.

Layered Style

2.
 Presentation Layer
 Example: User Interface (UI)
 Function: Handles all interactions with users, like displaying web
pages or mobile screens.
 Business Logic Layer
 Example: Order Processing
 Function: Contains the core functionality and business rules of the
application, like calculating discounts.
 Data Access Layer
 Example: Database Access
 Function: Manages interactions with the database, like retrieving and
storing order details.
 Service Layer
 Example: External API Integration
 Function: Manages communication with external services, like
payment gateways.
3.

Interaction with Users, External Systems, Data Sources, and

Services

4.
 User Interaction
 Example: Login Form
 Interaction: Users input their credentials, which are processed by the
presentation layer and verified by the business logic layer.
 External Systems
 Example: Social Media Login
 Interaction: The application connects to external authentication
services like Facebook or Google.
 Data Sources
 Example: Customer Database
 Interaction: The data access layer retrieves customer information
from a relational database.
 Services
 Example: Email Service
 Interaction: The service layer sends confirmation emails using an
external email service provider.

Cross-Cutting Concerns

1. Security
 Example: Authentication and Authorization
 Impact: Applies to all layers to ensure only authorized users can
access certain functionalities and data.
2. Communication
 Example: REST API Communication
 Impact: Ensures that data exchanged between the application layers
and external systems is secure and follows a standard protocol.

Microsoft’s Reference Application Architecture

1.

Structure and Guidance

2.
 Example: eShopOnWeb
 Structure: Demonstrates a clean architecture approach with
separation of concerns.
 Guidance: Provides patterns and best practices for building scalable
and maintainable applications.
3.

Components and Layers

4.
 Example: Presentation Layer**
 Guidance: Use MVC or MVVM patterns to structure the UI.
 Example: Business Logic Layer
 Guidance: Implement domain-driven design to manage business
rules.
 Example: Data Access Layer
 Guidance: Use repositories and unit of work patterns to manage
database operations.
 Example: Service Layer
 Guidance: Utilize dependency injection for managing external service
dependencies.
5.

Cross-Cutting Concerns in Microsoft’s Architecture

6.
 Security
 Guidance: Implement identity and access management across the
entire application.
 Communication
 Guidance: Ensure secure and reliable communication between
microservices and external APIs.

By following these examples and understanding the structure of a

reference application architecture, you can design applications that
 are well-organized, scalable, and maintainable, with clearly defined
layers and properly managed cross-cutting concerns.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#165 Software Architecture

Patterns - Introduction Software Architecture Patterns
aka architecture styles A software architecture pattern is a solution to
a recurring problem that is well understood, in a particular context.
Each pattern consists of a context, a problem, and a solution.
Software Architecture Patterns The problem may be to overcome
some challenge, take advantage of some opportunity, or to satisfy
one or more quality attributes. Patterns codify knowledge and
experience into a solution that we can reuse. Software Architecture
Patterns Using patterns simplifies design and allows us to gain the
benefits of using a solution that is proven to solve a particular design
problem. Software Architecture Patterns When working with others
who are familiar with patterns, referencing one of them provides a
shorthand with which to reference a solution, without having to
explain all its details. As a result, they are useful during discussions to
communicate ideas. Software Architecture Patterns Each pattern has
its own characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses. Software Design
and Architecture Topic#165 END! (my prompt is that give me simple
beginner level examples of all the topics or text above given by me in
this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.

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Topic #165: Software Architecture Patterns - Introduction

Definition and Purpose

 Software Architecture Pattern:

 Definition: A structured solution to a common problem in a
particular context.
 Components:
 Context: The environment or situation where the pattern is applied.
 Problem: The specific issue the pattern aims to solve.
 Solution: The structured approach or design that addresses the
problem.
 Problem and Solution in Patterns

 Example:
 Context: Developing a web application that needs to handle a large
number of user requests.
 Problem: Ensuring the application can scale efficiently to
accommodate high traffic.
 Solution: Use a Microservices architecture pattern, where the
application is divided into small, independent services that can scale
individually.

Benefits of Using Patterns

 Simplifies Design:
 Example: By using the Model-View-Controller (MVC) pattern, you
can separate the user interface (view), business logic (controller), and
data management (model), making the design easier to manage and
understand.
 Proven Solutions:
 Example: The Singleton pattern ensures that a class has only one
instance and provides a global point of access to it, which is a reliable
solution for managing shared resources.

Communication with Patterns

 Efficiency in Discussions:
 Example: When discussing a project with a team, you can say "Let's
use the Repository pattern for data access," and everyone will
understand that you mean to create a repository class for handling
database operations without going into detailed explanations.

Characteristics, Strengths, and Weaknesses

 Example:
 Pattern: Layered Architecture
 Characteristics: Divides the application into layers such as
presentation, business logic, and data access.
 Strengths: Improves code organization and separation of concerns.
 Weaknesses: Can introduce complexity and may affect performance
due to multiple layers of processing.

By understanding and applying these examples of software

architecture patterns, you can design applications more effectively,
leveraging established solutions for common problems and
improving communication within your development team.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#166 Difference between

Software Architecture Patterns and Design Patterns Software
architecture patterns are similar to design patterns, except that they
are broader in scope and are applied at the architecture level.
Architecture patterns tend to be more coarse-grained and focus on
architectural problems, while design patterns are more fine-grained
and solve problems that occur during implementation. A software
architecture pattern provides a high-level structure and behavior for
software systems. It is a grouping of design decisions that have been
repeated and used successfully for a given context. They address and
satisfy architectural drivers and as a result, the ones that we decide to
use can really shape the characteristics and behavior of the
architecture. Software architecture patterns provide the structure and
main components of the software system being built. They introduce
design constraints, which reduce complexity and help to prevent
incorrect decisions. When a software architecture pattern is followed
consistently during design, we can anticipate the properties that the
software system will exhibit. This allows us to consider whether a
design will satisfy the requirements and quality attributes of the
system. Software architecture patterns can be applied to the entire
software system or to one of the subsystems. Consequently, more
than one software architecture pattern can be used in a single
software system. These patterns can be combined to solve problems.
Software Design and Architecture Topic#166 END! (my prompt is that
give me simple beginner level examples of all the topics or text above
given by me in this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.

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Topic #166: Difference between Software Architecture Patterns

and Design Patterns
 Software Architecture Patterns

Definition:


 Scope: Broad solutions applied at the architecture level.

 Granularity: More coarse-grained.
 Focus: Address architectural problems.
 Example: Microservices pattern divides an application into small,
independent services.


Purpose:


 High-level Structure: Defines structure and behavior of software

systems.
 Grouping of Design Decisions: Repeated and successful decisions
for a given context.
 Address Architectural Drivers: Shape characteristics and behavior of
the architecture.


Benefits:


 Structure and Main Components: Provides the main components

and structure of the software system.
 Design Constraints: Reduces complexity and prevents incorrect
decisions.
 Anticipate System Properties: Predicts properties of the software
system based on the pattern.


Application:


 Entire System or Subsystems: Applied to the entire system or

specific subsystems.
 Combination of Patterns: Multiple patterns can be used within a
single software system.

Design Patterns

Definition:


 Scope: Narrow solutions applied at the design level.

 Granularity: More fine-grained.
 Focus: Solve implementation problems.
 Example: Factory pattern creates objects without specifying the
exact class of object.


Purpose:


 Low-level Design: Detailed solutions for implementation problems.

 Specific Problems: Solve specific problems in the implementation
phase.
 Modularity: Encapsulates object creation and interaction.


Benefits:


 Reusable Solutions: Proven solutions to common design problems.

 Flexibility: Adaptable to various scenarios in software development.
 Improves Code Quality: Enhances modularity and extensibility of
code.

Summary

Software Architecture Patterns:



 Scope: Broad, architecture-level solutions.

 Purpose: Define high-level structure and behavior, address
architectural drivers.
 Examples: Microservices, Layered Architecture.
 Application: Used across entire systems or subsystems.


Design Patterns:


 Scope: Narrow, design-level solutions.

 Purpose: Solve specific implementation problems.
 Examples: Factory, Singleton.
 Application: Used within classes and components.

Understanding the differences between software architecture

patterns and design patterns helps in applying the right solutions at
the appropriate level of software design and development.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#167 Types of Architecture

Patterns The Three Categories of Structures in Architectural Design
Static Structures Module Structures Dynamic Structures component-
and-connector (C&C) structures – components are runtime entities
Deployment Structures aka allocation structures The Three Categories
of Structures in Architectural Design Static Structures Module
Structures assigned areas of functional responsibility how the system
is to be structured as a set of code or data units that have to be
constructed or procured The Three Categories of Structures in
Architectural Design component-and-connector (C&C) structures –
components are runtime entities how the system is to be structured
as a set of elements that have runtime behavior (components) and
interactions (connectors) components - the principal units of
computation connectors - communication vehicles among
components The Three Categories of Structures in Architectural
Design Deployment Structures how the system will relate to non-
software structures in its environment show the relationship between
the software elements and elements in one or more external
environments in which the software is created and executed Patterns
can be categorized by the dominant type of elements that they show
module patterns show modules, component-and-connector (C&C)
 patterns show components and connectors allocation patterns show
a combination of software elements (modules, components,
connectors) and non-software elements. Most published patterns are
C&C patterns, but there are module patterns and allocation patterns
as well. Software Design and Architecture Topic#167 END! (my
prompt is that give me simple beginner level examples of all the
topics or text above given by me in this prompt) Important Note: do
not use analogies.

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Topic #167: Types of Architecture Patterns

The Three Categories of Structures in Architectural Design

1.

Static Structures (Module Structures):

2.
 Description: Assigned areas of functional responsibility.
 Purpose: Define how the system is structured as a set of code or data
units to be constructed or procured.
 Example:
 Layered Pattern: Divides the system into layers with each layer
providing services to the layer above it (e.g., presentation layer,
business logic layer, data access layer).
3.

Component-and-Connector (C&C) Structures:

4.
 Description: Components are runtime entities with behavior, and
connectors are the communication vehicles among these
components.
 Purpose: Define how the system is structured as a set of elements
that have runtime behavior and interactions.
 Example:
 Client-Server Pattern: Components (client and server) interact
through connectors (network protocols) where the client requests
services and the server provides them.
5.

Deployment Structures (Allocation Structures):

6.
 Description: Show how the system relates to non-software structures
in its environment.
 Purpose: Define the relationship between software elements and
external environment elements where the software is created and
executed.
 Example:
 Deployment Pattern: Specifies how software components are
distributed across hardware nodes (e.g., web server on one machine,
database on another).

Patterns Categorization

Module Patterns:


 Description: Show modules.

 Example:
 Component-Based Pattern: System is divided into components that
are independently deployable and reusable.


Component-and-Connector (C&C) Patterns:



 Description: Show components and connectors.

 Example:
 Microservices Pattern: System is composed of small, independent
services that communicate over a network.

 Allocation Patterns:


 Description: Show a combination of software elements (modules,

components, connectors) and non-software elements.
 Example:
 Broker Pattern: Distributes objects across different nodes and
brokers their communication.

Summary

 Static Structures (Module Structures):

 Focus on the organization of the code and data units.
 Example: Layered Pattern.
 Component-and-Connector (C&C) Structures:
 Focus on runtime components and their interactions.
 Example: Client-Server Pattern.
 Deployment Structures (Allocation Structures):
 Focus on the relationship between software and
hardware/environment.
 Example: Deployment Pattern.

Understanding these types of architectural patterns helps in

designing systems that are organized, maintainable, and scalable.
Each type of pattern addresses different aspects of system
architecture, ensuring comprehensive design and efficient
implementation.

2/2

Software Design and Architecture Topic#168 Module Patterns

Layered Pattern – I: Introduction Context: All complex systems
experience the need to develop and evolve portions of the system
independently. For this reason the developers of the system need a
clear and well-documented separation of concerns, so that modules
of the system may be independently developed and maintained.
Problem: The software needs to be segmented in such a way that the
modules can be developed and evolved separately with little
 interaction among the parts, supporting portability, modifiability, and
reuse. Solution: the layered pattern divides the software into units
called layers. Each layer is a grouping of modules that offers a
cohesive set of services. one of the most common techniques. In a
layered architecture, the software application is divided into various
horizontal layers, with each layer located on top of a lower layer. Each
layer is dependent on one or more layers below it (depending on
whether the layers are open or closed), but is independent of the
layers above it. Software Design and Architecture Topic#168 END!
(my prompt is that give me simple beginner level examples of all the
topics or text above given by me in this prompt) Important Note: do
not use analogies.

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Topic #168: Module Patterns - Layered Pattern

Context:

 Description: In complex systems, different parts of the software need

to be developed and evolved independently.
 Need: Developers require a clear separation of concerns so that
different modules can be developed and maintained separately.

Problem:

 Challenge: Segmenting the software so that modules can be

developed and evolved separately with minimal interaction, ensuring
portability, modifiability, and reuse.

Solution:

 Layered Pattern: This pattern divides the software into units called
layers. Each layer groups modules that offer a cohesive set of
services.
 Structure: The software application is divided into horizontal layers,
each layer located on top of the lower layer.
 Dependency: Each layer depends on one or more layers below it but
is independent of the layers above it.

Beginner-Level Example:
1.

Presentation Layer:

2.
 Function: Handles user interface and user interaction.
 Example:
 The graphical user interface (GUI) of a web application, such as HTML,
CSS, and JavaScript.
3.

Business Logic Layer:

4.
 Function: Contains the core functionality and business rules of the
application.
 Example:
 The part of the application that processes user inputs, such as
validating form data or calculating prices in an e-commerce
application.
5.

Data Access Layer:

6.
 Function: Manages access to data sources like databases.
 Example:
 Code that interacts with a database to retrieve, insert, update, or
delete data, using SQL queries or an ORM (Object-Relational
Mapping) framework.
7.

Database Layer:

8.
 Function: Stores and retrieves data.
 Example:
 The actual database (e.g., MySQL, PostgreSQL) where data is stored.
 Summary

 Context: Need to develop and evolve parts of the system

independently.
 Problem: Segmenting the software to ensure modules can be
developed and evolved separately.
 Solution: Use the layered pattern to divide the software into cohesive
units called layers.
 Layers: Presentation, Business Logic, Data Access, Database.
 Dependencies: Each layer depends on the one below it but is
independent of the one above it.

Understanding and implementing the layered pattern ensures that

software systems are modular, maintainable, and scalable, allowing
for independent development and evolution of different parts of the
system.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#169 Module Patterns

Layered Pattern – II: Open vs Closed Layers Open versus closed layers
With a closed layer, requests that are flowing down the stack from
the layer above must go through it and cannot bypass it. Open versus
closed layers Example: three-layer architecture with presentation,
business, and data layers if the business layer is closed, the
presentation layer must send all requests to the business layer and
cannot bypass it to send a request directly to the data layer. Closed
layers provide layers of isolation, which makes code easier to change,
write, and understand. This makes the layers independent of each
other, such that changes made to one layer of the application will not
affect components in the other layers. If the layers are open, this
increases complexity. Maintainability is lowered because multiple
layers can now call into another layer, increasing the number of
dependencies and making changes more difficult. unnecessary traffic
can result when each layer must be passed even if one or more of
them is just passing requests on to the next layer. added a shared
services layer between the business and data layers. may contain
reusable components needed by multiple components in the
business layer. placed it below the business layer so that only the
business layer has access to it. all requests from the business layer to
the data layer must go through the shared services layer even though
 nothing is needed from that layer. If the shared services layer was
made open (aka layer bridging), requests to the data layer can be
made directly from the business layer. there are advantages to closed
layers and achieving layers of isolation. However, it might be
appropriate to open a layer. It is not necessary to make all of the
layers open or closed. You may selectively choose which layers, if any,
are open. Software Design and Architecture Topic#169 END! (my
prompt is that give me simple beginner level examples of all the
topics or text above given by me in this prompt) Important Note: do
not use analogies.

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Topic #169: Module Patterns - Layered Pattern (Open vs. Closed

Layers)

Open vs. Closed Layers:

1.

Closed Layers:

2.
 Description: Requests flowing down the stack from the layer above
must go through each intermediate layer and cannot bypass them.
 Example:
 Three-layer architecture:
 Presentation Layer: Handles user interface.
 Business Layer: Processes business logic.
 Data Layer: Manages data access.
 If the business layer is closed, the presentation layer must send all
requests to the business layer, which then sends requests to the data
layer.
 Advantages:
 Provides isolation between layers.
 Easier to change, write, and understand code.
 Changes in one layer do not affect other layers.
 Disadvantages:
 Can lead to unnecessary traffic if requests must pass through layers
that do not process the request meaningfully.
3.

Open Layers:

4.
 Description: Allows requests to bypass certain layers and go directly
to lower layers.
 Example:
 Three-layer architecture:
 Presentation Layer: Handles user interface.
 Business Layer: Processes business logic.
 Data Layer: Manages data access.
 If the business layer is open, the presentation layer can send requests
directly to the data layer without passing through the business layer.
 Advantages:
 Reduces unnecessary traffic.
 Potentially increases performance by skipping unneeded layers.
 Disadvantages:
 Increases complexity and dependencies.
 Lower maintainability as changes in one layer might affect other
layers.
5.

Shared Services Layer:

6.
 Description: A layer containing reusable components needed by
multiple components in the business layer.
 Example:
 Position: Placed between the business layer and the data layer.
 Access: Only the business layer has access to the shared services
layer.
 Requests: All requests from the business layer to the data layer must
go through the shared services layer.
 Scenario:
 If the shared services layer is closed, the business layer must route all
requests through it.
 If the shared services layer is open, the business layer can bypass it
and send requests directly to the data layer.

Summary:

 Closed Layers: Ensure isolation, making the system easier to

maintain but can introduce unnecessary traffic.
 Open Layers: Increase performance by allowing direct
communication between layers but introduce complexity and
dependencies.
 Shared Services Layer: Can be used to provide reusable components
but must be carefully positioned and managed to balance between
isolation and efficiency.

Beginner-Level Examples:

1.

Closed Layer Example:

2.
 Scenario: User logs in through the presentation layer.
 Flow:
 Presentation Layer → Business Layer (validates user credentials) →
Data Layer (retrieves user data).
 Benefit: The business logic (validation) is always processed before
accessing the database, ensuring data consistency.
3.

Open Layer Example:

4.
 Scenario: User wants to retrieve a product list.
 Flow:
 Presentation Layer → Data Layer (retrieves product data directly).
 Benefit: Bypasses business logic to improve performance for read-
only operations.
5.

Shared Services Layer Example:

6.
 Scenario: Business layer needs to log transactions.
 Flow:
 Business Layer → Shared Services Layer (logging component) → Data
Layer.
 Benefit: Reusable logging functionality without duplicating code in
the business layer.

2/2

Software Design and Architecture Topic#170 Module Patterns

Layered Pattern – III: Tiers vs Layers Layers – Logical separation Tiers –
Physical separation When partitioning application logic, layers are a
way to organize functionality and components. For example, in a
three-layered architecture, the logic may be separated into
presentation, business, and data layers. When a software architecture
is organized into more than one layer, it is known as a multi-layer
architecture. Different layers do not necessarily have to be located on
different physical machines. It is possible to have multiple layers on
the same machine. Tiers concern themselves with the physical
location of the functionality and components. A three-tiered
architecture with presentation, business, and data tiers implies that
those three tiers have been physically deployed to three separate
machines and are each running on those separate machines. When a
software architecture is partitioned into multiple tiers, it is known as a
multi-tier architecture. Software Design and Architecture Topic#170
END! (my prompt is that give me simple beginner level examples of
all the topics or text above given by me in this prompt) Important
Note: do not use analogies.

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 Topic #170: Module Patterns - Layered Pattern (Tiers vs.
Layers)

Layers vs. Tiers

1.

Layers:

2.
 Definition: Logical separation of functionality within the application.
 Example: In a three-layered architecture:
 Presentation Layer: Manages user interface and interaction.
 Business Layer: Handles business logic and rules.
 Data Layer: Manages data access and storage.
 Key Point: Multiple layers can exist on the same physical machine.
3.

Tiers:

4.
 Definition: Physical separation of functionality across different
machines or servers.
 Example: In a three-tiered architecture:
 Presentation Tier: Runs on Machine A (e.g., a web server serving the
user interface).
 Business Tier: Runs on Machine B (e.g., an application server
processing business logic).
 Data Tier: Runs on Machine C (e.g., a database server storing data).
 Key Point: Each tier is physically deployed on separate machines.

Beginner-Level Examples

Layers Example

1. Scenario: An e-commerce application with a three-layered

architecture.
 Presentation Layer: HTML, CSS, and JavaScript code handling user
interaction in the web browser.
 Business Layer: Server-side code that processes orders, checks
inventory, and handles payments.
 Data Layer: SQL queries and database operations that store user
data, product information, and order history.
 Setup: All three layers could be deployed on a single server or
separate servers, depending on the requirements.

Tiers Example

1. Scenario: The same e-commerce application with a three-tiered

architecture.
 Presentation Tier: A web server (e.g., Apache or Nginx) running on
Machine A, delivering the website to users.
 Business Tier: An application server (e.g., Tomcat or Node.js) running
on Machine B, processing business logic.
 Data Tier: A database server (e.g., MySQL or PostgreSQL) running on
Machine C, managing data storage.
 Setup: Each tier is on a separate machine, distributing the load and
improving performance and scalability.

Summary

 Layers: Refer to the logical separation of different functionalities

within the application (e.g., presentation, business, data).
 Tiers: Refer to the physical deployment of these functionalities across
different machines or servers.

Key Points

 Layers: Can be on the same or different machines.

 Tiers: Always imply different physical machines or servers.
 Multi-layer Architecture: Organizes application logic into layers.
 Multi-tier Architecture: Deploys application logic across multiple
physical locations for scalability and performance.

These examples illustrate the basic concepts of layers and tiers,

focusing on their differences and how they can be applied in a simple
software application setup.
Software Design and Architecture Topic#171 Module Patterns
Layered Pattern – IV: Advantages of layered architectures This pattern
reduces complexity by achieving a Separation of Concerns (SoC).
Each layer is independent and you can understand it on its own
without the other layers. Complexity can be abstracted away in a
layered application, allowing us to deal with more complex problems.
Dependencies between layers can be minimized in a layered
architecture, which further reduces complexity. For example, the
presentation layer does not need to depend directly on the data layer
and the business layer does not depend on the presentation layer.
Minimizing dependencies also allows you to substitute
implementations for a particular layer without affecting the other
layers. they can make development easier. The pattern is pervasive
and well known to many developers, which makes using it easy for
the development team. Due to the way that the architecture
separates the application logic, it matches up well with how many
organizations hire their resources and allocate tasks during a project.
Each layer requires a particular skill set and suitable resources can be
assigned to work on each layer. For example, UI developers for the
presentation layer, and backend developers for the business and data
layers. This architecture pattern increases the testability quality
attribute of software applications. Partitioning the application into
layers and using interfaces for the interaction between layers allows
us to isolate a layer for testing and either mock or stub the other
layers. For example, you can perform unit testing on classes in your
business layer without the presentation and data layers. The business
layer is not dependent on the presentation layer and the data layer
can be mocked or stubbed. Applications using a layered architecture
may have higher levels of reusability if more than one application can
reuse the same layer. For example, if multiple applications target the
same business and/or data layers, those layers are reusable. When an
application using a layered architecture is deployed to different tiers,
there are additional benefits: increased scalability as more hardware
can be added to each tier greater levels of availability when multiple
machines are used per layer. Uptime is increased because, if a
hardware failure takes place in a layer, other machines can take over.
Having separate tiers enhances security as firewalls can be placed in
between the various layers. If a layer can be reused for multiple
 applications, it means that the physical tier can be reused as well.
Software Design and Architecture Topic#171 END! (my prompt is that
give me simple beginner level examples of all the topics or text above
given by me in this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.

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Topic #171: Module Patterns - Layered Pattern (IV: Advantages

of Layered Architectures)

Advantages of Layered Architectures

1.

Separation of Concerns (SoC)

2.
 Example: In a three-layered architecture (presentation, business, and
data layers):
 The presentation layer handles the user interface independently.
 The business layer processes business logic without knowing about
the UI.
 The data layer manages database interactions without being aware of
the business logic or UI.
3.

Minimized Dependencies

4.
 Example: The presentation layer calls functions in the business layer,
which in turn interacts with the data layer. If the database changes,
only the data layer needs modification; the other layers remain
unaffected.
5.

Easier Development

6.
 Example: An organization can assign UI developers to the
presentation layer, backend developers to the business layer, and
 database administrators to the data layer. This aligns with typical
hiring practices and project task allocation.
7.

Increased Testability

8.
 Example: During unit testing, you can test the business layer's
functions by mocking the data layer and ignoring the presentation
layer, ensuring isolated and effective tests.
9.

Reusability

10.
 Example: If two different applications share the same business logic,
they can both use the same business layer, reducing the need to
duplicate code and increasing consistency.
11.

Scalability and Availability

12.
 Example: Deploying the presentation, business, and data layers on
separate servers allows for adding more servers to handle increased
load. If one server fails, others can take over, ensuring the application
remains available.
13.

Enhanced Security

14.
 Example: Firewalls can be placed between servers hosting different
layers, such as between the web server (presentation layer) and
application server (business layer), to provide additional security
measures.

Summary of Examples
 Separation of Concerns: Each layer focuses on a specific aspect of
the application, such as UI, business logic, or data management.
 Minimized Dependencies: Layers interact in a way that changes in
one layer do not require changes in others.
 Easier Development: Different teams can work on different layers
simultaneously based on their expertise.
 Increased Testability: Layers can be tested independently using
mocks or stubs.
 Reusability: Common functionalities can be shared across multiple
applications.
 Scalability and Availability: Deploying layers on different servers
improves performance and reliability.
 Enhanced Security: Using firewalls between layers increases security.

These examples illustrate how the layered architecture pattern

simplifies complexity, improves development processes, and
enhances various quality attributes of software applications.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#172 Module Patterns

Layered Pattern – V: Disadvantages of layered architectures Although
the layers can be designed to be independent, a requirement change
may require changes in multiple layers. This type of coupling lowers
the overall agility of the software application. For example, adding a
new field will require changes to multiple layers: the presentation
layer so that it can be displayed, the business layer so that it can be
validated/saved/processed, and the data layer because it will need to
be added to the database. This can complicate deployment because,
even for a change such as this, an application may require multiple
parts (or even the entire application) to be deployed. more code will
be necessary for layered applications. This is to provide the interfaces
and other logic that are necessary for the communication between
the multiple layers. Development teams have to be diligent about
placing code in the correct layer so as not to leak logic to a layer that
belongs in another layer. Examples of this include placing business
logic in the presentation layer or putting data-access logic in the
business layer. there can be inefficiencies in having a request go
through multiple layers. moving from one layer to another sometimes
requires data representations to be transformed. One way to mitigate
 this disadvantage is to allow some layers to be open but this should
only be done if it is appropriate to open a layer. disadvantages to
layered architectures when they are deployed to multiple tiers: when
layers are deployed to separate physical tiers, there is an additional
performance cost. With modern hardware, this cost may be small but
it still won't be faster than an application that runs on a single
machine. There is a greater monetary cost associated with having a
multi-tier architecture. The more machines are used for the
application, the greater the overall cost. Unless the hosting of the
software application is handled by a cloud provider or has otherwise
been outsourced, an internal team will be needed to manage the
physical hardware of a multi-tier application. Software Design and
Architecture Topic#172 END! (my prompt is that give me simple
beginner level examples of all the topics or text above given by me in
this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #172: Module Patterns - Layered Pattern (V: Disadvantages

of Layered Architectures)

Disadvantages of Layered Architectures

1.

Coupling and Reduced Agility

2.
 Example: If you need to add a new "birthdate" field to your user
profile:
 Presentation Layer: Update the UI to display and accept the new
field.
 Business Layer: Add logic to validate, save, and process the
birthdate.
 Data Layer: Modify the database schema to include the birthdate
field.
 This requires changes across multiple layers, reducing agility.
3.
 Complicated Deployment

4.
 Example: For the same "birthdate" field addition:
 You may need to redeploy the entire application or significant parts
of it (UI, business logic, and database updates), making the
deployment process more complex.
5.

Increased Code and Maintenance

6.
 Example:
 Interface Code: You need additional code for interfaces between
layers, such as service interfaces in the business layer for the
presentation layer to call.
 Logic Misplacement: Developers need to ensure business logic stays
in the business layer and doesn't end up in the presentation layer by
mistake, increasing maintenance efforts.
7.

Inefficiencies and Performance Overheads

8.
 Example:
 A user request to fetch data might go through the presentation layer,
business layer, and data layer. Each layer may perform data
transformations (e.g., converting database records to business
objects and then to UI models), adding inefficiencies.
9.

Performance Costs in Multi-Tier Deployments

10.
 Example:
 If the presentation layer runs on a web server, the business layer on
an application server, and the data layer on a database server, the
 communication between these servers adds network latency. Even
with modern hardware, this can still be slower than running
everything on a single machine.
11.

Higher Monetary Costs

12.
 Example:
 Deploying to multiple physical tiers (servers) increases hardware and
maintenance costs. More servers mean higher expenses for
purchasing, maintaining, and managing them.
 Internal Management: If the infrastructure is not managed by a
cloud provider, your organization will need an internal team to
handle server maintenance, adding to the operational costs.

Summary of Examples

 Coupling and Reduced Agility: Adding new fields or features often

requires changes in multiple layers.
 Complicated Deployment: Changes often require redeployment of
multiple layers or the entire application.
 Increased Code and Maintenance: More code is needed for layer
interfaces and ensuring correct placement of logic.
 Inefficiencies and Performance Overheads: Passing data through
multiple layers adds inefficiencies and performance costs.
 Performance Costs in Multi-Tier Deployments: Separate physical
tiers introduce network latency.
 Higher Monetary Costs: More hardware and internal management
costs in multi-tier setups.

These examples highlight the potential downsides of using a layered

architecture, particularly in terms of development complexity,
deployment challenges, performance, and costs.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#173 Module Patterns

Layered Pattern – VI: Client-server architecture (two-tier architecture)
client-server architecture, also known as a two-tier architecture
distributed application clients and servers communicate with each
 other directly. A client requests some resource or calls some service
provided by a server and the server responds to the requests of
clients. There can be multiple clients connected to a single server The
Client part of the application contains the user interface code and the
Server contains the database The majority of application logic in a
client-server architecture is located on the server, but some of it
could also be located in the client. The application logic located on
the server might exist in software components, in the database, or
both. When the client contains a significant portion of the logic and is
handling a large share of the workload, it is known as a thick, or fat,
client. When the server is doing that instead, the client is known as a
thin client. In some client-server applications, the business logic is
spread out between the client and the server. If consistency isn't
applied, it can make it difficult to always know where a particular
piece of logic is located. If a team isn't diligent, business logic might
be duplicated on the client and the server. There may be instances in
which the same piece of logic is needed on both the client and the
server. For example, there may be business logic needed by the user
interface to validate a piece of data prior to submitting the data to
the server. The server may need this same business logic because it
also needs to perform this validation. While centralizing this logic
may require additional communication between the client and the
server, the alternative (duplication) lowers maintainability. If the
business logic were to change, it would have to be modified in
multiple places. Software Design and Architecture Topic#173 END!
(my prompt is that give me simple beginner level examples of all the
topics or text above given by me in this prompt) Important Note: do
not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #173: Module Patterns - Layered Pattern (VI: Client-

Server Architecture, Two-Tier Architecture)

Client-Server Architecture (Two-Tier Architecture)

1.

Basic Concept

2.
 In a client-server architecture, the application is split into two parts:
the client and the server.
 The client handles the user interface and interacts directly with the
user.
 The server handles the database and most of the application logic.
3.

Communication Between Client and Server

4.
 The client sends requests to the server for data or services.
 The server processes these requests and sends back the appropriate
responses.
 Multiple clients can connect to a single server simultaneously.
5.

Thin vs. Thick Clients

6.
 Thick (Fat) Client:
 Example: A desktop application that handles user input, data
validation, and some business logic.
 The server handles the database and additional business logic.
 Thin Client:
 Example: A web application where the browser mainly displays the
user interface.
 Most of the business logic and data processing is done on the server.
7.

Business Logic Distribution

8.
 Example:
 A form in a desktop application checks if the entered email address is
valid before submitting.
 The server also checks the email address when it receives the data to
ensure it meets the criteria.
 Challenges arise when business logic is spread across both client and
server:
 It can be difficult to track where specific logic is implemented.
 There is a risk of duplicating logic, which can reduce maintainability.
9.

Centralized Logic vs. Duplication

10.
 Centralized Logic:
 Example: The client sends data to the server for validation, even
though it adds extra communication steps.
 This ensures all validation logic is in one place (the server), making it
easier to maintain.
 Duplication:
 Example: Both the client and server have their own code to validate
email addresses.
 If validation rules change, updates must be made in both the client
and server code, increasing maintenance effort.

Summary of Examples

 Basic Concept: The client handles the UI, and the server handles the
database and main logic.
 Communication: The client requests data or services from the server,
and the server responds.
 Thin vs. Thick Clients:
 Thick Client: Desktop application with significant logic.
 Thin Client: Web application with most logic on the server.
 Business Logic Distribution:
 Example of business logic validation on both client and server.
 Centralized Logic vs. Duplication:
 Centralized: Logic only on the server, requiring extra communication.
 Duplication: Logic on both client and server, increasing maintenance.
These examples illustrate how client-server architecture works, how
the logic can be distributed, and the trade-offs between centralizing
logic versus duplicating it.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#174 Module Patterns

Layered Pattern – VII: n-tier architecture also known as a multitier
architecture there are multiple tiers in the architecture. One of the
most widely-used variations of this type of layered architecture is the
three-tier architecture. The three-tier architecture separates logic into
presentation, business, and data layers: Presentation tier The
presentation tier provides functionality for the application's UI. It
should provide an appealing visual design as it is the part of the
application that users interact with and see. Data is presented to the
user and input is received from users in this tier. Presentation tier
Aspects of the usability quality attribute should be the concern of the
presentation tier. Software architects should strive to design thin
clients that minimize the amount of logic that exists in the
presentation tier. Presentation tier The logic in the presentation tier
should focus on user interface concerns. A presentation tier devoid of
business logic will be easier to test. Business tier The business tier,
which is sometimes referred to as the application tier, provides the
implementation for the business logic of the application, including
such things as business rules, validations, and calculation logic.
Business entities for the application's domain are placed in this tier.
Business tier The business tier coordinates the application and
executes logic. It can perform detailed processes and makes logical
decisions. The business tier is the center of the application and serves
as an intermediary between the presentation and data tiers. Business
tier It provides the presentation tier with services, commands, and
data that it can use, and it interacts with the data tier to retrieve and
manipulate data. Data tier The data tier provides functionality to
access and manage data. The data tier contains a data store for
persistent storage, such as an RDBMS. It provides services and data
for the business tier. The rise of the web coincided with a shift from
two-tier (client-server) architectures to three-tier architectures. With
web applications and the use of web browsers, rich client applications
containing business logic were not ideal. Software Design and
Architecture Topic#174 END! (my prompt is that give me simple
 beginner level examples of all the topics or text above given by me in
this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #174: Module Patterns - Layered Pattern (VII: n-tier

Architecture)

n-tier Architecture (Multitier Architecture)

An n-tier architecture, also known as a multitier architecture,

organizes the application into multiple layers (tiers). A common
example is the three-tier architecture, which includes the presentation
tier, business tier, and data tier.

1.

Presentation Tier

2.
 Purpose: Handles the user interface.
 Example:
 A web application displays data on a webpage.
 A form collects user input.
 Focus:
 Should have minimal logic, focusing on displaying information and
collecting user inputs.
 Designed to be visually appealing and easy to use.
 Prioritizes usability.
3.

Business Tier (Application Tier)

4.
 Purpose: Manages business logic, including rules, validations, and
calculations.
 Example:
 Validating user inputs before saving them.
 Calculating the total price of items in a shopping cart.
 Focus:
 Acts as an intermediary between the presentation and data tiers.
 Processes commands from the presentation tier.
 Retrieves and manipulates data from the data tier.
 Contains business entities and logic.
5.

Data Tier

6.
 Purpose: Manages data storage and retrieval.
 Example:
 A database that stores user information.
 A service that provides data to the business tier.
 Focus:
 Contains a data store, such as a relational database management
system (RDBMS).
 Provides services to the business tier for accessing and managing
data.

Examples of Each Tier in a Three-Tier Architecture

Presentation Tier Example

 Scenario: A user accesses an online store.

 The webpage displays a list of products (data presentation).
 The user adds a product to the cart (user input).

Business Tier Example

 Scenario: The user adds a product to the cart.

 The business tier validates the addition (e.g., checks product
availability).
 It calculates the new total price of the cart.
 It sends a confirmation to the presentation tier.

Data Tier Example

 Scenario: The user proceeds to checkout.
 The business tier retrieves user information from the database.
 It updates the database with the new order details.

Advantages of n-tier Architecture

1.

Separation of Concerns:

2.
 Each tier handles a specific aspect of the application, making it easier
to manage and develop.
3.

Independent Development:

4.
 Teams can work on different tiers independently.
 Example: UI developers work on the presentation tier, while backend
developers handle the business and data tiers.
5.

Scalability:

6.
 Each tier can be scaled independently.
 Example: If the database load increases, more database servers can
be added without affecting the presentation or business tiers.
7.

Maintainability:

8.
 Changes in one tier do not necessarily affect other tiers.
 Example: Updating the database schema in the data tier does not
impact the presentation logic.

Disadvantages of n-tier Architecture

1.

Complexity:

2.
 Changes may require updates across multiple tiers.
 Example: Adding a new field requires changes in all three tiers: the
presentation tier for display/input, the business tier for processing,
and the data tier for storage.
3.

Performance Overhead:

4.
 Communication between tiers can introduce latency.
 Example: Each request must pass through multiple tiers, which can
slow down response times.
5.

Cost:

6.
 More hardware and infrastructure are needed for separate tiers.
 Example: Multiple servers for different tiers increase the overall cost
of deployment and maintenance.

This layered approach organizes functionality and responsibilities into

distinct, manageable sections, making it easier to develop, scale, and
maintain complex applications.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#175 Module Patterns

Variations in Layered Pattern Layered Architecture with “Sidecar”
modules in A, B, or C can use modules in D “Sidecars” often contain
common utilities such as error handlers, communication protocols, or
database access mechanisms. Segments within layers Sometimes
layers are divided into segments denoting a finer-grained
decomposition of the modules. Segments within layers Segments of
the top layer are not allowed to use each other, but segments of the
bottom layer are. Software Design and Architecture Topic#175 END!
(my prompt is that give me simple beginner level examples of all the
 topics or text above given by me in this prompt) Important Note: do
not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #175: Module Patterns - Variations in Layered Pattern

Layered Architecture with "Sidecar"

In a layered architecture with a "sidecar" pattern, certain modules (A,

B, or C) in different layers can use modules in a special layer called
the "sidecar" (D). This sidecar layer often contains common utilities
such as error handlers, communication protocols, or database access
mechanisms.
Example of Layered Architecture with "Sidecar"


Main Layers:


 Layer A: User Interface

 Layer B: Business Logic
 Layer C: Data Access


Sidecar Layer (D):



 Contains shared utilities:

 Error handlers
 Communication protocols
 Database access mechanisms


Usage:


 Module in Layer A (User Interface) uses an error handler from the

Sidecar Layer (D).
 Module in Layer B (Business Logic) uses a communication protocol
from the Sidecar Layer (D).
 Module in Layer C (Data Access) uses a database access mechanism
from the Sidecar Layer (D).

Segments within Layers

In some layered architectures, layers are divided into finer segments.

These segments represent a more detailed breakdown of modules
within the same layer.
Example of Segments within Layers


Top Layer (Layer A): User Interface



 Segment A1: Web Interface

 Segment A2: Mobile Interface
 Modules in Segment A1 are not allowed to use modules in Segment
A2.


Bottom Layer (Layer C): Data Access



 Segment C1: Database Connection

 Segment C2: File System Access
 Modules in Segment C1 can use modules in Segment C2.

Summary of Variations

1.

Layered Architecture with "Sidecar":

2.
 Purpose: Provides common utilities accessible to multiple main
layers.
 Benefit: Reduces duplication of common functionality.
 Example: Error handlers, communication protocols, database access
mechanisms in a sidecar layer used by user interface, business logic,
and data access layers.
3.
 Segments within Layers:

4.
 Purpose: Provides a finer-grained decomposition of modules within
the same layer.
 Benefit: Enhances organization and modularity within a layer.
 Example:
 Top layer (User Interface) has separate segments for web and mobile
interfaces that do not interact.
 Bottom layer (Data Access) has segments for database connection
and file system access where database connection modules can use
file system access modules.

These variations help in managing complex systems by organizing

them in a way that enhances modularity, reusability, and
maintainability.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#176 Component-and-

Connector Patterns Broker Pattern – I: Introduction Context: Many
systems are constructed from a collection of services distributed
across multiple servers. Implementing these systems is complex
because you need to worry about how the systems will interoperate
how they will connect to each other how they will exchange
information the availability of the component services. Problem: How
do we structure distributed software so that service users do not
need to know the nature and location of service providers, making it
easy to dynamically change the bindings between users and
providers? Solution: The broker pattern separates users of services
(clients) from providers of services (servers) by inserting an
intermediary, called a broker. When a client needs a service, it queries
a broker via a service interface. The broker then forwards the client’s
service request to a server, which processes the request. The service
result is communicated from the server back to the broker, which
then returns the result (and any exceptions) back to the requesting
client. The first widely used implementation of the broker pattern was
in the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA). Other
common uses of this pattern are found in Enterprise Java Beans (EJB)
and Microsoft’s .NET platform Essentially any modern platform for
 distributed service providers and consumers implements some form
of a broker. The service-oriented architecture (SOA) approach
depends crucially on brokers, most commonly in the form of an
enterprise service bus. Software Design and Architecture Topic#176
END! (my prompt is that give me simple beginner level examples of
all the topics or text above given by me in this prompt) Important
Note: do not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #176: Component-and-Connector Patterns

Broker Pattern – I: Introduction

Context: Many systems are built using services spread across

multiple servers. Implementing these systems is challenging because
you need to handle:

 Interoperability between systems.

 Connections between systems.
 Information exchange between systems.
 Availability of component services.

Problem: How do we design distributed software so that users of

services (clients) do not need to know the details or locations of
service providers (servers), and can easily change the connections
between users and providers?

Solution: The broker pattern introduces an intermediary called a

broker to separate clients from servers. Here's how it works:

1. Client Requests Service: When a client needs a service, it sends a

request to the broker through a service interface.
2. Broker Forwards Request: The broker forwards the client's request
to an appropriate server.
3. Server Processes Request: The server processes the request and
sends the result back to the broker.
4. Broker Returns Result: The broker returns the result (and any
exceptions) to the client.
 Example Implementations:

 CORBA: One of the first widely-used implementations of the broker

pattern.
 Enterprise Java Beans (EJB): Utilizes the broker pattern to manage
distributed services.
 Microsoft’s .NET Platform: Also implements the broker pattern for
service management.

Modern Uses:

 Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA): Relies on brokers, often in the

form of an enterprise service bus, to manage service requests and
responses.

Simple Beginner Level Example:

Imagine you have an application where users can request weather

information from different weather service providers. Using the
broker pattern, you would:

1. Client: A user requests the current weather information.

2. Broker: The request goes to a broker.
3. Broker: The broker determines which weather service provider
(server) to use.
4. Server: The selected weather service provider processes the request
and sends back the weather information.
5. Broker: The broker receives the weather information and forwards it
to the client.
6. Client: The user receives the current weather information.

In this example, the user (client) does not need to know which
weather service provider (server) is used or how to connect to it. The
broker handles all these details, simplifying the process for the user
and allowing the system to change weather service providers without
affecting the client.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#177 Component-and-

Connector Patterns Broker Pattern – II: Advantages and
Disadvantages the client remains completely ignorant of the identity,
 location, and characteristics of the server. Because of this separation,
if a server becomes unavailable, a replacement can be dynamically
chosen by the broker. If a server is replaced with a different
(compatible) service, again, the broker is the only component that
needs to know of this change, and so the client is unaffected. Proxies
are commonly introduced as intermediaries in addition to the broker
to help with details of the interaction with the broker, such as
marshaling and unmarshaling messages. The down sides of brokers
are that they add complexity (brokers and possibly proxies must be
designed and implemented, along with messaging protocols) and
add a level of indirection between a client and a server, which will add
latency to their communication. Debugging brokers can be difficult
because they are involved in highly dynamic environments where the
conditions leading to a failure may be difficult to replicate. The broker
would be an obvious point of attack, from a security perspective, and
so it needs to be hardened appropriately. Also a broker, if it is not
designed carefully, can be a single point of failure for a large and
complex system. And brokers can potentially be bottlenecks for
communication. Software Design and Architecture Topic#177 END!
(my prompt is that give me simple beginner level examples of all the
topics or text above given by me in this prompt) Important Note: do
not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #177: Component-and-Connector Patterns

Broker Pattern – II: Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages:

1.

Client Simplicity: The client does not need to know the server's
identity, location, or characteristics. This abstraction simplifies the
client's code.

2.
 Example: A user requests data without needing to know which server
provides it.
3.

Dynamic Server Replacement: If a server becomes unavailable, the

broker can dynamically select a replacement server without impacting
the client.

4.
 Example: If one server goes down, another server can take over
seamlessly.
5.

Server Upgrades: When a server is replaced with a different

compatible service, the broker handles the change, so the client
remains unaffected.

6.
 Example: Upgrading the weather data provider without changing the
client-side code.
7.

Proxies: Proxies can be used to manage the details of

communication, such as converting data formats for transmission
(marshaling and unmarshaling).

8.
 Example: Proxies handle the data format conversion between the
client and the server.

Disadvantages:

1.

Increased Complexity: Brokers and proxies need to be designed and

implemented, along with messaging protocols, which adds
complexity to the system.

2.
 Example: Developing the broker and proxies requires additional time
and effort.
3.
 Latency: Introducing a broker adds a level of indirection between the
client and the server, which can increase communication latency.

4.
 Example: The client’s request takes longer to process because it
passes through the broker.
5.

Debugging Challenges: Debugging can be difficult because brokers

operate in dynamic environments, making it hard to replicate failure
conditions.

6.
 Example: Troubleshooting issues with the broker can be complex due
to varying runtime conditions.
7.

Security Risks: The broker can be a target for attacks, so it must be

secured properly.

8.
 Example: Ensuring the broker is protected against potential security
breaches.
9.

Single Point of Failure: If the broker is not designed carefully, it can

become a single point of failure for the entire system.

10.
 Example: If the broker crashes, the entire system could become non-
functional.
11.

Potential Bottleneck: Brokers can become communication

bottlenecks if they are not able to handle high volumes of requests
efficiently.

12.
 Example: A slow broker can delay the processing of client requests,
reducing overall system performance.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#178 Component-and-

Connector Patterns MVC Pattern Model-View-Controller (MVC)
widely used for the UI of an application. It is particularly well suited to
web applications, although it can also be used for other types of
applications, such as desktop applications. The pattern provides a
structure for building user interfaces and provides a separation of the
different responsibilities involved. Model-View-Controller (MVC) A
number of popular web and application development frameworks
make use of this pattern. A few examples include Ruby on Rails,
ASP.NET MVC, and Spring MVC. MVC is not appropriate for every
situation. The design and implementation of three distinct kinds of
components, along with their various forms of interaction, may be
costly, and this cost may not make sense for relatively simple user
interfaces. the match between the abstractions of MVC and
commercial user interface toolkits is not perfect. The view and the
controller split apart input and output, but these functions are often
combined into individual widgets. This may result in a conceptual
mismatch between the architecture and the user interface toolkit.
Software Design and Architecture Topic#178 END! (my prompt is that
give me simple beginner level examples of all the topics or text above
given by me in this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #178: Component-and-Connector Patterns

MVC Pattern

Model-View-Controller (MVC) is a widely used pattern for building

user interfaces, especially in web applications. Here’s a simple
breakdown of its components and their responsibilities:

1.

Model:

2.
 Role: Represents the data and business logic of the application.
 Example: In a web application, the model might include classes for
handling user data, such as user profiles, account settings, and
transaction histories. It interacts with the database and performs the
necessary computations and validations.
3.

View:

4.
 Role: Displays the data from the model to the user and sends user
commands to the controller.
 Example: The view might be an HTML page with forms and tables
that display user data. It shows the user interface elements that the
user interacts with.
5.

Controller:

6.
 Role: Manages the input from the user, processes it, and updates the
model and view accordingly.
 Example: When a user submits a form to update their profile, the
controller handles the form submission, updates the model with the
new data, and then refreshes the view to reflect the changes.

Frameworks Utilizing MVC

Several popular frameworks use the MVC pattern to structure

applications:

 Ruby on Rails: A web application framework for the Ruby

programming language that uses MVC to organize application code.
 ASP.NET MVC: A framework for building web applications on
the .NET platform using the MVC pattern.
 Spring MVC: A module in the Spring Framework for building web
applications in Java using the MVC pattern.

When Not to Use MVC

 While MVC is powerful, it may not always be the best choice:

1.

Simple User Interfaces:

2.
 Example: For a simple application with minimal user interaction, the
overhead of creating separate model, view, and controller
components may not be justified.
3.

Mismatch with UI Toolkits:

4.
 Example: If the UI toolkit combines input and output into single
widgets, it might not fit well with the MVC pattern’s separation of
concerns. This can lead to a conceptual mismatch where the
architecture doesn’t align with the toolkit’s capabilities.

Summary

The MVC pattern is effective for organizing code in applications with

complex user interfaces, promoting separation of concerns and
maintainability. However, it might not be suitable for simpler
applications or when there’s a mismatch with the UI toolkit being
used.

2/2

Software Design and Architecture Topic#179 Component-and-

Connector Patterns Pipe-and-Filter Pattern Context: Many systems
are required to transform streams of discrete data items, from input
to output. Many types of transformations occur repeatedly in
practice, and so it is desirable to create these as independent,
reusable parts. Problem: Such systems need to be divided into
reusable, loosely coupled components with simple, generic
interaction mechanisms. In this way they can be flexibly combined
with each other. The components, being generic and loosely coupled,
are easily reused. The components, being independent, can execute
 in parallel. Solution: The pattern of interaction in the pipe-and-filter
pattern is characterized by successive transformations of streams of
data. Data arrives at a filter’s input port(s), is transformed, and then is
passed via its output port(s) through a pipe to the next filter. A single
filter can consume data from, or produce data to, one or more ports.
Software Design and Architecture Topic#179 END! (my prompt is that
give me simple beginner level examples of all the topics or text above
given by me in this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #179: Component-and-Connector Patterns

Pipe-and-Filter Pattern

Context: Systems often need to transform streams of data from input

to output. To manage this efficiently, we can break down the process
into reusable, independent components that interact in a simple,
standardized way.

Problem: The challenge is to divide the system into loosely coupled,

reusable components that interact through simple, generic
mechanisms. This allows for flexible combination and parallel
execution.

Solution: The Pipe-and-Filter pattern addresses this by organizing

the system as a series of data transformations. Data flows through a
series of filters via pipes. Each filter processes the data it receives
from its input port(s) and sends the transformed data to its output
port(s), which are connected to other filters.

Simple Beginner Level Examples

1.

Text Processing Pipeline:

2.
 Context: Suppose you have a system that processes text files to clean
up and format the content.
 Filters:
 Read Filter: Reads raw text from a file.
 Clean Filter: Removes unwanted characters or symbols.
 Transform Filter: Converts text to uppercase.
 Write Filter: Writes the cleaned and transformed text to an output
file.
 Pipes: Connect these filters in sequence so that the output of one
filter becomes the input of the next.
3.

Data Processing Pipeline:

4.
 Context: Imagine you need to process a stream of numerical data.
 Filters:
 Input Filter: Reads numbers from an input source (e.g., a sensor).
 Filter A: Filters out invalid or noisy data.
 Filter B: Normalizes the data (e.g., scaling values to a specific range).
 Output Filter: Writes the processed data to a database or display.
 Pipes: Connect these filters so data flows smoothly from the input
source to the final output.
5.

Image Processing Pipeline:

6.
 Context: An application processes a series of images.
 Filters:
 Load Image Filter: Loads images from a directory.
 Resize Filter: Resizes images to a standard size.
 Filter C: Applies a grayscale filter to images.
 Save Image Filter: Saves the processed images to a new directory.
 Pipes: Set up pipes to direct the output of each filter to the next,
creating a streamlined image processing pipeline.

In each of these examples, the filters perform specific tasks and can
be reused in different pipelines. The pipes ensure data flows correctly
from one filter to the next, maintaining a clean separation of
concerns and allowing each filter to be developed and tested
independently.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#180 Component-and-

Connector Patterns Pipe-and-Filter Pattern – Strengths and
Weaknesses typically not a good choice for an interactive system, as
it disallows cycles (which are important for user feedback). having
large numbers of independent filters can add substantial amounts of
computational overhead, because each filter runs as its own thread or
process. may not be appropriate for long-running computations,
without the addition of some form of checkpoint/restore
functionality, as the failure of any filter (or pipe) can cause the entire
pipeline to fail. Pipes buffer data during communication. Because of
this property, filters can execute asynchronously and concurrently. a
filter typically does not know the identity of its upstream or
downstream filters. For this reason, pipeline pipe-and-filter systems
have the property that the overall computation can be treated as the
functional composition of the computations of the filters, making it
easier for the architect to reason about end-to-end behavior. Data
transformation systems are typically structured as pipes and filters,
with each filter responsible for one part of the overall transformation
of the input data. The independent processing at each step supports
reuse, parallelization, and simplified reasoning about overall behavior.
Examples of Pipe-and-Filter Architecture systems built using UNIX
pipes the request processing architecture of the Apache web server
Yahoo! Pipes for processing RSS feeds many workflow engines many
scientific computation systems that have to process and analyze large
streams of captured data. Software Design and Architecture
Topic#180 END! (my prompt is that give me simple beginner level
examples of all the topics or text above given by me in this prompt)
Important Note: do not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #180: Component-and-Connector Patterns

Pipe-and-Filter Pattern – Strengths and Weaknesses

Strengths:
1.

Asynchronous and Concurrent Execution:

2.
 Example: In a text processing pipeline, while one filter reads the text,
another can simultaneously clean it, and a third can format it, making
the process faster.
3.

Modular and Reusable Components:

4.
 Example: If you have a filter that removes HTML tags from text, you
can reuse this filter in any text processing pipeline where this
functionality is needed.
5.

Simplified Reasoning about Behavior:

6.
 Example: If you have a data transformation pipeline converting raw
data to a formatted report, you can easily understand and debug the
transformation steps by focusing on individual filters.
7.

Ease of Maintenance:

8.
 Example: If you need to change the way text is cleaned in a
processing pipeline, you only need to modify the cleaning filter
without affecting other filters.

Weaknesses:

1.

Not Suitable for Interactive Systems:

2.
 Example: In a real-time chat application, using a pipe-and-filter
pattern would be inefficient because user interactions need
immediate feedback, which is not feasible due to the sequential
nature of the pattern.
3.

Computational Overhead:

4.
 Example: In a data processing pipeline with numerous filters, each
filter running in its own thread or process can lead to high
computational overhead, slowing down the system.
5.

Failure Propagation:

6.
 Example: In an image processing pipeline, if one filter responsible for
resizing images fails, it can cause the entire pipeline to stop, unless
there is a mechanism to handle such failures.
7.

Increased Complexity for Long-Running Computations:

8.
 Example: For a long-running financial data analysis pipeline, you
need to implement checkpoint/restore functionality to ensure that if
a filter fails, the entire computation doesn’t have to restart from the
beginning.

Simple Beginner Level Examples

1.

Strengths:

2.
 Asynchronous Execution: In a photo editing application, filters for
resizing, adding watermarks, and adjusting brightness can run
concurrently.
 Reusability: A filter that normalizes text (e.g., converting to
lowercase) can be reused in various text processing applications.
 Simplified Reasoning: In a pipeline converting sensor data to visual
graphs, you can isolate issues by examining individual filters
responsible for data collection, transformation, and visualization.
3.

Weaknesses:

4.
 Interactive System Unsuitability: A live video streaming application
requires immediate feedback to user inputs, making pipe-and-filter
inefficient.
 Computational Overhead: In a large-scale data analysis system,
each filter running separately can lead to significant resource
consumption and delays.
 Failure Propagation: In a scientific data analysis pipeline, a failing
filter that calculates a specific metric can halt the entire analysis
process.
 Long-Running Computation Complexity: A weather forecasting
pipeline running for extended periods requires checkpoints to
prevent complete restarts in case of failures.

These examples illustrate how the pipe-and-filter pattern can be both

advantageous and challenging depending on the context and specific
requirements of the system being designed.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#181 Component-and-

Connector Patterns Client-Server Pattern Context: There are shared
resources and services that large numbers of distributed clients wish
to access, and for which we wish to control access or quality of
service. Problem: By managing a set of shared resources and services,
we can promote modifiability and reuse, by factoring out common
services and having to modify these in a single location, or a small
number of locations. We want to improve scalability and availability
by centralizing the control of these resources and services, while
distributing the resources themselves across multiple physical servers.
Solution: Clients interact by requesting services of servers, which
provide a set of services. Some components may act as both clients
 and servers. There may be one central server or multiple distributed
ones. Components clients and servers Connectors a data connector
driven by a request/reply protocol used for invoking services.
Disadvantages The server can be a performance bottleneck and it can
be a single point of failure. Decisions about where to locate
functionality (in the client or in the server) are often complex and
costly to change after a system has been built. Software Design and
Architecture Topic#181 END! (my prompt is that give me simple
beginner level examples of all the topics or text above given by me in
this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #181: Component-and-Connector Patterns

Client-Server Pattern

Context:

 Example: A library system where multiple users (clients) access a

centralized database (server) to search for, borrow, and return books.

Problem:

 Example: In an online shopping platform, managing product listings,

user accounts, and order processing in a single place (server) ensures
that updates are easy to implement and maintain.

Solution:

 Example: In a chat application, users (clients) send messages to a

central server, which processes and forwards them to the intended
recipients. This setup allows users to communicate with each other
without needing to manage direct connections themselves.

Components:

1. Clients:
 Example: In an email system, users' email applications (clients) send
and receive emails by interacting with the email server.
2. Servers:
 Example: A game server hosts an online multiplayer game, managing
game state, player interactions, and scores, while players' devices
(clients) interact with the server to play the game.
3. Connectors:
 Example: In a file sharing system, a request/reply protocol like HTTP
is used. Clients request files from the server, and the server responds
by providing the requested files.

Disadvantages:

1. Performance Bottleneck:
 Example: In a video streaming service, if too many users request
video content simultaneously, the server can become overwhelmed,
leading to slower response times and buffering issues for all users.
2. Single Point of Failure:
 Example: In a cloud storage service, if the central server goes down,
users cannot access their stored files until the server is back online.
3. Complexity in Functionality Location:
 Example: In an e-commerce platform, deciding whether to handle
payment processing on the client side or server side can be
challenging. Once implemented, changing this decision can be
difficult and costly.

These examples illustrate how the client-server pattern can be

applied in various contexts, along with the potential drawbacks that
need to be managed.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#182 Component-and-

Connector Patterns Shared-Data Pattern Context: Various
computational components need to share and manipulate large
amounts of data. This data does not belong solely to any one of
those components. Problem: How can systems store and manipulate
persistent data that is accessed by multiple independent
components? Solution: Interaction is dominated by the exchange of
persistent data between multiple data accessors and at least one
 shared-data store. Exchange may be initiated by the accessors or the
data store. The connector type is data reading and writing. Software
Design and Architecture Topic#182 END! (my prompt is that give me
simple beginner level examples of all the topics or text above given
by me in this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #182: Component-and-Connector Patterns

Shared-Data Pattern

Context:

 Example: In a university, various departments (such as Admissions,

Finance, and Academics) need to access and manipulate student
records stored in a central database. This data does not belong solely
to any one department.

Problem:

 Example: How can different applications within a company (like

payroll, HR, and project management) store and manipulate
employee data that needs to be accessed by multiple systems?

Solution:

 Example: In an online banking system, multiple services (like account

management, transaction processing, and fraud detection) need to
read and write data to a central database where all customer account
information is stored.

Components:

1. Data Accessors:
 Example: In a social media platform, the user profile service,
messaging service, and recommendation service all access the same
user data stored in a shared database.
2. Shared-Data Store:
 Example: A central repository in a content management system
(CMS) where all content, metadata, and user information are stored
and accessed by various components like content delivery, editing
tools, and analytics.

Connectors:

 Data Reading and Writing:

 Example: In an e-commerce application, the product catalog service,
order processing service, and inventory management service all read
and write to a central database to ensure data consistency across the
platform.

These examples highlight how the shared-data pattern facilitates the

management and manipulation of data that needs to be accessed by
multiple independent components, ensuring data consistency and
integrity across the system.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#183 Component-and-

Connector Patterns Shared-Data Pattern – Strengths and Weaknesses
Strengths The shared-data pattern is useful whenever various data
items are persistent and have multiple accessors. Use of this pattern
has the effect of decoupling the producer of the data from the
consumers of the data; hence, this pattern supports modifiability, as
the producers do not have direct knowledge of the consumers.
Strengths Consolidating the data in one or more locations and
accessing it in a common fashion facilitates performance tuning.
Analyses associated with this pattern usually center on qualities such
as data consistency, performance, security, privacy, availability,
scalability, and compatibility with, for example, existing repositories
and their data. Weaknesses the shared-data store may be a
performance bottleneck. For this reason, performance optimization
has been a common theme in database research. The shared-data
store is also potentially a single point of failure. Weaknesses the
producers and consumers of the shared data may be tightly coupled,
through their knowledge of the structure of the shared data. Software
Design and Architecture Topic#183 END! (my prompt is that give me
simple beginner level examples of all the topics or text above given
by me in this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.
 ChatGPT

Topic #183: Component-and-Connector Patterns

Shared-Data Pattern – Strengths and Weaknesses

Strengths

1.

Persistent Data with Multiple Accessors

2.
 Example: In a hospital, patient records are stored in a central
database. Doctors, nurses, and administrative staff all need to access
and update these records.
3.

Supports Modifiability

4.
 Example: In an online learning platform, course content is stored in a
central repository. This allows the content team to update course
materials without needing to know how individual courses are
consumed by various student interfaces or reporting tools.
5.

Facilitates Performance Tuning

6.
 Example: In a retail system, all transaction logs are stored in a single
database. This centralization allows database administrators to
optimize queries and indexes to improve transaction processing
speed.
7.

Analyses Focus on Qualities

8.
 Data Consistency: Ensuring that all users see the same version of a
document in a document management system.
 Performance: Optimizing read and write speeds in a high-traffic
website’s database.
 Security: Implementing access controls to ensure that only
authorized users can view or modify data in a corporate HR system.
 Privacy: Encrypting sensitive customer data in an online banking
application.
 Availability: Implementing replication to ensure that a university’s
student database is always available.
 Scalability: Adding more database servers to handle increased load
in a social media platform.
 Compatibility: Ensuring that new data formats can be stored in an
existing database without disrupting current applications in an
enterprise resource planning (ERP) system.

Weaknesses

1.

Performance Bottleneck

2.
 Example: In an e-commerce site, the central database for product
inventory can become a bottleneck during high-traffic sales events,
slowing down the entire site.
3.

Single Point of Failure

4.
 Example: If the central server hosting the database for a video
streaming service goes down, the entire service becomes unavailable.
5.

Tight Coupling

6.
 Example: In a payroll system, if the database schema changes (e.g.,
adding a new field for tax calculations), both the payroll processing
service and the reporting tools need to be updated to understand the
new structure.

These examples illustrate the strengths and weaknesses of the

shared-data pattern, providing a clear understanding of how it can be
effectively implemented and what challenges might arise.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#184 Allocation Patterns -

Multi-tier Pattern Multi-tier Pattern The multi-tier pattern is a C&C
pattern or an allocation pattern, depending on the criteria used to
define the tiers. Multi-tier Pattern Tiers can be created to group
components of similar functionality, in which case it is a C&C pattern.
Multi-tier Pattern However, in many, if not most, cases tiers are
defined with an eye toward the computing environment on which the
software will run: A client tier in an enterprise system will not be
running on the computer that hosts the database. Multi-tier Pattern
That makes it an allocation pattern mapping software elements—
perhaps produced by applying C&C patterns—to computing
elements. Software Design and Architecture Topic#184 END! (my
prompt is that give me simple beginner level examples of all the
topics or text above given by me in this prompt) Important Note: do
not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #184: Allocation Patterns - Multi-tier Pattern

Multi-tier Pattern

C&C Pattern

1. Grouping Components of Similar Functionality

 Example: In a web application, you might have the following tiers:
 Presentation Tier: Handles user interfaces and interactions. This tier
includes components like web pages, JavaScript files, and CSS styles.
 Business Logic Tier: Processes data and handles business rules. This
tier includes components like business services and application logic.
 Data Access Tier: Manages interactions with the database. This tier
includes components like data access objects (DAOs) and database
connection pools.

Allocation Pattern

1. Defining Tiers Based on the Computing Environment

 Example: In an enterprise system:
 Client Tier: Runs on the user's device, such as a web browser or
mobile app.
 Application Server Tier: Runs on a separate server that handles
business logic and processing. This server manages requests from the
client tier and processes them.
 Database Server Tier: Runs on a different server that hosts the
database. This server handles data storage, retrieval, and
management.

By understanding these two perspectives—C&C and allocation

patterns—you can see how the multi-tier pattern organizes software
components and their deployment in a computing environment.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#185 Monolithic Architecture

A monolithic architecture is one in which a software application is
designed to work as a single, self-contained unit. Applications that
have this type of architecture are common. The components within a
monolithic architecture are interconnected and interdependent,
resulting in tightly coupled code. The different concerns of an
application, such as user interface, business logic, authorization,
logging, and database access, are not kept separate in a monolithic
architecture. These different pieces of functionality are intertwined in
a monolithic application. Software Design and Architecture Topic#185
END! (my prompt is that give me simple beginner level examples of
all the topics or text above given by me in this prompt) Important
Note: do not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #185: Monolithic Architecture

 Monolithic Architecture

A monolithic architecture is one where a software application is built

as a single, self-contained unit. Below are examples of how various
concerns are intertwined in a monolithic application:

1.

User Interface

2.
 Example: A web application where the HTML, CSS, and JavaScript for
the user interface are tightly integrated with the server-side code. The
same codebase includes both the front-end and back-end logic.
3.

Business Logic

4.
 Example: Business rules and operations are implemented within the
same codebase as the user interface. For instance, validation of user
input and processing of business operations are part of the same
application.
5.

Authorization

6.
 Example: User authentication and authorization checks are
embedded within the main application code. Every request to the
application includes checks for user permissions within the same
codebase.
7.

Logging

8.
 Example: Logging functionality, such as recording user activities and
errors, is written directly into the application code. There is no
 separate module for logging; it's all part of the monolithic
application.
9.

Database Access

10.
 Example: The application contains direct database queries and
operations. The code to access the database and retrieve or store
data is embedded within the application logic.

These functionalities are all mixed together, making the codebase

tightly coupled. This means that changes to one part of the
application can impact other parts, and the entire application must be
deployed together as a single unit.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#186 Monolithic Architecture

– Strengths and Weaknesses Benefits Applications with a monolithic
architecture typically have better performance. Small applications that
have this type of architecture are easier to deploy because of the
simplicity of the high-level architecture. In spite of the tightly coupled
logic, monolithic applications can be easier to test and debug
because they are simpler, with fewer separate components to
consider. Monolithic applications are typically easy to scale because
all it takes is to run multiple instances of the same application.
However, different application components have different scaling
needs and we cannot scale the components independently with a
monolithic architecture. We are limited to adding more instances of
the entire application in order to scale. Drawbacks Monolithic
applications greatly inhibit the agility of the organization as it
becomes difficult to make changes to the software. continuous
deployment is difficult to achieve. Even if a change is made to only
one component of a monolithic application, the entire software
system will need to be deployed. Organizations are required to
devote more resources, such as time and testers, to deploy a new
version of a monolithic application. Low maintainability Tightly
coupled components make it more difficult to make changes because
a change in one part of the application is more likely to affect other
parts of the application. Difficult to understand It also takes longer for
 such applications to start up, lowering the productivity of the team
during development. Monolithic applications require a commitment
to a particular programming language and technology stack. If a
migration to a different technology is needed, it requires the
organization to commit to rewriting the entire application. Software
Design and Architecture Topic#186 END! (my prompt is that give me
simple beginner level examples of all the topics or text above given
by me in this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #186: Monolithic Architecture – Strengths and Weaknesses

Benefits

1.

Better Performance

2.
 Example: A small e-commerce website where all components (user
interface, business logic, database access) are integrated into a single
application. The tight integration can lead to faster data processing
and response times.
3.

Easier Deployment

4.
 Example: A blog application that is straightforward to deploy
because it consists of a single package containing all necessary code
and resources.
5.

Easier Testing and Debugging

6.
 Example: A simple task management application where testing
involves checking the entire application at once without dealing with
multiple independent services.
7.

Scalability

8.
 Example: A photo-sharing application can be scaled by running
multiple instances of the same application, allowing it to handle
increased traffic. However, if the application includes both image
processing and user authentication, both will scale together even if
only image processing requires scaling.

Drawbacks

1.

Inhibits Agility

2.
 Example: In a large inventory management system, even a minor
change in the reporting module requires redeploying the entire
application, slowing down the development cycle.
3.

Difficult Continuous Deployment

4.
 Example: A payment processing system where updating the payment
gateway component necessitates redeploying the entire application,
including unrelated components like user accounts and transaction
history.
5.

Low Maintainability

6.
 Example: An enterprise resource planning (ERP) application where a
change in the billing module can inadvertently affect the
procurement module due to tightly coupled components.
7.
 Difficult to Understand

8.
 Example: A complex customer relationship management (CRM)
application with intertwined components, making it challenging for
new developers to understand the system.
9.

Longer Startup Times

10.
 Example: A comprehensive health records system that takes a long
time to start because it initializes all modules (patient records,
appointment scheduling, billing) at once, slowing down development
productivity.
11.

Commitment to Technology Stack

12.
 Example: A monolithic content management system (CMS) built with
a specific technology stack. If the organization wants to switch from
PHP to Python, it requires rewriting the entire application.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#187 Web Application

Architecture Overview Why Web Application Almost 23 million
software developers (2018) Over 15 million of these actively develop
software for the web or related technologies Web Application
Overview The core of a Web application is its server-side logic. The
Web application layer itself can be comprised of many distinct layers.
The typical example is a three-layered architecture comprised of
presentation, business, and data layers. Design Considerations When
designing a Web application, the goals of a software architect are to
minimize the complexity by separating tasks into different areas of
concern while designing a secure, high performance application.
Software Design and Architecture Topic#187 END! (my prompt is that
give me simple beginner level examples of all the topics or text above
given by me in this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.
 ChatGPT

Topic #187: Web Application Architecture Overview

Why Web Application

 Example: In 2018, there were nearly 23 million software developers,

with over 15 million focusing on web development. This includes
developers building websites, online services, and web-based
applications.

Web Application Overview

Server-Side Logic: The core functionality of a web application, such

as processing user requests, accessing databases, and implementing
business rules, resides on the server.


 Example: An e-commerce website where the server processes user

orders, handles payment transactions, and manages inventory.


Three-Layered Architecture:


1. Presentation Layer: Manages the user interface and user interaction.

 Example: HTML, CSS, and JavaScript files that create the layout and
design of a webpage.
2. Business Layer: Contains the business logic and rules.
 Example: Code that calculates shipping costs and applies discounts
based on user inputs and business rules.
3. Data Layer: Handles data storage and retrieval.
 Example: Database queries that retrieve product information and
user data from a SQL database.

Design Considerations


 Separation of Concerns: Dividing the application into distinct areas
to reduce complexity and improve maintainability.


 Example: Keeping user authentication logic separate from the code

that manages product inventory.


Security: Ensuring the application is protected against threats like

SQL injection and cross-site scripting.


 Example: Using prepared statements to safely execute database

queries and validating user input to prevent malicious data from
being processed.


Performance: Designing the application to respond quickly to user

actions and handle high traffic loads efficiently.


 Example: Implementing caching mechanisms to store frequently

accessed data in memory, reducing the need to repeatedly query the
database.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#188 Web Application Design

Considerations Part I - Maintainability Partition your application
logically Use layering to partition your application logically into
presentation, business, and data access layers. helps to create
maintainable code allows to monitor and optimize the performance
of each layer separately. offers more choices for scaling your
application. Use abstraction to implement loose coupling between
layers. This can be accomplished by defining interface components,
such as a façade (or interface types/abstract base classes) with well-
known inputs and outputs that translates requests into a format
understood by components within the layer. Understand how
components will communicate with each other This requires an
understanding of the deployment scenarios your application must
support. You must determine if communication across physical
boundaries or process boundaries should be supported, or if all
 components will run within the same process. Software Design and
Architecture Topic#188 END! (my prompt is that give me simple
beginner level examples of all the topics or text above given by me in
this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #188: Web Application Design Considerations

Part I - Maintainability

Partition Your Application Logically

 Layering: Divide your application into separate layers: presentation,

business, and data access.
 Presentation Layer: Handles the user interface.
 Example: HTML, CSS, and JavaScript files that define the look and
feel of a website.
 Business Layer: Manages business rules and logic.
 Example: Code that processes user orders and calculates totals in a
shopping cart.
 Data Access Layer: Interacts with the database.
 Example: SQL queries that retrieve user information and store order
details.

Use Abstraction to Implement Loose Coupling Between Layers

 Abstraction: Use interface components to create a clear separation

between layers.
 Interface Components: Components such as façades or abstract
classes that define how layers communicate.
 Example: An interface IOrderService that specifies methods like
PlaceOrder and CancelOrder, which the business layer implements to

handle order processing.

Understand How Components Will Communicate with Each

Other
 Deployment Scenarios: Consider how your components will interact
based on where they are deployed.
 Same Process Communication: Components run within the same
application process.
 Example: A web application where the user interface, business logic,
and database access code are all in the same codebase and run
together on a single server.
 Cross Process Communication: Components run in different
processes or on different servers.
 Example: A web application where the user interface runs on a user's
browser, the business logic runs on a server, and the database is on a
separate database server. Communication between these layers may
use HTTP requests, RPC calls, or other network protocols.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#189 Web Application Design

Considerations Part II - Performance Reduce round trips. When
designing a Web application, consider using techniques such as
caching and output buffering to reduce round trips between the
browser and the Web server, and between the Web server and
downstream servers. Consider using caching A well-designed caching
strategy is probably the single most important performance-related
design consideration. Avoid blocking during long-running tasks If
you have long-running or blocking operations, consider using an
asynchronous approach to allow the Web server to process other
incoming requests. Software Design and Architecture Topic#189
END! (my prompt is that give me simple beginner level examples of
all the topics or text above given by me in this prompt) Important
Note: do not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #189: Web Application Design Considerations

Part II - Performance

Reduce Round Trips

 Techniques: Use caching and output buffering to minimize the
number of requests between the browser and the server, as well as
between the server and other servers.
 Example: Implement client-side caching for static assets like images,
CSS, and JavaScript files to reduce the need for repeated requests to
the server.
 Example: Use server-side output buffering to combine multiple
server responses into a single response, reducing the number of
network round trips required.

Consider Using Caching

 Caching Strategy: A well-designed caching strategy can significantly

improve performance.
 Example: Cache frequently accessed data, such as user session
information, in memory using tools like Redis or Memcached.
 Example: Implement page caching to store the generated HTML of
entire web pages, so the server doesn’t need to regenerate the page
for each request.

Avoid Blocking During Long-Running Tasks

 Asynchronous Approach: Use asynchronous methods for long-

running or blocking operations to allow the server to handle other
requests concurrently.
 Example: Use asynchronous programming techniques (such as
async/await in JavaScript) to handle file uploads or large data
processing tasks without blocking the main thread.
 Example: Implement background processing for tasks like sending
emails or generating reports, using job queues or task schedulers like
RabbitMQ or Celery, allowing the web server to remain responsive to
user requests.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#190 Web Application Design

Considerations Part III - Security Consider using logging and
instrumentation You should audit and log activities across the layers
and tiers of your application. These logs can be used to detect
suspicious activity, which frequently provides early indications of an
 attack on the system. Consider authenticating users across trust
boundaries You should design your application to authenticate users
whenever they cross a trust boundary; for example, when accessing a
remote business layer from your presentation layer. Do not pass
sensitive data in plain text across the network. Whenever you need to
pass sensitive data such as a password or authentication cookie
across the network, consider encrypting and signing the data or using
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) encryption. Design your Web application
to run using a least-privileged account If an attacker manages to take
control of a process, the process identity should have restricted
access to the file system and other system resources in order to limit
the possible damage. Software Design and Architecture Topic#190
END! (my prompt is that give me simple beginner level examples of
all the topics or text above given by me in this prompt) Important
Note: do not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #190: Web Application Design Considerations

Part III - Security

Consider Using Logging and Instrumentation

 Example: Implement logging mechanisms that record user login

attempts, both successful and unsuccessful. This helps in detecting
and responding to brute force attacks.
 Example: Set up log monitoring tools to track unusual activities, such
as repeated access to sensitive data, which could indicate an insider
threat.

Consider Authenticating Users Across Trust Boundaries

 Example: Require users to log in again when they try to access the
admin panel of a web application from the regular user interface. This
ensures that only authenticated users with the right permissions can
access sensitive areas.
 Example: Implement multi-factor authentication (MFA) when a user
accesses financial transaction features to ensure an additional layer of
security.
 Do Not Pass Sensitive Data in Plain Text Across the Network

 Example: Use HTTPS (SSL/TLS) for your web application to encrypt all
data transmitted between the client and server, preventing
eavesdropping and man-in-the-middle attacks.
 Example: Encrypt sensitive information like passwords and tokens
before storing them in cookies or transmitting them over the
network.

Design Your Web Application to Run Using a Least-Privileged

Account

 Example: Configure the web server to run under a dedicated user

account that has minimal permissions, ensuring it can only access
necessary files and services.
 Example: Use role-based access control (RBAC) to assign the least
amount of privilege needed for a user to perform their job, reducing
the risk if an account is compromised.

These examples illustrate how to apply security considerations in a

web application to enhance its security and mitigate risks.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#191 Web Application Frame

- Introduction Web Application Frame There are several common
issues that you must consider as you develop your design. These
issues can be categorized into specific areas of the design. the
common issues for each category where mistakes are most often
made. Software Design and Architecture Topic#191 END! (my prompt
is that give me simple beginner level examples of all the topics or text
above given by me in this prompt) Important Note: do not use
analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #191: Web Application Frame - Introduction

Web Application Design Issues and Common Mistakes

1.

Performance
2.
 Issue: Inefficient database queries slowing down application response
times.
 Mistake: Not using database indexes effectively, leading to slow data
retrieval.
 Example Solution: Optimize database queries by adding appropriate
indexes to columns frequently used in WHERE clauses.
3.

Security

4.
 Issue: Lack of input validation leading to vulnerabilities such as SQL
injection.
 Mistake: Trusting user input without proper sanitization.
 Example Solution: Implement server-side input validation to ensure
data integrity and prevent malicious attacks.
5.

Scalability

6.
 Issue: Inability to handle increased traffic during peak times.
 Mistake: Not implementing caching mechanisms for frequently
accessed data.
 Example Solution: Use caching strategies (e.g., Redis or Memcached)
to store and retrieve data quickly, reducing load on the database.
7.

Maintainability

8.
 Issue: Complex and tightly coupled code making it difficult to update
or extend the application.
 Mistake: Not following design patterns like MVC, resulting in
spaghetti code.
 Example Solution: Use MVC architecture to separate concerns
(model, view, controller) and make codebase modular and easier to
maintain.
9.

User Experience (UX)

10.
 Issue: Poor navigation and inconsistent UI elements affecting user
interaction.
 Mistake: Inconsistent design patterns and lack of usability testing.
 Example Solution: Conduct usability tests with real users to identify
navigation issues and improve user interface design.
11.

Reliability

12.
 Issue: Application crashes under heavy load due to insufficient error
handling.
 Mistake: Ignoring error scenarios and not implementing proper
exception handling.
 Example Solution: Implement robust error handling mechanisms to
catch exceptions, log errors, and gracefully handle failures.

These examples highlight common issues in web application design

across various categories and provide straightforward solutions to
mitigate them, ensuring a more robust and effective application.

2/2

Software Design and Architecture Topic#192 Web Application Frame

- Authentication Designing an effective authentication strategy is
important for the security and reliability of your application. Improper
or weak authorization can leave your application vulnerable to
spoofing attacks, dictionary attacks, session hijacking, and other types
of attack. Common Mistakes Lack of authentication across trust
boundaries Storing passwords in a database as plain text Designing
custom authentication mechanism instead of using built-in
 capabilities Guidelines Identify trust boundaries within Web
application layers. This will help you to determine where to
authenticate. Use a platform-supported authentication mechanism
when possible. Enforce strong account management practices such as
account lockouts and expirations. Enforce strong password policies.
This includes specifying password length and complexity, and
password expiration policies. Software Design and Architecture
Topic#192 END! (my prompt is that give me simple beginner level
examples of all the topics or text above given by me in this prompt)
Important Note: do not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #192: Web Application Frame - Authentication

Common Mistakes and Examples

1.

Lack of Authentication Across Trust Boundaries

2.
 Mistake: Not authenticating users when they cross from one layer of
the application to another (e.g., from the presentation layer to the
business layer).
 Example Solution: Implement authentication checks at each trust
boundary. For instance, if a user is accessing the business logic layer
from the presentation layer, ensure that their identity is verified
again.
3.

Storing Passwords in Plain Text

4.
 Mistake: Saving user passwords directly in the database without
encryption.
 Example Solution: Store passwords using a strong hashing
algorithm like bcrypt. This way, even if the database is compromised,
the actual passwords remain protected.
5.
 Designing Custom Authentication Mechanisms

6.
 Mistake: Creating your own authentication system instead of using
well-tested, platform-supported mechanisms.
 Example Solution: Use built-in authentication frameworks provided
by your platform. For example, if you are using ASP.NET, leverage
ASP.NET Identity for handling authentication.

Guidelines and Examples

1.

Identify Trust Boundaries Within Web Application Layers

2.
 Guideline: Determine where authentication is needed to protect
different layers of your application.
 Example Solution: Define clear boundaries such as between the
client-side (presentation layer) and the server-side (business layer),
and ensure that users are authenticated before accessing sensitive
operations or data.
3.

Use Platform-Supported Authentication Mechanisms

4.
 Guideline: Rely on existing authentication services and libraries
provided by your platform.
 Example Solution: Utilize OAuth or OpenID Connect for
authentication in a web application. These standards are widely
adopted and provide robust security features.
5.

Enforce Strong Account Management Practices

6.
 Guideline: Implement policies that protect user accounts from
unauthorized access.
 Example Solution: Implement account lockout mechanisms that
temporarily disable accounts after several failed login attempts to
prevent brute force attacks.
7.

Enforce Strong Password Policies

8.
 Guideline: Ensure passwords meet certain criteria to enhance
security.
 Example Solution: Require passwords to be at least 12 characters
long and include a mix of uppercase letters, lowercase letters,
numbers, and special characters. Also, set passwords to expire every
90 days and prompt users to update them.

These examples illustrate how to avoid common mistakes and

implement effective authentication strategies to enhance the security
of your web applications.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#193 Web Application Frame

- Authorization Authorization determines the tasks that an
authenticated identity can perform, and identifies the resources that
can be accessed. Designing an effective authorization strategy is
important for the security and reliability of your application. Improper
or weak authorization leads to information disclosure, data
tampering, and elevation of privileges. Defense in depth is the key
security principle to apply to your application’s authorization
strategy. Common Mistakes Lack of authorization across trust
boundaries Incorrect role granularity Using impersonation and
delegation when not required Guidelines Identify trust boundaries
within the Web application layers and authorize users across trust
boundaries. Consider the granularity of your authorization settings.
Building your authorization with too much granularity will increase
your management overhead; however, using less granularity will
reduce flexibility. Guidelines Access downstream resources using a
trusted identity based on the trusted subsystem model. but consider
the effect on performance and scalability. Software Design and
Architecture Topic#193 END! (my prompt is that give me simple
 beginner level examples of all the topics or text above given by me in
this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #193: Web Application Frame - Authorization

Common Mistakes and Examples

1.

Lack of Authorization Across Trust Boundaries

2.
 Mistake: Not enforcing authorization when users move from one
part of the system to another.
 Example Solution: Implement checks to ensure that only authorized
users can access certain features or data when transitioning between
layers. For example, if a user is authenticated but tries to access
admin functions, ensure that an additional authorization check is
performed to confirm they have admin privileges.
3.

Incorrect Role Granularity

4.
 Mistake: Using roles that are either too broad or too narrow, making
it hard to manage or too rigid to be useful.
 Example Solution: Define roles that balance management overhead
and flexibility. For instance, instead of having a single "User" role and
a single "Admin" role, create roles like "Content Editor," "Sales
Manager," and "System Admin" to provide more precise access
control without overcomplicating the role structure.
5.

Using Impersonation and Delegation When Not Required

6.
 Mistake: Employing techniques like impersonation and delegation
unnecessarily, which can introduce security risks and complexity.
 Example Solution: Use these techniques only when absolutely
necessary. For most cases, stick to direct authorization checks. For
example, avoid setting up systems where users can perform actions
on behalf of others unless there is a clear and secure requirement.

Guidelines and Examples

1.

Identify Trust Boundaries Within Web Application Layers and

Authorize Users Across Trust Boundaries

2.
 Guideline: Clearly define and enforce authorization rules at each
boundary.
 Example Solution: In a web application with separate front-end and
back-end services, ensure that each service validates user permissions
before processing a request. For example, a user accessing a
reporting service should have their permissions checked against what
reports they are allowed to view or generate.
3.

Consider the Granularity of Your Authorization Settings

4.
 Guideline: Balance between too fine-grained and too coarse-grained
authorization.
 Example Solution: Instead of assigning permissions at the individual
data level, use role-based access control (RBAC) to assign
permissions to roles. For instance, create a "Manager" role that has
access to certain sets of actions and data, and assign users to this
role as needed.
5.

Access Downstream Resources Using a Trusted Identity Based on

the Trusted Subsystem Model

6.
 Guideline: Use a trusted identity for backend service access while
considering performance and scalability.
 Example Solution: Use a service account with defined permissions to
access the database or external APIs. Ensure this service account has
only the necessary permissions. For instance, a web application might
use a dedicated service account to fetch user data from a database,
ensuring that direct database access by users is not allowed,
improving security and simplifying management.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#194 Web Application Frame

- Caching Caching improves the performance and responsiveness of
your application. However, incorrect caching choices and poor
caching design can degrade performance, security and
responsiveness. You should use caching to optimize reference data
lookups, avoid network round trips, and avoid unnecessary and
duplicate processing. To implement caching, you must first decide
when to load data into the cache. Try to load cache data
asynchronously or by using a batch process to avoid client delays.
Common Mistakes Caching volatile data Not considering caching
page output Caching sensitive data Failing to cache data in a ready-
to-use format Guidelines Avoid caching volatile data. Use output
caching to cache pages that are relatively static. Consider using
partial page caching through user controls for static data in your
pages. Pool shared resources that are expensive, such as network
connections, instead of caching them. Cache data in a ready-to-use
format. Software Design and Architecture Topic#194 END! (my
prompt is that give me simple beginner level examples of all the
topics or text above given by me in this prompt) Important Note: do
not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #194: Web Application Frame - Caching

Common Mistakes and Examples

1.

Caching Volatile Data

2.
 Mistake: Caching data that changes frequently can lead to stale data
being served to users.
 Example Solution: Only cache data that is relatively stable. For
example, cache user profile information which does not change often,
instead of real-time stock prices which update frequently.
3.

Not Considering Caching Page Output

4.
 Mistake: Missing opportunities to cache entire pages, leading to
unnecessary processing for each request.
 Example Solution: Implement page output caching for static pages
like the homepage or a product details page that does not change
often. This can reduce server load significantly.
5.

Caching Sensitive Data

6.
 Mistake: Storing sensitive data in a cache can expose it to
unauthorized access.
 Example Solution: Avoid caching sensitive information such as
passwords or personal identification numbers. For example, instead
of caching user passwords, cache a user's session token that is less
sensitive and has a short lifespan.
7.

Failing to Cache Data in a Ready-to-Use Format

8.
 Mistake: Storing raw data in the cache that still needs significant
processing can negate the performance benefits of caching.
 Example Solution: Cache data in the format it will be used. For
instance, cache rendered HTML fragments for frequently accessed
components like navigation menus, rather than raw database results.

Guidelines and Examples

1.

Avoid Caching Volatile Data

2.
 Guideline: Cache only stable data to prevent serving outdated
information.
 Example Solution: Cache configuration settings or metadata that
rarely changes, rather than live user comments.
3.

Use Output Caching for Relatively Static Pages

4.
 Guideline: Cache the entire output of pages that do not change
often.
 Example Solution: Cache the output of an FAQ page that is updated
infrequently to improve load times and reduce server processing.
5.

Consider Partial Page Caching

6.
 Guideline: Use user controls to cache parts of a page that remain
static.
 Example Solution: In a product listing page, cache the product
details section separately from the user-specific recommendations
section, which changes more frequently.
7.

Pool Shared Resources

8.
 Guideline: Pool expensive resources instead of caching them.
 Example Solution: Use connection pooling for database connections
to reduce the overhead of establishing new connections rather than
caching connections directly.
9.
 Cache Data in a Ready-to-Use Format

10.
 Guideline: Store data in the cache in the format required for
immediate use to save processing time.
 Example Solution: Cache the JSON representation of a frequently
requested API response rather than raw database query results.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#195 Web Application Frame

– Exception Management Designing an effective exception
management strategy is important for the security and reliability of
your application. Correct exception handling in your Web pages
prevents sensitive exception details from being revealed to the user,
improves application robustness, and helps to avoid leaving your
application in an inconsistent state in the event of an error.
Guidelines Do not use exceptions to control the logical flow of your
application. Do not catch exceptions unless you must handle them,
you need to strip sensitive information, or you need to add additional
information to the exception. Design a global error handler to catch
unhandled exceptions. Guidelines Display user-friendly messages to
end users whenever an error or exception occurs. Log exception
related information in an error file Do not reveal sensitive
information, such as passwords, through exception details. Software
Design and Architecture Topic#195 END! (my prompt is that give me
simple beginner level examples of all the topics or text above given
by me in this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #195: Web Application Frame – Exception Management

Guidelines and Examples

1.

Do Not Use Exceptions to Control the Logical Flow of Your

Application

2.
 Guideline: Avoid using exceptions for regular control flow in your
application, as it can degrade performance and complicate code.
 Example Solution: Use conditional statements to handle common
scenarios. For instance, check if a user exists in the database before
trying to fetch their details instead of relying on an exception to
handle a missing user.
3.

Do Not Catch Exceptions Unless Necessary

4.
 Guideline: Only catch exceptions when you need to handle them,
strip sensitive information, or add additional context.
 Example Solution: Catch an exception when trying to connect to a
database to log an error message and retry the connection, but do
not catch every possible exception throughout the code without a
clear purpose.
5.

Design a Global Error Handler for Unhandled Exceptions

6.
 Guideline: Implement a global error handler to manage any
exceptions that are not caught elsewhere in the application.
 Example Solution: Use middleware in an ASP.NET Core application
to capture unhandled exceptions and return a standardized error
response to the user while logging the details for developers.
7.

Display User-Friendly Messages to End Users

8.
 Guideline: Show informative but non-technical error messages to
users to enhance their experience without exposing internal details.
 Example Solution: If a payment fails, show a message like "We
encountered an issue processing your payment. Please try again
later" instead of displaying a stack trace or error code.
9.
 Log Exception Related Information in an Error File

10.
 Guideline: Keep detailed logs of exceptions to help with debugging
and maintaining the application.
 Example Solution: When an exception occurs, log details such as the
timestamp, user actions leading up to the error, and the stack trace in
a log file or a logging service like ELK Stack or Azure Application
Insights.
11.

Do Not Reveal Sensitive Information Through Exception Details

12.
 Guideline: Ensure that sensitive data, like passwords or internal
system details, are not exposed in error messages.
 Example Solution: When logging an exception, exclude sensitive
information from the log entries. Instead of logging the exact query
that caused a database error, log a generic message and the error
code.

By following these guidelines, you can create a robust exception

management strategy that secures your application and provides a
better experience for users and developers alike.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#196 Web Application Frame

– Logging and Instrumentation Designing an effective logging and
instrumentation strategy is important for the security and reliability of
your application. You should audit and log activity across the tiers of
your application. These logs can be used to detect suspicious activity,
which frequently provides early indications of an attack on the
system, and help to address the repudiation threat where users deny
their actions. Log files may be required in legal proceedings to prove
the wrongdoing of individuals. Generally, auditing is considered most
authoritative if the audits are generated at the precise time of
resource access and by the same routines that access the resource.
Guidelines Consider auditing for user management events. Consider
auditing for unusual activities. Consider auditing for business-critical
operations. Create secure log file management policies, such as
 restricting the access to log files, allowing only write access to users,
etc. Do not store sensitive information in the log or audit files.
Software Design and Architecture Topic#196 END! (my prompt is that
give me simple beginner level examples of all the topics or text above
given by me in this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #196: Web Application Frame – Logging and

Instrumentation

Guidelines and Examples

1.

Consider Auditing for User Management Events

2.
 Guideline: Track activities related to user account management such
as logins, logouts, password changes, and account creation/deletion.
 Example Solution: When a user changes their password, log the
event with details such as the user ID, timestamp, and the IP address
from which the request was made.
3.

Consider Auditing for Unusual Activities

4.
 Guideline: Monitor and log activities that are out of the ordinary or
potentially harmful, such as repeated failed login attempts or access
to restricted areas.
 Example Solution: If there are multiple failed login attempts from
the same IP address within a short time frame, log the attempts and
trigger an alert for further investigation.
5.

Consider Auditing for Business-Critical Operations

6.
 Guideline: Record operations that are crucial to business
functionality, such as financial transactions, data exports, or
administrative actions.
 Example Solution: When an administrator changes the permissions
of a user, log the action with details such as the admin user ID, the
affected user ID, the old and new permissions, and the timestamp.
7.

Create Secure Log File Management Policies

8.
 Guideline: Implement policies to ensure log file security, such as
restricting access and only allowing specific users to write to log files.
 Example Solution: Configure log files to be accessible only to the
application process and administrators, and ensure that regular users
have no access to read or modify log files.
9.

Do Not Store Sensitive Information in Logs

10.
 Guideline: Avoid logging sensitive data such as passwords, credit
card numbers, or personal identification information.
 Example Solution: When logging authentication attempts, log the
user ID and timestamp but exclude the password from the log entry.
Instead, log a message like "Authentication attempt failed for user ID:
12345".

By implementing these guidelines, you can ensure that your web

application's logging and instrumentation strategy enhances security,
supports forensic analysis, and complies with legal requirements.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#197 Web Application Frame

– Navigation Design your navigation strategy in a way that separates
it from the processing logic. Your strategy should allow users to
navigate easily through your screens or pages. Designing a consistent
navigation structure for your application will help to minimize user
confusion as well as reduce the apparent complexity of the
application. Guidelines Use well-known design patterns, such as
 Model-View-Controller (MVC), to decouple UI processing from
output rendering. Consider encapsulating navigation in a master
page so that it is consistent across pages. Guidelines Design a site
map to help users find pages on the site, and to allow search engines
to crawl the site if desired. Consider using wizards to implement
navigation between forms in a predictable way. Guidelines Consider
using visual elements such as embedded links, navigation menus, and
breadcrumb navigation in the UI to help users understand where they
are, what is available on the site, and how to navigate the site quickly.
Software Design and Architecture Topic#197 END! (my prompt is that
give me simple beginner level examples of all the topics or text above
given by me in this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #197: Web Application Frame – Navigation

Guidelines and Examples

1.

Use well-known design patterns

2.
 Guideline: Apply patterns like Model-View-Controller (MVC) to
separate user interface (UI) processing from output rendering.
 Example Solution: In an MVC web application, the controller handles
the user's input and updates the model, which in turn updates the
view. This separation allows for independent development and
maintenance of the UI, business logic, and data.
3.

Encapsulate navigation in a master page

4.
 Guideline: Implement navigation within a master page to ensure
consistency across different pages of the application.
 Example Solution: Create a master page that includes a common
navigation menu. All other pages inherit from this master page,
ensuring that the navigation menu appears uniformly across the site.
5.

Design a site map

6.
 Guideline: Provide a site map to help users locate pages and
facilitate search engine indexing.
 Example Solution: Develop a site map page that lists all the available
pages and sections of the site, categorized logically. Include this page
in the footer or a sidebar so it is easily accessible to users.
7.

Use wizards for form navigation

8.
 Guideline: Implement wizards to guide users through complex forms
step-by-step.
 Example Solution: For a multi-step form such as a user registration
process, use a wizard that divides the form into smaller, manageable
steps with "Next" and "Previous" buttons, guiding users through the
process.
9.

Utilize visual navigation elements

10.
 Guideline: Use embedded links, navigation menus, and breadcrumb
navigation to enhance user orientation and site navigation.
 Example Solution: Add a breadcrumb trail at the top of each page to
show the user's current location within the site hierarchy. Implement
a sidebar or top navigation menu with links to major sections of the
site.

By following these guidelines, you can create a web application with a

clear and intuitive navigation structure, improving user experience
and reducing confusion.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#198 Web Application Frame

– Page Layout Design your application so that the page layout can be
 separated from the specific UI components and UI processing. When
choosing a layout strategy, consider whether designers or developers
will be building the layout. If designers will be building the layout,
choose a layout approach that does not require coding or the use of
development-focused tools. Guidelines Use Cascading Style Sheets
(CSS) for layout whenever possible. Use table-based layout when you
need to support a grid layout, but remember that table-based layout
can be slow to render, does not have full cross-browser support, and
there may be issues with complex layout. Guidelines Use a common
layout for pages where possible to maximize accessibility and ease of
use. Avoid designing and developing large pages that accomplish
multiple tasks, particularly where only a few tasks are usually
executed with each request. Software Design and Architecture
Topic#198 END! (my prompt is that give me simple beginner level
examples of all the topics or text above given by me in this prompt)
Important Note: do not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #198: Web Application Frame – Page Layout

Guidelines and Examples

1.

Use Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) for layout whenever possible

2.
 Guideline: Utilize CSS to define the layout and appearance of your
web pages, allowing for easier maintenance and a clear separation of
content and presentation.
 Example Solution: Create a CSS file that defines the layout of your
web pages, including the positioning of headers, footers, sidebars,
and main content areas. Apply these styles to your HTML elements to
ensure a consistent layout across your site.
3.

Use table-based layout for grid support

4.
 Guideline: Employ table-based layouts for grid-like data
representation, but be aware of potential issues such as slow
rendering and limited cross-browser support.
 Example Solution: When displaying tabular data, use HTML tables.
For instance, create a table to display a list of products with columns
for product name, price, and availability. Ensure the table layout is
simple to avoid rendering issues.
5.

Use a common layout for pages where possible

6.
 Guideline: Implement a common layout template for your web pages
to enhance accessibility and usability.
 Example Solution: Create a master layout template that includes a
consistent header, footer, and navigation menu. Use this template as
the base for all your web pages to ensure a uniform look and feel.
7.

Avoid large, multi-task pages

8.
 Guideline: Design your pages to focus on specific tasks rather than
trying to accomplish multiple tasks, which can lead to complexity and
poor user experience.
 Example Solution: Instead of creating a single page that handles
user registration, profile editing, and account settings, split these
tasks into separate pages. Have a dedicated registration page, a
profile editing page, and an account settings page.

By adhering to these guidelines, you can design web pages that are
well-structured, easy to maintain, and provide a consistent user
experience.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#199 Web Application Frame

– Page Rendering When designing for page rendering, you must
ensure that you render the pages efficiently and maximize interface
usability. Guidelines Consider data-binding options. For example, you
can bind custom objects or datasets to controls. Consider using
 Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (AJAX) for an improved user
experience and better responsiveness. Consider using data-paging
techniques for large amounts of data to minimize scalability issues.
Guidelines Consider designing to support localization in UI
components. Abstract the user process components from data
rendering and acquisition functions. Software Design and
Architecture Topic#199 END! (my prompt is that give me simple
beginner level examples of all the topics or text above given by me in
this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #199: Web Application Frame – Page Rendering

Guidelines and Examples

1.

Consider data-binding options

2.
 Guideline: Use data-binding techniques to connect UI controls to
data sources, simplifying the process of displaying and updating data.
 Example Solution: Use a GridView control in ASP.NET to bind a
dataset containing user information. This allows you to display the
data in a tabular format without manually iterating through the data.
3.

Consider using Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (AJAX)

4.
 Guideline: Implement AJAX to enhance user experience by loading
data asynchronously without refreshing the entire page.
 Example Solution: Use jQuery AJAX to fetch search results from the
server and update a results section dynamically on the web page,
providing immediate feedback to the user without a full page reload.
5.

Consider using data-paging techniques

6.
 Guideline: Implement data-paging to handle large datasets
efficiently, reducing load times and improving scalability.
 Example Solution: Use a PagedList library in a .NET application to
display 10 items per page from a list of products, with navigation
controls to move between pages.
7.

Consider designing to support localization in UI components

8.
 Guideline: Prepare your application to support multiple languages by
designing UI components that can easily switch between languages.
 Example Solution: Use resource files in .NET to store text for
different languages and load the appropriate resource based on the
user's language preference.
9.

Abstract the user process components from data rendering and

acquisition functions

10.
 Guideline: Separate the logic for user processes (like form
submissions) from the logic for data rendering and acquisition to
promote modularity and maintainability.
 Example Solution: Implement the MVC pattern, where the controller
handles user inputs and processes, the model manages data, and the
view renders the data.

By following these guidelines, you can design web pages that render
efficiently, provide a smooth user experience, and are maintainable
and scalable.

Software Design and Architecture Topic#200 Web Application Frame

– Presentation Entity Presentation entities store the data that you will
use to manage the views in your presentation layer. Presentation
entities are not always necessary. Consider using presentation entities
only if the datasets are sufficiently large or complex that they must be
stored separately from the UI controls. Design or choose appropriate
 presentation entities that you can easily bind to UI controls.
Guidelines Determine if you need presentation entities. Typically, you
might need presentation entities if the data or data format to be
displayed is specific to the presentation layer. Consider the
serialization requirements for your presentation entities, if they are to
be passed across the network or stored on the disk. Guidelines
Consider implementing data type validation in the property setters of
your presentation entities. Consider using presentation entities to
store state related to the UI. If you want to use this state to help your
application recover from a crash, make sure after recovery that the
user interface is in a consistent state. Software Design and
Architecture Topic#200 END! (my prompt is that give me simple
beginner level examples of all the topics or text above given by me in
this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.

ChatGPT

Topic #200: Web Application Frame – Presentation Entity

Guidelines and Examples

1.

Determine if you need presentation entities

2.
 Guideline: Use presentation entities if the data or format to be
displayed is specific to the presentation layer.
 Example Solution: In an e-commerce application, create a
ProductViewModel class to hold data such as product name, price, and

description formatted specifically for the presentation layer. This

allows you to customize how product information is displayed to the
user without altering the core data model.
3.

Consider the serialization requirements

4.
 Guideline: Ensure presentation entities can be serialized if they need
to be passed across the network or stored on disk.
 Example Solution: Implement the ISerializable interface in a
UserProfileViewModel class, enabling it to be serialized and deserialized

for storage in a session or transmission over an API.

5.
Software Design and Architecture Topic#200 Web Application Frame –
Presentation Entity Presentation entities store the data that you
will use to manage the views in your presentation layer. Presentation
entities are not always necessary. Consider using presentation
entities only if the datasets are sufficiently large or complex that
they must be stored separately from the UI controls. Design or choose
appropriate presentation entities that you can easily bind to UI
controls. Guidelines Determine if you need presentation entities.
Typically, you might need presentation entities if the data or data
format to be displayed is specific to the presentation layer.
Consider the serialization requirements for your presentation
entities, if they are to be passed across the network or stored on
the disk. Guidelines Consider implementing data type validation in
the property setters of your presentation entities. Consider using
presentation entities to store state related to the UI. If you want
to use this state to help your application recover from a crash, make
sure after recovery that the user interface is in a consistent state.
Software Design and Architecture Topic#200 END! (my prompt is that
give me simple beginner level examples of all the topics or text
above given by me in this prompt) Important Note: do not use
analogies.
ChatGPT

Topic #200: Web Application Frame – Presentation Entity

Guidelines and Examples

1.

Determine if you need presentation entities

2.
1. Guideline: Use presentation entities if the data or format to be displayed is specific
to the presentation layer.
2. Example Solution: In an e-commerce application, create a ProductViewModel
class to hold data such as product name, price, and description formatted
specifically for the presentation layer. This allows you to customize how product
information is displayed to the user without altering the core data model.
3.

Consider the serialization requirements

4.
 1. Guideline: Ensure presentation entities can be serialized if they need to be passed
across the network or stored on disk.
2. Example Solution: Implement the ISerializable interface in a
UserProfileViewModel class, enabling it to be serialized and deserialized for
storage in a session or transmission over an API.

5.

Implement data type validation in property setters

6.

1. Guideline: Validate data types within the property setters of your presentation
entities.
2. Example Solution:
CustomerViewM
use property sette
email addresses an
numbers. If invalid
detected, throw an
appropriate excep
3.

csharp

4.
5.

Copy code

6.
7.

public class CustomerViewModel

{
private string _email;
public string Email
{
get => _email;
set
{
if (!IsValidEmail(value))
throw new ArgumentException("Invalid
email format");
_email = value;
}
}

private bool IsValidEmail(string email)

{
 // Implement email validation logic
return true;
}
}

8.
9.

7.

Use presentation entities to store UI-related state

8.

1. Guideline: Store UI state in presentation entities to help the application recover

from crashes.
2. Example Solution:
CartViewModel
store the state of a
cart. This includes
cart and their quan
Ensure the state is
by loading the cart
a persistent storag
database or a file a
3.

csharp

4.
5.

Copy code

6.
7.

public class CartViewModel

{
public List<CartItem> Items { get; set; } = new
List<CartItem>();

public void AddItem(CartItem item)

{
Items.Add(item);
}

public void RestoreState(List<CartItem> savedItems)

{
Items = savedItems ?? new List<CartItem>();
 }
}

8.
9.

By following these guidelines and examples, you can effectively use presentation
entities to manage complex or large datasets in your web application's presentation
layer, ensuring a well-structured, maintainable, and user-friendly interface.

4o
Software Design and Architecture Topic#201 Web Application Frame –
Request Processing When designing a request-processing strategy, you
should ensure separation of concerns by implementing the request-
processing logic separately from the UI. Guidelines Consider
centralizing the common pre-processing and post-processing steps of
Web page requests to promote logic reuse across pages. Consider
dividing UI processing into three distinct roles—model, view, and
controller/presenter—by using the Model-View-Controller (MVC) or
Model-View-Presenter (MVP) pattern. Guidelines If you are designing
views for handling large amounts of data, consider giving access to
the model from the view by using the Supervising Controller pattern,
which is a form of the MVP pattern. Software Design and Architecture
Topic#201 END! (my prompt is that give me simple beginner level
examples of all the topics or text above given by me in this prompt)
Important Note: do not use analogies.
ChatGPT

Topic #201: Web Application Frame – Request Processing

Guidelines and Examples

1.

Centralizing Common Pre-processing and Post-processing Steps

2.

1. Guideline: Centralize common pre-processing and post-processing steps to promote

logic reuse across pages.
2. Example Solution:
a middleware com
ASP.NET Core app
handle authentica
logging for each re
before it reaches t
controller.
3.

csharp
 4.
5.

Copy code

6.
7.

public class RequestMiddleware

{
private readonly RequestDelegate _next;

public RequestMiddleware(RequestDelegate next)

{
_next = next;
}

public async Task InvokeAsync(HttpContext context)

{
// Pre-processing: Authentication
if (!context.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated)
{
context.Response.StatusCode =
StatusCodes.Status401Unauthorized;
return;
}

// Continue processing
await _next(context);

// Post-processing: Logging
LogRequest(context);
}

private void LogRequest(HttpContext context)

{
// Implement logging logic
}
}

8.
9.

3.

Using the Model-View-Controller (MVC) Pattern

4.
1. Guideline: Divide UI processing into three distinct roles—model, view, and
controller—using the MVC pattern.
2. Example Solution:
application, use M
separate data acce
(model), user inter
and input logic (co
3.

csharp

4.
5.

Copy code

6.
7.

// Modelpublic class Product

{
public int Id { get; set; }
public string Name { get; set; }
public decimal Price { get; set; }
}
// Controllerpublic class ProductController : Controller
{
private readonly IProductRepository _repository;

public ProductController(IProductRepository
repository)
{
_repository = repository;
}

public IActionResult Index()

{
var products = _repository.GetAll();
return View(products);
}
}
// View (Index.cshtml)
@model IEnumerable<Product>
<ul>
@foreach (var product in Model)
{
<li>@product.Name - @product.Price</li>
}
</ul>
 8.
9.

5.

Using the Supervising Controller Pattern

6.

1. Guideline: For handling large amounts of data, consider giving access to the model
from the view using the Supervising Controller pattern.
2. Example Solution:
application, use th
Supervising Contro
to allow views to b
to the model.
3.

csharp

4.
5.

Copy code

6.
7.

// Modelpublic class Customer

{
public string Name { get; set; }
public string Email { get; set; }
}
// ViewModelpublic class CustomerViewModel :
INotifyPropertyChanged
{
private Customer _customer;
public Customer Customer
{
get => _customer;
set
{
_customer = value;
OnPropertyChanged(nameof(Customer));
}
}

public event PropertyChangedEventHandler

PropertyChanged;
protected void OnPropertyChanged(string propertyName)
 {
PropertyChanged?.Invoke(this, new
PropertyChangedEventArgs(propertyName));
}
}
// View (XAML)
<!-- CustomerView.xaml -->
<Window x:Class="CustomerApp.CustomerView"

xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/prese
ntation"

xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
Title="Customer View" Height="200" Width="300">
<Grid>
<TextBox Text="{Binding Customer.Name}" />
<TextBox Text="{Binding Customer.Email}" />
</Grid>
</Window>

8.
9.

By following these guidelines and examples, you can effectively manage request
processing in your web application, ensuring a clear separation of concerns and
improving maintainability and scalability.

4o
Software Design and Architecture Topic#202 Web Application Frame –
Session Management When designing a Web application, an efficient and
secure session-management strategy is important for performance,
security and reliability. You must consider session-management
factors such as what to store, where to store it, and how long
information will be kept. Guidelines If you have a single Web server,
require optimum session state performance, and have a relatively
limited number of concurrent sessions, use the in-process state
store. If you have a single Web server, your sessions are expensive
to rebuild, and you require durability in the event of a restart, use
the session state service running on the local Web server. Guidelines
If you are storing state on a separate server, protect your session
state communication channel. For security reasons, use session expiry
(timeout) Prefer basic types for session data to reduce serialization
costs. Software Design and Architecture Topic#202 END! (my prompt is
that give me simple beginner level examples of all the topics or text
above given by me in this prompt) Important Note: do not use
analogies.
ChatGPT

Topic #202: Web Application Frame – Session Management

Guidelines and Examples

1.

Using In-Process State Store

2.

1. Guideline: If you have a single Web server, require optimum session state
performance, and have a relatively limited number of concurrent sessions, use the
in-process state store.
2. Example Solution:
ASP.NET Core app
configure the appl
use in-memory ses
storage.
3.

csharp

4.
5.

Copy code

6.
7.

public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection

services)
{
services.AddDistributedMemoryCache();
services.AddSession(options =>
{
options.IdleTimeout = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(30);
options.Cookie.HttpOnly = true;
options.Cookie.IsEssential = true;
});
}
public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app,
IHostingEnvironment env)
{
app.UseSession();
}
// Storing data in sessionpublic IActionResult Index()
{
HttpContext.Session.SetString("Username", "JohnDoe");
return View();
}
 // Retrieving data from sessionpublic IActionResult
About()
{
var username =
HttpContext.Session.GetString("Username");
ViewData["Message"] = $"Hello, {username}";
return View();
}

8.
9.

3.

Using Session State Service on Local Web Server

4.

1. Guideline: If you have a single Web server, your sessions are expensive to rebuild,
and you require durability in the event of a restart, use the session state service
running on the local Web server.
2. Example Solution:
the application to
state service.
3.

xml

4.
5.

Copy code

6.
7.

<!-- Web.config for ASP.NET application --

><configuration>
<system.web>
<sessionState mode="StateServer"
stateConnectionString="tcpip=127.0.0.1:42424"
timeout="20" />
</system.web></configuration>

8.
9.

5.

Protecting Session State Communication

 6.

1. Guideline: If you are storing state on a separate server, protect your session state
communication channel.
2. Example Solution:
session state comm
using SSL.
3.

xml

4.
5.

Copy code

6.
7.

<!-- Web.config for ASP.NET application --

><configuration>
<system.web>
<sessionState mode="SQLServer"
sqlConnectionString="Server=tcp:yourserver.database.windo
ws.net;Database=yourdatabase;User
ID=youruserid;Password=yourpassword;Encrypt=True;" />
</system.web></configuration>

8.
9.

7.

Using Session Expiry

8.

1. Guideline: For security reasons, use session expiry (timeout).

2. Example Solution:
timeout for session
3.

csharp

4.
5.

Copy code
 6.
7.

public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection

services)
{
services.AddSession(options =>
{
options.IdleTimeout = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(20);
// Set session timeout
options.Cookie.HttpOnly = true;
options.Cookie.IsEssential = true;
});
}

8.
9.

9.

Using Basic Types for Session Data

10.

1. Guideline: Prefer basic types for session data to reduce serialization costs.
2. Example Solution:
simple types such
integers in session
3.

csharp

4.
5.

Copy code

6.
7.

// Storing a string in session

HttpContext.Session.SetString("Username", "JohnDoe");
// Storing an integer in session
HttpContext.Session.SetInt32("UserId", 123);
// Retrieving the string from sessionvar username =
HttpContext.Session.GetString("Username");
// Retrieving the integer from sessionvar userId =
HttpContext.Session.GetInt32("UserId");
 8.
9.

By following these guidelines and examples, you can effectively manage session state
in your web application, ensuring both performance and security.

4o
Software Design and Architecture Topic#203 Web Application Frame –
Validation Designing an effective validation solution is important
for the security and reliability of your application. Improper or
weak authorization can leave your application vulnerable to cross-
site scripting attacks, SQL injection attacks, buffer overflows, and
other types of input attack. Guidelines Identify trust boundaries
within Web application layers, and validate all data crossing these
boundaries. Assume that all client-controlled data is malicious and
needs to be validated. Design your validation strategy to constrain,
reject, and sanitize malicious input. Guidelines Design to validate
input for length, range, format, and type. Use client-side validation
for user experience, and server-side validation for security.
Software Design and Architecture Topic#203 END! (my prompt is that
give me simple beginner level examples of all the topics or text
above given by me in this prompt) Important Note: do not use
analogies.
ChatGPT

Topic #203: Web Application Frame – Validation

Guidelines and Examples

1.

Identifying Trust Boundaries and Validating Data

2.

1. Guideline: Identify trust boundaries within web application layers, and validate all
data crossing these boundaries.
2. Example Solution:
data received from
before processing
server-side logic.
3.

csharp

4.
5.

Copy code
 6.
7.

[HttpPost]public IActionResult SubmitForm(UserInputModel

input)
{
if (!ModelState.IsValid)
{
// Return validation errors
return BadRequest(ModelState);
}

// Process valid data

return Ok();
}

8.
9.

3.

Assuming Client-Controlled Data is Malicious

4.

1. Guideline: Assume that all client-controlled data is malicious and needs to be

validated.
2. Example Solution:
validate input data
of its source.
3.

csharp

4.
5.

Copy code

6.
7.

[HttpPost]public IActionResult SubmitForm(UserInputModel

input)
{
if (!ModelState.IsValid)
{
// Return validation errors
return BadRequest(ModelState);
}
 // Validate each field manually if necessary
if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(input.Name) ||
input.Name.Length > 100)
{
return BadRequest("Invalid name.");
}

return Ok();
}

8.
9.

5.

Constrain, Reject, and Sanitize Malicious Input

6.

1. Guideline: Design your validation strategy to constrain, reject, and sanitize malicious
input.
2. Example Solution:
regular expression
that input matche
expected format.
3.

csharp

4.
5.

Copy code

6.
7.

public class UserInputModel

{
[Required]
[RegularExpression(@"^[a-zA-Z0-9]*$", ErrorMessage =
"Only alphanumeric characters are allowed.")]
public string Username { get; set; }
}

[HttpPost]public IActionResult SubmitForm(UserInputModel

input)
{
if (!ModelState.IsValid)
 {
return BadRequest(ModelState);
}

return Ok();
}

8.
9.

7.

Validating Input for Length, Range, Format, and Type

8.

1. Guideline: Design to validate input for length, range, format, and type.
2. Example Solution:
annotations to enf
validation rules.
3.

csharp

4.
5.

Copy code

6.
7.

public class UserInputModel

{
[Required]
[StringLength(100, MinimumLength = 3, ErrorMessage =
"Name must be between 3 and 100 characters.")]
public string Name { get; set; }

[Range(1, 100, ErrorMessage = "Age must be between 1

and 100.")]
public int Age { get; set; }
}

[HttpPost]public IActionResult SubmitForm(UserInputModel

input)
{
if (!ModelState.IsValid)
{
return BadRequest(ModelState);
 }

return Ok();
}

8.
9.

9.

Using Client-Side and Server-Side Validation

10.

1. Guideline: Use client-side validation for user experience and server-side validation
for security.
2. Example Solution:
both client-side an
side validation for
3.

html

4.
5.

Copy code

6.
7.

<!-- Client-side validation with JavaScript --><form

id="userForm">
<input type="text" id="name" name="name" required
minlength="3" maxlength="100">
<input type="number" id="age" name="age" required
min="1" max="100">
<button type="submit">Submit</button></form>
<script>

document.getElementById('userForm').addEventListener('sub
mit', function(event) {
if (!this.checkValidity()) {
event.preventDefault();
alert('Please fill out the form correctly.');
}
});</script>
<!-- Server-side validation in ASP.NET Core -->
[HttpPost]
public IActionResult SubmitForm(UserInputModel input)
 {
if (!ModelState.IsValid)
{
return BadRequest(ModelState);
}

return Ok();
}

8.
9.

By following these guidelines and examples, you can ensure that your web
application handles input validation effectively, improving both security and user
experience.

4o
Software Design and Architecture Topic#204 Web Application Frame
Presentation Layer Considerations The presentation layer of your Web
application displays the UI and facilitates user interaction. The
design should focus on separation of concerns, where the user
interaction logic is decoupled from the UI components. Guidelines
Consider separating the UI components from the UI process components.
Use client-side validation to improve user experience and
responsiveness, and server-side validation for security. Do not rely
on just client-side validation. Guidelines Use page output caching or
fragment caching to cache static pages or parts of pages. Guidelines
Use Web server controls if you need to compile these controls into an
assembly for reuse across applications, or if you need to add
additional features to existing server controls. Guidelines Use Web
user controls if you need to reuse UI fragments on several pages, or
if you want to cache a specific parts of the page. Software Design
and Architecture Topic#204 END! (my prompt is that give me simple
beginner level examples of all the topics or text above given by me
in this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.
ChatGPT

Topic #204: Web Application Frame - Presentation Layer

Considerations

Guidelines and Examples

1.

Separating UI Components from UI Process Components

2.

1. Guideline: Consider separating the UI components from the UI process

components.
 2. Example Solution:
Model-View-Contr
pattern to separat
3.

csharp

4.
5.

Copy code

6.
7.

// Modelpublic class Product

{
public int Id { get; set; }
public string Name { get; set; }
public decimal Price { get; set; }
}
// Controllerpublic class ProductController : Controller
{
public IActionResult Index()
{
var products = GetProducts();
return View(products);
}
}
// View (Index.cshtml)
@model IEnumerable<Product>
<h2>Product List</h2>
<ul>
@foreach (var product in Model)
{
<li>@product.Name - @product.Price</li>
}
</ul>

8.
9.

3.

Client-Side and Server-Side Validation

4.

1. Guideline: Use client-side validation to improve user experience and

responsiveness, and server-side validation for security.
 2. Example Solution:
both client-side an
side validation for
3.

html

4.
5.

Copy code

6.
7.

<!-- Client-side validation with JavaScript --><form

id="productForm">
<input type="text" id="name" name="name" required
minlength="3" maxlength="100">
<input type="number" id="price" name="price" required
min="0">
<button type="submit">Submit</button></form>
<script>

document.getElementById('productForm').addEventListener('
submit', function(event) {
if (!this.checkValidity()) {
event.preventDefault();
alert('Please fill out the form correctly.');
}
});</script>
<!-- Server-side validation in ASP.NET Core -->
[HttpPost]
public IActionResult SubmitForm(ProductModel input)
{
if (!ModelState.IsValid)
{
return BadRequest(ModelState);
}

return Ok();
}

8.
9.

5.

Page Output Caching or Fragment Caching

 6.

1. Guideline: Use page output caching or fragment caching to cache static pages or
parts of pages.
2. Example Solution:
page and fragmen
3.

csharp

4.
5.

Copy code

6.
7.

// Page Output Caching

[ResponseCache(Duration = 60)]public IActionResult
CachedPage()
{
return View();
}
// Fragment Caching in View (Index.cshtml)
@Html.Partial("CachedPart", Model, new ViewDataDictionary
{ { "CacheDuration", 60 } })

8.
9.

7.

Web Server Controls

8.

1. Guideline: Use Web server controls if you need to compile these controls into an
assembly for reuse across applications, or if you need to add additional features to
existing server controls.
2. Example Solution:
use a custom serve
3.

csharp

4.
5.
 Copy code

6.
7.

// Custom Server Controlpublic class CustomTextBox :

TextBox
{
protected override void Render(HtmlTextWriter writer)
{

writer.AddAttribute(HtmlTextWriterAttribute.Style,
"color: red;");
base.Render(writer);
}
}

8.
9.

9.

Web User Controls

10.

1. Guideline: Use Web user controls if you need to reuse UI fragments on several
pages, or if you want to cache a specific part of the page.
2. Example Solution:
use a user control
reusable UI fragme
3.

html

4.
5.

Copy code

6.
7.

<!-- User Control (ProductList.ascx) --><ul>

<% foreach (var product in
(IEnumerable<Product>)this.Model) { %>
<li><%= product.Name %> - <%= product.Price
%></li>
<% } %></ul>
<!-- Using the User Control in a Page (Index.aspx) -->
 <%@ Register Src="ProductList.ascx" TagName="ProductList"
TagPrefix="uc" %><uc:ProductList ID="ProductListControl"
runat="server" Model="<%: Model.Products %>" />

8.
9.

By following these guidelines and examples, you can design a presentation layer that
is efficient, reusable, and maintainable while ensuring a good user experience.

4o
Software Design and Architecture Topic#205 Web Application Frame
Business Layer Considerations When designing the business layer for
your Web application, consider how to implement the business logic
and long-running workflows. Design business entities that represent
the real world data, and use these to pass data between components.
Guidelines Design a separate business layer that implements the
business logic and workflows. This improves the maintainability and
testability of your application. Consider centralizing and reusing
common business logic functions. Guidelines Design your business
layer to be stateless. This helps to reduce resource contention and
increase performance. Use a message-based interface for the business
layer. This works well with a stateless Web application business
layer. Guidelines Design transactions for business-critical
operations. Software Design and Architecture Topic#205 END! (my
prompt is that give me simple beginner level examples of all the
topics or text above given by me in this prompt) Important Note: do
not use analogies.
ChatGPT

Topic #205: Web Application Frame - Business Layer

Considerations

Guidelines and Examples

1.

Separate Business Layer Implementation

2.

1. Guideline: Design a separate business layer that implements the business logic and
workflows. This improves the maintainability and testability of your application.
2. Example Solution:
separate class libra
business layer.
3.

csharp
 4.
5.

Copy code

6.
7.

// Business Entitypublic class Product

{
public int Id { get; set; }
public string Name { get; set; }
public decimal Price { get; set; }
}
// Business Logic Interfacepublic interface
IProductService
{
IEnumerable<Product> GetAllProducts();
Product GetProductById(int id);
}
// Business Logic Implementationpublic class
ProductService : IProductService
{
public IEnumerable<Product> GetAllProducts()
{
// Logic to retrieve all products
}

public Product GetProductById(int id)

{
// Logic to retrieve a product by id
}
}

8.
9.

3.

Centralizing Common Business Logic

4.

1. Guideline: Consider centralizing and reusing common business logic functions.

2. Example Solution:
utility class for sha
logic.
3.

csharp
 4.
5.

Copy code

6.
7.

// Common Business Logic Utilitypublic static class

BusinessLogicUtils
{
public static decimal CalculateDiscount(decimal
price, decimal discountRate)
{
return price - (price * discountRate);
}
}
// Usage in Business Layerpublic class ProductService :
IProductService
{
public Product ApplyDiscount(Product product, decimal
discountRate)
{
product.Price =
BusinessLogicUtils.CalculateDiscount(product.Price,
discountRate);
return product;
}
}

8.
9.

5.

Stateless Business Layer Design

6.

1. Guideline: Design your business layer to be stateless. This helps to reduce resource
contention and increase performance.
2. Example Solution:
methods in the bu
do not maintain st
calls.
3.

csharp

4.
 5.

Copy code

6.
7.

// Stateless Business Servicepublic class OrderService

{
public void ProcessOrder(Order order)
{
// Logic to process order
}
}

8.
9.

7.

Message-Based Interface

8.

1. Guideline: Use a message-based interface for the business layer. This works well
with a stateless Web application business layer.
2. Example Solution:
request and respo
messages for busin
operations.
3.

csharp

4.
5.

Copy code

6.
7.

// Request Messagepublic class CreateOrderRequest

{
public int CustomerId { get; set; }
public List<OrderItem> Items { get; set; }
}
// Response Messagepublic class CreateOrderResponse
{
public bool Success { get; set; }
 public string Message { get; set; }
}
// Business Service Interfacepublic interface
IOrderService
{
CreateOrderResponse CreateOrder(CreateOrderRequest
request);
}
// Business Service Implementationpublic class
OrderService : IOrderService
{
public CreateOrderResponse
CreateOrder(CreateOrderRequest request)
{
// Logic to create order and return response
}
}

8.
9.

9.

Transactions for Business-Critical Operations

10.

1. Guideline: Design transactions for business-critical operations.

2. Example Solution:
transactions using
transaction scope.
3.

csharp

4.
5.

Copy code

6.
7.

// Business Service with Transactionpublic class

PaymentService
{
public void ProcessPayment(Order order,
PaymentDetails paymentDetails)
{
using (var transaction = new TransactionScope())
 {
try
{
// Logic to charge payment
// Logic to update order status

transaction.Complete();
}
catch (Exception)
{
// Handle exceptions and rollback
}
}
}
}

8.
9.

By following these guidelines and examples, you can design a business layer that is
maintainable, testable, and performs efficiently while supporting complex business
logic and workflows.

4o
Software Design and Architecture Topic#206 Web Application Frame Data
Layer Considerations Design a data layer for your Web application to
abstract the logic necessary to access the database. Using a separate
data layer makes the application easier to configure and maintain.
The data layer may also need to access external services using
service agents. Guidelines Design a separate data layer to hide the
details of the database from other layers of the application. Design
entity objects to interact with other layers, and to pass the data
between them. Design to take advantage of connection pooling to
minimize the number of open connections. Software Design and
Architecture Topic#206 END! (my prompt is that give me simple
beginner level examples of all the topics or text above given by me
in this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.
ChatGPT

Topic #206: Web Application Frame - Data Layer Considerations

Guidelines and Examples

1.

Separate Data Layer Implementation

2.
1. Guideline: Design a separate data layer to hide the details of the database from
other layers of the application.
2. Example Solution:
data access class t
database operatio
3.

csharp

4.
5.

Copy code

6.
7.

// Data Access Interfacepublic interface

IProductRepository
{
IEnumerable<Product> GetAllProducts();
Product GetProductById(int id);
}
// Data Access Implementationpublic class
ProductRepository : IProductRepository
{
private readonly string _connectionString;

public ProductRepository(string connectionString)

{
_connectionString = connectionString;
}

public IEnumerable<Product> GetAllProducts()

{
using (var connection = new
SqlConnection(_connectionString))
{
var command = new SqlCommand("SELECT * FROM
Products", connection);
connection.Open();
var reader = command.ExecuteReader();
var products = new List<Product>();
while (reader.Read())
{
products.Add(new Product
{
Id = (int)reader["Id"],
Name = (string)reader["Name"],
Price = (decimal)reader["Price"]
 });
}
return products;
}
}

public Product GetProductById(int id)

{
using (var connection = new
SqlConnection(_connectionString))
{
var command = new SqlCommand("SELECT * FROM
Products WHERE Id = @Id", connection);
command.Parameters.AddWithValue("@Id", id);
connection.Open();
var reader = command.ExecuteReader();
if (reader.Read())
{
return new Product
{
Id = (int)reader["Id"],
Name = (string)reader["Name"],
Price = (decimal)reader["Price"]
};
}
return null;
}
}
}

8.
9.

3.

Entity Objects Interaction

4.

1. Guideline: Design entity objects to interact with other layers, and to pass the data
between them.
2. Example Solution:
entity classes to re
database tables.
3.

csharp

4.
5.
 Copy code

6.
7.

// Entity Classpublic class Product

{
public int Id { get; set; }
public string Name { get; set; }
public decimal Price { get; set; }
}
// Usage in Business Layerpublic class ProductService
{
private readonly IProductRepository
_productRepository;

public ProductService(IProductRepository
productRepository)
{
_productRepository = productRepository;
}

public IEnumerable<Product> GetAllProducts()

{
return _productRepository.GetAllProducts();
}

public Product GetProductById(int id)

{
return _productRepository.GetProductById(id);
}
}

8.
9.

5.

Connection Pooling

6.

1. Guideline: Design to take advantage of connection pooling to minimize the number

of open connections.
2. Example Solution:
built-in connection
features of ADO.N
3.

csharp
 4.
5.

Copy code

6.
7.

// Connection Pooling Examplepublic class DataAccess

{
private readonly string _connectionString;

public DataAccess(string connectionString)

{
_connectionString = connectionString;
}

public void ExecuteQuery(string query)

{
using (var connection = new
SqlConnection(_connectionString))
{
var command = new SqlCommand(query,
connection);
connection.Open();
command.ExecuteNonQuery();
}
// Connection is returned to the pool
automatically when disposed
}
}

8.
9.

By following these guidelines and examples, you can design a data layer that is clean,
maintainable, and efficient, abstracting database access logic from the rest of your
application and ensuring optimal performance through connection pooling.

4o
Software Design and Architecture Topic#207 Web Application Frame
Service Layer Considerations Consider designing a separate service
layer if you plan to deploy your business layer on a remote tier, or
if you plan to expose your business logic using a Web service.
Guidelines If your business layer is on a remote tier, design coarse-
grained service methods to minimize the number of client-server
interactions, and to provide loose coupling. Design the services
without assuming a specific client type. Design the services to be
idempotent, assuming that the same message request may arrive
multiple times. Software Design a nd Architecture Topic#207 END! (my
prompt is that give me simple beginner level examples of all the
topics or text above given by me in this prompt) Important Note: do
not use analogies.
ChatGPT

Topic #207: Web Application Frame - Service Layer

Considerations

Guidelines and Examples

1.

Coarse-Grained Service Methods

2.

1. Guideline: If your business layer is on a remote tier, design coarse-grained service

methods to minimize the number of client-server interactions, and to provide loose
coupling.
2. Example Solution:
service method th
multiple operation
3.

csharp

4.
5.

Copy code

6.
7.

// Service Interface
[ServiceContract]public interface IOrderService
{
[OperationContract]
OrderDetails GetOrderDetails(int orderId);
}
// Data Transfer Objectspublic class OrderDetails
{
public Order Order { get; set; }
public List<OrderItem> Items { get; set; }
}
// Service Implementationpublic class OrderService :
IOrderService
{
public OrderDetails GetOrderDetails(int orderId)
{
 var order = GetOrderById(orderId); // Fetch order
from database
var items = GetOrderItems(orderId); // Fetch
order items from database
return new OrderDetails
{
Order = order,
Items = items
};
}

private Order GetOrderById(int orderId)

{
// Database logic to get order
}

private List<OrderItem> GetOrderItems(int orderId)

{
// Database logic to get order items
}
}

8.
9.

3.

Design Without Assuming a Specific Client Type

4.

1. Guideline: Design the services without assuming a specific client type.

2. Example Solution:
service contracts a
contracts using sta
formats like JSON
ensure compatibili
various client type
3.

csharp

4.
5.

Copy code

6.
7.
 // Service Interface
[ServiceContract]public interface IProductService
{
[OperationContract]
Product GetProductById(int id);

[OperationContract]
List<Product> GetAllProducts();
}
// Data Contract
[DataContract]public class Product
{
[DataMember]
public int Id { get; set; }

[DataMember]
public string Name { get; set; }

[DataMember]
public decimal Price { get; set; }
}

8.
9.

5.

Idempotent Services

6.

1. Guideline: Design the services to be idempotent, assuming that the same message
request may arrive multiple times.
2. Example Solution:
service methods c
repeated requests
adverse effects.
3.

csharp

4.
5.

Copy code

6.
7.

// Service Interface
[ServiceContract]public interface IInventoryService
{
[OperationContract]
bool UpdateStock(int productId, int quantity);
}
// Service Implementationpublic class InventoryService :
IInventoryService
{
public bool UpdateStock(int productId, int quantity)
{
// Fetch current stock level
var currentStock = GetStockLevel(productId);

// Check if the operation has already been

performed
if (HasStockBeenUpdated(productId, quantity))
{
return false;
}

// Update stock level

var newStock = currentStock + quantity;
SetStockLevel(productId, newStock);

// Record the update operation

RecordStockUpdate(productId, quantity);

return true;
}

private int GetStockLevel(int productId)

{
// Database logic to get stock level
}

private void SetStockLevel(int productId, int

stockLevel)
{
// Database logic to set stock level
}

private bool HasStockBeenUpdated(int productId, int

quantity)
{
// Database logic to check if the stock update
has already been recorded
}

private void RecordStockUpdate(int productId, int

quantity)
{
 // Database logic to record the stock update
}
}

8.
9.

By following these guidelines and examples, you can design a service layer that is
efficient, flexible, and resilient, ensuring that your business logic is effectively
exposed and utilized by various client applications.

4o
Software Design and Architecture Topic#208 Web Application Frame
Testing and Testability Considerations Testability is a measure of
how well your system or components allow you to create test criteria
and execute tests to determine if the criteria are met. You should
consider testability when designing your architecture because it
makes it easier to diagnose problems earlier and reduce maintenance
cost. To improve the testability of your application, you can use
logging events, provide monitoring resources, and implement test
interfaces. Guidelines Clearly define the inputs and outputs of the
application or components during the design phase. Consider using the
Passive View pattern (a variation of the MVP pattern) in the
presentation layer, which removes the dependency between the view and
the model. Guidelines Design a separate business layer to implement
the business logic and workflows, which improves the testability of
your application. Design an effective logging strategy, which allows
you to detect bugs that might otherwise be difficult to discover.
Guidelines Logging will help you to focus on faulty code when bugs
are found. Log files should contain information that can be used to
replicate the issues. Design loosely coupled components that can be
tested individually. Software Design and Architecture Topic#208 END!
(my prompt is that give me simple beginner level examples of all the
topics or text above given by me in this prompt) Important Note: do
not use analogies.
ChatGPT

Topic #208: Web Application Frame - Testing and Testability

Considerations

Guidelines and Examples

1.

Clearly Define Inputs and Outputs

2.

1. Guideline: Clearly define the inputs and outputs of the application or components
during the design phase.
 2. Example Solution:
calculator service,
methods with clea
outputs.
3.

csharp

4.
5.

Copy code

6.
7.

// Service Interface
[ServiceContract]public interface ICalculatorService
{
[OperationContract]
int Add(int a, int b);

[OperationContract]
int Subtract(int a, int b);
}
// Service Implementationpublic class CalculatorService :
ICalculatorService
{
public int Add(int a, int b)
{
return a + b;
}

public int Subtract(int a, int b)

{
return a - b;
}
}

8.
9.

3.

Use the Passive View Pattern in the Presentation Layer

4.
1. Guideline: Consider using the Passive View pattern (a variation of the MVP pattern)
in the presentation layer, which removes the dependency between the view and the
model.
2. Example Solution:
a simple view and
for a login form.
3.

csharp

4.
5.

Copy code

6.
7.

// View Interfacepublic interface ILoginView

{
string Username { get; }
string Password { get; }
void ShowError(string message);
}
// Presenterpublic class LoginPresenter
{
private readonly ILoginView _view;
private readonly ILoginService _loginService;

public LoginPresenter(ILoginView view, ILoginService

loginService)
{
_view = view;
_loginService = loginService;
}

public void Login()

{
var success =
_loginService.Authenticate(_view.Username,
_view.Password);
if (!success)
{
_view.ShowError("Invalid username or
password.");
}
}
}
// Service Interfacepublic interface ILoginService
{
 bool Authenticate(string username, string password);
}

8.
9.

5.

Design a Separate Business Layer

6.

1. Guideline: Design a separate business layer to implement the business logic and
workflows, which improves the testability of your application.
2. Example Solution:
business service fo
orders.
3.

csharp

4.
5.

Copy code

6.
7.

// Business Layer Interfacepublic interface IOrderService

{
void PlaceOrder(Order order);
Order GetOrder(int orderId);
}
// Business Layer Implementationpublic class OrderService
: IOrderService
{
public void PlaceOrder(Order order)
{
// Logic to place order
}

public Order GetOrder(int orderId)

{
// Logic to get order
}
}
// Data Entitypublic class Order
{
public int Id { get; set; }
 public string Product { get; set; }
public int Quantity { get; set; }
}

8.
9.

7.

Design an Effective Logging Strategy

8.

1. Guideline: Design an effective logging strategy, which allows you to detect bugs that
might otherwise be difficult to discover.
2. Example Solution:
logging in your ser
methods.
3.

csharp

4.
5.

Copy code

6.
7.

public class OrderService : IOrderService

{
private readonly ILogger _logger;

public OrderService(ILogger logger)

{
_logger = logger;
}

public void PlaceOrder(Order order)

{
try
{
// Logic to place order
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
_logger.LogError("Error placing order", ex);
throw;
}
 }

public Order GetOrder(int orderId)

{
try
{
// Logic to get order
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
_logger.LogError("Error getting order", ex);
throw;
}
}
}
// Logger Interfacepublic interface ILogger
{
void LogError(string message, Exception ex);
}

8.
9.

9.

Design Loosely Coupled Components

10.

1. Guideline: Design loosely coupled components that can be tested individually.

2. Example Solution:
dependency injecti
dependencies.
3.

csharp

4.
5.

Copy code

6.
7.

// Business Layer Interfacepublic interface IOrderService

{
void PlaceOrder(Order order);
}
 // Service Implementationpublic class OrderService :
IOrderService
{
private readonly IOrderRepository _orderRepository;

public OrderService(IOrderRepository orderRepository)

{
_orderRepository = orderRepository;
}

public void PlaceOrder(Order order)

{
_orderRepository.Save(order);
}
}
// Repository Interfacepublic interface IOrderRepository
{
void Save(Order order);
}
// Unit Test Example
[TestClass]public class OrderServiceTests
{
[TestMethod]
public void PlaceOrder_ShouldSaveOrder()
{
// Arrange
var mockRepository = new
Mock<IOrderRepository>();
var orderService = new
OrderService(mockRepository.Object);
var order = new Order { Id = 1, Product =
"Product A", Quantity = 10 };

// Act
orderService.PlaceOrder(order);

// Assert
mockRepository.Verify(r => r.Save(order),
Times.Once);
}
}

8.
9.

These examples illustrate how to improve the testability of your web application by
clearly defining inputs and outputs, using design patterns for the presentation layer,
separating the business layer, implementing effective logging, and designing loosely
coupled components.
4o
Software Design and Architecture Topic#209 Web Application Frame
Performance Considerations You should identify your performance
objectives early in the design phase of a Web application by
gathering the non-functional requirements. Response time, throughput,
CPU, memory, and disk I/O are a few of the key factors you should
consider when designing your application. Guidelines Ensure that the
performance requirements are specific, realistic, and flexible.
Implement caching techniques to improve the performance and
scalability of the application. Perform batch operations to minimize
round trips across boundaries. Guidelines Reduce the volume of HTML
transferred between server and client. For instance, you can disable
view state when you do not need it; limit the use of graphics, and
considering using compressed graphics where appropriate. Avoid
unnecessary round trips over the network. Software Design and
Architecture Topic#209 END! (my prompt is that give me simple
beginner level examples of all the topics or text above given by me
in this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.
ChatGPT

Topic #209: Web Application Frame - Performance

Considerations

Guidelines and Examples

1.

Ensure Performance Requirements are Specific, Realistic, and Flexible

2.

1. Guideline: Ensure that the performance requirements are specific, realistic, and
flexible.
2. Example Solution:
performance metr
application.
3.

text

4.
5.

Copy code

6.
7.

- The homepage should load within 2 seconds under average

load conditions.
 - The application should handle 1000 concurrent users
with an average response time of less than 3 seconds.
- The CPU usage should remain below 75% under peak load.

8.
9.

3.

Implement Caching Techniques

4.

1. Guideline: Implement caching techniques to improve the performance and

scalability of the application.
2. Example Solution:
memory caching fo
accessed data.
3.

csharp

4.
5.

Copy code

6.
7.

// Example of in-memory cachingpublic class

ProductService
{
private readonly IMemoryCache _cache;

public ProductService(IMemoryCache cache)

{
_cache = cache;
}

public Product GetProduct(int productId)

{
if (!_cache.TryGetValue(productId, out Product
product))
{
product =
FetchProductFromDatabase(productId);
_cache.Set(productId, product,
TimeSpan.FromMinutes(10));
}
 return product;
}

private Product FetchProductFromDatabase(int

productId)
{
// Fetch product from database
}
}

8.
9.

5.

Perform Batch Operations

6.

1. Guideline: Perform batch operations to minimize round trips across boundaries.

2. Example Solution:
multiple database
a single operation.
3.

csharp

4.
5.

Copy code

6.
7.

// Example of batching database operationspublic class

OrderService
{
private readonly DatabaseContext _context;

public OrderService(DatabaseContext context)

{
_context = context;
}

public void UpdateOrders(List<Order> orders)

{
_context.Orders.UpdateRange(orders);
_context.SaveChanges();
}
 }

8.
9.

7.

Reduce HTML Volume

8.

1. Guideline: Reduce the volume of HTML transferred between server and client.
2. Example Solution:
view state for cont
not require it.
3.

html

4.
5.

Copy code

6.
7.

<!-- Disable view state for a specific control --

><asp:TextBox ID="TextBox1" runat="server"
EnableViewState="false" />

8.
9.

9.

Use Compressed Graphics

10.

1. Guideline: Limit the use of graphics and consider using compressed graphics where
appropriate.
2. Example Solution:
images before serv
3.

html

4.
 5.

Copy code

6.
7.

<!-- Use compressed images --><img

src="images/compressed-logo.png" alt="Logo" />

8.
9.

11.

Avoid Unnecessary Network Round Trips

12.

1. Guideline: Avoid unnecessary round trips over the network.

2. Example Solution:
update parts of th
asynchronously.
3.

html

4.
5.

Copy code

6.
7.

<!-- Using AJAX to avoid full page reload --><script>

function loadContent() {
var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
xhr.open("GET", "/get-content", true);
xhr.onload = function() {
if (xhr.status === 200) {

document.getElementById("content").innerHTML =
xhr.responseText;
}
};
xhr.send();
}</script><button onclick="loadContent()">Load
Content</button><div id="content"></div>
 8.
9.

By following these guidelines and examples, you can design a web application that
meets its performance objectives, ensuring a responsive and efficient user experience.

4o
Software Design and Architecture Topic#210 Web Application Frame
Security Considerations Security is an important consideration for
protecting the integrity and privacy of the data and the resources of
your Web application. You should design a security strategy for your
Web application that uses tested and proven security solutions, and
implement authentication, authorization, and data validation to
protect your application from a range of threats. Guidelines Consider
the use of authentication at every trust boundary. Consider
implementing a strong authorization mechanism to restrict resource
access and protect business logic. Guidelines Consider the use of
input validation and data validation at every trust boundary to
mitigate security threats such as cross-site scripting and code-
injection. Do not rely on client-side validation only. Use server-
side validation as well. Guidelines Consider encrypting and digitally
signing any sensitive data that is sent across the network. Software
Design and Architecture Topic#210 END! (my prompt is that give me
simple beginner level examples of all the topics or text above given
by me in this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.
ChatGPT

Topic #210: Web Application Frame - Security Considerations

Guidelines and Examples

1.

Authentication at Every Trust Boundary

2.

1. Guideline: Consider the use of authentication at every trust boundary.

2. Example Solution:
Authenticate users
move from the pre
layer to the busine
3.

csharp

4.
5.

Copy code
 6.
7.

// Example of authentication using a tokenpublic class

BusinessService
{
public void PerformBusinessOperation(string
authToken)
{
if (!Authenticate(authToken))
{
throw new
UnauthorizedAccessException("Invalid token");
}
// Perform business logic
}

private bool Authenticate(string authToken)

{
// Validate token logic
return TokenService.Validate(authToken);
}
}

8.
9.

3.

Strong Authorization Mechanism

4.

1. Guideline: Consider implementing a strong authorization mechanism to restrict

resource access and protect business logic.
2. Example Solution:
based access contr
restrict access to c
functions.
3.

csharp

4.
5.

Copy code

6.
7.
 // Example of role-based authorizationpublic class
ResourceService
{
public void AccessResource(User user)
{
if (!user.HasRole("Admin"))
{
throw new UnauthorizedAccessException("User
does not have the required role");
}
// Access the resource
}
}
public class User
{
public string Username { get; set; }
public List<string> Roles { get; set; }

public bool HasRole(string role)

{
return Roles.Contains(role);
}
}

8.
9.

5.

Input Validation and Data Validation

6.

1. Guideline: Consider the use of input validation and data validation at every trust
boundary to mitigate security threats such as cross-site scripting and code injection.
2. Example Solution:
user inputs both o
side and the serve
3.

javascript

4.
5.

Copy code

6.
7.
 // Client-side
validationdocument.getElementById("submitButton").onclick
= function() {
var userInput =
document.getElementById("userInput").value;
if (!/^[a-zA-Z0-9]+$/.test(userInput)) {
alert("Invalid input");
return false;
}
};
// Server-side validation
public class InputValidationService
{
public void ValidateInput(string input)
{
if (!Regex.IsMatch(input, "^[a-zA-Z0-9]+$"))
{
throw new ArgumentException("Invalid input");
}
}
}

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9.

7.

Encryption and Digital Signing of Sensitive Data

8.

1. Guideline: Consider encrypting and digitally signing any sensitive data that is sent
across the network.
2. Example Solution:
encryption and RS
signing.
3.

csharp

4.
5.

Copy code

6.
7.

// Example of encrypting datapublic class

EncryptionService
 {
private readonly byte[] _key =
Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes("A-32-Byte-Long-Key-For-AES");

public string EncryptData(string data)

{
using (var aes = Aes.Create())
{
aes.Key = _key;
aes.GenerateIV();
var encryptor = aes.CreateEncryptor(aes.Key,
aes.IV);
using (var ms = new MemoryStream())
{
using (var cs = new CryptoStream(ms,
encryptor, CryptoStreamMode.Write))
using (var writer = new StreamWriter(cs))
{
writer.Write(data);
}
var iv = aes.IV;
var encrypted = ms.ToArray();
return
Convert.ToBase64String(iv.Concat(encrypted).ToArray());
}
}
}
}
// Example of signing datapublic class SigningService
{
private readonly RSA _rsa = RSA.Create();

public string SignData(string data)

{
var dataBytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(data);
var signedBytes = _rsa.SignData(dataBytes,
HashAlgorithmName.SHA256, RSASignaturePadding.Pkcs1);
return Convert.ToBase64String(signedBytes);
}
}

8.
9.

By following these guidelines and examples, you can design a secure web application
that protects data integrity and privacy, and mitigates various security threats
effectively.

4o
Software Design and Architecture Topic#211 Web Application Frame
Deployment Considerations When deploying a Web application, you
should take into account how layer and component location will affect
the performance, scalability, and security of the application. You
might also need to consider design trade-offs. Use either a
distributed or a non-distributed deployment approach, depending on
the business requirements and infrastructure constraints. Guidelines
Consider using non-distributed deployment to maximize performance.
Consider using distributed deployment to achieve better scalability
and to allow each layer to be secured separately. Software Design and
Architecture Topic#211 END! (my prompt is that give me simple
beginner level examples of all the topics or text above given by me
in this prompt) Important Note: do not use analogies.
ChatGPT

Topic #211: Web Application Frame - Deployment Considerations

Guidelines and Examples

1.

Non-Distributed Deployment

2.

1. Guideline: Consider using non-distributed deployment to maximize performance.

2. Example Solution:
all layers of a web
(presentation, bus
on a single server.
3.

plaintext

4.
5.

Copy code

6.
7.

Server Configuration:
- Install web server (e.g., IIS, Apache)
- Deploy web application files (HTML, CSS, JS)
- Deploy business logic (e.g., .NET DLLs, Java JARs)
- Install and configure database (e.g., SQL Server,
MySQL)

Benefits:
 - Reduced latency since all layers are on the same server
- Simplified configuration and management

8.
9.

3.

Distributed Deployment

4.

1. Guideline: Consider using distributed deployment to achieve better scalability and

to allow each layer to be secured separately.
2. Example Solution:
the presentation la
web server, the bu
on an application s
the database on a
database server.
3.

plaintext

4.
5.

Copy code

6.
7.

Server Configuration:
1. Web Server:
- Install web server (e.g., IIS, Apache)
- Deploy web application files (HTML, CSS, JS)

2. Application Server:
- Deploy business logic (e.g., .NET DLLs, Java JARs)

3. Database Server:
- Install and configure database (e.g., SQL Server,
MySQL)

Benefits:
- Improved scalability as each layer can be scaled
independently
- Enhanced security by isolating layers

8.
 9.

5.

Design Trade-Offs

6.

1. Guideline: Weigh the pros and cons of non-distributed vs. distributed deployment
based on business requirements and infrastructure constraints.
2. Example Consider
3.

plaintext

4.
5.

Copy code

6.
7.

Non-Distributed Deployment:
- Pros: Lower latency, simpler management, reduced
network traffic.
- Cons: Limited scalability, single point of failure.

Distributed Deployment:
- Pros: Better scalability, improved fault tolerance,
enhanced security.
- Cons: Higher latency due to inter-server communication,
increased complexity in deployment and management.

8.
9.

Implementation Steps for Each Deployment Type

1.

Non-Distributed Deployment Steps

2.
3.

plaintext

4.
 5.

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6.
7.

1. Set up a single server with required specifications.

2. Install the necessary web server software.
3. Deploy the entire web application (front-end, back-end, and
database) on this server.
4. Configure the server to handle application requests.
5. Test the deployment to ensure all components are working
together.

8.
9.
10.

Distributed Deployment Steps

11.
12.

plaintext

13.
14.

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15.
16.

1. Set up multiple servers, each dedicated to a specific layer

(e.g., web server, application server, database server).
2. Install web server software on the web server and deploy the
presentation layer.
3. Install application server software on the application
server and deploy the business logic.
4. Install and configure the database server.
5. Configure network settings to ensure secure and efficient
communication between servers.
6. Implement load balancing and security measures for each
layer.
7. Test the distributed setup to ensure seamless integration
and performance.

17.
 18.

By following these guidelines and examples, you can make informed decisions about
the deployment strategy that best meets your application's performance, scalability,
and security needs.

4o
Software Design and Architecture Topic#212 Web Application Frame Load
Balancing When you deploy your Web application on multiple servers,
you can use load balancing to distribute requests so that they are
handled by different Web servers. This helps to maximize response
times, resource utilization, and throughput. Guidelines Avoid server
affinity when designing scalable Web applications. Server affinity
occurs when all requests from a particular client must be handled by
the same server. It usually occurs when you use locally updatable
caches, or in-process or local session state stores. Guidelines
Consider designing stateless components for your Web application
Software Design and Architecture Topic#212 END! (my prompt is that
give me simple beginner level examples of all the topics or text
above given by me in this prompt) Important Note: do not use
analogies.
ChatGPT

Topic #212: Web Application Frame - Load Balancing

Guidelines and Examples

1.

Load Balancing Basics

2.

1. Guideline: When deploying your Web application on multiple servers, use load
balancing to distribute requests across these servers.
2. Example Explanati
Distributing incom
among multiple se
optimize performa
reliability.
3.

plaintext

4.
5.

Copy code

6.
 7.

Load Balancer Configuration:

- Deploy multiple web servers (Server A, Server B, Server
C).
- Install load balancing software or hardware (e.g.,
Nginx, Apache HTTP Server with mod_proxy_balancer).
- Configure load balancer to distribute incoming requests
evenly across servers.
- Monitor server health and adjust load balancing
algorithms as needed.

Benefits:
- Improved response times and throughput by distributing
workload.
- Enhanced fault tolerance as traffic can be redirected
if one server fails.

8.
9.

3.

Avoiding Server Affinity

4.

1. Guideline: Avoid server affinity (client-to-server binding) to ensure scalability.

2. Example Explanati
that each request
handled by any av
server, rather than
to a specific server
3.

plaintext

4.
5.

Copy code

6.
7.

Load Balancer Configuration:

- Configure load balancer to use algorithms like Round
Robin or Least Connections.
- Avoid session affinity (sticky sessions) where all
requests from a client are directed to the same server.
 - Use centralized or distributed session state management
to maintain session data across servers.

Benefits:
- Even distribution of workload, enabling horizontal
scalability.
- Avoidance of single points of failure by allowing any
server to handle any request.

8.
9.

5.

Designing Stateless Components

6.

1. Guideline: Consider designing stateless components for your Web application.

2. Example Explanati
Components that
on stored state inf
making them easie
horizontally.
3.

plaintext

4.
5.

Copy code

6.
7.

Stateless Component Example:

- Design API endpoints that do not store client-specific
state between requests.
- Implement business logic that retrieves required data
with each request, rather than relying on cached or
stored information.
- Use message queues for asynchronous processing, where
possible, to maintain statelessness.

Benefits:
- Simplified scalability as each request can be handled
independently by any server.
- Improved fault tolerance as stateless components can
recover quickly from server failures.
 8.
9.

By following these guidelines and examples, you can effectively implement load
balancing strategies that enhance the performance, scalability, and reliability of your
Web application across multiple servers.

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