American Poetry Handnotes by Biplob Prodhan - EDNOUB Foundation

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Emily Dikinson
Emily Dickinson (1830-1886) was an American poet who is widely regarded as one of
the most original and influential poets of the 19th century. She was born in Amherst,
Massachusetts, and lived most of her life in seclusion, rarely leaving her family's home.
During her lifetime, only a handful of her poems were published, and she was
relatively unknown as a poet.

After her death, Dickinson's sister Lavinia discovered hundreds of her poems, and over
the years, her work has become increasingly celebrated for its innovation and its
exploration of themes such as death, love, nature, and the self. Dickinson's poetry is
characterized by its spare, elliptical style, its use of slant rhyme and unconventional
capitalization and punctuation, and its exploration of the interior landscape of the
human psyche.

Some of her most famous poems include "Because I could not stop for Death," "I heard a
Fly buzz – when I died," "Hope is the thing with feathers," and "Much Madness is
divinest Sense." Today, Dickinson is considered one of the most important poets in the
American literary canon.

01.What are the distinctive features of the poetic diction of Emily

Dickinson?
Emily Dickinson is one of the most influential American poets of the 19th century,
known for her distinctive style of poetic diction. Her poetry is characterized by its
complex use of language, unconventional punctuation, and imaginative metaphors,
among other features. In this essay, we will explore some of the distinctive features of
Emily Dickinson's poetic diction.

One of the most notable features of Dickinson's poetry is her use of dashes, which
interrupt the flow of the sentence and create a sense of hesitation or uncertainty. This
use of dashes is often seen as a reflection of Dickinson's own personality, which was
known for being reclusive and introverted. In her poetry, the dashes are used to create a
sense of intimacy and directness, as if the reader is being spoken to directly.

Another distinctive feature of Dickinson's poetry is her use of unconventional

capitalization, such as capitalizing words in the middle of sentences or leaving them

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uncapitalized altogether. This creates a sense of spontaneity and playfulness, as well as

highlighting the importance of certain words or phrases.

Dickinson's use of imagery is also noteworthy. She often employs metaphors and
similes that are unexpected or unusual, such as comparing hope to a bird in one of her
most famous poems. This use of imagery creates a sense of depth and complexity, as
well as highlighting the beauty and mystery of the natural world.

In addition to her use of language, Dickinson's poetry is also characterized by its focus
on themes of death, love, and spirituality. She frequently explores these themes through
the lens of personal experience, drawing on her own life and emotions to create a sense
of intimacy and vulnerability in her poetry.

Overall, Emily Dickinson's poetic diction is marked by its unconventional use of

language, imagery, and themes. Her poetry challenges traditional notions of what
poetry should be, and continues to inspire and influence poets to this day.

02.Discuss the major themes in Dickinson’s poems you have read

Emily Dickinson is known for her unconventional style and thought-provoking poetry.
Her works often revolve around themes of death, nature, love, and spirituality. Here are
some major themes in three of her famous poems.

"Wild Nights - Wild Nights!"

This poem is an expression of intense passion and desire. Dickinson portrays love as a
powerful force that can transcend time and space. The theme of love is evident
throughout the poem, as the speaker yearns for a reunion with her beloved. The phrase
"Wild Nights" suggests the untamed and unbridled nature of their love, while the
repetition of the phrase emphasizes the intensity of her feelings. The use of imagery
such as "sea" and "home port" creates a sense of distance and longing, and the poem
ends on a hopeful note with the speaker expressing confidence that they will meet
again. Overall, the theme of love as a powerful force that transcends time and space is
central to this poem.

"I felt a Funeral, in my Brain"

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This poem explores the theme of mental anguish and the breakdown of the mind.
Dickinson uses metaphorical language to describe the experience of a mental
breakdown as a funeral. The repetition of the phrase "I felt a Funeral, in my Brain"
emphasizes the intense and overwhelming nature of this experience. The use of imagery
such as "mourners" and "beating -trowing" further highlights the sense of loss and grief
that the speaker is experiencing. The theme of mental illness and the fragility of the
human mind is central to this poem.

"I taste a liquor never brewed"

This poem celebrates the beauty of nature and the joy that can be found in simple
things. Dickinson uses the metaphor of a "liquor never brewed" to describe the
intoxicating effect of nature on the speaker. The theme of nature and its power to
inspire and uplift is evident throughout the poem. The use of imagery such as "purple
Host" and "Jugs" creates a sense of abundance and richness, while the repetition of the
phrase "Inebriate of air" emphasizes the joy and euphoria that the speaker is
experiencing. Overall, the theme of nature and its ability to inspire and uplift is central
to this poem.

In conclusion, Emily Dickinson's poetry is characterized by its depth and complexity.

Her works explore themes of love, death, nature, and spirituality, often using
metaphorical language to convey her ideas. Her unique style and unconventional
approach to poetry have made her one of the most celebrated poets in American
literature.

03.Discuss Emily Dickinson as a poet of nature

Emily Dickinson is widely considered as one of the most accomplished American poets
of the 19th century. Her poems often explore themes of life, death, faith, and love,
among others. Another recurrent theme in her works is nature. Dickinson had a
profound appreciation for the natural world and often used it as a source of inspiration
in her poetry. This essay will examine Emily Dickinson as a poet of nature, exploring
her treatment of the subject and how she used it to convey her message.

To begin with, Dickinson's poems about nature are characterized by vivid and precise
descriptions that reflect her deep understanding and observation of the natural world.
She often focused on small, seemingly insignificant aspects of nature, such as a bird's
song, a flower's petals, or a bee's flight, which she then elevated into symbols of larger

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ideas. In her poem "A Bird came down the Walk," for example, Dickinson describes the
simple act of a bird eating a worm, which becomes a metaphor for the cycle of life and
death. The bird is portrayed as a predator, but also as a creature of beauty and grace,
highlighting the paradoxical nature of existence.

To begin with, Dickinson's poems about nature are characterized by vivid and precise
descriptions that reflect her deep understanding and observation of the natural world.
She often focused on small, seemingly insignificant aspects of nature, such as a bird's
song, a flower's petals, or a bee's flight, which she then elevated into symbols of larger
ideas. In her poem "A Bird came down the Walk," for example, Dickinson describes the
simple act of a bird eating a worm, which becomes a metaphor for the cycle of life and
death. The bird is portrayed as a predator, but also as a creature of beauty and grace,
highlighting the paradoxical nature of existence.

To begin with, Dickinson's poems about nature are characterized by vivid and precise
descriptions that reflect her deep understanding and observation of the natural world.
She often focused on small, seemingly insignificant aspects of nature, such as a bird's
song, a flower's petals, or a bee's flight, which she then elevated into symbols of larger
ideas. In her poem "A Bird came down the Walk," for example, Dickinson describes the
simple act of a bird eating a worm, which becomes a metaphor for the cycle of life and
death. The bird is portrayed as a predator, but also as a creature of beauty and grace,
highlighting the paradoxical nature of existence.

Similarly, Dickinson's poems often highlight the beauty and wonder of nature, but they
also underscore its darker, more mysterious aspects. She explores the idea of nature as a
force that is both nurturing and destructive, simultaneously creating and destroying
life. In her poem "I taste a liquor never brewed," Dickinson describes the intoxicating
effect of nature on the speaker's senses, but also its potential for violence and chaos. She
writes, "Inebriate of air – am I – / And Debauchee of Dew – / Reeling – thro' endless
summer days – / From inns of molten Blue."

Moreover, Dickinson's treatment of nature is closely linked to her religious and

philosophical beliefs. For her, nature is a manifestation of God's divine creation and a
source of spiritual insight. She often used natural imagery to convey complex
theological ideas and to explore the relationship between God, humanity, and the
natural world. In her poem "Nature rarer uses Yellow," Dickinson writes, "Nature rarer
uses Yellow / Than another Hue / Saves she all of that for Sunsets – / Prodigal of

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Blue." Here, the colors of nature are seen as symbols of God's generosity and
abundance, as well as his mystery and inscrutability.

In addition, Dickinson's poems about nature often challenge conventional ideas about
gender roles and social norms. She presents nature as a place of freedom and
possibility, where individuals can break free from the constraints of society and
discover their true selves. In her poem "I'm Nobody! Who are you?" Dickinson
compares herself to a frog, which she describes as living in a "damp" and "cool"
environment, far removed from the "public" and "polite" world of humans. This image
highlights the idea of nature as a refuge for the marginalized and the unconventional,
where they can find a sense of belonging and identity.

In conclusion, Emily Dickinson's treatment of nature in her poetry is complex and

multifaceted. She uses vivid and precise descriptions to capture the beauty and mystery
of the natural world, while also exploring its darker and more mysterious aspects. Her
use of natural imagery is closely linked to her religious and philosophical beliefs, and
she often uses it to convey complex theological ideas. Finally, Dickinson's poems about
nature challenge conventional ideas about gender roles and social norms, presenting
nature as a place of freedom and possibility. Overall, Dickinson's poetry about nature
remains a testament to her talent and vision as a poet, as well as her deep appreciation
for the natural world.

04.Discuss Emily Dickinson’s treatment of the theme of immortality.

Emily Dickinson, one of America's most celebrated poets, frequently explored the
theme of immortality in her works. Throughout her poetry, Dickinson grapples with the
idea of what happens after death, and how one can achieve lasting impact beyond the
bounds of life. In this essay, I will discuss Dickinson's treatment of immortality in her
poetry.

In many of her poems, Dickinson approaches the concept of immortality through the
lens of nature. She often depicts the natural world as a means of achieving a sort of
spiritual or eternal existence. For example, in "Because I could not stop for Death,"
Dickinson portrays death as a carriage ride through various stages of life, culminating
in the "house" of immortality. Similarly, in "A Bird Came Down the Walk," Dickinson
describes the bird's flight as a metaphor for the soul's journey after death.

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Dickinson's poetry also frequently explores the idea of the afterlife. She often depicts the
afterlife as a place of rest or peace, as in "I heard a Fly buzz - when I died," in which the
speaker experiences a sense of calm after the chaos of death. In other poems, Dickinson
suggests that the afterlife may not be a static or unchanging place, but rather one that is
shaped by individual experiences and choices. For example, in "The Chariot," the
speaker suggests that one's actions in life determine the course of one's journey into the
afterlife.

Another way in which Dickinson treats the theme of immortality in her poetry is
through her exploration of the power of language and art. In many of her poems, she
suggests that through the creation of art, one can achieve a form of immortality. For
example, in "There is no frigate like a book," Dickinson compares a book to a ship that
can transport the reader to new realms of thought and emotion. Similarly, in "This is my
letter to the World," she suggests that her poetry will live on after her death, carrying
her voice and thoughts to future generations.

Finally, Dickinson's treatment of the theme of immortality is often characterized by a

sense of ambiguity and uncertainty. She frequently depicts death and the afterlife as
mysterious and unknowable, and suggests that immortality may be elusive or
impossible to achieve. In "I heard a Fly buzz - when I died," for example, the speaker's
final moments are characterized by confusion and uncertainty, as she struggles to
understand what is happening to her. Similarly, in "Because I could not stop for Death,"
the speaker's journey towards immortality is depicted as a slow and uncertain process,
with no clear end in sight.

In conclusion, Emily Dickinson's treatment of the theme of immortality in her poetry is

characterized by a deep and complex exploration of the nature of life, death, and the
afterlife. Through her depictions of nature, the afterlife, language, and art, Dickinson
suggests that achieving immortality is a multifaceted and elusive process, one that is
shaped by individual experiences and choices. Ultimately, her poetry invites readers to
ponder their own mortality and the legacy they will leave behind, while embracing the
mystery and uncertainty of the journey towards immortality.

05.Critically analyze the poem ‘I Felt a Funeral in My Brain’ by Emily

Dickinson?
Emily Dickinson's poem "I Felt a Funeral in My Brain" is a powerful exploration of the
internal struggle of an individual going through an intense emotional turmoil. The
poem is structured around a metaphor of a funeral, which is used to convey the

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experience of a breakdown of the self, as well as the process of mourning and recovery.

The poem consists of six quatrains, each with a consistent rhyme scheme of abcb. The
use of this traditional form adds to the poem's sense of structure and order, which
contrasts with the chaos and confusion that the speaker experiences.

The first stanza sets the scene, as the speaker describes feeling as if they are attending
their own funeral. The use of the word "brain" in the title and the first line creates a
sense of internal struggle, as if the speaker is battling their own mind. The repetition of
"mourners to and fro" in lines two and three creates a sense of movement and
confusion, as if the speaker is overwhelmed by the activity around them.

The second stanza introduces the idea of a drum beating in the speaker's mind. This is a
powerful image that conveys the sense of an internal struggle. The use of the word
"beating" creates a sense of urgency, as if the speaker is unable to escape from the
drum's relentless rhythm. The third stanza introduces the idea of space and
confinement. The speaker describes feeling as if they are in a box, with the mourners
passing by outside. The use of the word "plank" in line nine reinforces this sense of
confinement, as it creates an image of a wooden coffin. The fourth stanza introduces the
idea of a storm. The speaker describes feeling as if there is a storm inside their mind,
with thunder and lightning. This is a powerful metaphor for the intensity of the
speaker's emotions. The use of the word "space" in line thirteen creates a sense of
distance and disconnection, as if the speaker is separated from the world around them.

The fifth stanza introduces the idea of a silence. The speaker describes feeling as if they
are in a silent room, with only the sound of a creaking floorboard. This creates a sense
of isolation and loneliness, as if the speaker is alone with their thoughts and feelings.

The final stanza brings the poem to a close, as the speaker describes the moment when
they come back to themselves. The use of the word "firmament" in line nineteen creates
an image of the sky, which contrasts with the confinement of the earlier stanzas. The
repetition of the word "finished" in lines twenty and twenty-one creates a sense of
resolution and closure.

Overall, "I Felt a Funeral in My Brain" is a powerful and complex poem that explores
the internal struggle of an individual going through an intense emotional turmoil. The
use of metaphor and imagery creates a vivid picture of the speaker's experience, while
the use of a traditional form adds to the poem's sense of structure and order. Through
the use of these techniques, Dickinson conveys the intensity of the speaker's emotions,
as well as the process of mourning and recovery that follows.

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Walt Whitman
Walt Whitman is widely regarded as one of the most important and influential poets in
American literature. He was a humanist, a democratic optimist, and a celebrant of the
beauty and vitality of the natural world.

Two of his most famous poems are "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd" and "O
Captain! My Captain!" Both of these poems were written in response to the death of
President Abraham Lincoln.

"When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd" is a long elegy that mourns the death of
Lincoln and reflects on the larger themes of death, grief, and loss. The poem is notable
for its use of symbolism, particularly the repeated image of the lilac, which represents
both mourning and rebirth. The poem also reflects Whitman's belief in the
transcendence of the human spirit and the continuity of life.

"O Captain! My Captain!" is a shorter, more celebratory poem that also mourns
Lincoln's death. The poem uses the metaphor of a ship's captain to represent Lincoln
and celebrates his leadership during a time of crisis. The poem is notable for its use of
repetition and its strong emotional appeal.

Both of these poems are considered masterpieces of American poetry and are often
studied in literature classes. They represent some of Whitman's most profound and
heartfelt writing and continue to resonate with readers today.

06.What ideas of Whitman’s use of imagery do you get from a study of

his poems?
Walt Whitman, a prominent American poet, is known for his innovative use of
language, free verse, and unconventional themes. He was a great admirer of nature and
used vivid and detailed imagery in his poems to describe the beauty and wonder of the
natural world. Two of his most famous poems, "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard
Bloom'd" and "O Captain! My Captain!", showcase his skillful use of imagery.

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"When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd" is a poem that Whitman wrote in memory
of Abraham Lincoln, who had just been assassinated. The poem is a lament for the loss
of the president and the suffering that the nation experienced as a result of his death.
The title of the poem refers to the lilacs that were blooming in the dooryard when
Lincoln's funeral procession passed by.

In the poem, Whitman uses the imagery of nature to express his grief and sorrow. He
describes the lilacs as "the mystic, trumpeting, and mournful bugles of eternity" and
uses them as a metaphor for Lincoln's death. The imagery of the lilacs is powerful
because it suggests the beauty and fragility of life, as well as the inevitability of death.
Whitman also uses other natural images, such as the starry night sky, the dark woods,
and the singing of birds, to create a sense of mourning and loss.

Another famous poem by Whitman, "O Captain! My Captain!", was also written in
memory of Abraham Lincoln. This poem is a more conventional elegy, with a more
structured rhyme scheme and meter than "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd".
The poem describes the nation's grief over the loss of Lincoln and the hope that his
legacy will endure.

In "O Captain! My Captain!", Whitman uses the imagery of the ship and the sea to
express his grief and his sense of loss. The captain of the ship is a metaphor for Lincoln,
and the ship itself represents the United States. The imagery of the ship and the sea
creates a sense of motion and movement, as if the nation is sailing towards a new future
without Lincoln. The repetition of the phrase "fallen cold and dead" emphasizes the
finality of Lincoln's death and the sense of loss that the nation feels.

Overall, Whitman's use of imagery in these two poems is powerful and evocative. He
uses the natural world to express complex emotions and ideas, creating a sense of
connection between the human experience and the wider universe. His imagery is both
beautiful and haunting, capturing the beauty and fragility of life, as well as the
inevitability of death. Through his use of imagery, Whitman creates a sense of unity and
shared experience, reminding us that we are all part of a larger whole.

07.Write a note on Whitman as a mystic poet with special reference to his

poem ‘’When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomed’’.
Walt Whitman, the American poet, is considered by many to be a mystic poet, and his
poem "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomed" is a prime example of his mysticism.
Whitman's poetry reflects his deep spiritual beliefs, which were heavily influenced by
Eastern philosophy and the mystical traditions of various world religions. In this note,

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we will explore Whitman's mysticism and the mystical themes in "When Lilacs Last in
the Dooryard Bloomed."

Whitman's mysticism is rooted in his belief in the interconnectedness of all things. He

saw the world as a vast, interconnected web of life, where everything is linked to
everything else. This idea is central to many mystical traditions, which seek to
transcend the ego and attain a higher level of consciousness. Whitman's poetry reflects
this belief, as he often writes about the unity of all things and the interdependence of
human beings and the natural world.

In "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomed," Whitman explores the theme of death
and mourning in the aftermath of the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln. The
poem is a meditation on loss and grief, but it is also a celebration of life and the natural
world. The lilacs in the dooryard symbolize the cycle of life and death, as they bloom
and fade away each year. Whitman uses the lilacs to connect the human experience of
loss to the larger cycles of nature.

The poem is full of mystical imagery and symbolism. Whitman often uses the image of
the starry night sky to evoke a sense of transcendence and cosmic unity. He writes, "O
powerful western fallen star! O shades of night—O moody, tearful night! O great star
disappeared—O the black murk that hides the star!" Here, the star symbolizes the soul
of Lincoln, which has passed from the physical realm into the cosmic realm. The night
sky represents the vastness of the universe and the eternal nature of the soul.

Whitman also uses the image of the bird to represent the soul's journey after death. The
bird in the poem is a thrush, which is a symbol of transformation and renewal in many
mystical traditions. Whitman writes, "And the song of the bleeding throat, / And the
sweet lilac-buds, in the dooryard, / The delicate spirits of the air, / The exquisite smells
of the earth and sea." Here, the bird's song represents the soul's journey through the
afterlife, as it moves from one realm to another.

Another key theme in the poem is the idea of sacrifice. Whitman sees Lincoln's death as
a sacrifice for the greater good, and he celebrates this sacrifice in the poem. He writes, "I
saw the martyr'd Lincoln, / When in the snowy streets, / The proud-spirited armies
pass'd, / With their arms reversed, marching, / In gloom, the bitterest of the battle-
field." Here, Whitman connects Lincoln's sacrifice to the larger cycles of nature and the
idea of rebirth and renewal.

In conclusion, Whitman was a mystic poet whose poetry reflects his deep spiritual
beliefs. "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomed" is a prime example of his
mysticism, as it explores themes of death, mourning, and rebirth in a mystical and
symbolic way. The poem is full of mystical imagery and symbolism, and it reflects

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Whitman's belief in the interconnectedness of all things and the unity of the human
experience with the natural world.

08.How does Whitman show his tribute to Abraham Lincoln in his

poems?
Walt Whitman, one of America's greatest poets, was deeply moved by the death of
Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States. Whitman had admired
Lincoln for his leadership and his dedication to the cause of abolition. He mourned
Lincoln's death and expressed his feelings in two of his most famous poems, "When
Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomed" and "O Captain! My Captain!"

In "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomed," Whitman uses nature imagery to
express his grief and honor Lincoln's memory. The poem is a long elegy that mourns
the death of Lincoln and celebrates his life and legacy. The lilacs in the title of the poem
represent death and mourning, as they are often used in funeral ceremonies. The poem
is divided into three sections, each of which explores a different aspect of Lincoln's life
and death.

In the first section, Whitman describes the scene of Lincoln's death and the aftermath.
He speaks of the sadness and shock that the country felt at the loss of their beloved
leader. He uses images of nature to express the depth of his grief: "The night in silence
under many a star, / The ocean shore and the husky whispering wave whose voice I
know, / And the soul turning to thee, O vast and well-veil'd Death, / And the body
gratefully nestling close to thee."

In the second section, Whitman uses the image of a bird to symbolize Lincoln's soul. He
describes how the bird (which represents Lincoln's spirit) travels to various places,
mourning his death and celebrating his life. The bird sings a sad and mournful song,
expressing the deep grief that the nation felt at Lincoln's loss. At the same time, the
bird's song is also a celebration of Lincoln's life and legacy, and a tribute to his
leadership and his dedication to the cause of freedom.

In the final section, Whitman speaks directly to Lincoln, addressing him as "dear
master." He thanks Lincoln for his service to the country and for his dedication to the
cause of freedom. He asks Lincoln to continue to watch over the country, even in death:
"Sleep, sleep, old man, for thee shall none of these years roll by / But thou shalt dwell
secure." In "O Captain! My Captain!", Whitman uses a different approach to pay tribute
to Lincoln. The poem is written in the form of a eulogy, and it addresses Lincoln
directly, using the metaphor of a ship and its captain to describe Lincoln's leadership of

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the country during the Civil War.

The poem begins with a celebration of victory, as the ship (representing the United
States) returns home from a long and difficult journey. The crew (representing the
citizens of the country) cheer and sing, rejoicing in their victory. However, their joy is
short-lived, as they realize that their captain (Lincoln) has died. The poem then becomes
a mournful elegy, expressing the sadness and loss that the country feels at Lincoln's
death.

Throughout the poem, Whitman uses vivid imagery to describe Lincoln's leadership
and his dedication to the cause of freedom. He describes Lincoln as "our fearful trip"
and "the object all sublime," emphasizing the immense responsibility that he carried as
the leader of the country during a time of war. He also describes Lincoln's death as a
great loss for the country, and mourns the fact that he did not live to see the end of the
war and the triumph of freedom.

In conclusion, Whitman's poems "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomed" and "O
Captain! My Captain!" are powerful tributes to Abraham Lincoln. Through his use of
nature imagery, vivid metaphors.

09. Examine ‘O Captain My Captain’ as an elegy.

Walt Whitman's poem "O Captain! My Captain!" is a well-known elegy that was written
in 1865 to mourn the death of Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States.
The poem is an example of how elegies can be used to express grief and pay tribute to a
person who has passed away.

Elegies are poems that express sorrow or mourning for the dead, often written in a
formal and elevated style. They can be written in honor of a single person or a group of
people, and are intended to evoke a sense of loss and sadness. Elegies often include
metaphors and symbols to convey emotions and create a sense of unity among the
mourners.

In "O Captain! My Captain!", Whitman uses a nautical metaphor to depict Lincoln as the
captain of a ship, leading his crew (the people of the United States) through a stormy
and turbulent sea (the Civil War). The captain's death is a tragic loss for the crew, who
are left adrift and directionless without him. Whitman mourns Lincoln's passing, but
also celebrates his life and accomplishments. The poem is structured in three stanzas,
each with a distinct tone and theme. The first stanza sets the scene, describing the ship's
return to harbor after a long and difficult journey. The crew is jubilant, cheering and
celebrating their safe return. However, their joy is tempered by the knowledge that their
captain is dead, and they will never sail with him again. The second stanza is more
somber and reflective. Whitman imagines the captain lying cold and dead on the deck,

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surrounded by his mourning crew. He describes the captain's "lips are pale and still,"
and his "eyes are closed." The tone of the stanza is mournful, with a sense of finality and
loss.

The final stanza is the most emotional, as Whitman expresses his grief and admiration
for the captain. He repeats the refrain "O Captain! My Captain!" several times,
emphasizing the intensity of his feelings. He describes the captain's triumphs and
sacrifices, and laments the fact that he will never see him again.

Whitman's use of imagery and symbolism is particularly effective in "O Captain! My

Captain!" The nautical metaphor of the ship and the sea creates a powerful and
evocative image, while the repetition of the refrain "O Captain! My Captain!" reinforces
the emotional impact of the poem. The poem is also notable for its use of form, with a
regular meter and rhyme scheme that give it a sense of structure and order.

Overall, "O Captain! My Captain!" is a powerful and moving elegy that pays tribute to
Abraham Lincoln and his legacy. Whitman's use of language and imagery creates a
sense of unity and shared grief among his readers, and his celebration of Lincoln's life
and achievements serves as a reminder of the importance of leadership, courage, and
sacrifice.

10.Evaluate Walt Whitman as a modern poet.

Walt Whitman, one of America's most significant literary figures, is considered a
modern poet for his innovative approach to poetry. Whitman was born in 1819 in Long
Island, New York, and began his career as a journalist before publishing his collection of
poems, Leaves of Grass, in 1855. His work challenged the conventions of traditional
poetry by using free verse, celebrating the individual and the democratic spirit, and
exploring the themes of nature, death, and spirituality.

One of the ways that Whitman can be evaluated as a modern poet is through his use of
free verse. Instead of adhering to the strict structure of traditional poetry, Whitman's
poems have a more natural rhythm that mirrors the flow of conversation. This style of
writing was a significant departure from the formal, metered verse that was prevalent
at the time, and it opened up new possibilities for poets to express themselves more
freely.

Another way that Whitman can be evaluated as a modern poet is through his
celebration of the individual and the democratic spirit. Whitman believed that every
person was valuable and that society should be based on equality and justice. In his

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poetry, he celebrates the diversity of humanity, from the everyday worker to the great
leaders of society. This celebration of the individual is a hallmark of modern poetry,
which often focuses on personal experience and the unique perspectives of the poet.

Whitman's exploration of themes such as nature, death, and spirituality also aligns with
modern poetry. His poetry often takes on a meditative quality as he reflects on the
beauty of nature and the inevitability of death. Through his writing, Whitman seeks to
understand the mysteries of life and the universe, and he encourages his readers to do
the same.

Whitman's influence on modern poetry cannot be overstated. His innovative approach

to writing and his celebration of the individual have inspired generations of poets who
have followed in his footsteps. Poets such as Allen Ginsberg, Langston Hughes, and T.S.
Eliot have all cited Whitman as an influence on their work, and his impact can be seen
in the free verse and experimental styles of many modern poets.

In conclusion, Walt Whitman was a modern poet whose innovative approach to poetry
has had a lasting impact on the literary world. His use of free verse, celebration of the
individual, and exploration of themes such as nature and spirituality make him a
seminal figure in modern poetry. His influence can be seen in the work of many poets
who have followed in his footsteps, and his legacy continues to inspire new generations
of writers today.

Robert Frost

Robert Frost was an American poet who is known for his realistic depictions of rural life
and his use of traditional poetic forms. He often explored themes of nature, human
experience, and the search for meaning in life.

"After Apple-Picking" is a poem about weariness and reflection, as the speaker

contemplates his life and the choices he has made. Frost uses vivid imagery of apples
and sleep to create a dreamlike atmosphere that suggests the speaker's weariness is
both physical and spiritual.

"The Birches" is a nostalgic poem about childhood and the power of imagination. Frost
uses the image of birch trees to explore the idea of innocence and the human desire to

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escape from the constraints of everyday life.

"Mending Wall" is a poem about the human desire for boundaries and the tensions that
arise when those boundaries are challenged. Frost uses the image of a stone wall to
explore the themes of tradition and change, and the conflict between individuality and
community.

"The Death of the Hired Man" is a poem about the nature of work and the
relationships that form between people. Frost uses the character of Silas, a hired hand,
to explore the themes of loyalty, responsibility, and forgiveness.

"The Road Not Taken" is perhaps Frost's most famous poem, and it is often interpreted
as a meditation on the choices we make in life. Frost uses the image of a fork in the road
to explore the themes of individualism, regret, and the unknown future.

"Acquainted with the Night" is a poem about loneliness and the human experience of
isolation. Frost uses the image of the night to explore the themes of fear, introspection,
and the struggle for self-knowledge.

"Tree at My Window" is a poem about the relationship between humans and nature.
Frost uses the image of a tree outside his window to explore the themes of beauty,
transience, and the interconnectedness of all things.

11. Evalute Robert Frost as a poet of common man

Robert Frost was an American poet who is widely regarded as one of the greatest and
most popular poets of the 20th century. He was born in San Francisco in 1874 and spent
most of his life in New England, which provided him with the inspiration for much of
his work. Frost's poetry is often characterized by its accessibility and its focus on
everyday experiences and concerns, making him a poet of the common man.

Frost's poetry reflects his interest in the natural world and the lives of ordinary people.
His poems often feature rural settings and depict the struggles of individuals living in
these environments. In "Mending Wall," for example, Frost portrays the annual ritual of
repairing a stone wall that separates two neighbors' properties. The poem highlights the
tension between tradition and individuality, as well as the sense of isolation and
separation that can exist even in close-knit communities.

Another example of Frost's focus on the lives of ordinary people is "The Death of the
Hired Man," which tells the story of a farmhand who returns to the home of his former
employers seeking work. The poem explores themes of loyalty, compassion, and the

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struggles faced by those on the fringes of society.

Despite his focus on everyday experiences and concerns, Frost's poetry is also deeply
philosophical and often deals with complex ideas and themes. In "Stopping by Woods
on a Snowy Evening," for instance, Frost explores the tension between the
responsibilities of daily life and the desire for escape and freedom. The poem's famous
closing lines, "And miles to go before I sleep, / And miles to go before I sleep," capture
the sense of obligation and the need for perseverance that is a recurring theme in Frost's
work.

Frost's poetry is also notable for its use of traditional forms and structures, such as
rhyme and meter. This use of form adds a musicality and rhythm to his work that
makes it both accessible and enjoyable to read. Frost's use of form, combined with his
focus on everyday experiences and concerns, has helped to make his poetry popular
with readers of all backgrounds and ages.

In conclusion, Robert Frost can be considered a poet of the common man because of his
focus on everyday experiences and concerns, his use of traditional forms and structures,
and his accessibility to readers of all backgrounds. His poetry reflects the struggles and
joys of rural life and portrays the lives of ordinary people with sensitivity and
compassion. Frost's work continues to be widely read and enjoyed today, and his legacy
as a poet of the common man remains as strong as ever.

12.Depict the theme of alienation in the poems of Robert Frost.

Robert Frost is widely regarded as one of the most celebrated American poets of the
20th century, whose works often deal with the theme of alienation. Frost's poems
portray individuals who are alone, misunderstood, and estranged from their
community or environment. The feeling of isolation and loneliness is a recurring theme
in his poetry, and he often presents it through his vivid and naturalistic descriptions of
rural landscapes.

One of Frost's most famous poems, "The Road Not Taken," is often interpreted as an
exploration of the idea of alienation. The speaker in the poem finds himself at a
crossroads, where he must choose between two paths. He realizes that he cannot travel
both paths simultaneously, and must make a choice that will determine his destiny. The
poem is often seen as an allegory for the difficult choices and decisions that people face
in their lives, and the sense of isolation that comes with them. The speaker's decision to
take the less traveled path represents the alienation that he feels from society, and his

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desire to forge his own path in life.

Another notable example of alienation in Frost's poetry can be found in his poem
"Acquainted with the Night." This poem portrays a speaker who is wandering alone
through the city streets at night. The speaker is isolated from the world around him and
feels a deep sense of loneliness. He is described as being "acquainted with the night,"
suggesting that he has become intimately familiar with the darkness and solitude that
comes with being alone. The poem is a powerful depiction of the alienation that can
come from feeling disconnected from the people and places around us.

In "Desert Places," Frost explores the idea of alienation through the lens of nature. The
poem describes a winter landscape that is both beautiful and barren. The speaker feels a
sense of isolation as he looks out at the snow-covered fields, and he describes the
emptiness that he feels inside. The poem suggests that the natural world can be both
comforting and alienating, and that our relationship to it can shape our sense of self.

In "The Wood-Pile," Frost portrays a speaker who has become lost in the woods. The
speaker is surrounded by a forest that is both beautiful and menacing, and he feels a
sense of alienation as he struggles to find his way out. The poem suggests that the
natural world can be a source of both wonder and fear, and that our relationship to it
can determine our sense of belonging in the world.

Overall, Frost's poetry often deals with the theme of alienation, exploring the isolation
and loneliness that can come from feeling disconnected from the people and places
around us. His vivid descriptions of rural landscapes and natural environments serve to
emphasize the sense of isolation that his speakers feel, highlighting the ways in which
our surroundings can shape our sense of self. Through his poetry, Frost encourages us
to confront our feelings of alienation and to seek out connections with others and with
the world around us.

13.‘’Frost is a story teller of New England’’ – comment on this statement.

Robert Frost is a celebrated American poet who is best known for his poetry that
explores the natural world and the human experience. He is often referred to as a
storyteller of New England due to his deep connection to the region and the people
who live there. In this essay, we will explore this statement in more detail and examine
the ways in which Frost's work is influenced by the landscape and culture of New
England.

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New England is a region of the United States that is located in the northeastern corner
of the country. It is known for its picturesque scenery, quaint towns, and distinctive
culture. Robert Frost was born in San Francisco, California, but he spent much of his
adult life in New England. He attended Dartmouth College in New Hampshire and
later settled in Vermont, where he lived for many years. It was during this time that he
began to write poetry that was inspired by the landscape and culture of New England.

One of Frost's most famous poems is "Mending Wall," which explores the idea of
boundaries and the ways in which they can both unite and divide people. The poem is
set in rural New England, where stone walls are a common sight. Frost uses the wall as
a metaphor for the barriers that exist between people, both physical and emotional. The
poem is a commentary on the human condition and the ways in which we struggle to
connect with one another. Another of Frost's poems that is deeply connected to the New
England landscape is "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening." The poem is set in a
snowy forest, and the speaker is captivated by the beauty of the scene. However, he
must continue on his journey, as he has obligations and responsibilities to attend to. The
poem is often interpreted as a meditation on the human experience and the tension that
exists between our desire for rest and our need to keep moving forward.

Frost's poetry often explores themes of isolation, loneliness, and alienation. These
themes are especially prevalent in his later work, which was written after the death of
his wife and several of his children. In poems such as "Desert Places" and "The Need of
Being Versed in Country Things," Frost grapples with the idea of mortality and the
fragility of human existence. These poems are deeply personal and reveal the poet's
own struggles with grief and loss.

In addition to his poetry, Frost was also known for his lectures and public readings. He
was a charismatic speaker and often used his platform to discuss the importance of
poetry and the role that it plays in our lives. Frost believed that poetry was a way of
capturing the essence of the human experience and that it had the power to bring
people together. He saw himself as a storyteller of New England, using his poetry to
capture the unique spirit of the region and the people who lived there.

In conclusion, Robert Frost is rightly regarded as a storyteller of New England. His

poetry is deeply connected to the landscape and culture of the region, and he used his
writing to explore the human experience in all its complexity. Frost's work continues to
resonate with readers today, and his legacy as one of America's greatest poets is secure.

14.Write a critical appreciation of the poem ‘The Death of the Hired

Man’.

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Robert Frost's poem ‘The Death of the Hired Man’ is a poignant and thought-provoking
work that explores themes of human relationships, the fragility of life, and the transient
nature of human existence. The poem centers around a farm couple, Warren and Mary,
and their hired hand, Silas, who has returned to the farm seeking refuge in his final
days.

The poem begins with Warren and Mary discussing Silas's return and his failing health.
Warren is hesitant to let Silas stay, as he believes that Silas is unreliable and ungrateful.
However, Mary sees Silas as a human being who deserves compassion and hospitality.
The tension between Warren's practicality and Mary's empathy sets the stage for the
poem's exploration of human relationships and the way we treat one another.

As the poem unfolds, Silas is given a chance to speak, and he reveals his desire to die on
the farm where he has worked for so long. This desire to die among the familiar and the
known underscores the theme of the transient nature of human existence. Silas's time on
earth is limited, and he wants to spend it where he feels at home.

The poem also explores the theme of the fragility of life. Silas's health is failing, and his
death is imminent. This reminder of the fragility of life prompts Warren and Mary to
reflect on their own mortality and their relationships with one another. The poem asks
us to consider what is truly important in life, and to value the connections we have with
others. The poem's use of language is also noteworthy. Frost's use of dialogue is
particularly effective, as it allows the characters to reveal themselves through their
words and actions. Warren's practicality and Mary's compassion are evident in the way
they interact with Silas and with each other. Frost also uses imagery to great effect,
painting a vivid picture of the farm and its surroundings. The descriptions of the apple
trees, the barn, and the meadow all serve to create a sense of place and atmosphere.

The poem's ending is particularly poignant. Silas dies, and Warren and Mary are left to
reflect on his life and their own. The final lines of the poem, in which Warren expresses
regret for the way he treated Silas, are a powerful reminder of the importance of
treating others with compassion and understanding. The poem leaves us with a sense of
sadness but also a sense of hope, as we are reminded of the power of human connection
and the value of empathy.

In conclusion, ‘The Death of the Hired Man’ is a powerful and moving poem that
explores important themes of human relationships, the fragility of life, and the transient
nature of human existence. Frost's use of language and imagery is masterful, and his
characters are complex and fully realized. The poem asks us to consider what is truly
important in life and to value the connections we have with others. It is a work that
resonates deeply and lingers in the mind long after it has been read.

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Langstone Hughes

Langston Hughes was an American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and
columnist who was a central figure of the Harlem Renaissance, an intellectual, cultural,
and artistic movement that took place in Harlem, New York, during the 1920s and
1930s.

In "The Negro Speaks of Rivers," Hughes celebrates the history and resilience of
African Americans by using the metaphor of rivers as a symbol of their endurance and
strength. The poem suggests that African Americans have been a part of civilization
since its earliest days, and have been present in many of the world's great rivers.

In "I, Too, Sing America," Hughes challenges the racial discrimination prevalent in the
United States during his time. The poem asserts the equality of African Americans and
their right to share in the American dream, despite the injustices they have faced.

"The Weary Blues" is a poem that describes the experience of listening to a blues
musician playing a sad and soulful tune. The poem captures the deep emotions of the
blues and how it can evoke feelings of pain, sorrow, and longing.

"Harlem" is a poem that reflects on the hopes and dreams of African Americans living
in Harlem. The poem explores the frustration and disappointment felt by African
Americans who have been denied the opportunity to fulfill their aspirations, despite
living in the cultural hub of Harlem.

15.Discuss the socio-political conditions of America as the background to

Longstone Hughes’ writing poetry.
Langston Hughes was a prominent American poet, novelist, and playwright who
became known for his contributions to the literary and cultural movement known as the
Harlem Renaissance. Hughes' work was deeply influenced by the socio-political
conditions of America during the early 20th century, which were characterized by
racism, segregation, and inequality.

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During this period, America was struggling with the legacy of slavery and the
persistent racial discrimination that continued to permeate all aspects of life for African
Americans. Segregation was still widespread, with many communities practicing Jim
Crow laws that enforced racial separation and discrimination.

These socio-political conditions had a profound impact on Hughes' writing, and his
poetry often explored the experiences of African Americans in America. His poetry
dealt with themes of identity, race, and social justice, often using the rhythms and
cadences of African American music to create a unique voice that spoke to the
experiences of his community.

One of Hughes' most famous poems, "The Negro Speaks of Rivers," speaks to the deep
history and cultural richness of the African American community, connecting the
struggles of contemporary African Americans to the legacy of their ancestors. The poem
draws on the image of rivers, which have been a powerful symbol of African American
history and culture since the days of the transatlantic slave trade.

Hughes' poetry also explored the ways in which African Americans could find freedom
and empowerment within their own communities, even as they were oppressed by the
larger society. His poem "Harlem" speaks to the frustration and anger that many
African Americans felt as they struggled to make a life for themselves in a society that
often denied them opportunities.

The socio-political conditions of America during the early 20th century also had an
impact on the way that African American culture was perceived and valued. African
American art and literature were often marginalized and ignored by the mainstream
culture, with many white Americans dismissing it as primitive or unimportant.

Hughes and other artists and writers associated with the Harlem Renaissance sought to
challenge these perceptions by creating art that celebrated African American culture
and history. Their work helped to establish a new vision of African American identity
and culture that was proud, confident, and unapologetic.

In conclusion, the socio-political conditions of America during the early 20th century
had a profound impact on Langston Hughes' writing. His poetry explored the
experiences of African Americans in America, and dealt with themes of identity, race,
and social justice. Through his work, Hughes helped to challenge the prevailing
attitudes towards African American culture and history, and established a new vision
of African American identity that celebrated its richness and complexity.

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16. Elements of anti-racialism in the poems of Longstone Hughes.

Langston Hughes was a writer who used his poetry to challenge racism and promote
anti-racialism. He believed that poetry could be a powerful tool in the fight against
racism, and his work often reflects this belief. In this essay, I will discuss some of the
key elements of anti-racialism in the poems of Langston Hughes.

One of the most important elements of anti-racialism in Hughes' poetry is his

celebration of African American culture and history. Hughes believed that African
Americans had a rich and complex cultural heritage, and he sought to highlight this in
his work. His poem "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" is a powerful example of this, as it
connects the struggles of contemporary African Americans to the long history of
African peoples and their connection to the land.

Another important element of anti-racialism in Hughes' poetry is his critique of white

supremacy and racism. In his poem "I, Too," Hughes challenges the idea that African
Americans are inferior to white Americans, and suggests that they will one day be
treated as equals. The poem's refrain, "I, too, am America," asserts the poet's identity as
an American, and challenges the idea that African Americans are outsiders or foreigners
in their own country.

Hughes also used his poetry to critique the ways in which racism was institutionalized
in American society. In his poem "Harlem," he asks, "What happens to a dream
deferred? / Does it dry up / like a raisin in the sun?" The poem suggests that when
African Americans are denied the opportunity to pursue their dreams, it can have a
corrosive effect on their lives and communities. Hughes' poem "Ballad of the Landlord"
similarly critiques the legal system and its role in perpetuating racial inequality.

Another important element of anti-racialism in Hughes' poetry is his critique of

colorism and internalized racism within the African American community. In his poem
"Theme for English B," Hughes addresses the complex issue of identity, and suggests
that even within the African American community, there are deep divisions based on
skin color and class. The poem challenges the idea that African Americans are a
monolithic group, and suggests that there is great diversity and complexity within the
community.

Finally, Hughes' poetry often celebrated the power of solidarity and community in the
fight against racism. In his poem "Let America Be America Again," he writes, "Let
America be the dream the dreamers dreamed— / Let it be that great strong land of love

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/ Where never kings connive nor tyrants scheme / That any man be crushed by one
above." The poem suggests that when people come together to fight against injustice
and inequality, they can create a better, more just society for all.

In conclusion, Langston Hughes was a poet who used his work to promote anti-
racialism and challenge racism in all its forms. He celebrated African American culture
and history, critiqued white supremacy and racism, challenged institutionalized racism,
critiqued colorism and internalized racism within the African American community,
and celebrated the power of solidarity and community in the fight against racism.
Hughes' work remains relevant and important today, as we continue to struggle against
racism and strive for a more just and equitable society.

17.Define Symbolism. What symbolic elements do you find in the poems

of Longstone Hughes?
Symbolism is a literary device in which an object, person, or situation represents an
abstract idea or concept. It is a way for writers to imbue their work with deeper
meaning and create layers of significance that can be interpreted in various ways.
Langston Hughes, as a poet, was a master of using symbolism to convey his message
and connect with his audience. In this essay, I will discuss the concept of symbolism
and some of the key symbolic elements found in the poems of Langston Hughes.

One of the most prominent symbolic elements in Hughes' poetry is the use of the blues.
The blues, a musical form that originated in the African American community, was a
powerful symbol of struggle and resilience. Hughes often used the blues as a metaphor
for the hardships and challenges faced by African Americans, as well as a symbol of
their ability to endure and overcome. In his poem "The Weary Blues," Hughes writes,
"He played that sad raggy tune like a musical fool. / Sweet Blues! Coming from a black
man's soul. / O Blues! In a deep song voice with a melancholy tone. / I heard that
Negro sing, that old piano moan." The poem uses the image of the blues singer and his
music to convey a sense of sadness and struggle, as well as the beauty and resilience of
African American culture.

Another important symbolic element in Hughes' poetry is the use of nature imagery.
Hughes often used natural imagery to evoke a sense of connection between African
Americans and the natural world. In his poem "The Negro Speaks of Rivers," for

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example, he writes, "I bathed in the Euphrates when dawns were young. / I built my
hut near the Congo and it lulled me to sleep. / I looked upon the Nile and raised the
pyramids above it." The poem connects African Americans to the ancient civilizations of
Africa and suggests that they have a deep, ancestral connection to the land.

Hughes also used religious imagery and symbolism in his poetry. In his poem "Mother
to Son," for example, he uses the metaphor of a staircase to represent the struggles faced
by African Americans. The mother tells her son, "Life for me ain't been no crystal stair,"
suggesting that the path to equality and justice is fraught with obstacles and challenges.
The use of religious imagery in the poem conveys a sense of hope and faith in the face
of adversity.

Another important symbolic element in Hughes' poetry is the use of dreams and
aspirations. Hughes often used the concept of the American Dream as a symbol of hope
and possibility. In his poem "Harlem," for example, he asks, "What happens to a dream
deferred? / Does it dry up / like a raisin in the sun?" The poem suggests that when
African Americans are denied the opportunity to pursue their dreams, it can have a
corrosive effect on their lives and communities.

Finally, Hughes' poetry often used symbols of strength and resilience to convey the idea
of African American pride and empowerment. In his poem "Still Here," for example, he
writes, "I been a slave, / Caesar told me to keep his door-steps clean. / I brushed the
boots of Washington. / I been a worker, / I done my time." The poem suggests that
despite the hardships and challenges faced by African Americans, they have a rich
history of strength and resilience.

In conclusion, Langston Hughes was a poet who used symbolism to convey his message
and connect with his audience. He used symbols of struggle and resilience, nature
imagery, religious symbolism, dreams and aspirations, and symbols of strength and
resilience to evoke a sense of African American pride and empowerment. Through his
use of symbolism, Hughes was able to create works of great depth and complexity that
continue to resonate with readers today.

18.Discuss the liberal attitude of Longstone Hughes towards America.

Langston Hughes was an important literary figure in the Harlem Renaissance, a cultural
movement that celebrated African American art, music, and literature in the 1920s and
1930s. Hughes was a writer who celebrated the beauty and resilience of African
American culture, while also criticizing the social and political structures that
perpetuated racial inequality. In this essay, I will discuss Hughes' liberal attitude

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towards America as reflected in his poems "The Negro Speaks of Rivers," "I, Too, Sing
America," "The Weary Blues," and "Harlem."

One of the most important aspects of Hughes' liberal attitude towards America was his
celebration of African American culture and identity. In his poem "The Negro Speaks of
Rivers," Hughes celebrates the ancient roots of African American culture, connecting it
to the great rivers of the world. He writes, "I've known rivers ancient as the world and
older than the / flow of human blood in human veins." This poem celebrates the long
history and rich cultural heritage of African Americans, suggesting that they are an
integral part of human history and culture.

In "I, Too, Sing America," Hughes celebrates the resilience and strength of African
Americans in the face of racism and oppression. He writes, "I am the darker brother. /
They send me to eat in the kitchen / When company comes." This poem suggests that
African Americans are not to be relegated to second-class status, but instead are equal
members of American society, deserving of respect and recognition.

Another important aspect of Hughes' liberal attitude was his criticism of the social and
political structures that perpetuated racial inequality. In "The Weary Blues," for
example, he uses the image of a blues musician to convey a sense of the struggle and
hardship faced by African Americans. He writes, "He did a lazy sway. / He did a lazy
sway. / To the tune o' those Weary Blues. / With his ebony hands on each ivory key /
He made that poor piano moan with melody." This poem suggests that African
Americans are struggling against forces beyond their control, and that their voices need
to be heard.

In "Harlem," Hughes uses the concept of the American Dream to criticize the social and
political structures that prevented African Americans from realizing their full potential.
He writes, "What happens to a dream deferred? / Does it dry up / like a raisin in the
sun?" This poem suggests that when African Americans are denied the opportunity to
pursue their dreams, it can have a corrosive effect on their lives and communities.

Finally, Hughes' liberal attitude towards America was characterized by a deep sense of
hope and optimism. Despite the challenges and obstacles faced by African Americans,
he believed that they could and would overcome. In "I, Too, Sing America," for
example, he writes, "I am the American heartbreak— / The rock on which Freedom /
Stumped its toe." This poem suggests that African Americans are an integral part of the
American story, and that their struggle for equality is a central part of the American
narrative.

In conclusion, Langston Hughes was a writer who celebrated African American culture
and identity, while also criticizing the social and political structures that perpetuated
racial inequality. Through his poems, "The Negro Speaks of Rivers," "I, Too, Sing

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America," "The Weary Blues," and "Harlem," Hughes conveyed a deep sense of hope
and optimism, suggesting that African Americans could and would overcome the
obstacles they faced. His liberal attitude towards America was characterized by a deep
sense of pride in African American culture, as well as a commitment to justice and
equality for all.

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Prepared by :
Biplob Prodhan
Founder of EDNOUB.
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Bibliography:
Study Guides, Text Books, Wikipedia, Internet.

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