International Mathematics and Science Olympiad 2018

SHORT ANSWER PROBLEMS

1. A job at Hai Liang Education Park can be done by Alex alone in 6 hours and
by Bob alone in 10 hours. Alex works on the job for one hour alone, then Bob
continues to work on the job for one hour alone. If they repeat the pattern, in
how many hours can the job be done? Express your answer as a common
fraction.

2. In the figure below, E is a point on side AD of rectangle ABCD. Points F, G, H

and I are midpoints of CE, BF, CG and BH respectively.
A B

G I
E

F H

D C
If the area of triangle BCI is 1 cm2, find the area of rectangle ABCD, in cm2.

3. In a sequence, the first two terms are 64 and 36. Each subsequent term is the
average of the preceding terms. Find the sum of the first 2018 terms.

4. In the figure shown, the distance between adjacent dots in each row and each
column is 1 cm. What is the area of the shaded region, in cm2?

5. For any positive integer n, we define the function f (n) to be the sum of the
digits of n and the number of digits of n. For example, f (218) = 2 + 1 + 8 + 3 = 14 .
(Note: The first digit of n, reading from left to right, cannot be 0).
What is the sum of maximum and minimum values of n such that f (n) = 6 ?
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6. A rectangle is divided into 9 smaller portions as shown in the figure below. The
perimeter, in cm, of the 5 known portions are also given. Find the perimeter, in
cm, of the original rectangle.

11

20 8 11

12

7. A cylindrical water tank, with diameter 2.8 m and height 4.2 m, is filled in by a
pipe of diameter 7 cm, through which water flows at the rate of 4 m/sec.
How many minutes will it take for the pipe to completely fill the tank?
22
(Take π = )
7

8. We want to divide a square into obtuse triangles such that every two triangles
meet at a common vertex or at a common edge or are disjoint. At least how
many triangles can we have?

9. What is the last digit of

122018 + 142018 + 162018 + 182018 + 202018 + ... + 2014 2018 + 20162018 + 20182018 ?

10. How many 3-digit positive integers have the property that the product of all of
its digits is equal to 18?

11. Two overlapped equilateral triangles are shown in the figure below. The sides
of each triangle are parallel to the sides of the other. The perimeter of the two
triangles are 744 cm and 930 cm, respectively. What is the perimeter, in cm, of
shaded hexagon?

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12. Sunny got three boxes from his father, which contained some number of
marbles. His father said that the number of marbles inside the first, second and
third boxes are three consecutive integers in increasing order and that they are
divisible by 5, 7 and 9 respectively. What is the minimum total number of
marbles inside the three boxes?

13. Given is the sequence 1, 1, 1, 3, 5, 9, 17, 31, … , where the nth term after the 3rd
term is the sum of three previous terms.
For example, the 4th term is 1 + 1 + 1 = 3 and the 5th term is 1 + 1 + 3 = 5 .
What is the remainder when the 2018th term is divided by 8?

14. If the eight-digit number 2018MN 28 is divided by 7, the remainder is 5. If

the same eight-digit number is divided by 11, the remainder is 9. Find the
largest possible value of the two-digit number MN .

15. Let I, M, S and O represent different digits and the sum of IMSO, ISMO, OMSI,
OSMI, MISO, MOSI, SIMO and SOMI is equal to 60012. What is the sum of
I + M + S +O ?

16. Find the sum of all the shaded angles, in degrees, of the figure shown below.

17. In the following 5 × 5 square grid, the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are filled in,
such that each number appears only once in each row and only once in each
column. Find the number filled in the shaded square.
1 2
1
4
2 5
5 4

18. We place 2018 distinct points inside a square, then divide the square into
triangles, whose vertices are those 2018 points and the 4 vertices of the square.
(that is we have 2022 points in total, which are vertices of the triangles). For
each triangle, each point is either one of its vertices or lies completely outside
the triangle itself. In how many triangles has the square been divided?
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19. In the figure shown below, each empty white cell is filled with an integer from
1 to 9. Each number is used at most once. The gray cell is filled with a sign
among ×, ÷, + or −. In each line with 3 numbers, the calculation is from left to
right. In the last column, the calculation is from top to bottom. Show one
possible solution.
－ ＝
×
÷ ＝
＝
＝

20. In the grid below, each letter represents a different integer from 1 to 7. When
comparing the sum of the numbers in any row or column to that of any other
rows or columns, the two sums must be of the same parity (either both even or
both odd) and differ by at most 2. Find the sum of all possible values of a.
a b
c d e
f g

21. Mathrix is a 5 × 5 puzzle game where we place the digits from 1 to 5 in the
board such that each row and column contain the digits from 1 to 5 exactly
once. Circles with conditions are placed on some intersections and are meant
for the 2 pairs of diagonally adjacent cells. This can be the sum (＋), difference
(－) or only odd numbers can be used (odd). (For example if we have +5 this
means that the sum of the two diagonally adjacent numbers is 5)
Find the value of I + M + S + O .

1 M 2

I
7+ 2−
2 3
2−
S
odd
2 5 O

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22. It is known that AMMM and MMMB are two 4-digit numbers, where A, B,
AMMM 2
and M are different digits. If = , find the value of A + B + M .
MMMB 5

23. What is the units’ digit of the expression below:

−1 × 2018 + 2 × 2017 − 3 × 2016 + 4 × 2015 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ − 1003 × 1016 + 1004 × 1015 ?

24. Each hexagon is coloured either red, yellow or blue, such that no two hexagons
connected by a line segment have the same colour. In how many different ways
can we colour the figure?

25. In the figure shown below, colour each of the equilateral triangles with any one
of 4 colours: blue, yellow, green or red so that no two triangles will have the
same colour. How many different possible ways of colouring the figure are
there? (Two ways of colouring the figure are considered the same if we can
obtain one colouring from another by rotating the entire figure, reflecting the
figure however counts as a different colouring.)

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 ESSAY PROBLEMS
Name: Team: Index Number:

1. In the figure, ABCD is a square where AB = 24 cm. Let point Q be the

midpoint of side CD, point P be the intersection of diagonals AC and BD,
point R be the intersection of line segments AQ and BD. Find the sum of the
area, in cm2, of triangle ARP and triangle DRQ.
A B

D Q C

Answer： cm2
 ESSAY PROBLEMS
Name: Team: Index Number:

2. A 9 × 9 × 9 cube is formed by using 729 unit cubes, each of size 1 × 1 × 1 .

How many different cubes of different sizes can we find in this 9 × 9 × 9 cube?
(Note: Two cubes having the same size but are located at different positions
must be counted as two different cubes)

Answer： cubes
 ESSAY PROBLEMS
Name: Team: Index Number:

3. Find all possible positive integer ordered triples (m, n, p) such that
m 2 + n 2 = p 2 , where p is a prime number, p 2 < 200 and m < n .

Answer：
 ESSAY PROBLEMS
Name: Team: Index Number:

4. Peter is about to shade some cells in the 6 × 6 grid which is shown below.
Any two cells that share a same side must at most have one shaded cell. While
on those un-shaded cells, Peter writes a number which is the total number of
cells that shares a side with this cell that are shaded.
Given that all the numbers written is at most 3, what is the maximum number
of cells that Peter can shade?
Fill the grid with one possible solution of shaded cells and filling number.

Answer： cells,
 ESSAY PROBLEMS
Name: Team: Index Number:

5. Find all possible three-digit numbers abc such that abc = a ! + b! + c!.
(Note: n! (read as n factorial) means n ! = n × (n − 1) × (n − 2) ×...... × 3 × 2 ×1 .
For example : 6! = 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 720 ).

Answer：
 ESSAY PROBLEMS
Name: Team: Index Number:

6. In parallelogram ABCD, point E is on AD such that AE = DE , point F is on

CD and point H is on AB such that EF ⊥ DC and CH ⊥ AB .
Let AH : HB = 3 : 2 and point G is on line CH. If the area of triangle EFG is
296 cm2, find the area, in cm2, of parallelogram ABCD.

A H B
G
E

D F C

Answer： cm2
 ESSAY PROBLEMS
Name: Team: Index Number:

7. One may express a number in base-8. For example, 37 could be written as

(45)8 in base-8 because (45)8 = 4 × 8 + 5 = 37 . On the other hand, (49)8 does
not exist because 4 × 8 + 9 = 41 should be expressed as (51)8 . Let AB be a
two-digit prime number in base-10, where A, B＜8. If the value of ( AB )8 is
also a prime number in base-10, how many possible values of ( AB )8 can we
obtain?

Answer： values
 ESSAY PROBLEMS
Name: Team: Index Number:

8. Colour each side of the cube below by one of the 3 colours: blue, red or yellow
so any 2 sides that share the same vertex should have different colours. How
many different ways can we color the cube? (Note: Coloring is considered the
same if when rotating or reflecting, we see it the same way.)

Answer： ways,
 ESSAY PROBLEMS
Name: Team: Index Number:

9. Using digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 to form a six-digit number abcdef , where

different letters represent different digits. If 2 | ab , 3 | abc , 4 | abcd ,
5 | abcde and 6 | abcdef , find all possible six-digit numbers abcdef .

Answer：
 ESSAY PROBLEMS
Name: Team: Index Number:

10. A regular octahedron is shown in the diagram below.

A

F E

C D

B
There are 6 vertices altogether connected by a total of 12 edges. An ant starts
from vertex A and moves along any edge but cannot go through any edge more
than once.
If the ant visits each vertex exactly once before it returns to vertex A, how
many different routes are there?

Answer： routes
 ESSAY PROBLEMS
Name: Team: Index Number:

11. Let A be a positive integer consisting of different digits, and B be a positive

integer whose digits are a rearrangement of the digits of A. Suppose that
A − B = 11 ⋯ 1 (m copies of 1’s). Find the maximum value of m that satisfy
m

the given requirements.

Answer：
 ESSAY PROBLEMS
Name: Team: Index Number:

12. Let n be a positive integer such that all of its digits are distinct and that its digit
sum is 17. If n < 2018 , how many different possible values of n are there?

Answer：
 ESSAY PROBLEMS
Name: Team: Index Number:

13. Using 16 black pawns and 16 white pawns, how many ways can we place 16
pawns into the 4 × 4 chessboard, where each pawn is occupying 1 cell, such
that in each row and in each column the number of white pawns is even?

Answer： ways
 International Mathematics and Science Olympiad 2018

EXPLORATION PROBLEMS
(1) Use the digits from 1 to 7 to make the equation below correct. Each letter
represents a different one-digit number.

a ＋ b c ÷ d ＝ e f

List down all possible equations if d > 3 .

(2) There are 27 unit cubes, each of size 1 × 1 × 1 , are glued together to form a
larger 3 × 3 × 3 cube. Each face on each of the 1 × 1 × 1 unit cubes contains a
positive integer such that:
(i) Two opposite faces of any unit cube must always contain an even number
and an odd number. Moreover, the even number must be twice the odd
number.
(ii)When any two unit cubes are placed face-to-face, the two touching faces
must always contain an even number and an odd number. Moreover, the odd
number must be 1 more than the even number.

Face C

7
5 5
1 62 3
9 14
3 62
7 1 1
46 14 5 5
Face A 3 7
1 30 1 30 Face B
9 1
1 78

(a) Place the numbers in the faces of A', B' and C' which are opposite to the
faces of A, B, and C, respectively. Find the total sum of the numbers on the
faces of A', B' and C'. (2 Marks)
(b) Find the total sum of the numbers on the faces of all the unit cubes.
(4 Marks)
(3) There are 5 points on the plane, such that no three points lie on one line. Every
pair of them is connected by a segment. It is known that it is possible to color
five of these segments in red and the rest in blue, so that all segments of each
color form a simple pentagon. Draw one example.
The figures below are some examples of a simple pentagon:

The following figures below are NOT simple pentagons (because of self
intersections) :

(4) In a 4 × 4 table, we put a coin on each cell. The coins on some cells are tails
up (T), while all the other coins are heads up (H). In each move, you are
allowed to change all entries in any row, column or diagonal. Diagonals may
be of length 1, 2, 3 or 4. Make the entries in the tables below all H using the
required number of moves. Show your steps.
(a) in 4 moves (b) in 6 moves (c) in 6 moves
H T H H H T H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H T H H
T H H H H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H T H H H H H
(1 Mark) (2 Marks) (3 Marks)
(5) (a) In a sequence of positive integers, each term after the first term is the sum
of its preceding term and the largest digit of that term. What is the largest
possible number of successive odd terms in such a sequence? (3 Marks)
(b) In the following sequence {00, 01, 02, 03, …,39}, the terms were
rearranged so that each term after the first is obtained from the preceding
one by increasing or decreasing one of its digits by 1. For example, 29 can
be followed by 19, 39 or 28, but not by 30 or 20. What is the largest
number of terms that can remain in their original places? (3 Marks)
(6) (a) A chess piece can start anywhere on a 7 × 7 chessboard. It can jump over
4 or 5 vacant squares either vertically or horizontally, but it cannot visit the
same square twice. At most how many squares can it visit? (1 Mark)
(b) A chess piece can start anywhere on a 9 × 9 chessboard. It can jump over
5 or 6 vacant squares either vertically or horizontally, but it cannot visit the
same square twice. At most how many squares can it visit? (2 Marks)
(c) A chess piece can start anywhere on a 15 × 15 chessboard. It can jump
over 8 or 9 vacant squares either vertically or horizontally, but it cannot
visit the same square twice. At most how many squares can it visit?
(3 Marks)
 2018 IMSO Answers
SHORT ANSWER
1 22
1. 7 = 2. 32 3. 100900 4. 17 5. 10005
3 3

6. 46 7. 28 8. 6 9. 0 10. 15

11. 558 12. 483 13. 1 14. 86 15. 27

16. 180° 17. 1 18. 4038 20. 16 21. 13

9 － 5 ＝ 4 9 － 5 ＝ 4
22. 13 23. 8
× ×
19. 6 ÷ 3 ＝ 2 6 ÷ 3 ＝ 2
＝ ＝
24. 288 25. 12
7 ＋ 1 ＝ 8 1 ＋ 7 ＝ 8

ESSAY PROBLEMS
(3, 4, 5),
1. 96 2. 2025 3. 4. 15 5. 145
(5, 12, 13)
321654,
6. 1480 7. 5 8. 4 9. 10. 32
123654

11. 9 12. 90 13. 512

EXPLORATION PROBLEMS
4 ＋ 5 6 ÷ 7 ＝ 1 2

5 ＋ 6 3 ÷ 7 ＝ 1 4

3 ＋ 5 4 ÷ 6 ＝ 1 2

3 ＋ 7 2 ÷ 6 ＝ 1 5
1.
7 ＋ 3 2 ÷ 4 ＝ 1 5

3 ＋ 5 2 ÷ 4 ＝ 1 6

3 ＋ 5 6 ÷ 4 ＝ 1 7

7 ＋ 5 6 ÷ 4 ＝ 2 1

Face C'

62
46 46
14 7 30
78 1
46 1
14 14 62
(a)
2. 14 7 30 3
62 30
9 46 5 14
Face B' 14 78 Face A'
3 14

The total sum of the numbers on the faces A', B', C' is 750
(b) The total sum of the numbers on the faces of all the unit cubes is 2655

Complete figure Red pentagon Blue pentagon

3.
 (a)
H H H H T H H H T H H H H H H H
T H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
→ → →
T H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
H H H H T H H H H H H H H H H H
(b)
H H H H T H H H H H H H H H H H
T H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
→ → →
H H H H T H H H T H H H H H H H
H H T H T H T H T H T H T T T H

H H H H H H H H
4. H H H H H H H H
→ →
H H H H H H H H
H H H T H H H H
(c)
H T H H H T H H H H H H H H H H
H H H H T H H H H H H H H H H H
→ → →
H T H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
H T H H H T T H H T T H T H H T

H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H
→ →
H H H H H H H H
H H H T H H H H

5. (a) 5 (b) 20

6. (a) 16 (b) 36 (c) 144