MA Victorian Literature, Art, and Culture 2012-13

EN5830: Aestheticism and Decadence in Nineteenth-

Century Literature and Culture

Autumn Term 2013

 Aestheticism and Decadence in Nineteenth-Century
Literature and Culture

Course Co-ordinator: Dr Ruth Livesey [email protected]

Aims and Objectives

This course aims to provide an advanced understanding of the complex field of
aestheticism in nineteenth-century literature and culture, with particular
attention to concepts of ‘decadence’ and the relationship between the written
word and the visual arts. Classes cover key theoretical and critical interventions
into nineteenth-century aesthetic debates, from Ruskin and Pater through to
Oscar Wilde and selected women writers of the 1880s and 1890s. It enables
students to develop a conceptual model of aestheticism which they should be
able to apply to other elements of the programme and refine through
independent research. The course examines a variety of genres of aestheticism
and requires students to engage in advanced critical reflection on the
significance of such generic differences and the modulation of the meaning of
‘aestheticism’ over the course of the later nineteenth-century. The course also
aims to provide students with a critical awareness of the complex relationship
between aestheticism and nineteenth-century discourses of sexuality,
performance and selfhood.

Learning Outcomes
On completing this course students should be able to:
 demonstrate an advanced knowledge of nineteenth-century aestheticism,
the works of its key theoreticians, and aesthetic poetry and prose in its
cultural context.
 Interpret aesthetic poetry and prose through close reading with some
originality.
 Evaluate critically current research and scholarship on nineteenth-
century aestheticism in relation to theories of hermeneutics; subjectivity;
democracy; sexuality; visual culture.
 Apply such complex knowledge with independent judgment in the
process of research, essay writing and oral presentations

Teaching and Learning Methods: Teaching involves 10 2 hour seminars,

two formal tutorial sessions advising on essay planning. Students will be
expected to offer seminar presentations and will be invited to schedule an
appointment with the tutor concerned to receive feedback on these.

Method of Assessment: The end of course essay is weighted at 17.5% of the

overall degree and is examined by a 5000 to 6,500 word essay, submitted on the
first day of the Summer Term. Coursework essays may be based on seminar
presentations, or be original pieces of work. All students are advised to confirm
essay titles and subjects with the course leader.
Aestheticism and Decadence Seminar Schedule
Spring Term 2012-13

PLEASE NOTE: LINKS TO PRIMARY TEXTS, DIRECTED FURTHER READING, AND DISCUSSION
STRANDS WILL BE POSTED ON THE MOODLE SITE FOR THIS COURSE AND UPDATED AS THE
COURSE PROGRESSES. PLEASE LOGIN AS PART OF YOUR WEEKLY SEMINAR PREPARATION.

1. John Ruskin and the field of vision: Extracts from Modern Painters III
(1856); and ‘The Nature of Gothic’ from The Stones of Venice.

Preparation: please read the following works: John Ruskin, Modern Painters III
(1856) part IV Chapter X ‘Of the Use of Pictures’ [Available from Literature
Online via the College Library MetaLib Portal and easily accessed via the Moodle
page for this week]; John Ruskin, ‘The Nature of Gothic’ from The Stones of Venice
[freely available online and widely reproduced; link provided on this week’s
Moodle site.]

Discussion Topics:
 What is aestheticism? What was the aesthetic movement?
 John Ruskin and the aesthetic movement
 Seeing rightly and the ethics of vision
 Art vs Nature
 Art and labour

2. Walter Pater, Studies in the History of the Renaissance (1873) and

‘aesthetic criticism’;

Preparation: Please read as much as you can of Pater’s Renaissance and pay
particular attention to the Introduction, Conclusion and chapter on Leonardo
Da Vinci. Please also read Pater’s essays ‘The Child in the House’, Macmillan’s
Magazine, 1878 and ‘A Prince of Court Painters’ accessible via Moodle this
week.

Discussion Topics:
 Seeing with Pater
 Background: Pater vs Matthew Arnold on the ‘Function of Criticism’
 Individuality
 Life and Art
 Criticism as art.
3. Aesthetic Poetry: Walter Pater ‘Aesthetic Poetry’ from Appreciations
(1889); Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Morris and Swinburne. Subjectivism
and the ‘palace of art’.

Preparation: please read Pater’s ‘Aesthetic Poetry’ and the following works by
Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Algernon Charles Swinburne and William Morris, widely
available in anthologies of C19th poetry and accessible via direct links from this
week’s Moodle site. Rossetti: ‘Jenny’; Introductory Sonnet, House of Life (‘A
Sonnet is a moment’s monument’); ‘Nuptial Sleep’; ‘The Blessed Damozel’.
Swinburne, Notes on Poems and Reviews (1866), ‘Before the Mirror’,
‘Hermpahroditus’ (both 1866); Morris: ‘The Haystack in the Floods’ (1858);
Introductory, The Earthly Paradise (1868-70). You might also want to read
Christina Rossetti’s ‘In an Artist’s Studio’ which will inform a discussion of
gender and Pre-Raphaelitism.

Discussion Topics:
 Aestheticism and escapism – an historical reaction?
 The Fleshly School controversy
 Pre-Raphaelite poetry and female sexuality.
 Poetry and the visual arts – looking at Rossetti’s double works.
 Form and content/ content as form.

4. William Morris, ‘The Aims of Art’; ‘Useful Work versus Useless Toil’;
News from Nowhere (1890): aestheticism and revolution.

Preparation: Read Morris’s News from Nowhere and the two essays published in
Signs of Change (1888). All will be available by a Moodle link or via
http://www.marxists.org/archive/morris/works/index.htm

Discussion Topics:
 Morris and socialism
 Art and labour
 Craft vs Art
 Pleasure and the body

5. Oscar Wilde, ‘Intentions’; The Picture of Dorian Gray. Debating

Decadence and Individualism

Preparation: Please read the following: The Picture of Dorian Gray (1891);
‘The Critic as Artist’ and ‘The Decay of Lying’. You might also want to read
Wilde’s ‘The Soul of Man under Socialism’ to compare with last week’s
reading. All these works are reprinted in the collected works published as
the portable Oscar Wilde.

Discussion Topics:
 Wilde and Pater
 Wilde and Morris
 The individual against the mass
 Self fashioning and the critic as work of art.
6. READING WEEK

7. Symbolism and Decadence: Wilde, Salome; Arthur Symons, London

Nights; ‘The Decadent Movement in Literature’.

Preparation: please read Wilde’s Salome (1894) and follow the links to view
Aubrey Beardsley’s illustrations to the text provided on Moodle. Extracts
from Symons’s collection of poetry, London Nights (1895) and his essay ‘The
Decadent Movement in Literature’ (1893) will also be available here.

Discussion Topics:
 What is decadence?
 Decadence and degeneration.
 Symbolism and early modernism.
 Decadence and sexual dissidence

8. Aestheticism and Satire: Vernon Lee, Miss Brown (1882); Punch and
Du Maurier.

Preparation: please read Miss Brown and look at the Punch cartoons
reproduced on the Moodle site. Miss Brown has been reprinted in a rather
expensive edition: printouts and photocopies will be available to borrow and
the entire text will be accessible via a link to the Victorian Women Writers
Project online.

Discussion Topics:
 Aestheticism and parody
 Sexual parody
 Vernon Lee and the female dandy
 Sexuality in Miss Brown.

9. Case study: the New Woman and the Dandy. The Yellow Book; George
Egerton, Keynotes (1893).

Preparation: please browse the editions of the Yellow Book provided via the
Moodle link and read as much as you can of Egerton’s collection of short
stories, Keynotes also available online. Make sure you read ‘A Cross Line’ and
‘The Spirit of the White Elf’.

Discussion Topics:
 The New Woman and the decadent.
 New Woman fiction and aesthetic experiment
 The Yellow Book and early modernism.
 Tutorial time: individual meetings to discuss essay topics for this
course.

10.Henry James – against the aesthetic movement? The Portrait of a

Lady (1881).
 Preparation: please read Henry James, The Portrait of a Lady and identify
any affinities you see with aestheticism in the novel.

Discussion Topics:
 Henry James and the aesthetic movement
 Osmond and the aesthete
 James and Pater
 James and early modernism

11.Critical thinking on aestheticism: recent works on aestheticism and

early modernism.

Preparation: extracts from the following influential works that have

shaped recent debates on aestheticism will be made available via Moodle.
Please read two of these and come prepared to discuss how they have
shaped your thinking and reflections on this course:

Freedman, Jonathan, Professions of Taste: Henry James, British Aestheticism, and

Commodity Culture (Stanford: Stanford UP, 1990)

Gagnier, Regenia. The Insatiability of Human Wants: Economics and Aesthetics in

Market Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.

Schaffer, Talia, The Forgotten Female Aesthetes: Literary Culture in Later-

Victorian England (Charlottesville: UP of Virginia, 2000)

NOTE ON BUYING BOOKS:

Most of the required reading for this course will be available to read and/or print
off from our online learning resource, Moodle. But we would recommend that
you buy good scholarly editions of the following, more substantial, works for
ease of reading and for the scholarly apparatus that comes with the text:
Walter Pater, The Renaissance (Penguin or OUP)
William Morris, News from Nowhere (Penguin, OUP or Broadview)
Oscar Wilde, The Portable Oscar Wilde (Viking) or separate editions of Dorian
Gray and the essays from Intentions.
Henry James, The Portrait of a Lady (Penguin or OUP)
The following reader contains a useful selection of primary texts that will help
you contextualise some of the later material on this course:
Schaffer, Talia, ed. Literature and Culture at the Fin de Siècle. New York: Pearson
Longman, 2007.
In addition to this general bibliography, links to directed and required
further reading for each seminar will be on the Moodle site for this course.

Key Bibliography

Abdy, Jane & Charlotte Gere, The Souls: An Elite in English Society, Sidgwick &
Jackson, 1984.

Adburgham, Alison. Shops and Shopping 1800-1914, Where, and in What Manner
the Well-dressed Englishwoman bought her Clothes, Allen & Unwin, 1967

Agosta, Lucien L, ‘Animate Images: The Later Poem–Paintings of Dante Gabriel Rossetti’,
in Texas Studies in Language and Literature 23 (1981), pp.78–101.

Ainsworth, Maryan Wyn, Dante Gabriel Rossetti and the Double Work of Art, (New Haven:
Yale U. Art Gallery, 1976)

Armstrong, Isobel, Victorian Poetry: Poetry, Poetics and Politics (London:

Routledge 1993)

Aslin, Elizabeth. The Aesthetic Movement, Elek Books, 1981

Bass, Eben B, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Poet and Painter, (New York: Lang, 1990)

Bell-Villada, Gene, Art for Art’s Sake and Literary Life: How Politics and Markets
Helped Shape the Ideology and Culture of Aestheticism, 1790-1990 (Lincoln:
U of Nebraska P, 1996)

Bernheimer, Charles, T. Jefferson Kline, and Naomi Schor, Decadent Subjects : The
Idea of Decadence in Art, Literature, Philosophy, and Culture of the Fin De
Siècle in Europe. Parallax. (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University
Press, 2002)

Blanchard, Mary Warner, Oscar Wilde's America: Counterculture in the Gilded Age
(New Haven, CT: Yale UP, 1998)

Bullen, J. B, The Pre–Raphaelite Body: Fear and Desire in Painting, Poetry, and Criticism,
(Oxford: Clarendon; New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.)

Bullen, J.B., The Pre-Raphaelite Body: Fear and Desire in Painting, Poetry and
Criticism (OUP, 1998)

Crane, Lucy (wife of the artist, Walter), ‘Dress as an art form’ [in] Bernard Denvir
(ed.) The Late Victorians, Art, Design, and Society 1852-1910, Longman, 1986

Danson, Lawrence, Wilde’s Intentions (Oxford 1997)

Day, Lewis F. ‘Taste and Ornamentation [in] Bernard Denvir (ed.) The Late
Victorians, Art, Design, and Society 1852-1910, Longman, 1986.
Dellamora, Richard, ed. Victorian Sexual Dissidence (Chicago: U of Chicago P,
1999.

Denisoff, Dennis, Aestheticism and Sexual Parody, 1840-1940 (Cambridge:

Cambridge UP, 2001)

Dowling, Linda, The Vulgarization of Art: The Victorians and Aesthetic Democracy
(Charlottesville: UP of Virginia, 1996)

Elizabeth K. Helsinger, Poetry and the Pre-Raphaelite Arts: Dante Gabriel Rossetti
and William Morris, (New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 2008)

Eltis, Sos, Revising Wilde: Society and Subversion in the Plays of Oscar Wilde
(Clarendon, 1996)

Foster, Edward, ed., Decadents, Symbolists, & Æsthetes in America: Fin-De-Siècle

American Poetry: An Anthology (Jersey City, N.J.: Talisman House, 2000)

Freedman, Jonathan, Professions of Taste: Henry James, British Aestheticism, and

Commodity Culture (Stanford: Stanford UP, 1990)

Fricke, Douglas C., ‘Swinburne and the Plastic Arts: Poems and Ballads I (1866)’
in Pre-Raphaelite Review, 1 (1977), pp.57-79.

Gagnier, Regenia, Idylls of the Marketplace: Oscar Wilde and the Victorian Public
(Stanford UP, 1986)

Gagnier, Regenia. The Insatiability of Human Wants: Economics and Aesthetics in

Market Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.

Golden, Catherine. “Dante Gabriel Rossetti’s Two–Sided Art.”in Victorian Poetry 26

(Winter 1988), pp.395–402.

Hamilton, Walter. The Aesthetic Movement, 1882

Harris, Jennifer. ‘Mediaeval Dress in Pre-Raphaelite Painting’ [in] Will. Morris &
the Middle-Ages (Ex. Cat.), Manchester U.P., 1984.

Harrison, Antony H., ‘The Aesthetics of Androgyny in Swinburne’s Early Poetry’,

Tennessee Studies in Literature, 23 (1978), pp.87-99.

Hollander, John, The Gazer's Spirit: Poems Speaking to Silent Works of Art, (Chicago: U. of
Chicago Press, 1995). [Essays on Barrett Browning and Hiram Powers, Rossetti’s
Sonnets for Pictures and Swinburne’s ‘Before the Mirror’]

Lambourne, Lionel, The Aesthetic Movement London: Phaidon, 1996

Ledger, Sally, and Roger Luckhurst, eds. The Fin-De-Siècle: A Reader in Cultural
History, c.1880-1900 (Oxford: Oxford UP, 2000).
Ledger, Sally, and Scott McCracken ed. Cultural Politics at the Fin de Siecle (CUP,
1995)

Ledger, Sally. The New Woman: Fiction and Feminism at the Fin de Siecle
(Manchester UP, 1997)

Leighton, A. ‘Ghosts, Aestheticism, and "Vernon Lee"’, Victorian Literature and

Culture 28.1 (2000): 1-14

Livesey, R. Socialism, Sex, and the Culture of Aestheticism in Britain, 1880-1914

(OUP, 2007)

Loesberg, J., ‘Fin-De-Siecle Work on Victorian Aestheticism’, Victorian Literature

and Culture 29.2 (2001): 521-534.

MacLeod, Kirsten, Fictions of British Decadence: High Art, Popular Writing and the
Fin De Siècle. (London: Palgrave, 2006)

Maltz, Diana, British Aestheticism and the Urban Working Classes, 1870-1900:
Beauty for the People (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2006)

Marsh, Jan, Dante Gabriel Rossetti: Painter and Poet, (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson,
1999.)

Maxwell, Catherine, Swinburne (Tavistock: Northcote House, 2006).

McGann, Jerome J., Swinburne: An Experiment in Criticism, (Chicago and London:
Chicago University Press, 1972).

McGann, Jerome, Dante Gabriel Rossetti and the Game that Must be Lost (UP
Virginia, 2000)

Miller, J. Hillis, “The Mirror's Secret: Dante Gabriel Rossetti's Double Work of Art” in
Victorian Poetry 29 (1991), pp.333–349.

Miller, Jane M., ‘Some Versions of Pygmalion’ in Charles Martindale ed., Ovid
Renewed: Ovidian Influences on Literature and Art from the Middle Ages to the
Twentieth Century, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988) pp.205-214

Morgan, Thaїs E. Morgan ‘Perverse Male Bodies: Simeon Solomon and Algernon
Charles Swinburne’ in Peter Horne and Reina Lewis (eds.), Outlooks: Lesbian and
Gay Sexualities and Visual Cultures (London: Routledge, 1996) pp.61-85.

Morris, Barbara. Liberty Design, 1874-1914, Pyramid Books, 1989

Peters, Robert, The Crowns of Apollo: Swinburne’s Principles of Literature and Art,
(Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1965).

Pick, Daniel, Faces of Degeneration: A European Disorder (CUP, 1989)

Prettejohn, Elizabeth, Beauty and Art: 1750-2000, (Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 2005).

Richardson, Angelique and Chris Willis, ed., The New Woman in Fiction and in
Fact : Fin-De-Siecle Feminisms (Palgrave/St Martin's, 2001)

Schaffer, Talia, and Kathy Alexis Psomiades, Women and British Aestheticism
(Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1999)

Schaffer, Talia, The Forgotten Female Aesthetes: Literary Culture in Later-

Victorian England (Charlottesville: UP of Virginia, 2000)

Schonfield, Zuzanna. ‘Miss Marshall and the Cimabue Browns’, Costume, no. 13,
1979.

Showalter, Elaine, Sexual Anarchy: Gender and Culture at the Fin De Siècle (New
York: Viking, 1990)

Sinfield, Alan, The Wilde Century: Effeminacy, Oscar Wilde and the Queer Moment
(Cassell, 1994)

Smith, Lindsay, Victorian Photography, Painting and Poetry (CUP, 1995)

Spencer, Robin, ‘Whistler, Swinburne and Art for Art’s Sake’ in Elizabeth
Prettejohn ed., After the Pre-Raphaelites: Art and Aestheticism in Victorian
England (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999), pp.59-89.

Steinberg, Michael, ‘Broken Vessels: Aestheticism and Modernity in Henry James

and Walter Benjamin’, Rediscovering History: Culture, Politics, and the
Psyche. ed. Michael S. Roth (Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1994), 202-23.

Varty, Anne. A Preface to Oscar Wilde (Pearson, 1998)

Willet Cunnington, Handbook of English Costume in the Nineteenth Century,

Faber, 1966

Willet Cunnington, English Women’s Clothing in the Nineteenth Century, New

York, Dover, 1990
Web Resources
In addition to the formal Moodle online learning resource there will be a course
blog, on which will be posted material both specifically pertaining to this course,
and more generally concerning the Victorian literature and culture. Course
Director will tell you about this at the start of tem, and encourage you both to
check it out, and to contribute to the discussion.

Victorian Resources Online

http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/%7Ebpn2f/victorian/bibliog.html
Invaluable array of links.

The Victorian Web

http://www.victorianweb.org/
The most used Victorian resource; George Landow’s superb collection of an
enormous amount of material

Rossetti archive
http://www.rossettiarchive.org/
Superb hypertext resource for all things Rossetti

Victorian Women Writers Project

http://www.indiana.edu/~letrs/vwwp/
Indiana University’s project on a good spread of women writers including
Vernon Lee.

Monuments and Dust: the Culture of Victorian London

http://www.iath.virginia.edu/mhc/
Stylish and useful site on all sorts of literary, visual, architectural and historical
aspects of Victorian London.

1859 Map of London

http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/1859map/map1859.html
Superb clickable, zoomable, printable map of late 1850s London
The 1890s Online http://www.ryerson.ca/1890s/index.html
Free scholarly digital resources edited by two leading Canadian scholars of this
period, Lorraine Janzen Kooistra and Dennis Denisoff. Contains full digital copy
of the Yellow Book. Search tools and other apparatus yet to be updated and the
site seems incomplete.

Swinburne Archive
http://swinburnearchive.indiana.edu/swinburne/www/swinburne/
Though still under construction, this promises on completion to be a fully
searchable digital archive of the life and works of A.C. Swinburne.

Morris Online Editions http://morrisedition.lib.uiowa.edu/

The Morris Online editions project contains fully searchable versions of various
editions of Morris’s poetry and prose with links to selected critical works on each
text.

Birmingham Museums and Art Gallery Online Resource

http://www.preraphaelites.org/
Exquisite and scholarly free electronic resource centring on the extensive
collection of Pre-Raphaelite material in the Birmingham Museums and Art
Gallery.

American Decadence http://www.crcstudio.org/americandecadence/index.php

A well organised, freely accessible site, featuring examples of American decedent
literature and little magazines, 1890-1920: useful for contrasting with British
decadent material of the same era.

Modernist Journals Project http://dl.lib.brown.edu/mjp/journals.html

The Brown Modernist Journals Project contains digital, fully searchable versions
of several early twentieth century journals, including the New Age and Dana with
debts to late nineteenth century aestheticism.