DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS

&
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III SEMESTER
Approved
Prepared by
By:
Dr. Praveen J
IQAC Director,LAB
Dr. Vishwaraj, Assistantand
Professor Professor, ECE
Head, ECE
Mrs. Revathi S N, Assistant Professor,
ECE
MANUAL
Lab Instructor:
(2022 Scheme)

Electronic Principles and Circuits

1
 Vision and Mission of the Institute

Vision of the Institute

To develop technologically competent, humane and socially responsible engineers and
managers to meet the ever-growing challenges of the Global Environment.

Mission of the Institute

 To provide quality technical and management education by applying best practices in
teaching, learning and with the state-of-the-art infrastructural facilities.
 To mould engineers and managers with appropriate pedagogy to develop leadership
qualities and skills by imbibing professional ethics to make them industry ready.
 To develop student-centric institution which evolves and fosters the talents of budding
engineers, managers and entrepreneurs and prepare them to make a positive
contribution to the society.
 To promote Research and Consultancy through collaboration with industries and
Government Organizations.

2
 Vision, Mission, PEOs & PSOs of the Department
Vision of the Department
To excel in creating technically competent and socially responsible Electronics &
Communication Engineers capable of contributing to the emerging technology.

Mission of the Department

M1: Imparting effective technical education to excel in Electronics & Communication
Engineering.
M2: Adapting appropriate pedagogy to imbibe professionalism in students.
M3: Inculcating Research culture and thereby bridging the gap between Academia and
Industry.

Program Educational Objectives

PEO1: To deliver Engineering Skills and Knowledge by integrating basic engineering

concepts with core Electronics and Communication Engineering to solve the problems of
society.
PEO2: To exhibit technical competency by developing solutions in diverse areas of
Electronics and Communication Engineering.
PEO3: To be receptive to emerging technologies and attain professional competency
through pursuing Research and life-long learning.

Program Specific Outcomes

PSO1: Design, analyse and develop Analog and Digital Systems using advanced
hardware and software tools and technologies.
PSO2: Implement distinct models of embedded systems, VLSI, Signal Processing and
Networking by various applications.

3
 Program Outcomes

Graduates of Electronics & Communication Engineering by the time of graduation will

demonstrate:

PO1: Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,

engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex
engineering problems.

PO2: Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

PO3: Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering

problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations.

PO4: Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge

and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of
data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.

PO5: Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources,
and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modelling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.

PO6: The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual
knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.

PO7: Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of professional

engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.

PO8: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.

PO9: Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a

member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

4
PO10: Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities
with the engineering community and with society at large, such as being able to
comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.

PO11: Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding

of the engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s work, as a
member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

PO12: Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability
to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change.

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 SEMESTER – 3 ACADEMIC YEAR-2023-24
Course Code: BEC303 Course Name: Electronic Principles and Circuits
Course Teachers: Dr. Vishwaraj & Mrs. Revathi S N

Course Outcomes: After studying this course, students will be able to,
CO Blooms Target
Course Outcomes
Numbers Level Level
Understand the characteristics of BJTs and FETs for switching and
BEC303.1 amplifier circuits. 2 2
Design and analyze amplifiers and oscillators with different circuit
BEC303.2 4 4
configurations and biasing conditions.
Understand the feedback topologies and approximations in the design
BEC303.3 of amplifiers and oscillators. 2 2
Design of circuits using linear ICs for wide range applications such
BEC303.4 4 4
as ADC, DAC, filters and timers.
Understand the power electronic device components and its functions
BEC303.5 for basic power electronic circuits. 2 2

Program
Course
Specific
Outcome CO-PO/PSO Mapping
Outcome
s Matrix:
s

CO PO-1 PO-2 PO-3 PO-4 PO-5 PO-6 PO-7 PO-8 PO-9 PO- PO- PO- PSO- PSO-2
10 11 12 1

BEC303.1 2 2 - - - - - - 1 - - 2 - -

BEC303.2 3 3 2 - 2 - - - 2 - - 2 2 -

BEC303.3 2 3 1 - - - - - 1 - - 2 - -
BEC303.4 3 3 3 - 2 - - - 2 - - 2 2 -
BEC303.5 2 2 1 - - - - - 1 - - 2 - -
Sum 12 13 7 - 4 - - - 7 - - 10 4 -
Average 2.4 2.6 1.4 - .8 - - - 1.4 - - 2 .8 -

Set Attainment: 3

Note: 1: Weakly mapped 2: Moderately mapped 3: Strongly mapped

Course Experts: DQAC HOD

6
7
8
 Table of Contents

Sl. No Experiments Page number

1 Design and Test
(i) Bridge Rectifier with Capacitor Input Filter 15-17
(ii) Zener voltage regulator
2 Design and Test
Biased Clippers – a) Positive, b) Negative, c) Positive-Negative 18-23
Positive and Negative Clampers with and without Reference.
3 Plot the transfer and drain characteristics of a JFET and calculate its drain
24-26
resistance, mutual conductance and amplification factor.
4 Plot the transfer and drain characteristics of n-channel MOSFET and
calculate its parameters, namely; drain resistance, mutual conductance and 27-28
amplification factor.
5 Design and test (i) Emitter Follower, (ii) Darlington Connection 29-30
6 Design and plot the frequency response of Common Source JFET/MOSFET
31-32
amplifier
7 Test the Op-amp Comparator with zero and non-zero reference and obtain
33-36
the Hysteresis curve.
8 Design and test Full wave Controlled rectifier using RC triggering circuit. 37-38
9 Design and test Precision Half wave and full wave rectifiers using Op-amp 39-42
10 Design and test RC phase shift oscillator 43-45

9
Introduction to Electronic Principles and Circuits Lab using MULTISIM

Multisim is the schematic capture and simulation application of National Instruments Circuit
Design Suite, a suite of EDA (Electronic Design Automation) tools. It is similar to PSpice, but it is
more easy to use in a practical sense and has many features to make circuit drawing/simulating, a simple
task. Here is a window of Multisim, as it appears the first time when you start the software.

Figure (a): MULTISIM window appearance

1. The Menu Bar is where you find commands for all functions.
2. The Design Toolbox lets you navigate through the different types of files in a project
(schematics, PCBs, reports), view a schematic’s hierarchy and show or hide different layers.
3. The Component toolbar contains buttons that let you select components from the Multisim
Databases for placement in your schematic.
4. The Standard toolbar contains buttons for commonly performed functions such as Save, Print,
Cut, And Paste.
5. The View toolbar contains buttons for modifying the way the screen is displayed.
6. The Simulation toolbar contains buttons for starting, stopping, and other simulation functions.
7. The Main toolbar contains buttons for common Multisim functions.

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 8. The In Use List contains a list of all components used in the design.
9. The Instruments toolbar contains buttons for each instrument.
10. Scroll Left –right to ensure ease in handling larger designs.
11. The Circuit Window (or workspace) is where you build your circuit.
12. The Active tab indicates the current active circuit window.

Open/Create Schematic:
A blank schematic Circuit 1 is automatically created. To create a new schematic click on File –
New – Schematic Capture. To save the schematic click on File /Save As. To open an existing file click
on File/ Open in the toolbar.

Place Components:
To Place Components click on Place/Components. On the Select Component Window click on
Group to select the components needed for the circuit. Click OK to place the component on the
schematic.

Select Resistor:

Figure (b): Place Components window (resistor select) in MULTISIM

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Select DC voltage:

Figure (c): Place Components window (DC power select) in MULTISIM

For example, to select resistors and the DC source shown in the above Figure click on Place/
Components. In Group select Basic scroll down to Resistors and select the value of the resistor needed
to construct the circuit, for this example select 1k. To place DC source click on Sources in Group and
select DC Source.

DC Source & Resistors:

Figure (d): View of component placed in MULTISIM

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Rotate Components: To rotate the components click on the Resistor to flip the component on 90
Clockwise (Ctrl +R) and 90 Counter Clockwise (Ctrl+Shift+R).

Figure (e): Device flip and rotate options in MULTISIM

Place Wire/Connect Components: To connect resistors click on Place/Wire drag and place the wire.
Components can also be connected by clicking the mouse over the terminal edge of one component and
dragging to the edge of another component.

Figure (f): Place Wire/Connect Components in MULTISIM

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Change Component Values To change component values double-click on the component this brings
up a window that displays the properties of the component. Change R1 from 1k Ohm to 10 Ohms, R2
to 20 Ohms, R3 to 30 Ohms, and R4 to 40 Ohms. Also, change the DV source from 0 V to 20 V. Figure
8 shows the completed circuit

Figure (g): Component edit option in MULTISIM

Grounding: All circuits must be grounded before the circuit can be simulated. Click on Ground in the
toolbar to ground the circuit. If the circuit is not grounded Multisim will not run the simulation.

Figure (h): Grounding option in MULTISIM

Simulation: To simulate the completed circuit Click on Simulate/Run or F5. This feature can also be
accessed from the toolbar as shown in the Figure below.

Figure (i): Run / Stop option in MULTISIM

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 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
Rough records and Fair records are needed to record the experiments conducted in the
laboratory. Rough records are needed to be certified immediately upon completion of the experiment.
Fair records are due at the beginning of the next lab period. Fair records must be submitted as neat,
legible, and complete.

INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS FOR WRITING THE FAIR RECORD

In the fair record, the index page should be filled properly by writing the corresponding
experiment number, experiment name, date on which it was done and the page number.

On the right side page of the record following has to be written:

1. Title: The title of the experiment should be written on the page in capital letters.
2. In the left top margin, the experiment number and date should be written.
3. Aim: The purpose of the experiment should be written clearly.
4. Apparatus / Tools / Equipment / Components Used: A list of the Apparatus / Tools /
Equipment / Components used for experimenting should be entered.
5. Principle: Simple working of the circuit/experimental set-up/algorithm should be written.
6. Procedure: steps for doing the experiment and recording the readings should be briefly
described (flow chart/programs in the case of computer/processor-related experiments)
7. Results: The results of the experiment must be summarized in writing and should be fulfilling
the aim.
8. Inference: Inference from the results is to be mentioned.

On the Left side page of the record following has to be recorded:

1. Circuit/Program: Neatly drawn circuit diagrams/experimental set-up.

2. Design: The design of the circuit/experimental set-up for selecting the components
should be clearly shown if necessary.
3. Observations:
I. Data should be recorded using Tabular Columns.
II. The unit of the observed data should be mentioned.
III. Relevant calculations should be shown. If repetitive calculations are needed, only show a
sample calculation and summarize the others in a table.

15
 Experiment 1
Design and Test
i) Bridge rectifier with Capacitor input filter
ii) Zener voltage regulator

i) Bridge rectifier with Capacitor input filter

Aim: To design and verify Bridge Rectifiers with Capacitor input filter.

Theory: A bridge rectifier is an electronic circuit that converts alternating current (AC)
to direct current (DC). It uses a bridge configuration of diodes to rectify the AC signal,
allowing current to flow in only one direction. This results in a pulsating DC waveform.
The rectified output from the bridge rectifier is a pulsating DC signal, which contains
ripples.
To smooth out these ripples and provide a more constant DC voltage, a capacitor is
often connected in parallel to the load. This capacitor acts as a filter, charging during the
peaks of the rectified waveform and discharging during the troughs, effectively reducing
the ripples and providing a more stable DC voltage to the load. The combination of the
bridge rectifier and capacitor input filter is commonly used in power supply circuits to
convert and stabilize AC power for electronic devices.

Design circuits:

Fig 1. Bridge Rectifier Circuit with Capacitor Input Filter

16
 Fig 2. Bridge Rectifier Circuit Output Waveform

ii) Zener voltage regulator

Aim: To design and verify the Zener voltage regulator.

Theory: A Zener voltage regulator is a type of voltage regulator that uses a Zener diode to
maintain a constant output voltage across its terminals. Zener diodes are designed to
operate in the breakdown region, where they exhibit a very stable and fixed voltage drop
across their terminals.
The Zener diode is reverse-biased, and when the voltage across its terminals exceeds its
breakdown voltage (known as the Zener voltage), it starts conducting in the reverse
direction. By connecting the Zener diode in series with a load resistor, the Zener voltage
can be maintained across the load. This setup acts as a voltage regulator, ensuring a
constant output voltage.
Zener voltage regulators are commonly used in electronic circuits where a stable and
precise voltage level is required. They find applications in power supplies, voltage
references, and situations where a constant voltage is critical for the proper operation of
connected components.

Design circuits:

Fig 3. Zener diode voltage regulator Circuit

17
 Fig 4. Zener diode voltage regulator Output

Simulation Procedure:
 Open MULTISIM Software.
 Click=> New => Design1
 Click save as in Desktop and rename the Design1 to your circuit name.
 Go to the Component tool bar and select the components.
 Draw the above circuits using the components that are available in the toolbar and then
save the circuit.
 Double-click AC_POWER and set its value above mentioned.
 Click the simulate button or press the F5 key => RUN
 Then double click connected in the output of the Oscilloscope and measure input and
output waveforms.
 Then Change input Frequency and voltage, again measure and print the output
waveforms.

Result: The Bridge rectifier with a capacitor as an input filter and Power supply with Zener
diode as Regulator is designed, simulated and verified
.

18
 Experiment 2

Design and Test

i) Biased clippers a) Positive b) Negative c) Positive- Negative
ii) Positive and Negative clampers with and without reference

i) Biased clippers

Aim: To design and verify Biased positive, negative and positive-negative clippers

Theory: Clippers are electronic circuits designed to limit or "clip" the amplitude of a
signal to a certain level. They are commonly used in electronic applications to shape
waveforms by removing a portion of the input signal that exceeds a specified threshold.
Clippers can be classified into two main types: positive and negative clippers. Positive
clippers remove the positive portion of the signal above a set level, while negative clippers
eliminate the negative portion below a certain threshold. These circuits are vital in signal
processing and communication systems, helping control signal amplitudes to prevent
distortion and ensure the proper functioning of electronic devices.

Design Circuits:

a) Positive Clipper

Fig 1. Positive Clipper Circuit

Fig 2. Function Generator Settings output

19
 Fig 3. Positive Clipper CRO output

b) Negative Clipper

Fig 4. Negative Clipper Circuit

Fig 5. Negative Clipper Function Generator Settings

20
 Fig 6. Negative Clipper CRO output

Fig 7. Biased Clipper with diode

Fig 8. Biased Clipper with diode Function Generator Settings

21
 Fig 9. Biased Clipper with diode CRO output

ii) Positive and Negative clampers

Aim: To design and verify positive and negative clampers.

Theory: Clampers, also known as DC restorers or voltage clampers, are circuits used to
add a DC component to an AC waveform, effectively shifting its average voltage level.
The primary purpose of clampers is to establish a specific DC bias for subsequent signal
processing. Unlike clippers that limit signal amplitudes, clampers focus on modifying the
DC level of a signal without altering its shape. They are commonly employed in
applications such as audio amplification and communications systems. Clampers play a
crucial role in maintaining signal integrity and ensuring compatibility with downstream
components by establishing the desired DC operating point for the signal. Understanding
and implementing both clipper and clamper circuits are fundamental skills in electronics
and signal processing laboratories.

Design Circuits:

Fig 10. Positive Clampers circuit

22
Fig 11. Positive Clampers output waveform

Fig 12. Negative Clampers circuit

Fig 13. Negative Clamper's circuit output

23
Simulation Procedure:
 Open MULTISIM Software.
 Click=> New => Design1
 Click save as in Desktop and rename the Design1 to your circuit name.
 Go to the Component tool bar and select the components.
 Draw the above circuits using the components that are available in the toolbar and then
save the circuit.
 Double-click AC_POWER and set its value above mentioned.
 Click the simulate button or press the F5 key => RUN
 Then double click connected in the output of the Oscilloscope and measure input and
output waveforms.
 Then Change input Frequency and voltage, again measure and print the output
waveforms.

Results: The clipper and clamper circuits are designed, simulated and verified.

24
 Experiment 3

Plot the transfer and drain characteristics of a JFET and Calculate its
drain resistance, mutual conductance and amplification factor.

Aim: To plot the transfer and drain characteristics of a JFET and Calculate its various
parameters like drain resistance, mutual conductance and amplification factor

Theory: The Junction Field-Effect Transistor (JFET) is a semiconductor device widely used
in electronic circuits for its ability to control the flow of current. It operates on the principle
of an electric field controlling the conductivity of a semiconductor channel. There are two
main types of JFETs: N-channel and P-channel, depending on the polarity of the channel.
The transfer characteristics of a JFET describe the relationship between the input
voltage (gate-source voltage, VGS) and the resulting output current (drain current, ID). In
an N-channel JFET, as VGS increases, the channel conductivity increases, allowing more
current to flow from the source to the drain. Conversely, in a P-channel JFET, increasing
VGS decreases conductivity.
The drain characteristics illustrate the relationship between the drain-source voltage
(VDS) and the drain current (ID) with a constant gate-source voltage. At low VDS, ID
increases linearly. However, as VDS continues to rise, ID reaches a saturation point, and
further voltage increase has minimal impact on current. Understanding these characteristics
is essential for designing and analysing JFET-based circuits in electronic applications. In the
lab, studying JFET transfer and drain characteristics helps students comprehend the device's
behaviour and its practical implications for circuit design.

Design Circuits:

Fig 1. JFET Circuit diagram

Fig 2. JFET Circuit diagram

Observations

25
 Drain Characteristics
VDD (Volts) VGS = 0V VGS = -1V
VDS(Volts) ID(mA) VDS(Volts) ID(mA)

Table 1: Drain Characteristics for various voltages

Graph:

Fig 3. Drain and Transfer Characteristics of JFET

1.
Plot the drain characteristics by taking VDS on the X-axis and ID on the Y-axis at a constant VGS.
2.
Plot the transfer characteristics by taking VGS on the X-axis and taking ID on the Y-axis at
constant VDS.

Calculations from Graph:

1.
Drain Resistance (rd): It is given by the relation of a small change in drain-to-source voltage
(ΔVDS) to the corresponding change in Drain Current(ΔI D) for a constant gate-to-source voltage
(ΔVGS) when the JFET is operating in the pinch-off region.

at a constant VGS (from drain characteristics)

2.
Trans Conductance (gm): Ratio of small change in drain current(ΔI D) to the corresponding
change in gate to source voltage (ΔVGS) for a constant VDS.

gm at constant VDS (from transfer characteristics).

The value of gm is expressed in mho’s ( ) or Siemens (s).

3.
Amplification factor (µ): It is given by the ratio of a small change in drain-to-source voltage
(ΔVDS) to the corresponding change in gate-to-source voltage (ΔVGS) for a constant drain current
(ID).

26
Simulation Procedure:
 Open MULTISIM Software.
 Click=> New => Design1
 Click save as in Desktop and rename the Design1 to your circuit name.
 Go to the Component tool bar and select the components.
 Draw the above circuits using the components that are available in the toolbar and then
save the circuit.
 Double-click AC_POWER and set its value above mentioned.
 Click the simulate button or press the F5 key => RUN
 Then double click connected in the output of the Oscilloscope and measure input and
output waveforms.
 Then Change input Frequency and voltage, again measure and print the output
waveforms.

Results: Drain and Transfer characteristics of a FET in Common Source configuration and
calculate the parameters transconductance (gm), drain resistance (rd) and amplification factor(µ).

27
 Experiment 4

Plot the transfer and drain characteristics of an N Channel MOSFET and

calculate its parameters, namely, drain resistance, mutual conductance
and amplification factor.

Aim: To study transfer and output characteristics of an n-channel Metal Oxide

Semiconductor field effect Transistor (MOSFET) in Common-source configuration and
calculate various parameters.

Theory: The N-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (N-MOSFET)

is a fundamental electronic component used in integrated circuits and electronic devices. It
belongs to the family of Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors, commonly
known as MOSFETs. The N-MOSFET is characterized by its construction using N-type
semiconductor material for the channel region. This semiconductor device plays a pivotal
role in electronic circuit design, enabling the control of electronic signals through the
application of voltage at the gate terminal.
The transfer characteristics of an N-Channel MOSFET describe the relationship
between the input voltage (applied at the gate) and the resulting drain current. These
characteristics illustrate how the MOSFET responds to changes in the gate voltage,
providing valuable insights into its operating behaviour. By analysing the transfer
characteristics, engineers can determine the MOSFET's threshold voltage, gain, and overall
performance.
On the other hand, the drain characteristics of an N-Channel MOSFET showcase the
relationship between the drain current and the drain-to-source voltage. This graph is crucial
for understanding the MOSFET's behaviour under different operating conditions, such as
saturation and cut-off. By examining the drain characteristics, engineers can optimize the
MOSFET's operation for specific applications, ensuring efficient and reliable electronic
circuit performance. In the laboratory setting, studying these characteristics empowers
students and researchers to gain hands-on experience with MOSFET behaviour, facilitating
a deeper understanding of semiconductor device operation and its practical applications in
electronic circuits.

Design Circuit:

Fig 1. N- Channel MOSFET Circuit

28
 Fig 2. Ideal Drain and Transfer Characteristics of N-Channel MOSFET

Calculation:
1. Threshold voltage VT: Gate to source voltage at which, drain current starts flowing.
2. Transconductance gm: Ratio of small change in drain current (Δ ID) to the corresponding
change in gate to source voltage (ΔVGS) for a constant VDS.
gm = Δ ID / ΔVGS at constant VDS
3. Output drain resistance: This is given by the relation of a small change in the drain to
source voltage (Δ VDS) to the corresponding change in Drain Current (Δ ID) for a
constant VGS.
rd or ro = ΔVDS / Δ ID at a constant VGS

Simulation Procedure:
 Open MULTISIM Software.
 Click=> New => Design1
 Click save as in Desktop and rename the Design1 to your circuit name.
 Go to the Component tool bar and select the components.
 Draw the above circuits using the components that are available in the toolbar and then
save the circuit.
 Double-click AC_POWER and set its value above mentioned.
 Click the simulate button or press the F5 key => RUN
 Then double click connected in the output of the Oscilloscope and measure input and
output waveforms.
 Then Change input Frequency and voltage, again measure and print the output
waveforms.

Result:
1. VT:
2. gm:
3. ro:

29
 Experiment 5

Design and test

i) Emitter follower
ii)Darlington connection

i) Emitter follower

Aim: To design and verify Emitter follower.

Theory: An emitter follower, also known as a common collector amplifier, is a type of

bipolar junction transistor (BJT) configuration commonly used in electronic circuits. In
this configuration, the emitter terminal of the BJT is directly connected to the output,
while the input signal is applied to the base. The collector is connected to a power supply,
and the emitter follower provides a high input impedance and a low output impedance.
This configuration is often employed to buffer signals, providing impedance matching
between different stages of a circuit. The voltage at the emitter closely follows the input
voltage, hence the name "emitter follower."
The key advantage of the emitter follower is its ability to provide a high voltage
gain with unity current gain. This makes it useful for applications where a high input
impedance and low output impedance are required, such as impedance matching and signal
buffering.

Design Circuit:

Fig 1. Emitter Follower Circuits

30
ii) Darlington connection

Aim: To design and verify Emitter follower.

Theory: The Darlington connection involves the cascading of two bipolar junction
transistors (BJTs) to create a high-gain amplifier configuration. In this arrangement, the
collector of the first BJT is connected to the base of the second, forming a compound
transistor. This combination results in a significant increase in current gain, making the
Darlington pair suitable for applications requiring high amplification.
The Darlington connection is advantageous for applications where a small input
signal needs to control a larger output signal, such as in power amplifier stages. While it
provides high current gain, it also introduces a higher input voltage requirement due to the
combined base-emitter voltage drops of the two transistors. Despite this drawback, the
Darlington connection is widely used in various electronic circuits to achieve increased
overall gain and improved performance in applications demanding high amplification with
limited input signal strength.

Design Circuit:

Fig 1. Darlington connection Circuits

Simulation Procedure:
 Open MULTISIM Software.
 Click=> New => Design1
 Click save as in Desktop and rename the Design1 to your circuit name.
 Go to the Component tool bar and select the components.
 Draw the above circuits using the components that are available in the toolbar and then
save the circuit.
 Double-click AC_POWER and set its value above mentioned.
 Click the simulate button or press the F5 key => RUN
 Then double click connected in the output of the Oscilloscope and measure input and
output waveforms.
 Then Change input Frequency and voltage, again measure and print the output
waveforms.

Results: The Emitter follower and Darlington connection circuits are designed, simulated
and verified.

31
 Experiment 6

Design and plot the frequency response of common source JFET

/MOSFET amplifier.

Aim: To design and plot the frequency response of a common source JFET /MOSFET
amplifier.

Theory: The common source JFET configuration is a fundamental electronic circuit used
in amplifiers and signal processing applications. In this setup, the JFET is connected with its
source terminal grounded, the input signal is applied to the gate, and the output is taken
from the drain. The JFET operates by controlling the current flow between its source and
drain terminals through the manipulation of an electric field in the semiconductor material.
The common source configuration offers voltage amplification, making it suitable for
applications requiring signal amplification. It is characterized by a high input impedance
and a medium output impedance, making it compatible with various signal sources and
loads.
The frequency response of a common source JFET circuit refers to how the gain of
the amplifier varies with the input signal frequency. The performance of the amplifier at
different frequencies is crucial in designing circuits for applications such as audio
amplification or radio frequency signal processing. The frequency response is influenced by
factors like parasitic capacitances, internal resistances, and inherent capacitances of the
JFET. Understanding the frequency response helps in optimizing the circuit for specific
applications. Engineers analyse the gain and phase characteristics across a range of
frequencies to ensure that the amplifier meets the requirements of the intended application
without distortion or signal degradation. In the lab setting, students may investigate the
frequency response of a common source JFET amplifier by applying signals of varying
frequencies and measuring the corresponding output characteristics to gain insights into the
amplifier's behaviour across the frequency spectrum.

Design Circuit:

Fig1: Common source JFET Amplifier circuit

Simulation Procedure:

32
  Open MULTISIM Software.
 Click=> New => Design1
 Click save as in Desktop and rename the Design1 to your circuit name.
 Go to the Component tool bar and select the components.
 Draw the above circuits using the components that are available in the toolbar and then
save the circuit.
 Double-click AC_POWER and set its value above mentioned.
 Click the simulate button or press the F5 key => RUN
 Then double click connected in the output of the Oscilloscope and measure input and
output waveforms.
 Then Change input Frequency and voltage, again measure and print the output
waveforms.

Results: Drained, simulated and frequency response of a FET amplifier is studied.

33
 Experiment 7

Test the op-amp comparator with zero and non-zero reference and obtain
the hysteresis curve.

Aim: To design and verify inverting and non-inverting zero crossing detectors using MULTISIM

Theory: A zero-crossing detector is the simplest circuit configuration of op-amp switching circuits. In
this configuration, the input signal is applied to one of the input terminals while the other input is
connected to the ground. This circuit needs no feedback connection.

Non-Inverting Zero Crossing Detector

If the input signal source is connected to the non-inverting input terminal of the op-amp and the
inverting input terminal is grounded, the circuit is called a Non-inverting zero crossing detector. The
circuit diagram is shown in fig 1.

Fig1: Non-Inverting Zero Crossing Detector circuit

When the input signal is above ground level, the output of the circuit is saturated at its positive
extreme. When the input goes below ground level, the output voltage of the circuit immediately
switches to its negative saturation level. Whenever the input signal crosses the zero voltage level, the
output switches between one saturation level and the other. Since the output of the above circuit goes
into positive saturation when the applied input voltage is positive, the circuit is categorized as a non-
inverting zero crossing detector. The input and output waveforms of a typical non-inverting zero
crossing detector are shown in the above figure. Regardless of the shape of the input wave, the output is
always a rectangular wave.

Fig 2. Non-inverting zero crossing detector schematic using MULTISIM

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 Fig 3. Non-inverting zero crossing detector waveform using MULTISIM

Tabular column: Vref = 0 V

SL Vin (p-p) Vout in volts
No. in volts (Simulated)

For
Vin = 0, Vout = 0
1 2
Vin < 0, Vout = -Vsat =
Vin > 0, Vout = +Vsat =

2 4

Inverting Zero Crossing Detector

If the input signal is applied to the inverting input terminal of the op-amp, and the non-inverting
input terminal is connected to the ground, the circuit is called an inverting zero crossing detector. The
circuit is shown in the figure below

Fig 4: Inverting Zero Crossing Detector circuit

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 When the input is above ground level, the output is saturated at the negative extreme voltage. When
the input voltage goes below ground level, the output immediately switches to positive saturation
voltage. Since the output is saturated at a negative voltage when the input is positive, this circuit is
called an inverting zero crossing detector. The input and output waveforms of an inverting zero crossing
detector are shown in the figure above.

Fig 5. Inverting zero crossing detector schematic using MULTISIM

Fig 6. Inverting zero crossing detector input-output waveform using MULTISIM

Tabular column: Vref = 0 V

SL Vin (p-p) Vout in volts
No. in volts (Simulated)

For, Vin = 0, Vout = 0

1 2 Vin < 0, Vout = +Vsat =
Vin > 0, Vout = -Vsat =

2 4

36
Simulation Procedure:
 Open MULTISIM Software.
 Click=> New => Design1
 Click save as in Desktop and rename the Design1 to your circuit name.
 Go to the Component tool bar and select the components.
 Draw the above circuits using the components that are available in the toolbar and then
save the circuit.
 Double-click AC_POWER and set its value above mentioned.
 Click the simulate button or press the F5 key => RUN
 Then double click connected in the output of the Oscilloscope and measure input and
output waveforms.
 Then Change input Frequency and voltage, again measure and print the output
waveforms.

Results: verified inverting and non-inverting zero crossing detectors and obtained the hysteresis curve.

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 Experiment 8

Design and test full wave-controlled rectifier using RC triggering circuits.

Aim: To design and test full wave-controlled rectifier using RC triggering circuits.

Theory: A full-wave-controlled rectifier with RC triggering circuits is a key component in

power electronics, commonly employed for converting alternating current (AC) to direct
current (DC) in various applications. This rectifier utilizes thyristors or silicon-controlled
rectifiers (SCRs) as the switching devices, which are triggered by an RC (resistor-capacitor)
network.
In this configuration, the RC triggering circuit is responsible for precisely controlling
the firing angle of the SCRs, determining when the thyristors conduct and allow the current
flow. The resistor (R) and capacitor (C) in the circuit form a time constant, influencing the
triggering angle and thus regulating the output DC voltage.
During the positive half-cycle of the input AC signal, one SCR conducts, and during
the negative half-cycle, the other SCR conducts. The RC triggering circuit ensures that the
SCRs are triggered at specific points in each half-cycle, enabling controlled rectification.
This controlled rectification is essential for applications where precise control over the
output voltage is required, such as in motor drives, battery chargers, and variable-speed
drives.
Understanding and manipulating the RC triggering circuit parameters allows
engineers and technicians to customize the rectifier's performance, achieving desired output
characteristics. Through experimentation and analysis of the RC triggering circuit in the lab,
students gain practical insights into the functioning of full-wave-controlled rectifiers and
their applications in power electronic systems.

Design Diagram:

Fig 1. Full wave-controlled rectifier using RC triggering circuits

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 Fig 2. Waveform for Full wave-controlled rectifier using RC triggering circuits

Tabular Column:

Simulation Procedure:
 Open MULTISIM Software.
 Click=> New => Design1
 Click save as in Desktop and rename the Design1 to your circuit name.
 Go to the Component tool bar and select the components.
 Draw the above circuits using the components that are available in the toolbar and then
save the circuit.
 Double-click AC_POWER and set its value above mentioned.
 Click the simulate button or press the F5 key => RUN
 Then double click connected in the output of the Oscilloscope and measure input and
output waveforms.
 Then Change input Frequency and voltage, again measure and print the output
waveforms.

Results: Designed, Simulated and verified full wave-controlled rectifier using RC triggering
circuits.

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 Experiment 9

Design and Test Precision half-wave and full-wave rectifiers using Op-
amp.

Aim: To design and simulate the half-wave and full-wave rectifiers using op-amp.

Theory: Precision half-wave and full-wave rectifiers using operational amplifiers (Op-
amps) are essential circuits in electronics laboratories for converting alternating current
(AC) signals into direct current (DC) signals with high precision. These rectifiers are crucial
in applications where precise signal rectification is required, such as in sensor interfaces or
communication systems.
A precision half-wave rectifier using an Op-amp is designed to rectify only the
positive half-cycle of an AC signal while eliminating the negative half-cycle. This is
achieved by configuring the Op-amp as a precision diode, allowing the AC signal to pass
through the diode during the positive half-cycle and blocking it during the negative half-
cycle. This results in a rectified output that retains the positive portion of the input signal
with minimal voltage drop.
On the other hand, a precision full-wave rectifier utilizing Op-amp technology
rectifies both the positive and negative half-cycles of the AC signal, effectively doubling the
frequency of the rectified output. This is achieved by combining two precision half-wave
rectifiers in a specific configuration. The Op-amp ensures accurate rectification and low
distortion, making it suitable for applications demanding precise DC signal conversion.
In the lab, students may experiment with building and analysing these circuits,
investigating their performance characteristics, such as efficiency, ripple voltage, and
response to varying input frequencies. Understanding the principles behind precision
rectifiers with Op-amps is fundamental for aspiring electrical engineers and technicians
working in fields where accurate signal processing is crucial.

Precision Half wave Rectifier Design Circuits:

Fig 1. Precision Half wave Rectifier triggering circuit

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 Fig 2. Precision Half wave Rectifier output

Precision Full-wave Rectifier Design Circuits:

Fig 3. Precision Full wave Rectifier triggering circuit

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Fig 4. Precision Full wave Rectifier triggering circuit waveform

Fig 5. Precision Full wave Rectifier triggering circuit

Fig 4. Precision Full wave Rectifier triggering output

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 Tabular column:
SL Vin(p-p) Vout in volts Vout in volts
No. in volts (Theoretical) (Simulated)

1 2 1 962.189m

Simulation Procedure:
 Open MULTISIM Software.
 Click=> New => Design1
 Click save as in Desktop and rename the Design1 to your circuit name.
 Go to the Component tool bar and select the components.
 Draw the above circuits using the components that are available in the toolbar and then
save the circuit.
 Double-click AC_POWER and set its value above mentioned.
 Click the simulate button or press the F5 key => RUN
 Then double click connected in the output of the Oscilloscope and measure input and
output waveforms.
 Then Change input Frequency and voltage, again measure and print the output
waveforms.

Result: The design of half-wave and full-wave precision rectifier is simulated and verified.

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 Experiment 10

Design and test RC Phase shift oscillator

Aim: To simulate RC Phase shift oscillator (Medium frequency Sine wave generators)

Theory: An RC Phase Shift Oscillator is a type of electronic oscillator circuit that generates
sinusoidal (sine wave) signals. It is widely used in electronic laboratories for educational and
experimental purposes. The circuit consists of an amplifier with multiple RC (resistor-
capacitor) network stages arranged in a specific configuration to achieve phase shift. The basic
idea is to create a feedback loop where the output signal is fed back to the input with a phase
shift of 180 degrees at the desired frequency, resulting in positive feedback that sustains
oscillations.
In the RC Phase Shift Oscillator, three RC stages are commonly employed to achieve
the required 180-degree phase shift. Each stage contributes a phase shift of approximately 60
degrees, totalling 180 degrees for the three stages. The key to sustained oscillation is the
inherent phase relationship between the input and output signals, ensuring positive feedback at
the desired frequency.
This oscillator is advantageous for its simplicity, low component count, and ease of
design. Moreover, it is known for producing relatively stable and distortion-free sinusoidal
output signals. It finds applications in various electronic systems, including audio frequency
generators and signal generators. The RC Phase Shift Oscillator serves as an essential tool in
the exploration and understanding of oscillatory circuits within the realm of electronics
laboratories.

Design Circuits:

Fig 1. RC Phase shift oscillator circuits

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 Fig 2. RC Phase shift oscillator output

Fig 3. RC Phase shift oscillator waveform

Simulation Procedure:
 Open MULTISIM Software.
 Click=> New => Design1
 Click save as in Desktop and rename the Design1 to your circuit name.
 Go to the Component tool bar and select the components.
 Draw the above circuits using the components that are available in the toolbar and then
save the circuit.

45
  Double-click AC_POWER and set its value above mentioned.
 Click the simulate button or press the F5 key => RUN
 Then double click connected in the output of the Oscilloscope and measure input and
output waveforms.
 Then Change input Frequency and voltage, again measure and print the output
waveforms.

Calculation:
Find t (time period) from the obtained waveform.
Calculate frequency using the formula f=1/T.

Observations:
Frequency of Oscillations = Hz.

Results: The design of RC Phase shift oscillator is simulated and verified.

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