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Respiration 1

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38 views

Respiration 1

Uploaded by

tshireletso.kodisang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CELLULAR

RESPIRATION

GRADE 11 LIFE SCIENCES


Terminology

Cellular Respiration Lactic acid fermentation


Glucose, Oxygen Alcoholic fermentation
Carbon Dioxide, ATP Biotechnology
Mitochondria Malted barley
Aerobic respiration Malt
Anaerobic respiration Hops
Glycolysis Lactic acid
Krebs cycle Pyruvic acid
Oxidative phosphorylation Whey
Curd
LEARNING INTENTIONS
* Distinguish between aerobic respiration and photosynthesis
* Understand the formation of by-products in cellular respiration
*understand the process of aerobic and anaerobic respiration and the role of
oxygen
Understand how the raw materials are used in the process of respiration in
the mitochondria
* To understand the significance of respiration
*explaining the formation of lactic acid in the muscle cells during exercise
*how to carry out the process of alcoholic fermentation by making pineapple
beer
*uses of fermentation/anaerobic respiration in biotechnology and the
economy
*to carryout investigations to understand this process
SUCCESS Criteria

o I CAN EXPLAIN CELLULAR RESPIRATION EQUATION


o I CAN EXPLAIN WHY CELLULAR RESPIRATION IS IMPORTANT
FOR LIFE.
What is Cellular
Respiration?
– A chemical process that takes
place in all cells.
– Oxygen and glucose are used
and energy is released
– CO2 and H2O are given off as by
products
– Energy is released for the
functioning of cells.
Uses of energy

– Growth: ____________________
– Movement___________________
– Cell division__________________
– Maintaining body temperature
___________________________
– Active transport ___________________________
Equation for respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy


Where does respiration take
place?

– In the mitochondria
Aerobic respiration

Aerobic respiration takes place when molecular oxygen


is present.
The three phases can be distinguished:
1. Glycolysis
2. Krebs cycle
3. Oxidative phosphorylation
GLYCOLYSIS (splitting of glucose)
– Takes place in the cytosol(cytoplasm) just outside
the mitochondrion
– It is anaerobic (O2 is not needed)
– Glucose molecule are broken down to form 2
molecules of pyruvic acid
– Very specific enzymes control the reaction
– Energy rich H-atoms, as well as a small amount of
energy, is released and stored in ATP
– The energy is used in the form of ATP
The pyruvic acid molecules then move into the lumen of the
mitochondria for the next phase of respiration the Kreb
cycle.
The Krebs Cycle

❑This phase is an aerobic phase (……….)


– The pyruvic acids produced during glycolysis enter the
mitochondrion where it is used in a cyclic series of
reactions
– Energized hydrogen atoms and CO2 are released during
these reactions.
– Co-enzymes transfer the hydrogen atoms
• The last part of
cellular respiration
takes place in the
inner and outer
membrane of the
mitochondria
• It is called oxidative
phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation

– The energized hydrogen atoms (from glycolysis and the


Krebs cycle) are transferred from one co-enzyme carrier
to the next.
– At each transfer a little energy from the energized
hydrogen atoms is given off.
– This phase requires oxygen
– Gradually all the energy is drained off
– This energy is used to form ATP from ADP + P.
– Finally the hydrogen combines with oxygen to form
water.
Summary
If oxygen is not present the Krebs cycle and oxidative
phosphorylation cannot take place.

When respiration takes place in the absence of oxygen, it is


known as anaerobic respiration
Anaerobic Respiration

1. Glucose is still broken down into pyruvic acid


because no oxygen is needed for glycolysis.
2. The pyruvic acid is then not able to be further
broken down it forms other intermediate
products such as alcohol (plants) or lactic acid
(animals)
3. Far less energy is released since glucose is not
completely broken down
Formula for lactic acid
fermentation
Glucose → ATP + Pyruvic acid → Lactic acid
Anaerobic respiration
Anaerobic Respiration in
humans

– When humans engage in strenuous activity (eg: Running a


long distance race) energy is first supplied through aerobic
respiration.
– The breathing rate and heart beat increases to supply
oxygen to the tissues
– However at a point the rate of oxygen supplied does not
meet the rate required by respiration
– This shortage of oxygen which leads to anaerobic
respiration is called oxygen debt
– The lactic acid which forms as a by product of anaerobic
respiration accumulates in the muscle tissue of the
person
– When the lactic acid reaches a critical level it causes
muscle cramps preventing further muscle contraction
– As a result the person is not able to continue with the
activity, but collapses instead.
– Even after the activity has stopped the breathing
rate and heart rate is still high in order to try and
circulate oxygen in the body.
– This oxygen is used to convert some of the lactic
acid into CO2 and H2O while some is converted back
into glucose.
Anaerobic respiration in
plants
− http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/3
4874-howstuffworks-show-episode-5-
fermentation-video.htm
− Only glycolysis occurs
− Glucose is broken down
− Pyruvic acid is formed
− Only a small amount of energy is released
− Pyruvic acid is broken down further
− Carbon dioxide is released
− Alcohol (ethanol) is formed

− This process is known as alcoholic


fermentation
The role of anaerobic respiration
in industry- biotechnology
– Yeast cells and other fungi respire anaerobically
and are used to produce alcoholic beverages,
such as beer and wine
– Yeast cells are also used to cause bread to rise
during baking
– Certain bacteria can be used to produce
cheese, yoghurt and sour milk under anaerobic
conditions in the presence of lactose
Comparison of aerobic
Comparison betweenand
Aerobic
anaerobic respiration
and Anaerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration Anaerobic Respiration

– Similarities in animals in plants and yeast

Oxygen required?
yes no no
▪Glycolysis
Glucose occursserves as a raw material in both processes
yes yes yes
▪ATP
COyield
2 is released in both processes
38ATP 2ATP 2ATP
▪ Energy is released in both processes
Glucose completely broke
down? yes no no
End products
Carbon Lactic acid Ethanol and
dioxide carbon
and water dioxide
Investigations
Investigations
Investigations

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