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LIST OF CONTENTS-

▪ INTRODUCTION- DENTURE BASE AND DENTURE BASE

MATERIALS
▪ HISTORY OF DENTURE BASE MATERIALS
▪ IDEAL REQUIREMENTS OF DENTURE BASE MATERIALS
▪ CLASSIFICATION
▪ POLYMERS AND POLYMERIZATION
▪ TYPES OF POLYMERIZATION
▪ STAGES OF POLYMERIZATION
▪ POLYMERIZATION VIA MICROWAVE ENERGY
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▪ HEAT CURE ACRYLIC RESINS

▪ COLD CURE ACRYLIC RESINS
▪ DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HEAT CURE AND SELF
CURE
RESINS
▪ LIGHT CURE ACRYLIC RESINS
▪ POROSITY
▪ RECENT ADVANCEMENTS
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DENTURE
BASE
DEFINITION-
A Temporary substance representing the
base of a denture which is used for making
maxillomandibular relation records and for
arrangement of teeth.
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▶ Alsok/a Base Plate, Temporary base, Record base and Trial

base.
▶ Acts as a basal seat to support the occlusal rims and the
artificial teeth for clinical procedures like Jaw-relation and
Try- in.
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IDEAL REQUIREMENTS

▶ Adapt to the tissues like a finished denture.

▶ Must be dimensionally stable.
▶ Must be strong enough to withstand occlusal loads.
▶ Extent and shape of borders should resemble a finished denture.
▶ Should not react with the tissues.
▶ Must be suitable to allow teeth arrangement.
▶ Should have a pleasant color, which should be contrasting enough to
clearly demark the borders in oral cavity
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DENTURE BASE
MATERIALS
 HISTOR 8
Time Materials Y
used Description
Wood Dentures were carved from a single piece of wood,
usually sweet smelling species such as box and
cherry. Natural teeth were fixed with the help of
screws. The drawbacks were that the denture bases
warped and cracked in the presence of moisture
and posed esthetic and hygienic challenges.
Bone Pierre Fauchard used human teeth or teeth made
from hippopotamus or elephant ivory in the
Before 18th Century denture. He carved dentures from a single piece
of ivory or bone.
Although bone displayed better dimensional
Ivory stability than wood, esthetic and hygienic concerns
remain. Whereas ivory was stable in the oral
environment, and offered significant esthetics but
its drawbacks were that it was not readily
available, and was relatively expensive.
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Time Materials used Description
Etienne Bourdet (1775).
Gold 18 to 20 carat gold was alloyed with silver and teeth were attached
by riveting.

Alexis Duchateau (1774)

Nicholas Dubois De Chemant (1788)
Advantages
• Could be shaped easily and ensured intimate contact with the
underlying tissues.
18th Century • Could be tinted to simulate the color of teeth and oral soft
tissues
Porcelain • Extremely stable
• Minimal water sorption, smooth surfaces after glazing.
• Less porosity and low solubility
• Enhanced hygienic properties
Drawbacks
• Brittleness
• Difficulty in grinding and polishing
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Time Materials used Description
0
Tortoise shell (1850) In 1850 CF Harrington introduce a tortoiseshell base that was first
the thermoplastic denture base material.
Gutta Percha (1851) Edwin Truman
Vulcanite (1851) The introduction of vulcanite into dentistry is like the discovery of
fire in the history of mankind.
Advantages were good fitting,economy, durability, light
weight, and ease of work.
Disadvantage was its displeasing appearance.
Cheoplastic (1856) In 1856 Alfred A Blandy used a low fusing alloy of silver,
19th Century bismuth and antimony. Dentures made of this low fusing alloy
were called cheoplastic dentures and the method of manipulation
was called cheoplasty.
Rose Pearl (1860)
Aluminium (1867) Accuracy of fit and other advantages made aluminum the material
of choice, the difficulty of relining, increased cost of fabrication
and a potential relationship between aluminum and Alzheimer’s
disease had discouraged the use of aluminum and its alloys.
Celluloid (1870) John Wesley Hyatt
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Time Materials used Description
Bakelite (1909) 1909 Dr. Leo Bakeland
1
phenol formaldehyde resin.
Its advantage was easy availability but its drawbacks were lack of
uniformity, poor color quality and repair difficulties.

Stainless steel (1921)

Cobalt Chromium
(1930)
20th Century
Vinyl Resin (1932) Pleasing color but the processing methods were difficult.

Acrylic Resin (1937) The first acrylic type plastic was available under the name of
vernonite.
Self cure Acrylic Resin IN 1937, Dr. WALTER WRIGHT gave dentistry its very useful
resin. It was POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE.
By 1946, 98% of all denture bases were fabricated by PMMA.

Epoxy Resin (1951)

 Time Materials used Description
Polystyrene (1951) Charles Dimmer 1
greater transverse and high residual stresses
Nylon (1955)
2
Nylon was introduced in London in the 1950s as a denture base material,
proving to be entirely unsatisfactory owing to its poor ability to resist
oral conditions, thus resulting in swelling of the denture base due to
absorption of moisture.

Polycarbonates (1967)
20th Century
High impact acrylic
(1967)
Polysulphones (1981) Polysulphones were introduced in 1981. Processed by injection molding,
their impact strength was twice that of most impact resistant modified
methacrylate
Visible L.C It contains urethane dimethacrylate. The system eliminates the need for
(1947)Acrylic (1986) wax, flask boil outs and other conventional processes

Pure Titanium (1998) advantage of light weight, strength and above all biocompatibility.
Disadvantages being necessity for an inert casting environment and the
presence of voids and gas inclusion in the finished casting
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IDEAL REQUIREMENTS

BIOLOGICAL
REQUIREMENTS
❖ Non poisonous, Non toxic
❖ Non irritant, Non Allergic
❖ Noncarcinogenic
❖ Hygenic
❖ No bad taste or foul smell
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MECHANICAL
REQUIREMENTS-

❖ Low density and low weight for better retention.

❖ Low creep to resist time dependant deformation.
❖ High proportional limit, elastic limit and yield strengths to resist
permanent deformation.
❖ High modulus of elasticity to resist deformation.
❖ High modulus of resilience to absorb dynamic masticating energies.
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❖ High compressive, tensile, shear and flexure strength and toughness to

resist fracture.
❖ High impact strength to resist fracture from dynamic forces.
❖ High polishability as well as abrasive resistance.
❖ High fatigue strength, for long life.
❖ High craze resistance for higher strength
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THERMAL
REQUIREMENTS-

❖ High thermal conductivity. (for patients to feel the real taste of

food)
❖ Low coefficient of thermal expansion for dimensional stability.
❖ Able to withstand frequent changes in oral temperature.
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AESTHETIC REQUIREMENTS-

❖ Transparent and colorless.

❖ Color stability.
❖ Color parameters should be same
for all wavelengths of incident light.
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8
OTHER REQUIREMENTS-

❖ Simple fabrication techniques with Inexpensive

laboratory procedures and auxillary materials.
❖ Long storage life
❖ Easily available
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CLASSIFICATION-

Auto Polymerizing
Resins
Heat cure
Materials used Resins
for making Thermoplastic
base plate Resins
Shella
c
Visible light cure Acrylic
Resins
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0
BASED ON USAGE-
SELF 21
CURE

SHELLA
C
TEMPORAR BASE PLATE
Y WAX
INJECTION
MATERIALS
DENTURE

MOULDED
BASE

METALLI

C HEAT

CURE
PERMANEN LIGHT
T CURE
POUR
TYPE
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ANSI/ADA Classification(Sp.No.12/ISO
1567)

▶ Type 1-Heat polymerizable polymers

Class 1-Powder & liquid
Class 2-Plastic cake
▶ Type 2-Autopolymerizable
polymers Class 1-Powder & liquid
Class 2-Powder & liquid pour-type resins
▶ Type 3-Thermoplastic blank or powder
▶ Type 4-Light activated materials
TypeMaterials,
▶ Dental
Applied 5-Microwave-cured
8th edition, John F materials
McCabe and AngusW.G.
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POLYMERS

▶ Chemical compounds of huge organic or inorganic

molecules formed by large number of repeating smaller
chemical structural units.
▶ Joined by Covalent bond, mostly.
▶ Examples- Polyethylene, Polyvinylchloride,
Polymethyl Methacrylate.
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POLYMERIZATION

▶ It is a repetitive process of chemical reaction between small

chemical structural units (mers), growing into giant molecules
with long chained structures, having thousands and millions of
mers.
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DEGREE OF POLYMERIZATION

▶ It is defined as- Average number of mers in a polymer chain.

▶ The higher the molecular weight of the polymer made from a single
monomer,the higher the degree of polymerization.
▶ The strength of the resin increases with increase in the degree of
polymerization until a certain molecular weight is reached.
▶ The ratio of Mw/Mn represents POLYDISPERSITY.
(Mw- Avg molecular weight of polymer chain and Mn- Degree of Polymerization)
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TYPES OF POLYMERIZATION

CONDENSATIO ADDITION
N POLYMERIZATI
POLYMERIZATI ON
ON
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CONDENASATION POLYMERIZATION

▶ Also k/a STEP GROWTH POLYMERIZATION.

▶ In this, small molecules are repeatedly eliminated in form of byproducts
like ammonia, water, alcohol, halogen acids etc.
▶ It is not a fast reaction as mobility decreases as polymerization proceeds.
▶ Degree of polymerization is also not very high.
▶ As structural changes take place, the polymer has different chemical properties
and low molecular weight.
▶ Not widely used in dentistry.
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ADDITION POLYMERIZATION

▶ Also k/a IONIC , RING OPENING and FREE RADICAL POLYMERIZATION.

▶ Addition of molecules take place by hydrogen ion transfer from one molecule to
other.
▶ Very rapid and almost instantaneous process.
▶ High degree of polymerization.
▶ Molecular weight of polymer equals to molecular weight of all monomers.
▶ Same chemical properties as of monomer, but different physical properties.
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STAGES OF ADDITION
POLYMERIZATION

PROPAGATIO TERMINATIO
• Production of free N
radicals. • Active free radical from N
• Radicle- Monomer growing chain gets
• It than combines with complex acts as free transferred to monomer or • Due to collision with
monomer and starts radical and combines already terminated another free radical or
polymerization with another monomer polymer to create a another growing
• This interval is k/a by activation and NUCLEUS OF
INDUCTION PERIOD forms a DIMER. GROWTH.. polymer.
• Continuous and rapid
INITIATION process CHAIN
TRANSFER
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PHYSICAL STAGES OF
POLYMERIZATION

WET SANDY STAGE

STRINGY OR STICKY TACKY

PHASE DOUGH STAGE

RUBBERY OR ELASTIC

STAGE STIFF STAGE

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POLYMERIZATION VIA MICROWAVE
ENERGY
▶ First reported by KIMURA et. Al.
▶ This technique employs a specially formulated resin and a non metallic flasks
(FRP
Flask- Fiber Reinforced Plastic Flasks)
▶ Advantages-
❑ Cleaner and faster polymerization. (3 mins)
❑ Minimal color changes.
❑ Less fracture of artificial teeth and resin bases.
❑ Superior denture base adaptability.
❑ No noticeable difference.
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2

▶
Disadvantages-
❑ Flasks are expensive and have a tendency to break down
after processing several dentures.
❑ The polycarbon bolts tend to break if tightened too firmly.

Bernard Levin et al JPD 1989;61:

381-383
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HEAT CURE ACRYLIC RESIN 3

LIQUI
D
COMPOSITION FUNCTIONS
Methyl methacrylate Plasticizes the polymer
Dibutyl phthalate Plasticizer
Glycol dimethacrylate Cross-linking agent
Hydroquinone Inhibitor
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POWDE
R
COMPOSITION FUNCTION
Poly(methyl methacrylate) Major component
Ethyl or butyl methacrylate Copolymers-improves properties
Benzoyl peroxide Initiator
Compounds of mercuric sulfide,cadmium Dyes
sulfide,etc
Zinc or titanium oxide Opacifier
Dibutyl phthalate Plasticizer
Inorganic fillers like glass Improves physical properties like
fibers,zirconium silicate,alumina,etc. stiffness etc.
Dyed synthetic nylon or acrylic fibers To simulate small capillaries
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PROPERTIES- 5

Compressive strength – 75MPa

Tensile strength – 65MPa
Modulus of elasticity - 2500MPa
Fatigue strength – 17MPa
Surface hardness – 18-20KHN
COTE – 80-120ppm/ºC
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If too much monomer is used-

▶ There will be greater curing or polymerization
shrinkage.
▶ More time is needed to reach the packing consitency.
▶ Porosity can occur in the denture.

If too little monomer is used

▶ Not all the polymer beads will be wetted by monomer & the cured acrylic will be granular.
▶ Dough will be difficult to manage & if may not fuse into a continuous unit of plastic
during
processing.
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SELF CURE ACRYLIC RESIN

LIQUI
D
COMPOSITION FUNCTIONS
Methyl methacrylate monomer Dissolves/plasticizes polymer
Dimethyl-p-toluidine Activator
Dibutyl phthalate Plasticizer
Glycol dimethacrylate Cross linking agent
Hydroquinone Inhibitor
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POWDE
R
COMPOSITION FUNCTION
Poly(methyl methacrylate)& Dissolved by monomer to form dough
other copolymers
Benzoyl peroxide Initiator
Compounds of mercuric Dyes
sulfide,cadmium sulfide
Zinc or titanium oxide Opacifiers
Dibutyl phthalate Plasticizer
Dyed organic fillers & inorganic Esthetics
particles like glass fibers or beads
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Self cure Heat cure
Heat is not necessary for Heat is necessary for polymerization
polymerization
Porosity is greater Porosity of material is less
Has lower average mol.wt Higher molecular weights
Higher residual monomer content Lower residual monomer content

Material is not strong (because of Material is strong

their lower molecular weights)

Shows greater distortion Shows less distortion

More initial deformation Less initial deformation
Increased creep & slow recovery Less creep & quicker recovery
Poor color stability Color stability is good

Easy to deflask Difficult to deflask

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LIGHT CURE ACRYLIC RESIN

▶ It consists of a urethane dimethacrylate matrix with an

acrylic copolymer,Microfine silica fillers,& a
Camphoroquinone-amine photoinitator system.
▶ It is supplied in premixed sheets having a clay like
consinstency.It is provided in opaque light tight packages
to avoid premature polymerization.
▶ ACTIVATION-
o It is polymerized in a light chamber with blue light of 400-
500 nm from high intensity quartz-halogen bulbs.
o The denture is rotated continuously in the chamber to
provide uniform exposure to the light source.
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POROSIT
Y
INTERNAL POROSITY
▶ Internal porosity occurs due to vaporization of monomer when the
temperature of the resin increases above the boiling point of
monomer or very low molecular weight polymers.
▶ Exothermic heat of the surface resin dissipates easily into the
investing plaster. However, in the center of the thick portion the heat
can’t be conducted away. Therefore,the temperature in the thick
portions may rise above the boiling point of monomer causing
porosity.
▶ MANAGEMENT- Dentures with excessive thickness should be
cured using a long, low temperature curing cycle.
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EXTERNAL
POROSITY
The cause of external porosity:
1) Lack of homogeneity
2) Lack of adequate pressure
▶ Lack of homogeneity is avoided by using proper powder/liquid ratio & mixing it
well.The mix is more homogenous in the dough stage,so packing should be done in
the dough stage.
▶ Lack of adequate pressure is avoided by using the required amount of
dough.Check for excess or flash during trail closure.Flash indicates adequate
material.
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PROBLEMS DUE TO POROSITY-

▶ It makes the appearance of denture base unsightly.

▶ Proper cleaning of the denture isn’t possible, so the
denture
hygiene & the oral hygiene suffers.
▶ It weakens the denture base and the pores are areas
of stress concentration, thus the denture warps as the
stresses relax.
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RECENT ADVANCEMENTS

▶ Reinforced resins
1. High impact resins
2. Fiber-reinforced
▶ Hypoallergenic resins
▶ Resins with modified chemical
structure
▶ Thermoplastic resins
▶ Enigma gum toning in denture bases