Name - Sandhya Goswami

Subject - Geography
(Dissertation)
Class - M.A. 1ST
SEMESTER
Submitted to-. Dr. Mamta Negi mam
Pt. Badri Dutt Pandey Govt. P.G.
college campus Bageshwar

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

 First of all I am thankful to Almighty God whose blessings have always

guided me. While doing this research work, I have tried my best to
make this work a complete science. I would like to express my respect
 and gratitude to my professor Dr. Mamta Negi Ma’am Department of
Geography Bageshwar with whose guidance and support I completed
my research work within the limited time limit.
 I express my heartfelt thanks to the respected head of our Geography
Department, Dr. Mamta Negi Ma’am, who has provided her full
support and facilities to carry out this work.
 Finally, I would also like to thank my parents with whose blessings and
contribution I completed my research work.
 Sandhya Goswami M. A First semester Roll no-5230020150012

Index

CHAPTER 1. Proposal
• 1.1- Introduction
• 1.2-Objective

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 • 1.3- Methodology
Chapter 2 Geographical Landscape of the Study Area
• 2.1- Position Detail
• 2.2- Historical, cultural and economic background
• 2.3- Soil
• 2.4-Climate and rainfall
• 2.5- Drainage Pattern
Chapter 3 – Presently prevailing agricultural model
• 3.1- Agricultural Pattern in the World
• 3.2 – Agricultural Pattern in India
• 3. 3- Agricultural pattern in Bageshwar
Chapter 4 Cropping Pattern in the Study Area
• 4.1 – Land use in Bageshwar district
• 4.2 – Agricultural production in Bageshwar district
• 4.3-Crop pattern in Bageshwar district
• 4.4 – Reasons for reducing the agriculture in Bageshwar
district. Development from the past.

Introduction

TERMINOLOGY

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• Agriculture is derived from Latin words Ager + Cultura. Ager means
land or field and Cultura means cultivation. Therefore the term
agriculture means cultivation of land. i.e., the science and art of
producing crops and livestock for economic purposes.
• It is also referred as the science of producing crops and livestock from
the natural resources of the earth. The primary aim of agriculture is to
cause the land to produce.
India largely depends on the agriculture sector. Besides, agriculture is
not just a mean of livelihood but a way of living life in India.
Moreover, the government is continuously making efforts to develop
this sector as the whole nation depends on it for food.

For thousands of years, we are practicing agriculture but still, it

remained underdeveloped for a long time. Moreover, after
independence, we use to import food grains from other countries to
fulfill our demand. But, after the green revolution, we become self-
sufficient and started exporting our surplus to other countries.

Besides, these earlier we use to depend completely on monsoon for

the cultivation of food grains but now we have constructed dams,
canals, tube-wells, and pump-sets. Also, we now have a better variety
of fertilizers, pesticides, and seeds, which help us to grow more food
in comparison to what we produce during old times.

Objective

1• To study the aspects of agriculture in Bageshwar district.

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2• Studying the main problems of agriculture and presenting the
suggestions for it.

Methodology

To complete this task, both survey and analytical methods have been
used by the researcher. And secondary data is collected by the
researcher.

Geographical Landscape of the Study Area

Bageshwar is located at 29.49°N 79.45°E[40] in Bageshwar District in

Uttarakhand. It is situated 470 km North-East of the National Capital
New Delhi and 332 km South-East of the State Capital Dehradun. It
lies in the Kumaon division[41] and is situated 153 km North-East of
Nainital, the Headquarters of Kumaon. Bageshwar is situated in a
valley of the Kumaon Hills of the Central Himalaya range.

Climate

The average temperature for the year in Bageshwar is 20.4 °C (68.8 °F).
The warmest month, on average, is June with an average temperature of
27.3 °C (81.2 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded was 38 °C,
recorded on 5 June 2017.[43] The coolest month on average is January,
with an average temperature of 11 °C (51.8 °F).

Position Detail

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Bageshwar district is in the eastern Kumaon region of Uttarakhand, and is
bounded on the west and northwest by Chamoli District, on the northeast
and east by Pithoragarh District, and on the south by Almora District .

Historical background

The district of Bageshwar was established in the year 1997. Prior to this,
Bageshwar was part of Almora district.

The area, that now forms Bageshwar district, was historically known as
Danpur, and was ruled by Katyuris during the 7th century AD. After the
disintegration of the Katyuri kingdom in the 13th century, the area
remained under the rule of Baijnath Katyurs, direct descendants of
Katyuri kings.

Cultural Background

In many places fairs are also held. Pahari (hill dialet) songs are sung to
accompaniment playing of Hurka (small drum like musical instrument)
and people dance. This is an old festival of aboriginals of this place. On
this day fishing is also done. It has been the practice to smoulder the skin
as many times as the number of ‘baras’ are eaten. But this practice has
been reduced now.

Economic Background

The economy of the district is mainly dependent on agriculture. Most of

the lands in the district are use for agricultural purposes. More than half
of its population are engaged in agriculture in order to earn their

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livelihood. The chief agricultural products in the district are rice, pulses,
barley, maize, etc.

Soil

S.N. Soil Type characteristic

1 Sandy loam shallow and moderately shallow , 4.5 – 5.5
2 Sandy loam Deep and shallow, 5.5-6.5 PH

Climate

The climate is temperate, marked by seasonal variations in temperature

but also affected by tropical monsoons. January is the coldest month,
with daily high temperatures averaging below freezing in the north and
near 70 °F (21 °C) in the southeast.

Rainfallll events, particularly an increase in precipitation in the summer

monsoon, can lead to flooding, resulting in soil erosion and crop loss, as

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well as disruption of transport routes and access to markets. Uttarakhand
is highly dependent on rain-fed agriculture, which makes it susceptible to
changes in rainfall.

Drainage Pattern

Drainage system is from north to south-east. Main rivers flowing across

Bageshwar are – Pindar, Saryu/Sarju, Gomati, and Pungar, the latter two
being tributary of Sarju. Many other riverines, locally known as GADHERA
meet these at different places. These three river valleys have made
alluvial landforms locally known as Seras where majority of population is
concentrated. Other villages are settled on hillocks having mild slopes/ or
some flat landforms.

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Presently prevailing agricultural model

As has already been pointed out, agricultural systems are quite open and
are therefore dependent on the natural environment. Soil and climate
have strong effects on the yield, management and emissions of a given
crop. As it is impossible to measure emissions on a large scale, we must
have recourse to modelling. The processes leading to emissions are often
highly complex, as can be shown by the example of nitrous oxide.

Agricultural Pattern in the World

Patterns of agricultural development across the world vary widely due to

factors such as climate, soil quality, technological advancements,
government policies, infrastructure, economic conditions, and cultural
practices. For example, some regions specialize in intensive crop
cultivation, while others focus on livestock farming or agroforestry.
Additionally, factors like population density and urbanization can
influence agricultural practices and land use patterns.

Agricultural pattern in India

There are three crop patterns or seasons in India which are Rabi,
Kharif, and Zaid.
Rabi crops are those which are grown in the winter season like wheat,
gram, mustard, pea, etc.

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 Kharif crops are sown in the rainy season. These include rice,
sugarcane, cotton, etc.
Zaid crops are the summer crops such as cucumber, watermelon, etc.

Agricultural pattern of Bageshwar district

People of the Uttarakhand Himalaya developed a special practice of

agriculture known as Sari system. In this, people cultivate crops on a
2-year rotation. In the first year, during Rabi season, wheat , barley
and lentil are sown. While in the Kharif season, rice and barnyard
millet are cultivated as mixed crop. In the next Kharif season, nearly
12 or more crops are cultivated in the intermixed pattern.

Cropping Pattern in the study area

The cropping patterns include mixed cropping (wheat + mustard +

soybean), crop rotation (rice/wheat + maize , rice + red gram) and sole
cropping (wheat).

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Land use in Bageshwar district

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Pie chart

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14
S.No. Crop Area(hec) Production Productivity
(Qtl) (Qtl/hect)
1 Rice 15439 188590 12.21
2 Wheat 14570 11.42
3 Barley 1270 3650 12
4 Maize 384 58970 9.5
5 Mandua 5382 4630 10
6 Urad 69 490 9.5
7 Masoor 895 7
8 Field pea 8 6
9 Gahat 333 265
10 Rajmash 12 8 7.97
11 Bhatt 694 4340 6.50
12 Mustard 230 6.25
13 Seasmum 11 2 2
15 Soyabean 200 2450 12.25

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Reason for reducing agriculture in Bageshwar district

1- Increasing Population
The rapid increase in population has led to a decline in agriculture
output resulting in food in security hunger and malnutrition.
The growth rate of the population has outpaced the rate of increase
in food production leading to a widening gap between food supply
and demand.
As the population depend on agriculture for their livelihood.
2. Insufficient water supply
Future water demands from increasing population and agriculture
consumption with likely climb between 4 500 and 6200 cubic metre
kilometre per year.

3. Land availability

In areas with high population density there may be limited available land
for agriculture due to urbanization infrastructure development and other
computing land uses this can lead to reduced agriculture land area
limiting the potential for expansion of farm and cultivation.

4. Unavailability of Hyv seeds in backward villages.

High yielding variety seeds are resistant to insects and diseases and have
a high yielding capacity these are of better quality and are of better

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option for surplus and healthy production of crops the high yielding
variety of seeds played an important role in green revolution of India.

5. Lack of proper Irrigation

Irrigation offers moisture required for growth and development

germination and other related functions the frequency rate amount and
time of irrigation are different for different crops and also very according
to the types of soil in seasons.

But lack of improper irrigation facility the crops are not grown so well and
the productivity become very less.

Water is very important resource for all the human beings and for the
plants too.

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