Week # 04

DC Analysis
EE-118

Basic Electricity and Electronics

By Engr, Muhammad Umair Hassan

Muhammad Umair Hassan @ Department of Polymer and

PPD, NEDUET 1
Petrochemical Engineering, NEDUET
Wye-Delta Transformations

• Need:
• Complicated networks can be simplified
by successively replacing delta mesh to
star equivalent system and vice-versa.

• In delta network, three resistors are

connected in delta fashion (∆) and in star
network three resistors are connected in
wye (Y) fashion.

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 Delta to Wye Conversion
we compare the two networks
and make sure that the
resistance between each pair of
nodes in the (or ) network is
the same as the resistance
between the same pair of
nodes in the Y (or T) network.
For terminals 1 and 2 in Figs.
2.47 and 2.48, for example

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Delta ( ) or pi ( ) network

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Wye to Delta Conversion

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Easy way to remember:
Each resistor in the network is the sum of all possible products of Y resistors taken two at a time,
divided by the opposite Y resistor.

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Example
Convert the network in Fig. to an equivalent Y
network

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 Example

Solution

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Example(delta to star):- Convert the following Delta Resistive Network
into an equivalent Star Network.

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 NETWORK THEOREMS
• SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
• THEVENIN’S THEOREM
• NORTON’S THEOREM
• MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM

Superposition theorem
The superposition principle states that the voltage across (or
current through) an element in a linear circuit is the algebraic
sum of the voltages across (or currents through) that element
due to each independent source acting alone.

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 SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
To apply the superposition principle, we must keep two things in
mind:
1. We consider one independent source at a time while all other
independent sources are turned off. This implies that we replace
every voltage source by 0 V (or a short circuit), and every current
source by 0 A (or an open circuit). This way we obtain a simpler and
more manageable circuit.
2. Dependent sources are left intact because they are controlled by
circuit variables.
With these in mind, we apply the superposition principle in three
step. 14
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 Example
Use the superposition theorem to find V in the circuit
Solution:
Since there are two sources, let

Where V1 and V2 are the contributions due to

the 6-V voltage source and the 3-A current
source, respectively. To obtain we set the
current source to zero, as shown in Fig. (a).
Applying KVL to the loop in Fig. (a) gives

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 Thus,

We may also use voltage division to get by writing

To get we set the voltage source to zero, as in Fig. (b). Using current division

Hence,

And we find

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 Example
• For the circuit in Fig. use the superposition theorem to find I.
Solution
In this case, we have three sources. Let

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 Thevenin’s theorem

States that a linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by an

equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source 𝑉𝑡ℎ in series with a
resistor 𝑅𝑡ℎ , where 𝑉𝑡ℎ is the open-circuit voltage at the terminals
and 𝑅𝑡ℎ is the input or equivalent resistance at the terminals
when the independent sources are turned off.

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Thus is the open-circuit voltage across the terminals as shown in Fig (a);
that is

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Thus, is the input resistance at the terminals when the independent
sources are turned off, as shown in Fig (b); that is,

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 To apply this idea in finding the Thevenin resistance , we need to
consider two cases
• If the network has no dependent sources, we turn off all independent
sources. is the input resistance of the network looking between
terminals a and b, as shown in Fig. (b).
• We apply a voltage source at terminals a and b and determine the
resulting current . Then , as shown in Fig.(a)

Fig. (a) 23
• we may insert a current source at terminals a-b as shown in
Fig(b).

𝑹𝒕𝒉 = 𝑽𝟎 /𝒊𝟎

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The current through the load and the voltage across the load are easily
determined once the Thevenin equivalent of the circuit at the load’s terminals is
obtained, as shown in Fig. 4(b).
From Fig. (b), we obtain

Note from Fig. (b) that the Thevenin equivalent

is a simple voltage divider, yielding 𝑉𝐿 .

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Example:- Find 𝑽𝑿 by first finding 𝑽𝒕𝒉 and 𝑹𝒕𝒉 to the left of A-B

Solution:
Step1. First remove everything to the
right of A-B.

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Notice that there is no current flowing in the 4  resistor (A-B) is
open. Thus there can be no voltage across the resistor.
Step 2. To find 𝑹𝒕𝒉 .
We now deactivate the sources to the left of A-B and find the
resistance seen looking in these terminals.

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Step 3.

To find 𝑽𝒙
After having found the Thevenin circuit, we connect this to the load in
order to find 𝑽𝒙 .

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 Example.
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit of the circuit shown in Fig. 4.27, to the left
of the terminals Then find the current through 𝑅𝐿 = 6. or (a) finding 𝑅𝑡ℎ , (b)
𝑉𝑡ℎ .
Solution:
We find 𝑹𝒕𝒉 by turning off the 32-V
voltage source (replacing it with a short
circuit) and the 2-A current source
(replacing it with an open circuit). The
circuit becomes what is shown in Fig.(a).
Thus

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To find 𝑉𝑡ℎ ,consider the circuit in Fig b.
Applying mesh analysis to the two loops,
we obtain

Solving for 𝑖1 , we get 𝑖1 = 0.5 A Thus

Alternatively, it is even easier to use nodal analysis. We ignore the 1 

resistor since no current flows through it. At the top node, KCL gives

or
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as obtained before. We could also use source transformation to
find 𝑉𝑡ℎ .
The Thevenin equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. The current
through 𝑅𝐿 is

When, 𝑹𝑳 = 𝟔

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