Department of Education

National Capital Region

Schools Division of Parañaque City
Self-Learning Modules
Mathematics 9 Quarter 1 Week 2

ROOTS OF THE QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

Learning Competency
The learner…
a. characterizes the roots of a quadratic equation using the discriminant.
(M9AL-Ic-1)
b. describes the relationship between the coefficients and the roots of a quadratic
equation. (M9AL-Ic-2)

Objectives
The learner…
a. determines the discriminant of a quadratic equation,
b. characterizes the roots of a quadratic equation using discriminant,
c. finds quadratic equation using discriminant,
d. determines the roots of quadratic equation,
e. describes the relationship of the coefficients and the roots of a quadratic equation.
f. solves word problems involving the sum and product of roots of quadratic
equation.

LESSON 1: NATURE OF THE ROOTS OF QUADRATIC EQUATION

Let’s Recall
A. Identify if the given number is real and rational, real and irrational, or not a real number.
_____ 1) 2 _____ 2) √5 _____ 3) √−1
B. Evaluate the expression b – 4ac given the following values of a, b, and c.
2

_____ 1) 𝑎 = 1 𝑏=5 𝑐=4

_____ 2) 𝑎 = 2 𝑏=1 𝑐 = −21

Let’s Understand
−𝑏±√𝑏 2−4𝑎𝑐
In the quadratic formula 𝑥 = 2𝑎
, the quantity 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 is called discriminant of
the quadratic equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0. This value can be used to describe the nature of the
roots of a quadratic equation. Let us consider the table below and let us analyze how this
quantity helps in describing the roots of a quadratic equation.
Equation 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 Roots
2
𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 4 = 0 0 2, 2
2
𝑥 −𝑥−2= 0 9 2, −1
2
𝑥 −5=0 20 √5, −√5
2
𝑥 +𝑥+1= 0 −3 No real roots

1
 MATHEMATICS9-QUARTER1-WEEK2

Based on the table, the following conclusions were made.

1) If the value of 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0, the roots are real, rational and equal.
2) If the value of 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0 and a perfect square, the roots are real, rational and
not equal.
3) If the value of 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0 and not a perfect square, the roots are real, irrational
and not equal.
4) If the value of 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0, there are no real roots and therefore there is no
solution.
Examples: Examine the nature of the roots of the following equations:
1) 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 = 0 2) 𝑥 2 − 5 = 0
Solution for (1):
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 = 0 Given
𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −4, 𝑐 = 4 List down the values of a, b, and c
2
𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐 Formula for discriminant
(−4)2 − 4(1)(4) Substitute these values in the formula
16 − 16 = 0 Simplify
2 2
Since 𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0 the roots of 𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 4 = 0 are real, rational and equal.
Let us verify: 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 = 0
(𝑥 − 2)2 = 0
𝑥=2
This means that the there are two equal roots.
Solution for (2):
𝑥2 − 5 = 0
𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 0, 𝑐 = −5
𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = (0)2 − 4(1)(−5) = 20
Since 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0 and 20 is not a perfect square, the roots are real and equal.
Check: 𝑥2 − 5 = 0
𝑥2 = 5
√𝑥 2 = √5
𝑥 = ±√5

Summary:
1) 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 is the discriminant. This quantity tells us the nature of the roots of a
quadratic equation.
2) Steps in finding discriminant
a) Express the equation in 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
b) List down the values of 𝑎, 𝑏, and 𝑐
c) Substitute these values in 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
3) Tell the nature of the roots of the quadratic equation using the following:
a) If the value of 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0, the roots are real, rational and equal.
b) If the value of 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0 and a perfect square, the roots are real, rational
and not equal.
c) If the value of 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0 and not a perfect square, the roots are real, irrational
and not equal.
d) If the value of 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0, there are no real roots and therefore there is no
solution.

2
 MATHEMATICS9-QUARTER1-WEEK2
LESSON 2: SUM AND PRODUCT OF THE ROOTS OF QUADRATIC EQUATION

Let’s Recall
Activity 1: Find My Roots
Complete the table below
EQUATION 𝒂 𝒃 𝒄 Roots
𝑥 2 + 18𝑥 − 19 = 0
2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 2 = 0
Activity 2: Let’s Add and Multiply
Perform the indicated operation then answer the questions that follow.
1) 12 + 17 = _____ 5) 12(13) = _____
2) −6 + (−7) = _____ 6) −12(8) = _____
3) 23 + (−13) = _____ 7) (−5)(−11) = _____
4) −45 + 16 = _____ 8) (17)(−12) = _____
Question: How do we perform addition and multiplication of sign numbers?

Let’s Understand
Let us consider the examples below.
1) Find the roots of 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 12 = 0
Solution:
𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 12 = 0 Given
(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 3) = 0 Factor the left side of the equation
𝑥 − 4 = 0 or 𝑥 − 3 = 0 Equate each factor to zero (Zero Product
Property)
𝑥 = 4 or 𝑥=3 Solve for the value of 𝑥.

Notice that the roots of the given equations are 3 and 4. If we are going to analyze this,
if the coefficient of 𝑥 2 is 1, then the coefficient of the linear term is actually equal to the additive
inverse of the sum of its roots, while the constant term is actually the product of its roots. Now
let us have another example.
2) Find the roots of the quadratic equation 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 20 = 0.
Solution:
2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 20 = 0 Given
(2𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 4) = 0 Factor the left side of the equation
2𝑥 + 5 = 0 : 𝑥 − 4 = 0 Equate each factor to zero (Zero Product
Property)
2𝑥 = −5 or 𝑥 = 4 Solve for the value of 𝑥.
−5
𝑥= 2
Let us put the result of the two examples in the table, then let us get the sum and the
product of their roots.
Quadratic Equation Roots Sum of Roots Product of Roots
2
𝑥 − 7𝑥 + 12 = 0 3 4 7 12
−5 3
2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 20 = 0 4 −10
2 2
Based on the results on the table, we can say that the sum of the roots is actually the
additive inverse of the quotient between the coefficient of the linear term over the coefficient
of the quadratic term, while the product of the roots is actually the quotient between the
constant term over the coefficient of the quadratic term.

3
 MATHEMATICS9-QUARTER1-WEEK2
Now let us make it more general. Let us consider the quadratic equation
𝟐
𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎.
−𝑏±√𝑏 2−4𝑎𝑐
Using the quadratic formula 𝑥 = . It shows that the roots of any quadratic
2𝑎
−𝑏+√𝑏 2−4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏−√𝑏 2−4𝑎𝑐
equation are: 𝑥 = 2𝑎
or 𝑥 = 2𝑎
Let us get the sum of their roots. Let us use 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 to represent the roots of the
quadratic equation. Now the sum of the roots is:
−b+√b2 −4ac −b−√b2 −4ac
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = 2a
+2a
−b+√b2 −4ac−b−√b2 −4ac
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = 2a
−2b
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = 2a
b
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = − a
For the product of the roots:
−b+√b2 −4ac −b−√b2−4ac
𝑅1 ⋅ 𝑅2 = ( 2a
)( 2a
)
b2 +b√b2 −4ac−b√b2 −4ac−(b2 −4ac)
𝑅1 ⋅ 𝑅2 = 4a2
b2 +b√b2 −4ac−b√b2 −4ac−b2 +4ac
𝑅1 ⋅ 𝑅2 = 4a2
4ac
𝑅1 ⋅ 𝑅2 =
4a2
c
𝑅1 ⋅ 𝑅2 =
a
Now, let us put this results on the table to make our generalization about the sum and
product of roots of quadratic equation 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎.
Sum of Roots Product of Roots
b c
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = − 𝑅1 ⋅ 𝑅2 =
a a

Let us find the sum and product of roots of any quadratic equation without actually
getting its roots. Consider the different examples below:
3) Find the sum and product of roots of 2𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 − 10 = 0
Solution:
2𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 − 10 = 0 Given
𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = −8, 𝑐 = −10 List down the values of 𝑎, 𝑏, and 𝑐
b
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = − Formula for the sum of roots
a
−8
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = − 2
Substitute the values of 𝑎, 𝑏, and 𝑐
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = 4 Simplify

Now for the product of roots:

2𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 − 10 = 0 Given
𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = −8, 𝑐 = −10 List down the values of 𝑎, 𝑏, and 𝑐
c
𝑅1 ⋅ 𝑅2 = a Formula for the product of roots
−10
𝑅1 ⋅ 𝑅2 = 2
Substitute the values of 𝑎, 𝑏, and 𝑐
𝑅1 ⋅ 𝑅2 = −5 Simplify.

4
 MATHEMATICS9-QUARTER1-WEEK2
Now let us check if these results are correct. If we get the roots of this equation, the
roots are actually 5 and −1.
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = −5 + 1 = 4
𝑅1 ⋅ 𝑅2 = −5(1) = −5

What about if the sum and product of roots are given can we use it to find the required
quadratic equation? Let us consider 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 be the roots of a given quadratic equation.
Then its equation would be:
(𝑥 − 𝑅1 )(𝑥 − 𝑅2 ) = 0
2
𝑥 − 𝑥𝑅2 − 𝑥𝑅1 + 𝑅1 ⋅ 𝑅2 = 0
𝑥 2 − (𝑅1 + 𝑅2 )𝑥 + 𝑅1 ⋅ 𝑅2 = 0 or
𝑥 2 − (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠)𝑥 + 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 = 0

Let us apply this in the next example.

4) Find quadratic equation whose roots are 5 and 9.
Solution:
𝑥 2 − (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠)𝑥 + 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 = 0
𝑥 2 − (5 + 9)𝑥 + 5(9) = 0
𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 + 45 = 0
5) Find quadratic equation with the least integral coefficients whose roots are 1 + √2 and
1 − √2
Solution:
Sum of roots: 1 + √2 + 1 − √2 = 2
Product of roots: (1 + √2)(1 − √2) = 1 − 2 = −1

The equation would be: 𝑥 2 − (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠)𝑥 + 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 = 0

Thus, the equation is 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 1 = 0.

Let’s Apply
A. Complete the table below.
EQUATION DISCRIMINANT NATURE OF THE ROOTS
2
4𝑥 − 12𝑥 + 9 = 0
9𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 = −9
3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 2 = 0
5𝑥 2 − 1 = 0
2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 4 = 0
B. Complete the table below.
Equation Roots Sum of Roots Product of Roots
2
1) 𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 28 = 0
2) 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1 = 0
3) 25𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 1 = 0
4) 49𝑥 2 − 9 = 0
5) 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 2 = 0

5
 MATHEMATICS9-QUARTER1-WEEK2

Let’s Analyze
Solve each problem below
1) Find quadratic equation with the least integral coefficients whose roots are 2 + √3 and
2 − √3.
2) Find quadratic equation with the least integral coefficients whose roots are equal to the
reciprocal of the roots of 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 = 0.

Let’s Create
Complete the table below
Equation Roots Sum of Roots Product of Roots
3 −5
2
2𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 2 = 0
25
1
12
5 −3
4 2
2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 3 = 0

Let’s Evaluate
A. Complete the table below.
EQUATION 𝒂 𝒃 𝒄 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 Nature of the roots
2
𝑥 − 14𝑥 + 49 = 0
2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 10 = 0
4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 6 = 0
2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 3 = 0
4𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 3 = 0
B. Answer each question below. Box your final answer. (2 points each)
1) Find the value of k in the equation 25x 2 – 10x + k if this equation has only one root.
2) Find the value of k in the equation x2 – 4x + K + 1 = 0 if this equation has no real roots.
C. Complete the table below.
Equation Roots Sum of Roots Product of Roots
4 −1
2 −3
2
2𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 4 = 0
1 2
2 3
25
1
12
14𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 1 = 0
D. Solve each problem below. Express your answer with the least integral coefficients.
1) Find quadratic equation whose sum and product of roots are 2 and 7, respectively.
2) Find quadratic equation whose roots are 2 more than the roots of 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 5 = 0.