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Class

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kumaruxd.cw
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
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Python Classes and

Objects

Python Classes and Objects are the two main aspects of object-
oriented programming (OOPs).

A class is the blueprint from which individual objects are


created. In the real world, for example, there may be thousands
of cars in existence, all of the same make and model.

Each car was built from the same set of blueprints and therefore
contains the same components. In object-oriented terms, we say
that your car is an instance (object) of the class Car.

Did you know?


In Python, everything is an object – integers, strings, lists,
functions, even classes themselves.
However, Python hides the object machinery with the help
of special syntax.
For example, when you type num = 42, Python actually
creates a new object of type integer with the value 42, and
assign its reference to the name num.

OOPs in Python is a programming approach that focuses on using objects


and classes as same as other general programming languages. The objects
can be any real-world things. Python allows developers to develop
applications using the OOPs approach with the major focus on code
reusability. It is very easy to create classes and objects in Python.
What is a Class?

Class example Object Example

A Class in Python is a logical grouping of data and functions. It gives the


freedom to create data structures that contains arbitrary content and hence
easily accessible.

For example, for any bank employee who want to fetch the customer details
online would go to customer class, where all its attributes like transaction
details, withdrawal and deposit details, outstanding debt, etc. would be listed
out.

To create your own custom object in Python, you first need to


define a class, using the keyword class.

Suppose you want to create objects to represent information


about cars. Each object will represent a single car. First you
need to define a class called Car.

Here’s the simplest possible class (an empty one):

class Car:
pass

Here the pass statement is used to indicate that this class is


empty.

 How to define Python classes


 How Inheritance works
 Python Constructors
How to define Python classes
Step 1) In Python, classes are defined by the "Class" keyword

class myClass():

Step 2) Inside classes, you can define functions or methods that are part of
this class

def method1 (self):


print ("Python")
def method2 (self,someString):
print "Software Testing:" + someString

 Here we have defined method1 that prints "Python."


 Another method we have defined is method2 that prints "Software
Testing"+ SomeString. SomeString is the variable supplied by the
calling method

Step 3) Everything in a class is indented, just like the code in the function,
loop, if statement, etc. Anything not indented is not in the class

Class myClass():
Def method1(self):
Print(‘Language’)
Def method2(self, someString):
Print(‘Python Developer’ + someString)

NOTE: About using "self" in Python

 The self-argument refers to the object itself. Hence the use of the word
self. So inside this method, self will refer to the specific instance of this
object that's being operated on.
 Self is the name preferred by convention by Pythons to indicate the first
parameter of instance methods in Python. It is part of the Python syntax
to access members of objects
Step 4) To make an object of the class

c = myClass()
Step 5) To call a method in a class

c.method1()
c.method2(" Testing is fun")

 Notice that when we call the method1 or method2, we don't have to


supply the self-keyword. That's automatically handled for us by the
Python runtime.
 Python runtime will pass "self" value when you call an instance method
on in instance, whether you provide it deliberately or not
 You just have to care about the non-self arguments

Step 6) Here is the complete code

# Example file for working with classes


class myClass():
def method1(self):
print("Python")

def method2(self, someString):


print("Python Developer:" + someString)

def main():
# exercise the class methods
c = myClass ()
c.method1()
c.method2(" Testing is fun")

if __name__== "__main__":
main()
How Inheritance works
Inheritance is a feature used in object-oriented programming; it refers to
defining a new class with less or no modification to an existing class. The new
class is called derived class and from one which it inherits is called the base.
Python supports inheritance; it also supports multiple inheritances. A class
can inherit attributes and behavior methods from another class called
subclass or heir class.

Python Inheritance Syntax

class DerivedClass(BaseClass):
body_of_derived_class

Step 1) Run the following code

# Example file for working with classes


class myClass():
def method1(self):
print("Python")

class childClass(myClass):
#def method1(self):
#myClass.method1(self);
#print ("childClass Method1")

def method2(self):
print("childClass method2")

def main():
# exercise the class methods
c2 = childClass()
c2.method1()
#c2.method2()

if __name__== "__main__":
main()

Notice that the in childClass, method1 is not defined but it is derived from the
parent myClass. The output is "Python."

Step 2) Uncomment Line # 8 & 10. Run the code

Now, the method 1 is defined in the childClass and output "childClass


Method1" is correctly shown.

Step 3) Uncomment Line #9. Run the code

You can call a method of the parent class using the syntax

ParentClassName.MethodName(self)

In our case, we call, myClass.method1(self) and Python is printed as


expected

Step 4) Uncomment Line #19. Run the code.

Method 2 of the child class is called and "childClass method2" is printed as


expected.

Python Constructors
A constructor is a class function that instantiates an object to predefined
values.
It begins with a double underscore (_). It __init__() method

In below example we are taking name of the user using constructor.

class User:
name = ""

def __init__(self, name):


self.name = name

def sayHello(self):
print("Welcome to Python, " + self.name)

User1 = User("Students")
User1.sayHello()

Output will be:

Welcome to Python, Students

Python 2 Example

Summary:
"Class" is a logical grouping of functions and data. Python class provides all
the standard features of Object Oriented Programming.

 Class inheritance mechanism


 A derived class that override any method of its base class
 A method can call the method of a base class with the same name
 Python Classes are defined by keyword "class" itself
 Inside classes, you can define functions or methods that are part of the
class
 Everything in a class is indented, just like the code in the function, loop,
if statement, etc.
 The self argument in Python refers to the object itself. Self is the name
preferred by convention by Pythons to indicate the first parameter of
instance methods in Python
 Python runtime will pass "self" value automatically when you call an
instance method on in instance, whether you provide it deliberately or
not
 In Python, a class can inherit attributes and behavior methods from
another class called subclass or heir class.

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