ZAMBOANGA CITY STATE POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

R.T. Lim Blvd. Baliwasan Zamboanga City

Senior High School

LEARNING MODULE

DRAWING II
GRADE 12

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 TABLE ON CONTENTS

Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………. 3

Lesson 1 – Alphabet of Lines ………………………………………………………… 4

Lesson 2 – Dimension / Scaling ……………………………………………………. 8

Lesson 3 – Multi-View Drawing ……………………………………………………..17

Lesson 4 – Auxiliary Views ……………………………………………………………31

Lesson 5 Pictorial Drawing ……………………………………………………………40

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 INTRODUCTION

The primary purpose of this module is to provide you the basic and
primary knowledge and skills that will help you develop your capability to
produce a detailed engineering drawing. In this module, topics will be
introduced progressively in every lesson for gradual understanding. The
activities in this module are also properly arrange from simple to complex. You
will learn all the basics of technical drawing and how they work.
After carefully reading all the lessons, masterfully performing all the
activities, you are expected to perform the basic drawing and designs. You will
be given one quarter or grading period to finish this module. So, explore and
experience this module and be a step closer to becoming a successful technical
drafter.

OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE

Upon completion of this module, you as a learner is expected to:
 Identify the different types of drawing
 Master precise measuring
 Apply proper formulation of different types of drawing
 Draw an orthographic and pictorial representation of an objects
 Enable size descriptions, with limits, fits and tolerances
 Produced detailed drawing

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 LESSON ONE

(ALPHABET OF LINES)

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this lesson you are expected to:

 Apply various type of lines on drawing with its required line weights.
 Identify the different functions of Alphabet of lines.

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 INFORMATION SHEET 1.1

Line symbols used in technical drawing are often referred to as ALPHABET OF

LINES. The use of line symbols enables engineers/designers to express
features of designed products clearly and accurately. Line features vary not
only by width but also by how they are graphically represented in a drawing.

Visible Line - a thick line that represent the visible edges or outline of
the object; also known as the object line
Hidden Line - a medium thick line composed of a short dashes about
2-3 millimeters long with space between dashes about about 1-2
millimeters wide, it represents the surface of edges that cannot
be seen
Section Line - a thin lines to show the surface that has been cut, they
are spaced evenly at 45 degrees. ·
Center Line - a thin line consisting of two long dashes and short dash
drawn alternately with a gap of atleast 2 millimeters in between;
it represents the axis or center of symetrical shapes like a ball,
washer, rectangular block cube
Extension Line - a thin line that extends from the object in order to show
dimension limits
Dimension Line - a thin line with arrowhead in one end used to indicate the
measurement of the object
Cutting - Plane Line - thick lines used to indicate an imaginary cut through
an object along the line ·
Long Break Line - a medium thick line consisting of broken and straight lines
drawn alternately
Short - Break Line - thick line drawn in freehand to show details that a part
has been cut off or broken out ·

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Phantom Line - a thin line that shows position(s) of part of an object that
moves drawn by two short dashes and long dash

SELF-CHECK 1 .1
IDENTIFICATION: Write your answer on the space provided.

______ 1. It represents the visible edges of an object

______ 2. A thin line used to show the surface that has been cut

______ 3. A thin line that extends from the object in order to show dimension
limits

______ 4. It represents the surface of edges that cannot be seen

______ 5. A thin line with arrowhead in one end used to indicate the
measurement of the object

.
Activity sheet 1.1

Direction: Draw the given object below and emphasize your line-weights
according to its function. Draw it on a separate paper.

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 LESSON TWO

(DIMENSIONING & SCALING)

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 LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this lesson you are expected to:

 Identify the functions of different types of dimension.

INFORMATION SHEET 1.1

Dimensioning Dimensioning - A numeric value expressed in measurable

units to identify the size of an object on a drawing and by means of placing
sizes and related information on a drawing

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 Rules for dimensioning

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 SELF-CHECK 1 .1
You have just finished the study of the basic principles in dimensioning. To
ensure understanding, try your best to supply the needed information to
complete the following statements.

Directions: Answer the ff. questions below and write only the letter on the
space provided before the number.

1. . A type of dimension that is used to the indicate the value of degrees.

a) Angular Dimension c) Dimeter Dimension
b) Aligned Dimension d) Radius Dimension

2. The standard distance of dimension line from each other:

a) 10 mm c) 10 cm
b) 5 cm d) 5 mm

3. The standard distance of dimension line from the object:

A 10 mm c) 10 cm
b) 5 cm d) 5 mm

4. A numeric value expressed in measurable units to identify the size of

an object on a drawing
a) Measurement c) Scale ratio
b) Dimension d) Dimension line

5. This type of dimension is placed parallel to the object line, mostly

applicable to an object with an incline side.
a) Linear Dimension c) Aligned Dimension
b) Angular Dimension d) Diameter Dimension

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 INFORMATION SHEET 1.2

Scaling
In a field of engineering drawing normally they use a triangular
scale for reducing and enlarging the scale size measurement. There are
two system of measurement, Metric system and English system.

Metric
Always remember that the smallest the number used in metric scale, the
bigger the size in the triangular scale whereas, the largest the number used the
smallest size of actual measurement.

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 1:05 m. 1: 100 m.
1:10 m. 1: 200 m.
1:20 m. 1: 300 m.
1: 30 m. 1: 400 m.
1: 40 m. 1: 500 m.
1: 50 m. 1: 600 m.
1:75 m. 1:1000 m.

Full size scale

The 1:1 is a full size scale and each division measures 1 mm. in width
with the numbering of the calibrations at 10 mm intervals. This same scale is
convenient for ratios of 1:10, 1:100, and 1:1000
Half size Scale
The 1:2 is one-half size scale and each division is equals to 2 mm. with
the calibration numbering at 20-unit intervals. In addition, this scale is
convenient for ratios of 1:20, 1:200, and 1:2000.
1:2. This means that 1 mm on the drawing represents 2 mm on the
actual object. The actual object is twice the size of the drawing.

See comparison figure below.

1:1 1:2

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 SELF-CHECK 1.2
Directions:
You have just finished the study of the basic principles of scaling. To ensure
understanding. Explain what is the purpose of scaling? Write your answer
below.

Your answer:

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 LESSON THREE

(MULTI-VIEW DRAWING)

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 LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this lesson you are expected to:

 Identify the six principal views of an object

 Identify the three main projection planes
 Formulate Orthographic Projection drawing in 3rd angle projection

INFORMATION SHEET 1.1

Multi-view drawings are conventional projections of a three dimensional

object on a two dimensional plane. Anything which is going to be
produced or constructed is based on the proposal given by multi-view
drawings. For example, buildings, machines, office equipment and so on.
By this projection convention engineers, architects, draftsman can
communicate with each other even if they don’t speak common language.
The basic rules and principles of orthographic projection will be
discussed on this chapter.

Projection is the image of an object represented (drawn on a plane of

projection /picture plane) as it would appear to the observer stationed at
a point and viewing along the direction of line of projection.

Projectors / lines of projection are imaginary lines that emerge from

observer’s eyes and moves to contour of an object. Station point is the
location of an observer.

Plane of projection / picture plane are an imaginary plane on which

the image of an objected is represent / drawn. The plane on which
principal view of an object is represented / drawn is called principal
plane. The planes are assumed to expand infinitely and transparent.

Six (6) Principal Views of an Object: Although there are six principal
views that can be drawn in an object, only the three regular views (Three
planes of projection) are normally required in the preparation of a
working plan.

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 Three planes of
projection are used in orthographic drawing. These are called the
horizontal plane which represents top view, frontal plane, which
represents front view and the profile plane which represents right-side
view

The planes of projection join and form quadrants. The quadrants are
called first angle, second angle, third angle, and fourth angle. The first
and the third quadrants are used for drafting purposes.

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 INFORMATION SHEET 1.2

Orthographic Projection

The word orthographic means to draw at right angles and is

derived from the Greek words: ORTHOS - straight, rectangular, upright
and GRAPHOS - written, drawn. Orthographic projection is a parallel
projection. It is used as an unambiguous and accurate way of providing
information, primarily for manufacturing and detail design.

To defining the six principal views or orthographic views there are

two methods:
 Natural method and
 Glass box method

1. Natural method: Each of the necessary view is obtained by looking

directly at the particular side of the object the view is to represent. In
this case, the object will be revolved to produce the six basic views or
the observer
move around
the object.

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 2. Glass box method: Most powerful technique to understand
orthographic projections.
 Suspend the object with transparent strings inside a glass box.
 Fix the view from each direction (each of the six sides of the box) and
unfold the box.

System of Projection

To represent the six principal views (front, rare, top, bottom, right side
and left side) of an object, multi-view drawing uses orthographic
projection.

The representation can be done using:

 First angle and

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  Third angle projection technique.

First angel
projection

Taking front view as reference, in first angle projection, when right side
view of an object is taken; it is drawn to the left of front view and the top
view is drawn below front view. The layout is as shown in (a

Taking front view as reference, in first angle projection, when left side
view of an object is taken; it is drawn to the right of front view and the
top view is drawn below front view. The layout is as shown in (a)

Third angle projection

Taking front view as reference, in third angle projection, when right side
view of an object is taken; it is drawn to the right of front view and the
top view is drawn above front view. The layout is as shown in (a)

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 Taking front
view
of an

object is taken; it is drawn to the left of front view and the top view is
drawn above the front view. The lay out is shown in (b)

Below is an example of an Orthographic Drawing done in a third angle

projection:

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 SELF-CHECK 1.2
Direction: You have just finished the study of the basic principles of a Multi-
view drawing. To ensure understanding, try your best to supply the needed
information to complete the following statements.
______ 1. Came from the Greek word Orthos and Graphos.

______ 2. Are an imaginary plane on which the image of an objected is

represent / drawn.

______ 3. A plane of projection that represents the top view.

______ 4. A plane of projection that represents the right-side view.

______ 5. A plane of projection that represents the front view.

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 LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this lesson you are expected to:

 Formulate Auxiliary view drawing

INFORMATION SHEET 1.1

Auxiliary Views It is already seen how the principal views of an object

can be represented using the glass box approach to surface
identification. However, when an object has a surface that is not parallel
to any side of the glass box additional view is required for the sake of
true shape and size called auxiliary view. The plane used to represent the
auxiliary view is auxiliary plane.

Slanted surfaces that need auxiliary plane are inclined and oblique
surfaces. Inclined surfaces need single auxiliary plane to represent their
true shape and size; whereas oblique surfaces need two auxiliary planes
to represent their true shape and size. The glass box method can be used
here by adding another plane (auxiliary plane) parallel to slanted surface.
The plane (auxiliary plane) that is parallel to the slanted surface is
unfolded to show as true shape and size.

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Types of Auxiliary Views:

1. Partial Auxiliary
2. Complete Auxiliary

Partial Auxiliary Views When only the slanted surface of an object is projected
and represented on auxiliary plane, the view obtained is called partial auxiliary
view. It is more economical to draw partial auxiliary views than complete
auxiliary views.

Ex.

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Complete Auxiliary Views When all the surfaces of an object are projected and
represented on auxiliary plane, the view obtained is called complete auxiliary
view. Complete auxiliary views are drawn when necessary.

Ex.

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 References:

1. Basic technical drawing-Student Textbook by: Amanuel Berhanu (BSc.) and

Tolossa Deberie (MSc.), (Kuraz International Publisher).
2. DepED K to 12 Mechanical Drafting Learning module

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 Prepared by : Al-rasheed N. Sakandal
Visiting Lecturer, SHS
LESSON FIVE

(PICTORIAL DRAWING)

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 LEARNING OUTCOMES:

At the end of this lesson you are expected to:

 Identify the different types of pictorial drawing

 To apply the proper construction procedures of pictorial drawing
 Formulate pictorial Axonometric drawing
 Formulate pictorial Oblique drawing
 Formulate pictorial perspective drawing (One point and two point
perspective)
INFORMATION SHEET 1.1

A pictorial drawing is a method of producing a three-dimensional (3D) object,

which shows the three main faces indicating the height, width and depth
simultaneously. Pictorial drawing is divided into three classifications:
A. Axonometric projection,
B. Oblique projection, and
C. Perspective or central projection.

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 Axonometric Projection It is a form of orthographic projection that
shows the three principal faces of an object on a single projection plane
(picture plane). In axonometric projection, the object is placed in an
inclined position with respect to the plane of projection so that its
principal faces will be displayed principally in axonometric projection.
Axonometric projection are classified into three namely Isometric, Dimetric,
and Trimetric projections as described below:
I. Isometric projection:
The receding lines are drawn at 300 from the horizontal and the others are
vertical. Consider the following cubic object and follow the procedure to
make an isometric projection.

II. Dimetric projection

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 Only two of the angles are equal.

III. Trimetric projection

None of the angles are equal.

INFORMATION SHEET 1.2

Regular and Irregular Curves in Isometric Drawing

Circles and Arcs in Isometric; Drawing Many objects involve circles and other
curves in their construction. In Isometric projection, a circle will appear as an
ellipse. This ellipse is usually called as isometric circle. This is done by using
the drawing compass. The true or accurate way of constructing ellipse in
isometric drawing is shown below.
a. Construction of isometric circles by offset measurement

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 b. Construction of isometric circle using four center method

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 INFORMATION SHEET 1.3

Oblique Pictorial Drawing the projectors are oblique to the plane of projection
but parallel to each other, and one of the principal faces (usually front view) of
the object is generally parallel to the plane of projection. The receding line is
drawn at 30 ˚, 45 ˚ and 60 ˚ from the horizontal.
Oblique projection classified into three namely Cavalier, Cabinet, and General
projections as described below:
I. Cavalier drawing - an oblique drawing in which the depth axis lines are
full scale or in full size.
II. Cabinet oblique - depth axis lines are drawn one-half scale.
III. General oblique - depth axis lines vary from one-half to full size

Procedure in Constructing Oblique Pictorial View

1. Study carefully the given orthographic views. Draw the vertical line OB
and horizontal line.

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 2. Draw the receding line. This will serve as a depth of an object.

3. Complete the oblique box by sketching parallel lines to the oblique axes.

4. Layout the details of the object inside the oblique box.

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 5. Finalize the drawing and erase all unnecessary lines to complete the
drawing.

SELF-CHECK 1.1

True or False

Direction: Answer the ff. question below. Write T if the statement is true and
write F if the statement is false.

1. Oblique drawing has only three kinds.

2. The depth of the Cabinet Oblique is drawn in a full scale.
3. The depth of the Cavalier oblique is drawn in half scale.
4. The depth of General oblique varies from half to full scale.
5. The front view of the oblique drawing is not parallel to the picture
plane

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 INFORMATION SHEET 1.4

Perspective Projection This type of projection is the most realistic

three-dimensional view of all the pictorial projections, because it portrays
the object in a manner that is most similar to how the human eye
perceives the visual world.

A drawing that is made according to the principle of perspective

projection is called perspective drawing. Perspective drawings are more
realistic than axonometric or oblique drawing because the object is
shown as the eye would see it. Since their construction is far more
difficult than the other types of pictorial drawings their use in drafting is
limited mainly to presentation illustration of a large object such as
interior and exterior features of buildings and the preparation of
advertising drawings.

Types of Perspective Drawing

Depending on the position of the object relative to the picture plane & the
number of vanishing points required, perspective drawings are classified
as:
a) Parallel (One-point) perspective,
b) Angular (Two-point) perspective, and
c) Oblique (Three-point) perspective.

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 Definition of Technical Terms

The definition of some of the basic terms that are commonly used in the
discussion of perspective drawings are given below.

Picture Plane (PP): is a vertical transparent plane on which the perspective

representation of an object is being projected. It is designated as pp on
drawing.

Station Point (SP): is a point where the eye of the observer is located for the
resulting perspective projection of an object on pp. It is assumed to be situated
at a definite potion relative to the object. It is also known as point of sight.

Visual Rays: are straight lines that are drawn from the station point to the
visible corners of the object and pierces the picture plane located commonly
between station point and object to establish the perspective projection on PP.
They are also referred to as the line of sight.

Ground Plane (GP): is a horizontal plane on which the object is assumed to

rest.

Ground Line (GL): is the line of intersection of ground plane with the picture
plane.

Horizon Plane (HP): is imaginary horizontal plane assumed above ground

plane perpendicular to the picture plane and located at observer's eye level
(SP).

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Horizon Line (HL): is the line of intersection of horizon plane with the picture
plane along which vanishing points lie.

Vanishing Points (VP): are points that always lie on HL to which all the
horizontal (side edges) of an object not parallel to the picture plane would
appear to meet. However all the lateral edges of the object, parallel to the PP
will remains vertical except for three point perspective drawing. We could have
one, two or three VPs depending on the type of perspective drawing made.

Center of Vision (CV): is a point that lies on both the HL and PP at central
location in front of the observer eye. It also lies along a line from the SP
perpendicular to the PP.

By changing the relationship between the horizon line and ground line, we
can get the following types of angular perspective:

1. Area view (Bird’s eye

view): is a perspective
view obtained by placing
horizon line above
ground line at any
convenient distance. It
is used to show top,
front and side faces of
the object.

2. General view (Human’s eye view): is a perspective view obtained by

placing horizon line above ground line at an average adult human’s
height, of course passing through the object e.g. it is used mostly for
perspective view of a building. al Drawing 121 Here only two faces
(front and side) will appear on the perspective drawing.

3. Ground view: is a perspective view obtained by placing horizon line

and ground line at the same level (coinciding them). It is like a view
obtained by an observer laying on the ground and it is commonly
used for a perspective view of a building. Like general view, only two
faces i.e. (front and side) will come into the perspective view.

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 4. Worm’s eye view: is a perspective view obtained by placing horizon
line below ground line. It is rarely used. It is used to show three
faces (front, side and bottom). Commonly used for smaller objects or
machine parts.

Parallel (One-point) perspective As discussed earlier, this type of perspective

requires one face to be positioned parallel to the picture plane and the other
perpendicular to it. Station point is located so as to enable see the right or left
side face of the object. If the right face is required to be shown, the station
point should be located to the right of the object and vice versa.

Steps to prepare parallel perspective drawing of an object

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1. Begin the drawing by
establishing the three edge view
lines. i.e. PP, HL and GL at any
convenient distance depending
on the faces of the object
required to be shown on the
perspective drawing.
2. Draw the top view with its front
face in contact with the picture
plane (as a usual practice) or at
some distance apart from it.

3. If sufficient space is available and required, draw the front or side view on
one extreme end of ground line to a convenient left or right direction.

4. Complete the front face of the perspective drawing on ground line, showing
its true shape and size by drawing projectors from top and side (front) view
corners to get the various width and height information of the object
respectively. If no side (front) view is shown on GL take the height
information of various features from the orthographic side or front view of
the object.
5. Establish the station point at a distance greater than or equal to twice the
overall width of the object from picture plane to the left or right direction of
front face as required. So that the cone of vision becomes less than 300

6. Locate the vanishing point on horizon line by drawing a projector from

station point perpendicular to horizon line. for a pleasant appearance of the
perspective drawing.

7. Draw visual rays from the station point to all rear or back corners, if the top
view is in contact with PP or to front and rear corners, if the top view doesn’t
have any contact with PP. These visual rays will intersect pp at various
points to establish “piercing points” representing the back edges of the
object in the perspective drawing.

8. Draw projectors from all front corners to the vanishing point located on HL.

9. Draw projectors from all piercing points of PP obtained at step 7 vertically

down ward to intersect the corresponding receding edges drawn at step 8
and establish all the desired corners of the perspective drawing. 10. Connect

39
 the intersection points so obtained at step 9 to complete the perspective
drawing.

Angular (Two-point) perspective This type of perspective requires two faces of

the object to be positioned at an angle with PP.

Steps to prepare angular perspective drawing of an object

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1. Draw the three edge view lines
i.e. PP, HL, GL at any
convenient distance and
arrangements between HL and
GL depending on the faces of
the object required to be
shown on perspective drawing
as shown in Fig 7.44.

2. Draw the top view in such a

position that, the longer principal receding edge makes an angle of 300 and
the shorter edge 600 with the picture plane for a better perspective drawing.
Its front vertical corner is in contact with, as a usual practice, or with out
any contact to the picture plane as required.

3. Draw the front or side view of the object on one convenient side of ground
line from which different feature heights of the object are transferred to the
perspective drawing.

4. For a good perspective drawing locate the SP at a distance greater than or

equal to twice the diagonal length of top view i.e. parallel to the PP so that
the perspective drawing will be contained in a cone of vision less than 300.
It can be located to the left or right direction of the front corners as required
but many times in line with the front corner (approximately around the
center of the object to reveal both receding faces into perspective view.

5. Locate the two vanishing point left (VPL) and varnishing point right (VPR) on
the horizon line by first drawing projectors from the SP parallel to the two
receding principal edges of the top view so as to get corresponding
intersection points on pp. Drop vertical projectors from these intersection of
PP down to the horizon line.

6. Draw vertical projector from the front corner of top view having contact with
PP down to GL to establish a line called line of sight or true height line.

7. Draw horizontal projectors from all height corners of front or side view
located on GL to the line of sight and then to the two valuation points.

8. Draw visual rays from the SP to all corner of top view. These projectors will
intersect the pp at various points to establish piercing points representing
the back edges of the object in the perspective drawing

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9. Draw vertical projectors from all these piercing points of PP down to
intersect projectors from the line of sight to VPS and determine the width
and depth of all desired corners of the perspective drawing.

10. Connect all the required intersection point obtained at step 9 to

completed the perspective drawing of the object constructed by joining
points of intersection obtained

Constructing Arcs and Circle in Parallel Perspective

In parallel (one-point) perspective Circles

or arcs will be constructed as a true circle
or arc whose radius varies depending on
its closeness to the picture plane. The one
closest even in contact with the PP will be
draw as true circle or arc, whereas the
other farthest from the pp will be drawn as
a smaller size circle or arc whose radius
can be obtained by the usual principle of
perspective drawing construction.

Constructing Arcs and Circle in Angular Perspective

1. Draw the three edge view lines (i.e. PP, HL, &GL), SP, VP, the top view and
front or side view as required based on the usual principle of perspective
drawing construction.

2. Enclose the front or side view of the circle given on GL with square and than
divide the circle into say 12 equal parts (divisions) and label them.

3. Project each division point of the circle to the top and side edges of the
enclosing square and label them accordingly. Show all corresponding
labeling on the top view.

4. Draw projector lines from the SP to all labeled division points of top view.

5. Draw vertical projector lines from all piercing point of PP down to

perspective drawing.

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6. Draw horizontal projector lines from all division points of the front or side
view of circle on GL to the line of sight or vertical edge of the perspective
square and then to the vanishing point.

7. Connect the points of intersection located by the intersection of vertical

projection lines dropped down from all piercing points of PP and the
vanishing lines drawn from all points of line of sight to VP using irregular
circle.

SELF-CHECK 1.2
Direction: Supply the information below and write your answer on a separate
sheet.

Enumeration
3 TYPES OF PERSPECTIVE DRAWING
1.
2.
3.
Identification
1. is a horizontal plane on which the object is assumed to rest.

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 2. imaginary horizontal plane assumed above ground plane
perpendicular to the picture plane and located at observer's eye
level (SP).
3. is the line of intersection of horizon plane with the picture plane
along which vanishing points lie.
4. is a vertical transparent plane on which the perspective
representation of an object is being projected. It is designated as
pp on drawing.
5. A drawing that offers the most realistic view.

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