Basics of

Earthquake Engineering

Dr. S. K. Prasad
Professor of Civil Engineering
S. J. College of Engineering, Mysore
[email protected]
Phone : 94496 21994
Global loss due to natural disasters

Loss of life from natural disasters

(Source: Herath and Katayama, 1994)

Loss of built environment

from natural disasters
(Source: Andrew and Robin, 2002)
 BIGGEST EARTHQUKES RECORDED
Sl Magnitude Date Place Damage
No
1 9.5 22/05/1960 Chile 5000 deaths, 20 Lakh homeless
2 9.2 28/03/1964 Alaska 125 deaths, Tsunami
3 9.1 26/12/2004 Indonesia 2.26 Lakh killed, Tsunami
4 9.0 04/11/1952 Russia 0 death, Tsunami
5 9.0 11/03/2011 Japan 15000 deaths, Tsunami
6 8.8 27/02/2010 Chile 500 deaths, Tsunami
7 8.8 31/01/1906 Ecuador 1000 deaths
8 8.6 – 8.9 11/04/2012 Indonesia 0 death
9 8.7 04/02/1965 Alaska 0 death, Tsunami
10 8.6 28/03/2005 Indonesia 1300 deaths

5 of the biggest in last 11 years

6 of the biggest resulted in Tsunami
More deaths in under prepared countries
 EARTHQUAKE
Vibrations of the earth surface caused
by waves originating from a source of
disturbance in the earth mass

Earthquake may be caused by volcanic eruption or by

strain building process inside the earth mass.
UNPREDICTABLE
Focus and Epicenter of Earthquake
 Earthquake Shaking

Earthquakes are UNPREDICTABLE!!!

 Typical Seismogram
• PGA
• Predominant Frequency
• Duration of Strong Motion

Acceleration Start of Surface Waves

Start of Primary
Waves
Trace
SA
Amplitude
Time

Start of Secondary Strong Motion

Waves • Random
• Time Dependent
• Cyclic
No two earthquake motions are similar
 Magnitude
A number – RICHTER Scale M = log 10 A
Each increase in M > the energy by 32 times
• Strength / Power of earthquake ( Atom bomb – 5.0 )
• Measure of strain energy released at hypocenter.
• Determined by seismographs
• It is independent of place

Moment Magnitude Mw is more popular presently.

Mw = μAoD is better to represent bigger earthquakes.

It is based on the seismic moment of the earthquake, which

is equal to the rigidity of the Earth multiplied by the size of
the area that slipped and average amount of slip on
the fault
Richter scale suffers from saturation for bigger earthquakes
 INTENSITY

• Is not Quantitative
• Modified Mercalli’s Intensity scale
• Measure of damaging effect of earthquake
at a site
Depends on
• Local soil conditions
• Type of structures
• Focal Depth
• Knowledge on Earthquake Engg.
• Amount of shaking
• Frequency Content
• Epicentral distance etc.
How does the amplitude of a magnitude-8 earthquake
compare to the amplitude of smaller events?

If we likened earthquakes to hills

and mountain peaks, each peak is
10 times the height of the previous
one.

Mag. 6 Mag. 8 = 10× larger than Mag. 7

Mag. 7 = 10× larger than Mag 6
= 100× larger than Mag. 6
How does the amplitude of a magnitude-8 earthquake
compare to the amplitude of a magnitude-6 event?

If we likened earthquakes to hills and mountain peaks...

Fire Crackers of different
magnitudes of blasts
Intensity of Earthquake – Modified Mercalli’s Scale

I Insignificant Only detected by instruments

Felt by sensitive persons, Oscillation of hanging
II Very Light
objects
III Light Small vibratory motion
Felt inside building, Noise produced by moving
IV Moderate
objects
V Slightly Strong Felt by most persons, some panic, minor damages

VI Strong Damage to non seismic resistant structures

VII Very Strong People panic, serious damage to poor construction

VIII Destructive Serious damage to structures in general

Serious damage to well built structures, almost total
IX Ruinous
destruction of non-seismic resistant structures
X Disastrous Only seismic resistant structures remain standing
Disastrous in General Panic, almost total destruction, ground
XI
Extreme cracks & opens
XII Catastrophic Total destruction
Intensity of Earthquake – Modified Mercalli’s Scale

Isoseismal Map of Bhuj (2001)

Magnitude & Intensity

Richter’s Scale

M M Scale
 What are Earthquakes?

• The shaking or trembling caused by the

sudden release of energy
• Usually associated with faulting or
breaking of rocks
• Continuing adjustment of position results
in aftershocks
 What is the Elastic Rebound Theory?

• Explains how energy is stored in rocks

– Rocks bend until the strength of the
rock is exceeded
– Rupture occurs and the rocks quickly
rebound to an undeformed shape
– Energy is released in waves that
radiate outward from the fault
What is the Elastic Rebound Theory?
Focus and Epicenter of an Earthquake
• The point within Earth where faulting
begins is the focus, or hypocenter
• The point directly above the focus on the
surface is the epicenter
Seismographs record
earthquake events

At convergent boundaries,
focal depth increases
along a dipping seismic
zone called a Benioff
zone
Where Do Earthquakes Occur and How Often?
~80% of all earthquakes occur in the circum-
Pacific belt
– most of these result from convergent
margin activity
– ~15% occur in the Mediterranean-Asiatic
belt
– remaining 5% occur in the interiors of plates
and on spreading ridge centers
– more than 150,000 quakes strong enough to
be felt are recorded each year
Plate Tectonic Theory
Plate Tectonics – Epicenters of recent
earthquakes of moderate magnitude

8 to 10 cm
Every year
Plate Movements
 Faults

• Normal Fault
• Reverse Fault
• Strike Slip Fault
Normal Fault
Reverse Fault
Strike Slip Fault
The Economics and Societal Impacts of EQs

Damage in Oakland, CA, 1989

• Building collapse
• Fire
• Tsunami
• Ground failure
 What are Seismic Waves?

• Response of material to the arrival of

energy fronts released by rupture
• Two types:
– Body waves
• P and S
– Surface waves
• R and L
 Primary
Wave

Secondary
Wave
Body Waves: P and S waves
• Body waves
– P or primary waves
• fastest waves
• travel through solids,
liquids, or gases
• compressional wave,
material movement is
in the same direction
as wave movement
– S or secondary waves
• slower than P waves
• travel through solids
only
• shear waves - move
material
perpendicular to
wave movement
 Surface Waves: R and L waves

• Surface Waves
– Travel just below or along the ground’s surface
– Slower than body waves; rolling and side-to-side
movement
– Especially damaging to buildings
How is an Earthquake’s Epicenter Located?
Seismic wave behavior
– P waves arrive first, then S waves, then L and R
– Average speeds for all these waves is known
– After an earthquake, the difference in arrival times at a
seismograph station can be used to calculate the
distance from the seismograph to the epicenter.
How is an Earthquake’s Epicenter Located?

Time-distance graph
showing the average
travel times for P- and
S-waves. The farther
away a seismograph is
from the focus of an
earthquake, the longer
the interval between
the arrivals of the P-
and S- waves
 How is an Earthquake’s Epicenter
Located?
• Three seismograph
stations are needed
to locate the
epicenter of an
earthquake
• A circle where the
radius equals the
distance to the
epicenter is drawn
• The intersection of
the circles locates
the epicenter
 How are the Size and Strength of an
Earthquake Measured?

• Intensity
– subjective measure of
the kind of damage
done and people’s
reactions to it
– isoseismal lines
identify areas of equal
intensity

• Modified Mercalli Intensity Map

– 1994 Northridge, CA earthquake, magnitude 6.7
 How are the Size and Strength of an
Earthquake measured?
Magnitude
– Richter scale
measures total amount
of energy released by
an earthquake;
independent of
intensity
– Amplitude of the
largest wave produced
by an event is
corrected for distance
and assigned a value
on an open-ended
logarithmic scale
 What are the Destructive Effects of Earthquakes?

• Ground Shaking
– amplitude, duration, and damage increases in
poorly consolidated rocks
 Can Earthquakes be Predicted?
Earthquake Precursors
– changes in elevation or tilting of land surface, fluctuations
in groundwater levels, magnetic field, electrical
resistance of the ground
– seismic dilatancy model
– seismic gaps
 Can Earthquakes be Predicted?
Earthquake Prediction Programs
– include laboratory and field studies of rocks
before, during, and after earthquakes
– monitor activity along major faults
– produce risk assessments
Is prediction of
earthquake possible?????

Perhaps each one of you can get

noble prize for providing scientific
proof of different available methods.

Animals, fishes and birds are

considered Better predictors.

Prediction is still an art. Present

advances in technology can not
predict, control or Stop
earthquakes. We can only attempt
To control the damaging effects.
26th January 2001Bhuj Earthquake of 7.2 Mw Killed > 20000 people

January 2001 January 2003

 Causes for Earthquake
• Tectonic earthquake
• Volcanic earthquake
• Rock fall or collapse of cavity
• Microseism
• Explosion (Controlled blast)
• Reservoir induced earthquake
• Mining induced earthquake
• Cultural Noise (Industry, Traffic etc.)
Dead & Live Earthquake
loads Wind force Force

Vertical & Static Lateral & Dynamic

Earthquake
Flood
Hurricane/ Cyclone
Earthquake Force Vs Wind Force
 Inertia ???

Statics
∑FA = 0
Dynamics
∑FA - FI = 0
FI = m.a
Dynamics is dangerous & action packed. But interesting
 Period of Vibration

Building at Rest Ground Accelerates to Left

Ground Accelerates to Right Ground & Building at Rest

Failure of Shear wall

Sliding Rocking Bending

Inertia due to earthquake

Reduce Mass
 Earthquake effects on Buildings

U-D
E-W
Direction of Movement of
building
forces on N-S
Building

Earthquake force
Effects of Earthquake

Inertia Force F = m a

ACCELERATION

DECELERATION
Levels of acceleration
Level of acceleration during earthquake
• 2007 Honda RA107 F1 race car Accelerates
from 0 to 160 kmph in 4 s
• Indian cars 0 to 100 kmph in 18 s

• v = u + at
• 100 kmph = 27.77 m/s
• v = 27.77 m/s, u = 0 and t = 18 s
• a = 1.54 m/s2
• During earthquake 20 m/s2 acceleration can
happen in 3 different directions
Wife asked husband to present some thing big
for her birthday

Husband : What shall I get you?

Wife : I would like something that accelerates 0

to 100 in 10 seconds
She was expecting something like this
But, husband presented her with something
very different
The husband is in a critical and
stable condition in ICU
http://www.zeroto60times.com/formula-one-f1-0-60-times/ dt 14/9/2016

0 to 60 kmph
in 1.6 sec
Fastest F1 Car
http://www.zeroto60times.com/formula-one-f1-0-60-times/ dt 14/9/2016

The 2015 Infiniti Red Bull RB11 Formula One race car jets
0 to 60 in only 1.7 seconds, and perhaps even more
impressive can reach 190 mph in under 10 seconds.
Although top fuel dragsters hold the top spot for fastest
accelerating race car class, the F1 race car boasts a range
of superior performance stats.
Formula One F1 0-60 Times - Zero To 60 Times
www.zeroto60times.com/formula-one-f1-0-60-times/
Best racing Car

May accelerate from 0 to 60 kmph in 1.6 s

U=0
V = 16.67 m/s
T = 1.6 s
A = (V – U) / T = 10.4 m/s2
Maximum recorded earthquake motion =
2g = 20 m/s2
That too in three different directions
Newton’s Laws of Motion
&
Earthquake Engineering
Effect of Inertia
Newton’s First Law of Motion

Every object continues to remain in its initial status

unless acted upon by external force.

Lesson: Wear your Seat Belts

Newton’s Second Law of Motion

Everyone unconsciously knows the second law

that heavier objects require more force to move the
same distance as lighter objects

Lesson: Do not disturb Bad persons

Newton’s Third Law of Motion

For every action there is an equal and

opposite reaction
Rockets Action: Push down
on ground with powerful
engine.
Reaction: Ground pushes
the rocket upwards with
equal force.

Lesson: If you hit some

body, expect the same
reaction.
 TYPES OF LOADING

RAPID OR TRANSIENT LOADING

FORCE

STATIC LOADING

SLOW
LOADING

TIME

CYCLIC OR REPETITIVE
LOADING
 Typical Seismogram
• PGA
• Predominant Frequency
• Duration of Strong Motion

Acceleration Start of Surface Waves

Start of Primary
Waves
Trace
SA
Amplitude
Time

Start of Secondary Strong Motion

Waves • Random
• Time Dependent
• Cyclic
No two earthquake motions are similar
Static Vs Dynamic Loading

P
Y(t)

P(t)
Y
Y(t)

F=ma

Static Loading Dynamic Loading

DAMPING AND RESONANCE

Effect of
Damping

Effect of
Resonance
Pseudo Static or Seismic Coefficient Method

ZI  S a 
H = W * Ah Ah   
2R  g 
W

Zone Zone Factor

Designation Z

Zone II 0.10
Zone III 0.16
H Zone IV 0.24
Zone V 0.36
Earthquake Resistant Design Philosophy
Level 1 Design
• Design Basis Earthquake
– Common earthquake which the structure can
experience in its life time
– Probability of occurrence in 50 years is more
SYSTEM CAN UNDERGO SOME DISTRESS WITHOUT
SERIOUS STRUCTURAL DAMAGE
Level 2 Design
• Maximum Credible Earthquake
– Biggest earthquake that may not be experienced
during the life of structure
– Less probability of occurrence in 50 years
SYSTEM SHOULD FAIL, BUT WITH WARNING
Principles of Earthquake Resistant Design
 Earthquake Design Philosophy
Minor shaking No structural damage

Moderate shaking Repairable structural damage

Major shaking Even irreparable structural

damage, but ductile failure !

Major
Base Shear

Moderate

Minor

Roof Displacement
WTC design was excellent. It experienced DUCTILE failure There was
enough warning before collapse (about 40 mnts)
 Performance of Building
High Strength, High
Stiffness, Brittle

Moderate Strength
& Stiffness, Ductile
Base Shear

Low Strength, Low

Stiffness, Brittle

Roof
Disp.Displacement
Earthquake Resistant Design Philosophy
Structure designed to withstand Inertia at joints

IS13920
Ductile Detailing
 What is a disaster ?
An occurrence inflicting widespread
destruction and distress : calamity,
cataclysm, catastrophe and tragedy.
Disaster may be natural or man made.
What is a disaster Management ?
It is managing the disaster such that
the loss of life and economic loss are
minimum & common man does not
feel the effect of disaster.
 Disaster Management
Pre disaster Risk
reduction process

Post disaster
recovery

Hazard + Risk = Disaster

Hazard + Risk = Disaster
Risk is Manmade
Population Explosion
Unscientific construction
Irregular growth
Industrial Development
Lack of free space in city
Environmental Pollution
Lack of greenery
Water Pollution etc.
Risk Index = Exposure X Vulnerability
Exposure
• Population exposed to natural disaster
such as earthquake, flood, cyclone
and drought

Vulnerability
• Susceptibility
• System Capacity
• Individual Capacity
Susceptibility
• Public infrastructure : Population without access to sanitation, and
clean water, population in slum
• Nutrition: Population under below par nutrition
• Poverty
• Population below poverty line
• GDP

System Capacity
• Good governance / corruption
• No. of physicians / hospital beds
• Insurance coverage
• Water resource
• Agricultural management

Individual Capacity
• Literacy rate
• Gender parity
• % female representatives in parliament
• Life expectancy
 Rank Country 2016[2] 2013[3] 2012[4] 2011[5]

1 Qatar 0.08% 0.11% 0.10% 0.02%

2 Malta 0.60% 0.61% 0.61% 0.72%

3 Saudi Arabia 1.14% 1.32% 1.31% 1.26%

World Risk Ranking to Natural Disasters

4 Barbados 1.32% 1.16% 1.15% 2.44%

5 Grenada 1.42% 1.44% 1.46% 2.29%

6 Ic eland 1.52% 1.55% 1.53% 1.56%

7 Bahrain 1.69% 1.81% 1.81% 1.66%

8 Kiribati 1.78% 1.78% 1.78% 1.88%

9 United Arab Emirates 1.97% 2.10% 2.07% 4.09%

10 Sweden 2.12% 2.26% 2.15% 2.00%

11 Norway 2.19% 2.35% 2.31% 2.28%

12 Finland 2.21% 2.28% 2.24% 2.06%

13 Singapore 2.27% 2.49% 2.54% 2.85%

14 Egy pt 2.29% 2.34% 2.33% 2.38%

15 Is rael 2.30% 2.49% 2.43% 2.60%

16 Est onia 2.36% 2.52% 2.50% 2.25%

17 Switzerland 2.37% 2.61% 2.59% 2.55%

18 Luxem bourg 2.43% 2.68% 2.65% 2.70%

19 Sey chelles 2.55% 2.58% 2.60% 2.68%

20 France 2.62% 2.79% 2.78% 2.76%

21 Oman 2.64% 2.74% 2.72% 2.80%

22 Cy prus 2.68% 2.77% 2.81% 3.46%

23 Denmark 2.89% 3.10% 3.09% 2.86%

24 Lithuania 2.92% 3.18% 3.23% 2.89%

25 Germany 2.95% 3.24% 3.27% 2.96%

26 Ukraine 2.97% 3.14% 3.19% 3.02%

27 Canada 3.01% 3.18% 3.18% 2.57%

28 Spain 3.05% 3.38% 3.40% 3.29%

Ranking Country
29 Belgium 3.07% 3.42% 3.48% 3.51%

30 Mongolia 3.08% 3.10% 3.24% 3.43%

31 Belarus 3.11% 3.31% 3.32% 2.98%

32 Poland 3.20% 3.46% 3.53% 3.42%

33 Kuwait 3.28% 3.70% 3.71% 3.71%

34 Latv ia 3.31% 3.48% 3.51% 3.09%

35 Czech Republic 3.37% 3.61% 3.67% 4.15%

36 Slov akia 3.39% 3.63% 3.69% 3.38%

37 Aust ria 3.39% 3.80% 3.75% 3.41%

38 Slov enia 3.41% 3.69% 3.81% 3.72%

39 Portugal 3.45% 3.80% 3.82% 3.62%

40 Paraguay 3.48% 3.85% 3.84% 4.12%

41 United Kingdom 3.54% 3.71% 3.65% 3.61%

1 Qatar
42 Kazakhs tan 3.56% 3.84% 3.87% 4.04%

43 Argentina 3.56% 3.76% 3.80% 3.77%

44 Russ ia 3.58% 3.78% 3.83% 3.56%

45 United Stat es 3.76% 3.99% 3.99% 3.72%

46 Liby a 3.79% 3.93% 3.80% 3.67%

47 Croatia 3.97% 4.24% 4.35% 3.71%

48 Uruguay 4.03% 4.09% 4.12% 3.94%

49 Brazil 4.09% 4.26% 4.30% 4.26%

50 Bahamas 4.14% 3.99% 4.17% 4.52%

51 Aust ralia 4.22% 4.51% 4.57% 4.28%

52 Bulgaria 4.22% 4.43% 4.56% 4.08%

53 It aly 4.42% 4.88% 4.82% 4.74%

54 Equatorial Guinea 4.46% 4.49% 4.47% 6.72%

55 Iraq 4.49% 4.83% 4.95% 5.77%

3 Saudi Arabia
56 New Z ealand 4.55% 4.69% 4.44% 4.28%

57 Jordan 4.58% 4.88% 4.90% 5.13%

58 Boliv ia 4.58% 5.08% 5.13% 5.16%

59 South Korea 4.59% 4.94% 4.89% 4.14%

60 Ireland 4.60% 4.69% 4.50% 4.15%

61 Iran 4.73% 4.92% 4.98% 5.11%

62 Moldov a 4.79% 5.05% 5.23% 4.78%

63 Lebanon 5.01% 5.05% 5.10% 5.01%

64 Nepal 5.12% 5.53% 5.69% 6.15%

65 Bots wana 5.14% 5.37% 5.21% 5.56%

66 Turkey 5.20% 5.52% 5.68% 5.38%

67 Hungary 5.32% 5.69% 5.87% 5.49%

68 Namibia 5.37% 5.68% 5.72% 6.63%

69 Tunisia 5.40% 5.90% 5.90% 5.72%

13 Singapore
70 Azerbaijan 5.54% 6.19% 6.25% 5.86%

71 South Afric a 5.58% 5.80% 5.90% 5.71%

72 Laos 5.59% 5.71% 5.73% 5.80%

73 Sy ria 5.69% 5.67% 5.68% 6.19%

74 Macedonia 5.87% 6.28% 6.10% 6.80%

75 Romania 5.92% 6.61% 6.78% 6.43%

76 Venezuela 5.93% 6.16% 6.13% 6.11%

77 Mexico 5.97% 6.39% 6.39% 6.53%

78 Y emen 5.97% 6.03% 5.98% 6.83%

79 Gabon 6.04% 5.93% 6.20% 6.30%

80 Armenia 6.07% 6.91% 7.05% 6.36%

81 Bosnia and Herzegovina 6.10% 6.42% 6.63% 6.25%

82 Cuba 6.13% 6.51% 6.55% 5.99%

83 Thailand 6.19% 6.34% 6.44% 6.86%

20 France
84 Georgia 6.27% 6.83% 6.75% 6.97%

85 Eritrea 6.35% 6.35% 6.44% 7.22%

86 Malay sia 6.39% 6.45% 6.53% 6.69%

87 China 6.39% 6.97% 7.04% 6.90%

88 Turkmenist an 6.44% 6.57% 6.64% 7.18%

89 Colombia 6.45% 6.90% 6.89% 6.86%

90 Morocc o 6.45% 7.13% 7.21% 7.17%

91 Angola 6.52% 6.45% 6.56% 8.02%

92 Uganda 6.52% 6.69% 6.75% 7.57%

93 Belize 6.55% 6.62% 6.63% 5.93%

94 Peru 6.59% 7.02% 6.96% 7.82%

95 India 6.64% 7.17% 7.28% 7.68%

96 Greece 6.70% 7.38% 7.81% 8.27%

97 Tajikistan 6.72% 7.35% 7.40% 7.47%

45 USA
98 Keny a 6.77% 7.08% 7.18% 7.24%

99 Lesot ho 6.84% 7.09% 7.22% 7.86%

100 Pakis tan 6.96% 7.21% 7.25% 7.84%

101 Central Af rican Republic 7.03% 6.57% 6.55% 6.95%

102 Ethiopia 7.04% 7.36% 7.35% 7.09%

103 Rwanda 7.09% 7.43% 7.60% 8.68%

104 Serbia 7.12% 7.53% 7.67% 5.44%

105 Congo 7.19% 7.57% 7.38% 7.71%

106 Zambia 7.25% 7.46% 7.44% 8.41%

107 Panama 7.26% 7.49% 7.69% 7.70%

108 Comoros 7.29% 7.52% 7.45% 6.93%

109 Sri Lank a 7.32% 7.67% 7.79% 7.84%

110 Algeria 7.36% 8.13% 8.15% 8.06%

87 China
111 Trinidad and Tobago 7.50% 7.65% 7.68% 6.70%

112 Bhutan 7.51% 7.98% 8.17% 13.65%

113 Swaziland 7.52% 7.65% 7.84% 7.37%

114 Ecuador 7.53% 7.77% 7.94% 8.69%

115 Tanzania 7.65% 7.99% 8.11% 8.64%

116 Liberia 7.84% 7.71% 7.86% 9.20%

117 Ky rgy zstan 7.86% 8.43% 8.50% 8.48%

118 Mauritania 7.95% 8.26% 8.43% 9.70%

119 Malawi 7.98% 8.02% 8.18% 8.99%

120 Nigeria 7.98% 8.32% 8.28% 9.03%

121 Sudan 7.99% 7.87% 7.88% 9.25%

122 Guinea 8.20% 8.32% 8.55% 9.49%

123 Netherlands 8.24% 8.76% 8.49% 7.71%

124 Mali 8.39% 8.65% 8.76% 11.51%

95 India
125 Ghana 8.39% 8.81% 8.85% 9.35%

126 Suriname 8.44% 8.55% 8.62% 9.25%

127 Uzbekis tan 8.59% 8.66% 8.71% 9.37%

128 Mozambique 8.69% 8.89% 9.09% 9.98%

129 Cote d'Iv oire 8.88% 8.86% 9.00% 9.03%

130 My anmar 8.90% 9.10% 9.15% 8.54%

131 Af ghanistan 9.50% 9.93% 9.79% 14.06%

132 Albania 9.50% 10.01% 9.96% 9.98%

133 Burkina Fas o 9.54% 9.72% 9.74% 11.58%

134 Zimbabwe 10.06% 9.96% 9.87% 9.63%

135 Sierra Leone 10.21% 10.37% 10.58% 11.25%

136 Indones ia 10.24% 10.54% 10.74% 11.69%

137 Burundi 10.28% 10.46% 10.49% 11.56%

138 Djibouti 10.30% 9.84% 9.96% 7.05%

100 Pakistan
139 Togo 10.36% 10.34% 10.64% 10.40%

140 Senegal 10.38% 10.99% 11.08% 11.76%

141 Cape Verde 10.39% 10.80% 10.88% 9.47%

142 Honduras 10.68% 10.91% 11.02% 12.10%

143 Chad 10.85% 11.06% 11.13% 12.25%

144 Cameroon 10.91% 11.09% 10.96% 14.46%

145 Dominican Republic 10.96% 11.28% 11.63% 12.00%

146 Madagasc ar 11.15% 11.23% 11.50% 10.27%

147 Niger 11.24% 11.62% 11.93% 14.03%

148 Guy ana 11.39% 11.65% 11.77% 9.02%

149 Benin 11.39% 11.32% 11.42% 10.90%

150 Chile 11.65% 12.28% 12.26% 11.97%

151 Haiti 11.68% 11.88% 11.96% 11.45%

152 Jam aica 11.83% 12.15% 12.15% 12.89%

169 Philippines
153 Gambia 12.07% 11.71% 11.84% 13.90%

154 Vietnam 12.53% 12.81% 12.88% 11.21%

155 Japan 12.99% 13.56% 13.69% 13.57%

156 Fiji 13.15% 14.10% 13.53% 11.13%

157 Guinea-Biss au 13.56% 13.09% 13.34% 13.12%

158 Nicaragua 14.62% 15.18% 15.39% 11.91%

159 Mauritius 15.53% 14.89% 15.36% 15.74%

160 Timor-Lest e 15.69% 16.37% 17.13% 17.45%

161 El Salv ador 16.05% 16.85% 16.89% 16.49%

162 Papua New Guinea 16.43% 15.90% 15.81% 15.45%

163 Cambodia 16.58% 16.90% 17.17% 16.58%

164 Cost a Rica 17.00% 16.94% 17.38% 16.74%

165 Brunei 17.00% 15.58% 15.92% 14.08%

166 Solomon Is lands 19.14% 18.11% 18.15% 23.51%

167 Bangladesh 19.17% 19.81% 20.22% 17.45%

168 Guatem ala 19.88% 20.88% 20.75% 20.88%

169 Philippines 26.70% 27.52% 27.98% 24.32%

170 Tonga 29.33% 28.23% 28.62% 29.08%

171 Vanuatu 36.28% 36.43% 36.31% 32.00%

Objectives of Earthquake Disaster Management

1. Saving Life
2. Restricting the amount of damage
3. Organizing efficient & effective rescue measure
4. Providing relief, rehabilitation & reconstruction
5. Forecasting warning
6. Education and Training
7. Earmarking necessary funds
8. Stockpiling of supply
 Disaster Management
Preparedness - Creation of Awareness
Training on self help during crisis
Education at schools
Monitoring System
Warning Mechanism
Learning from past disasters
Mock Drill
Response - Rehabilitation Center
Food, Shelter, Medicine etc.
Trained Relief workers
Lifelines to be re-established
Bringing back normalcy
Repair, if need be
 Disaster Management

Recovery - Rehabilitation & Reconstruction

Building new
Ensuring safety against new event
Learning from past disasters

Mitigation - Methods to control damage

Improvement
Auditing for seismic safety
 Disaster Management
1. Prevention is better than cure.
2. Technical awareness among engineers.
3. Improving codal provisions and design aid.
4. Microzonation of the region.
5. Certification from authorized engineers for
license.
6. Disaster Insurance.
Relief efforts are hampered when

1. Disaster occurs at night

2. Electricity fails
3. The visibility is poor
4. There is fall of debris on roads
5. Bridges & harbor facilities suffer damage
6. Climatic conditions are severe
7. Fire breaks
8. There is loss of communication
 Local bodies comprise of
1. District Magistrate
2. Police & Civil Defense
3. Public Works
4. Public health & Medical Works
5. Fire Service
6. Utilities (Lifelines) such as gas, electricity,
water & sewer mains, transport
7. National Red Cross
8. Personnel from Radio, TV, Telephone, Mobile
& Internet services, P&T
+ You, Me & every one
 Lifelines
• Lifelines are most important systems (basic needs)
for habitation.
• Without lifelines life becomes hampered.
• One of the objectives of disaster management is to
stop damage to lifeline or restore it at the earliest.
• Lifelines may be different for different regions
depending on lifestyle and availability of resources.
• Drinking water, Electricity, Communication,
telephone, road network etc. are lifelines
Potable Water
Sewage disposal
Electricity
Telephone
Mobile Communication
Roads & Railways
Train service stopped after the earthquake (Unusual in Japan)
LIFE LINE will be STOPPED & brought to NORMALCY quickly
• Mock Drill
• Awareness Camps
• Training in schools
• Display Boards
 Disaster Preparedness

• Disaster Kits Containing

– Food & Water for Three Days
– First Aid Kit
– Rescue & Repair Tools, Rope
– Flashlights, Battery-Operated Radio, Spare Batteries

• Individuals
– Walking Shoes
– Individual Prescription Medications
(Enough for Three Days)
LESSONS OF DISASTER SAFETY
 Requirements of Disaster Management
Seismograms & Strong Motion Accelerographs
 Requirements of Disaster Management
Heights of Tsunami waves at different locations
 Iso-seismal Map
A good warning & awareness system

Isoseismal map of Gujarat

After Bhuj Earthquake 2001

Typical NHK warning in Japan

 Iso-seismal Map
A good warning & awareness system
Disaster Management – Policy makers should take action
Disaster Management – Role of leaders
Disaster Management – Role of leaders
During disaster people will be shocked, in grief, sensitive and
needing help & advice
Neither the policy makers nor the general public should PANIC!!!
Rescue work in progress
Disaster Management – Provide food, shelter,
medicine, clothings etc.
Disaster Management – Rehabilitation Center
Taking shelter below sturdy tables
Awareness & Disaster Management
 Taking shelter below sturdy tables
Awareness among children & Disaster Management
Protection next to column or strong wall
 Protection next to column

Earthquake Resistant Construction

Strong Column Weak Beam Concept
Disaster Management – search for Rehabilitation Center
 Earthquake
Resistant
Construction
Earthquake Resistant Construction - Bunga
 Why Elevator survived, when rest collapsed ?
(in Ahmedabad during the Bhuj earthquake of Jan 2001)
 For you to Conclude
1. Is the knowledge of Earthquake
engineering important?
2. Is Karnataka prone to earthquakes?
Should all buildings in Karnataka be
designed to resist earthquake and same
force at all places?
3. Do earthquakes kill people or is it the
engineers who kill people?
4. Is it important to strengthen Earthquake
Disaster Management?
 It is impossible to stop or predict
earthquake. As engineers, let us all
unite and move forward & work for
reducing calamities due to natural
and man made hazards