3/27/24, 2:16 PM Subdivisions of Egypt - Wikipedia

Subdivisions of Egypt
(Redirected from Governorates of Egypt)
Egypt is divided, for the purpose of public administration, according to a three-layer hierarchy and
some districts are further subdivided, creating an occasional fourth layer. It has a centralized
system of local government officially called local administration as it is a branch of the Executive.[1]

The top-level of the hierarchy are 27 governorates (singular: ‫ محافظة‬muḥāfẓa, plural: ‫محافظات‬
muḥāfẓat).[2] A governorate is administered by a governor, who is appointed by the President of
Egypt and serves at the president's discretion. Governors have the civilian rank of minister and
report directly to the prime minister, who chairs the Board of Governors (maglis al-muhafzin) and
meets with them on a regular basis.[3][4] The Minister of Local Development coordinates the
governors and their governorate's budgets.[5]

The second-level, beneath and within governorates, are marakiz (singular: ‫ مركز‬markaz, plural:
‫ مراكز‬marakiz) or aqsam (singular: ‫ قسم‬qism, plural: ‫ أقسام‬aqsam). The third-level is composed of
districts (singular: ‫ حي‬ḥay, plural: ‫ أحياء‬aḥya') and villages (singular: ‫ قرية‬qarya, plural: ‫ قرى‬qura).
There is a governing structure at each of these levels.[6][7] Districts may be further divided into
sub-districts as a fourth level.

There are also seven economic regions used for planning purposes, defined by the General
Organization for Physical Planning (GOPP).

Overview
Egypt generally has three tiers of local administration units as per Article 1 of the Local
Administration Law where each unit has an appointed head,[1] and one economic level that does
not have any administrative duties:[8]

0. Economic regions (non administrative, comprising governorates)

1. Governorates, in some cases city-governorates where the governor is also the head of the city.
2. Markaz (county, pl. marakiz) and city (as capital) where head of markaz is head of the city, or
independent city (madina, usually large cities e.g. Giza, Shubra al-Kheima).
3. Districts (ahyaa, singl. hayy, subdivisions of cities) and main villages (subdivisions of marakiz).
For policing and census purposes districts are covered by a qism (police ward), or more.
Shiakha (census block, urban), are non-administrative subdivisions of districts/qisms. While
main villages may have smaller affiliated villages/hamlets (qarya tabi'a, izba, nag'a).
In addition to these tiers are New Urban Communities, which are satellite cities that are built and
operated by the national level New Urban Communities Authority (NUCA). Its chairman, the
Minister of Housing, Utilities and Urban Communities issues planning permits and oversees the
communities, while the appointed city agency heads issue building permits and run the day-to-day
affairs of functioning towns.[9] These 'cities' are represented in the local administration hierarchy
as qisms affiliated to the nearest city proper (See for example Badr, Shorouk and New Cairo).
While NUCA is legally obliged to transfer these communities to mainstream local administration
once they are developed, none have been since its inception in 1979.[9] The other exception are new
villages built by the Ministry of Agriculture's General Authority for Rehabilitation Projects and

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Agricultural Development (https://urbanlex.unhabitat.org/law/428) (GARPAD) in its desert land

reclamation schemes, which are initially under its jurisdiction and should eventually be transferred
to local authorities.[10]

At the highest tier, there are three city-state governorates, Cairo, Port Said, and Suez, where the
governor is also head of the city and lower units are 100% urban. Alexandria is a quasi -city-state
also with a merged city-governorate unit, though with one rural county (markaz). The other 23
governorates are formed of counties (marakiz, sing. markaz) composed of one city acting as the
local administrative capital, overseeing other smaller cities (actually towns) as well as rural units
(al-wihdat al-rifiyah) that are villages.[11] The county-city heads (raies markaz wa madina) are
appointed by the governor, where one county-city serves as the governorate capital and seat of the
governor.

Two new governorates were created in April 2008: Helwan and 6th of October.[12] In April 2011,
however, the 6th of October and Helwan governorates were again incorporated into the Giza and
Cairo Governorates, respectively.[13] Luxor was created in December 2009, to be the 29th
governorate of Egypt, but with the abolition of the 6th of October and Helwan governorates, the
number of governorates has decreased to 27.[14]

History
Before the 1952 Egyptian revolution, state penetration of the rural areas was limited by the power
of local notables. Under Nasser, land reform reduced those notables' socioeconomic dominance,
and the peasants were incorporated into cooperatives which transferred mass dependence from
landlords to the government. The extension of officials into the countryside permitted the regime
to bring development and services to the village. The local branches of the ruling party, the Arab
Socialist Union (ASU), fostered a certain peasant political activism and coopted the local notables
— in particular the village headmen — and checked their independence from the regime.[15]

State penetration did not retreat under Sadat and Mubarak. The earlier effort to mobilize peasants
and deliver services disappeared as the local party and cooperative withered, but administrative
controls over the peasants remained intact. The local power of the old families and the headmen
revived but more at the expense of peasants than of the state. The district police station balanced
the notables, and the system of local government (the mayor and council) integrated them into the
regime.[15]

Until 1979, local government enjoyed limited power in Egypt's highly centralized state. Under the
central government, there were twenty-six governorates (27 today), which were subdivided into
counties (In Arabic: ‫ مركز‬markaz "center", plural: ‫ مراكز‬marākiz ) , each of which was further
subdivided into towns or villages.[15] At each level, there was a governing structure that combined
representative councils and government-appointed executive organs headed by governors, district
officers, and mayors, respectively. Governors were appointed by the president, and they, in turn,
appointed subordinate executive officers. The coercive backbone of the state apparatus ran
downward from the Ministry of Interior through the governors' executive organs to the district
police station and the village headman.[15]

Sadat took several measures to administratively decentralize power to the provinces and towns,
with limited fiscal and almost no political decentralisation. Governors acquired more authority
under Law 43/1979,[1] which reduced the administrative and budgetary controls of the central
government over the provinces. The elected councils acquired, at least formally, the right to
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approve or disapprove the local budget. In an effort to reduce local demands on the central
treasury, local government was given wider powers to raise local taxes. Local representative
councils became vehicles of pressure for government spending, and the soaring deficits of local
government bodies had to be covered by the central government. Local government was
encouraged to enter into joint ventures with private investors, and these ventures stimulated an
alliance between government officials and the local rich that paralleled the infitah alliance at the
national level.

Under president Hosni Mubarak's rule (1981-2011), some scholars believed decentralization and
local autonomy was achieved, and local policies often reflected special local conditions. Thus,
officials in Upper Egypt often bowed to the powerful Islamic movement there, while those in the
port cities struck alliances with importers."[15] However, others found local governance proved
impotent, with parliamentarians reduced to the roles of local councillors, lobbying at the
parliamentary level for basic local services, while the elected Local Popular Councils (LPC) had a
parallel ceremonial role to the appointed Local Executive Councils (LEC) that managed the local
departments.[16] Elections of the LPCs have also been observed to be fraudulent where the ruling
National Democratic Party NDP won 95 percent of local council seats during the last election in
2008, and 84 percent of the seats were walkovers.[17]

After Mubarak was deposed by the popular uprising of January 2011, parliament and local councils
were dissolved pending the writing of a new constitution. The short-lived 2012 constitution and the
current 2014 version gave wider local power through more decentralization.[4] However, till the
end of 2022, it has not been implemented as the government has drawn out the process of drafting
a new local administration law leaving LPC seats vacant for over a decade.[18][17]

Governorates
Egypt is divided into 27
governorates (muhāfazāt) and
each has a capital and at least one
city.[19] Each governorate is
administered by a governor, who
is appointed by the President of
Egypt and serves at the
president's discretion. Most
governorates have a population
density of more than one
thousand per km2, while the three
largest have a population density
of less than two per km2.[20] The
governorates of Egypt are:

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Egyptian governorates[21][22]
Area Population Density
Name Capital
(km2) (November 2023 estimate) (November 2023)

Alexandria 2,300 5,703,824 2,304.2 Alexandria

Aswan 62,726 1,698,201 24.4 Aswan

Asyut 25,926 5,071,485 176.9 Asyut

Beheira 9,826 6,940,234 651.8 Damanhur

Beni Suef 10,954 3,618,395 300.2 Beni Suef

Cairo 3,085 10,456,284 3,177.31 Cairo

Dakahlia 3,538 7,058,212 1,887.9 Mansoura

Damietta 910 2,023,380 1,691.3 Damietta

Faiyum 6,068 4,141,222 617.7 Faiyum

Gharbia 1,942 5,483,000 2,650.1 Tanta

Giza 13,184 9,534,283 676.2 Giza

Ismailia 5,067 1,482,999 266.9 Ismailia

Kafr El Sheikh 3,467 3,731,540 1,003.2 Kafr El Sheikh

Luxor 460 1,429,385 538.0 Luxor

Matrouh 166,563 580,304 2.8 Marsa Matruh

Minya 32,279 6,332,918 178.0 Minya

Monufia 2,499 4,743,341 1,777.4 Shibin El Kom

New Valley 440,098 324,600 0.6 Kharga

North Sinai 28,992 544,494 16.0 Arish

Port Said[23] 1,345 835,193 568.4 Port Said

Qalyubia 1,124 6,137,896 5,153.1 Banha

Qena 10,798 3,651,215 305.9 Qena

Red Sea 119,099 409,394 3.1 Hurghada

Sharqia 4,911 8,032,683 1,507.2 Zagazig

Sohag 11,022 5,714,903 471.2 Sohag

South Sinai 31,272 145,934 3.4 El Tor

Suez 9,002 843,385 83.3 Suez

Total 1,010,407 106,668,704 97.1 Cairo

Municipal divisions
At the municipal-level are markaz, kism, police-administered areas, and new cities. Generally,
rural areas are divided into markaz whereas urban areas are divided into kism. As of 2013, there
were 351 subdivisions, of which 177 were kism, 162 markaz, 9 new cities, and 3 police-administered
areas. There are also unorganized areas in the Alexandria, Aswan, Asyut, Beheira, Beni Suef, Cairo,
Dakahlia, Damietta, Faiyum, Giza, Ismailia, Kafr El Sheikh, Luxor, Minya, Port Said, Qalyubia,
Qena, Sharqia, Sohag, and Suez governorates.[24][25]

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k - kism

m - markaz

n - new city

p - police-administered

Map of Egypt's municipal

divisions.

Map of administrative divisions

(Markaz) of Egypt

6 October 1 (k)
6 October 2 (k)
10th of Ramadan 1 (k)
10th of Ramadan 2 (k)
15 May (k)
Abdeen (k)
Abnub (m)
Abu El Matamir (m)
Abu Hammad (m)
Abu Hummus (m)
Abu Kebir (m)
Abu Qirqas (m)
Abu Radis (k)
Abu Simbel (m)
Abu Tig (m)
Abu Tisht (m)
Abu Zenima (k)
Aga (m)
Agouza (k)
Ain Shams (k)
Akhmim (m)
Alexandria Port Police Dept. (p)

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Amreya (k)
Arish 1 (k)
Arish 2 (k)
Arish 3 (k)
Arish 4 (k)
Armant (m)
Ashmoun (m)
Aswan (k)
Aswan (m)
Asyut (m)
Asyut 1 (k)
Asyut 2 (k)
Ataka (k)
Atfih (m)
Awlad Saqr (m)
Awsim (m)
Azbakeya (k)
Bab El Sharia (k)
Bab Sharq (k)
Badr (k)
Badr (m)
Banha (k)
Banha (m)
Baris Shurta (m)
Basyoun (m)
Beni Ebeid (m)
Beni Mazar (m)
Beni Suef (k)
Beni Suef (m)
Biba (m)
Bilbeis (m)
Bilqas (m)
Bir El Abd (k)
Birket El Sab (m)
Biyala (m)
Borg El Arab (k)
Bulaq (k)
Bulaq El Dakrur (k)
Burullus (m)
Dahab (k)
Dairut (m)
Damanhur (k)
Damanhur (m)
Damietta (m)
Damietta 1 (k)
Damietta 2 (k)
Dar El Salam (m)

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Daraw (m)
Deir Mawas (m)
Dekernes (m)
Dekhela (k)
Desouk (k)
Desouk (m)
Dishna (m)
Diyarb Negm (m)
Dokki (k)
Edfu (m)
Edku (m)
El Ahram (k)
El Arab (k)
El Arbein (k)
El Atareen (k)
El Ayyat (m)
El Badari (m)
El Badrashein (m)
El Bagour (m)
El Balyana (m)
El Basal Port (k)
El Basatin (k)
El Dabaa (k)
El Darb El Ahmar (k)
El Dawahy (k)
El Delengat (m)
El Fashn (m)
El Fath (m)
El Gamaliya (k)
El Gamaliya (m)
El Ganayin (k)
El Ghanayem (m)
El Gomrok (k)
El Hamam (k)
El Hamool (m)
El Hassana (k)
El Hawamdiya (k)
El Husseiniya (m)
El Ibrahimiya (m)
El Idwa (m)
El Kawsar (k)
El Khalifa (k)
El Labban (k)
El Mahalla El Kubra (m)
El Mahalla El Kubra 1 (k)
El Mahalla El Kubra 2 (k)
El Mahmoudia (m)

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El Manakh (k)
El Manasra (k)
El Mansha (m)
El Mansheya (k)
El Manzala (m)
El Maragha (m)
El Marg (k)
El Matareya (k)
El Matareya (m)
El Muski (k)
El Nozha (k)
El Omraniya (k)
El Qanater El Khayreya (m)
El Qanayat (k)
El Qantara (m)
El Qantara El Sharqiya (k)
El Qoseir (k)
El Qurein (k)
El Qusiya (m)
El Rahmaniya (m)
El Raml 1 (k)
El Raml 2 (k)
El Reyad (m)
El Saff (m)
El Salam (k)
El Santa (m)
El Sayeda Zeinab (k)
El Segil (k)
El Senbellawein (m)
El Sharabiya (k)
El Sharq (k)
El Shohada (m)
El Shorouk (k)
El Tebbin (k)
El Tor (k)
El Usayrat (m)
El Wahat El Bahariya (k)
El Wahat El Khariga (k)
El Waqf (m)
El Warraq (k)
El Wasta (m)
El Weili (k)
El Zaher (k)
El Zarqa (m)
El Zawya El Hamra (k)
El Zohur (k)
Esna (m)

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Faisal (k)
Faiyum (k)
Faiyum (m)
Faqous (k)
Faqous (m)
Faraskur (m)
Farshut (m)
Fayed (m)
Fuwa (m)
Gamasa (k)
Ganoubi 1 (k)
Ganoubi 2 (k)
Gharb Nubariya (k)
Girga (k)
Girga (m)
Giza (k)
Giza (m)
Hada'iq El Qobbah (k)
Hala'ib (k)
Heliopolis (k)
Helwan (k)
Hihya (m)
Hosh Essa (m)
Hurghada (k)
Hurghada 2 (k)
Ibsheway (m)
Ihnasiya (m)
Imbaba (k)
Imbaba (m)
Ismailia (m)
Ismailia 1 (k)
Ismailia 2 (k)
Ismailia 3 (k)
Itay El Barud (m)
Itsa (m)
Juhayna El Gharbiyah (m)
Kafr El Dawwar (k)
Kafr El Dawwar (m)
Kafr El Sheikh (k)
Kafr El Sheikh (m)
Kafr El Zayat (m)
Kafr Saad (m)
Kafr Saqr (m)
Kafr Shukr (m)
Karmoz (k)
Kerdasa (m)
Khanka (m)

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Khusus (k)
Kom Hamada (m)
Kom Ombo (m)
Kotoor (m)
Luxor (k)
Luxor (m)
Maadi (k)
Maghaghah (m)
Mahallat Dimna (m)
Mallawi (k)
Mallawi (m)
Manfalut (m)
Mansoura (m)
Mansoura 1 (k)
Mansoura 2 (k)
Marina El Alamein (k)
Marsa Alam (k)
Mashtool El Souk (m)
Matay (m)
Menouf (k)
Menouf (m)
Mersa Matruh (k)
Metoubes (m)
Minya (k)
Minya (m)
Minya El Qamh (m)
Minyet El Nasr (m)
Mit Ghamr (k)
Mit Ghamr (m)
Mit Salsil (m)
Moharam Bek (k)
Monshat El Nasr (k)
Montaza (k)
Mubarak Sharq El Tafrea (k)
Nabaroh (m)
Nag Hammadi (m)
Nakhl (k)
Naqada (m)
Nasir Bush (m)
Nasr (m)
Nasr City 1 (k)
Nasr City 2 (k)
New Akhmim (n)
New Aswan (n)
New Asyut (n)
New Beni Suef (k)
New Borg El Arab (n)

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New Cairo 1 (k)

New Cairo 2 (k)
New Cairo 3 (k)
New Damietta (k)
New Faiyum (n)
New Minya (n)
New Qena (n)
New Salhia (k)
New Sohag (n)
New Toshka (n)
North Coast (k)*
North Coast (k)
Nuweiba (k)
Obour (k)
Old Cairo (k)
Port Fuad (k)
Port Fuad 2 (k)
Port Said Police Dept. (p)
Qaha (k)
Qallin (m)
Qalyub (k)
Qalyub (m)
Qasr El Nil (k)
Qena (k)
Qena (m)
Qift (m)
Quesna (m)
Qus (m)
Rafah (k)
Ras El Bar (k)
Ras Gharib (k)
Ras Sidr (k)
Rod El Farag (k)
Rosetta (m)
Sadat City (m)
Safaga (k)
Sahil Salim (m)
Saint Catherine (k)
Sallum (k)
Samalut (m)
Samanoud (m)
Saqultah (m)
Sers El Lyan (k)
Shalateen (k)
Sharm El Sheikh (k)
Sheikh Zayed (k)
Sheikh Zuweid (k)

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Shibin El Kom (k)

Shibin El Kom (m)
Shibin El Qanatir (m)
Shirbin (m)
Shubra (k)
Shubra El Kheima 1 (k)
Shubra El Kheima 2 (k)
Shubrakhit (m)
Shurtet El Dakhla (m)
Shurtet El Farafra (m)
Shurtet El Qasima (k)
Shurtet Rumana (k)
Sidfa (m)
Sidi Barrani (k)
Sidi Gaber (k)
Sidi Salem (m)
Sinnuris (m)
Siwa (k)
Sohag (m)
Sohag 1 (k)
Sohag 2 (k)
Suez (k)
Suez Port Police Dept. (p)
Sumusta El Waqf (m)
Taba (k)
Tahta (k)
Tahta (m)
Tala (m)
Talkha (m)
Tamiya (m)
Tanta (m)
Tanta 1 (k)
Tanta 2 (k)
Tell El Kebir (m)
Tibah Police Dept. (m)
Tima (m)
Timay El Imdid (m)
Tukh (m)
Tura (k)
Wadi El Natrun (m)
Yousef El Seddik (m)
Zagazig (m)
Zagazig 1 (k)
Zagazig 2 (k)
Zamalek (k)
Zefta (m)
Zeitoun (k)

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Submunicipal divisions
The village is the smallest local unit in rural communities, and is the equivalent of a district in
urban areas. However, villages differ from each other in terms of legal status. The heads of villages
or districts are appointed by the respective governors.[26] In addition to this, districts are
occasionally further divided into sub-district neighborhoods called sheyakha in rural areas, or
residential districts (singular: ‫ حي سكني‬ḥay sakani, plural: ‫ أحياء سكنية‬aḥya' sakaniya) in urban
areas.[27]

Demographics

Urban and rural populations

Data taken from CAPMAS:[21]

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Governorate % Urban Population (2016) Rural Urban

Alexandria 98.8 4,812,186 56,698 4,755,488

Aswan 42.3 1,431,488 826,543 604,945

Asyut 26.5 4,245,215 3,119,112 1,126,103

Beheira 19.5 5,804,262 4,674,346 1,129,916

Beni Suef 23.2 2,856,812 2,193,871 662,941

Cairo 100.0 9,278,441 0 9,278,441

Dakahlia 28.2 5,949,001 4,271,428 1,677,573

Damietta 38.7 1,330,843 815,244 515,599

Faiyum 22.5 3,170,150 2,456,368 713,782

Gharbia 30.0 4,751,865 3,324,630 1,427,235

Giza 58.6 7,585,115 3,138,310 4,446,805

Ismailia 45.4 1,178,641 643,778 534,863

Kafr El Sheikh 23.1 3,172,753 2,441,246 731,507

Luxor 37.8 1,147,058 713,422 433,636

Matruh 70.6 447,846 131,841 316,005

Minya 18.9 5,156,702 4,183,284 973,418

Monufia 20.6 3,941,293 3,128,460 812,833

New Valley 48.0 225,416 117,180 108,236

North Sinai 60.2 434,781 173,095 261,686

Port Said 100.0 666,599 0 666,599

Qalyubia 44.7 5,105,972 2,825,045 2,280,927

Qena 19.7 3,045,504 2,445,051 600,453

Red Sea 95.1 345,775 17,062 328,713

Sharqia 23.1 6,485,412 4,987,707 1,497,705

Sohag 21.4 4,603,861 3,618,543 985,318

South Sinai 51.1 167,426 81,924 85,502

Suez 100.0 622,859 0 622,859

Total 42.7 87,963,276 50,384,188 37,579,088

Population density
Data taken from CAPMAS:.[21] Information for population is in thousands, pop density -
persons/km2 and area is in km2.

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Egyptian Population Density in pre-2013 administrative divisions

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Population Pop. Pop.

%
in Density Density Inhabited Total
Governorate Inhabited
thousands (Inhabited (Total Area Area
to Total
(2014-07-01) Area) Area)

Alexandria 4,761 2,841.5 2,070.0 72.8 1,675.50 2,300.00

Aswan 1,412 13,477.1 22.5 0.2 104.77 62,726.00

Asyut 4,181 2,656.3 161.3 6.1 1,574.00 25,926.00

Beheira 5,720 806.3 582.1 72.2 7,093.84 9,826.00

Beni Suef 2,812 2,053.4 256.7 12.5 1,369.41 10,954.00

Cairo 9,184 48,235.3 2,976.8 6.2 190.40 3,085.12

Dakahlia 5,881 1,662.1 1,662.1 100.0 3,538.23 3,538.23

Damietta 1,316 1,968.7 1,445.7 73.4 668.47 910.26

Faiyum 3,118 1,680.0 513.8 30.6 1,856.00 6,068.00

Gharbia 4,698 2,418.7 2,418.7 100.0 1,942.34 1,942.34

Giza 7,487 6,286.3 567.9 9.0 1,191.00 13,184.00

Ismailia 1,162 229.3 229.3 100.0 5,066.97 5,066.97

Kafr El Sheikh 3,132 903.5 903.5 100.0 3,466.69 3,466.69

Luxor 1,132 4,992.7 469.8 9.4 226.73 2,409.68

Matruh 437 111.4 2.6 2.4 3,921.40 166,563.00

Minya 5,076 2,104.8 157.3 7.5 2,411.65 32,279.00

Monufia 3,890 1,596.9 1,556.6 97.5 2,435.93 2,499.00

New Valley 222 205.1 0.5 0.2 1,082.24 440,098.00

North Sinai 428 203.7 14.8 7.2 2,100.84 28,992.00

Port Said 660 499.7 490.7 98.2 1,320.68 1,344.96

Qalyubia 5,044 4,702.1 4,486.4 95.4 1,072.72 1,124.28

Qena 3,001 1,724.1 277.9 16.1 1,740.63 10,798.00

Red Sea 341 4,794.0 2.9 0.1 71.13 119,099.13

Sharqia 6,402 1,343.7 1,303.6 97.0 4,764.28 4,911.00

Sohag 4,536 2,845.8 411.5 14.5 1,593.92 11,022.00

South Sinai 166 9.9 5.3 53.7 16,791.00 31,272.00

Suez 615 68.3 68.3 100.0 9,002.21 9,002.21

Total 86,814 1109.1 85.9 7.8 78272.98 1010407.87

See also
List of cities and towns in Egypt
Economic Regions of Egypt
List of governorates of Egypt by GDP
List of governorates of Egypt by Human Development Index
Regional units of Egypt
List of Egyptian cities
List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area

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ISO 3166-2:EG

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External links
Ministry of Local Development (https://mld.gov.eg/en)
Ministry of Local Development (Archived defunct website 2006-2017) (https://web.archive.org/
web/20160414043428/http://www.mold.gov.eg/arabic/default.htm)
"Know Your Government", Tadamun Initiative (http://www.tadamun.co/know-your-government/?
lang=en)

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Census Data and Maps (1996, 2006, 2017) (https://www.cedejcapmas.org/adws/app/4d5b52dc

-669d-11e9-b6a6-975656a88994/)
Egypt Administrative Divisions Map, The University of Texas at Austin Library (http://www.lib.ut
exas.edu/maps/africa/egypt_admn97.jpg)
History of administrative divisions in Egypt since the French Invasion (http://www.egynews.net/
wps/portal/!ut/p/c1/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3hzMxMjkwAXIwN3Rw8LAyMXb9N
QS-9QQ4NAM_1wkA6zeAMcwNEAIo_LhGADfT-P_NxU_YLs7DRHR0VFAECXw-A!/dl2/d1/L2
dJQSEvUUt3QS9ZQnB3LzZfNzY0MjRQRDIwMEtMMjAyOTFBUlM0NzJTNDQ!/?WCM_GLOB
AL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/migration/ertu/%24%24!!63/files/200804221137295910359
4) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130525085125/http://www.egynews.net/wps/portal/!
ut/p/c1/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3hzMxMjkwAXIwN3Rw8LAyMXb9NQS-9QQ4N
AM_1wkA6zeAMcwNEAIo_LhGADfT-P_NxU_YLs7DRHR0VFAECXw-A!/dl2/d1/L2dJQSEvUUt
3QS9ZQnB3LzZfNzY0MjRQRDIwMEtMMjAyOTFBUlM0NzJTNDQ!/?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTE
XT=%2Fwps%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2Fmigration%2Fertu%2F%24%24%21%2163%2Ffiles%2
F2008042211372959103594) 2013-05-25 at the Wayback Machine (in Arabic)

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