ME 352

FLUID DYNAMICS 2
 Some Applications of the Momentum Equation

𝐷2

𝑃1
60°

𝐷3
 Momentum Equation for Inertial Control Volume
𝝏
𝑭𝒔 + 𝑭𝑩 = න 𝑽𝝆𝒅∀ + න 𝑽𝝆𝑽 ∙ 𝒅𝑨
𝝏𝒕 𝑪𝑽 𝑪𝑺

In the 𝒙𝒚𝒛 coordinates: ෡

𝑽 = 𝒖𝒊Ƹ + 𝒗𝒋Ƹ +𝒘𝒌

where 𝒖, 𝒗 and 𝒘 are scalar components of 𝑽

𝝏
𝑭𝒔𝒙 + 𝑭𝑩𝒙 = න 𝒖𝝆𝒅∀ + න 𝒖𝝆𝑽 ∙ 𝒅𝑨
𝝏𝒕 𝑪𝑽 𝑪𝑺

𝝏
𝑭𝒔𝒚 + 𝑭𝑩𝒚 = න 𝒗𝝆𝒅∀ + න 𝒗𝝆𝑽 ∙ 𝒅𝑨
𝝏𝒕 𝑪𝑽 𝑪𝑺

𝝏
𝑭𝒔𝒛 + 𝑭𝑩𝒛 = න 𝒘𝝆𝒅∀ + න 𝒘𝝆𝑽 ∙ 𝒅𝑨
𝝏𝒕 𝑪𝑽 𝑪𝑺
 Momentum Equation for Inertial Control Volume

For uniform flow in the 𝑥𝑦𝑧 coordinates:

𝝏
𝑭𝒔𝒙 + 𝑭𝑩𝒙 = න 𝒖𝝆𝒅∀ + ෍ 𝒖𝝆𝑽 ∙ 𝑨
𝝏𝒕 𝑪𝑽 𝑪𝑺

𝝏
𝑭𝒔𝒚 + 𝑭𝑩𝒚 = න 𝒗𝝆𝒅∀ + ෍ 𝒗𝝆𝑽 ∙ 𝑨
𝝏𝒕 𝑪𝑽 𝑪𝑺

𝝏
𝑭𝒔𝒛 + 𝑭𝑩𝒛 = න 𝒘𝝆𝒅∀ + ෍ 𝒘𝝆𝑽 ∙ 𝑨
𝝏𝒕 𝑪𝑽 𝑪𝑺
 Momentum Equation for Inertial Control Volume
And for uniform steady flow:

𝑭𝒔𝒙 + 𝑭𝑩𝒙 = ෍ 𝒖𝝆𝑽 ∙ 𝑨

𝑪𝑺

𝑭𝒔𝒚 + 𝑭𝑩𝒚 = ෍ 𝒗𝝆𝑽 ∙ 𝑨 ሶ

𝑪𝑺

⟹ ෍ 𝑭 = ෍ 𝑽𝝆𝑽 ∙ 𝑨
𝑪𝑺

For a general CV with a multiple streams into and out of the CV, this
reduces to
ሶ − ෍ 𝒎𝑽
෍ 𝑭 = ෍ 𝒎𝑽 ሶ
𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒏
 Examples
1. Water from a stationary nozzle strikes a flat plate as shown. The
water leaves the nozzle at 15 m/s; the nozzle area is 0.01 m2. Assuming
the water is directed normal to the plate, and flows along the plate,
determine the horizontal force you need to resist to hold it in place.

Solution:
 Examples
2. Water is accelerated by a nozzle to an average speed of 20 m/s, and
strikes a stationary vertical plate at a rate of 10 kg/s with a normal
velocity of 20 m/s. After the striking the plate, the water stream
splatters off in all directions in the plane of the plate. Determine the
force needed to prevent the plate from moving horizontally due to the
water stream.
3. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the vertical and horizontal
components and the total force exerted on the stationary blade below
by a 50 mm jet of water moving at 15 m/s.
 Examples
4. A water jet of 50 mm moving at 30 m/s is divided in half by a splitter
on the stationary flat plate shown below. Calculate the magnitude and
direction of the force on the plate. Assume that flow is in a horizontal
plane.
Control Volume Moving with Constant Velocity

• We need to define a new reference frame, xyz that is

attached to the CV
• For the momentum equation to be valid, all velocities must
be measured relative to the CV

𝜕
𝐹Ԧ = 𝐹Ԧ𝑠 + 𝐹Ԧ𝐵 = න 𝑉𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝜌𝑑∀ + න 𝑉𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝜌𝑉𝑥𝑦𝑧 ∙ 𝑑𝐴Ԧ
𝜕𝑡 𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑆

• It is helpful to imagine that the velocities are those that

would be seen by an observer moving with the control
volume
 Control Volume Moving with Constant Velocity
For a general CV with a multiple streams into and out of the CV, this
reduces to
ሶ 𝒙𝒚𝒛 − ෍ 𝒎𝑽
෍ 𝑭 = ෍ 𝒎𝑽 ሶ 𝒙𝒚𝒛
𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒏

Example 1: A vane with a turning angle of 60° moves at a constant

speed of U = 10 m/s. The vane receives a jet of water that leaves a
stationary nozzle with a speed of V = 30 m/s. The nozzle has an exit
area of 0.003 m2. Determine the x and y components of the force
acting on the vane,
 Control Volume Moving with Constant Velocity

2. Water from a stationary nozzle impinges on a moving vane with a

turning angle of θ = 120°. The vane moves away from the nozzle with
constant speed, U = 10 m/s, and receives a jet that leaves the nozzle
with speed V = 30 m/s. The nozzle has an exit area of 0.004 m2. Find the
force that must be applied to maintain the vane speed constant.
 Control Volume Moving with Constant Velocity
3. Consider a series of turning vanes struck by a continuous jet of water
that leaves a nozzle of diameter 50 mm at constant speed V = 100 m/s.
The vanes move with constant speed, U = 50 m/s, and also all the mass
flow leaving the jet crosses the vanes. The curvature of the vanes is
described by angles θ1 = 30° and θ2 = 45°, as shown. Evaluate the nozzle
angle, α, required to ensure that the jet enters tangent to the leading
edge of each vane. Calculate the force that must be applied to maintain
the vane speed constant.
Control Volume with Rectilinear Acceleration

• XYZ: stationary/non-accelerating CV/inertial reference

frame
• xyz: accelerating CV/noninertial reference frame
 Control Volume with Rectilinear Acceleration

𝒅𝑷ቇ
𝑭=
𝒅𝒕 𝒔

• To formulate the right equation, we must measure the

acceleration relative to the inertial reference frame, XYZ
𝑑𝑃𝑋𝑌𝑍 𝜕 𝑑𝑉𝑋𝑌𝑍
𝐹Ԧ = = න 𝑉𝑋𝑌𝑍 𝑑𝑚 = න 𝑑𝑚 [1]
𝑑𝑡 𝑠 𝜕𝑡 𝑀 𝑀 𝑑𝑡
𝑉𝑋𝑌𝑍 = 𝑉𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑉𝑟𝑓 [2]

where 𝑉𝑟𝑓 is the velocity of the CV coordinates (xyz) relative

to the stationary/absolute coordinates, XYZ
𝑑𝑉𝑋𝑌𝑍 𝑉𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑉𝑟𝑓
= + , 𝑎Ԧ𝑋𝑌𝑍 = 𝑎Ԧ𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑎Ԧ𝑟𝑓 [3]
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
 Control Volume with Rectilinear Acceleration

𝑎Ԧ𝑋𝑌𝑍 = 𝑎Ԧ𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑎Ԧ𝑟𝑓

𝑎Ԧ𝑋𝑌𝑍 is the rectilinear acceleration of the system relative the inertial

reference frame, XYZ
𝑎Ԧ𝑥𝑦𝑧 is the rectilinear acceleration of the system relative to the non-
inertial reference frame, xyz (relative to the accelerating CV)
𝑎Ԧ𝑟𝑓 is the rectilinear acceleration of non-inertial reference frame xyz
(the accelerating CV) relative to the inertial reference frame XYZ
 Control Volume with Rectilinear Acceleration

𝒅𝑷𝑿𝒀𝒁 𝒅𝑽𝑿𝒀𝒁 𝒅𝑽𝑿𝒀𝒁 𝑽𝒙𝒚𝒛 𝒅𝑽𝒓𝒇

𝑭= =න 𝒅𝒎 = +
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝒔 𝑴

𝒂𝑿𝒀𝒁 = 𝒂𝒙𝒚𝒛 + 𝒂𝒓𝒇

From Eqn. 1 and 3:

𝒅𝑽𝑿𝒀𝒁 𝒅𝑽𝒙𝒚𝒛 𝒅𝑽𝒓𝒇

𝑭=න 𝒅𝒎 = න 𝒅𝒎 + න 𝒅𝒎
𝑴 𝒅𝒕 𝑴 𝒅𝒕 𝑴 𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝑽𝒙𝒚𝒛
𝑭=න 𝒅𝒎 + න 𝒂𝒓𝒇 𝒅𝒎
𝑴 𝒅𝒕 𝑴

𝒅𝑽𝒙𝒚𝒛 𝒅𝑷𝒙𝒚𝒛
𝑭 − න 𝒂𝒓𝒇 𝒅𝒎 = න 𝒅𝒎 =
𝑴 𝑴 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒔

𝝏
𝑭𝒔 + 𝑭𝑩 − න 𝒂𝒓𝒇 𝒅𝒎 = න 𝑽 𝝆𝒅𝑽 + න 𝑽𝒙𝒚𝒛 𝝆𝑽𝒙𝒚𝒛 ∙ 𝒅𝑨
𝑴 𝝏𝒕 𝑪𝑽 𝒙𝒚𝒛 𝑪𝑺
Example 1: A rocket sled with initial mass of 3 metric tons, including 1
ton of fuel, rests on a level section of track. A t = 0, the solid fuel of the
rocket is ignited and the rocket burns fuel at the rate of 75 kg/s. The
exit speed of the exhaust gas relative to the rocket is 2500 m/s, and the
pressure is atmospheric. Neglecting friction and air resistance, calculate
the acceleration and speed of the sled at t = 10 s.
2. A small rocket, with an initial mass of 400 kg, is to be launched
vertically. Upon ignition the rocket consumes fuel at the rate of 5 kg/s
and ejects gas at atmospheric pressure with a speed of 3500 m/s
relative to the rocket. Determine the initial acceleration of the rocket
and the rocket speed after 10 s, if air resistance is neglected.
3. A cart is propelled by a liquid jet issuing horizontally from a tank as
shown. The track is horizontal, resistance to motion may be neglected.
The tank is pressurized so that the jet speed may be considered
constant. Obtain a general expression for the speed of the cart as it
accelerates from rest. If M0 = 100 kg, ρ = 999 kg/m3, and A = 0.005 m2,
find the jet speed V required for the cart to reach a speed of 1.5 m/s
after 30 seconds. For this condition, plot the cart speed U as a function
of time. Plot the cart speed after 30 seconds as a function of jet speed.
 Angular Momentum Principle (Moment of
Momentum Equation)
❑ Basic Law, and Transport Theorem
Angular Momentum Principle (Moment of
Momentum Equation)
 Example 1
Water flows through the 90° reducing elbow shown below. At
Section 1, the absolute pressure is 220 kPa and the cross-sectional
area is 0.01 m2. At Section 2 which is located 0.3 m to the right of
Section 1, the cross-sectional area and velocity are 0.0025 m2 and
16 m/s, respectively. The elbow discharges to the atmosphere.
(a) Calculate the force required to hold the elbow in place.
(b) Estimate the moment exerted by the flange on the elbow.
 MOMENT OF MOMENTUM EQUATION
• The moment of momentum equation is derived from the
principles of momentum which states that resulting torque
acting on a rotating fluid is equal to the rate of change of
moment of momentum.
Let 𝑉1 =velocity of fluid at section (1), 𝑟1 =radius of curvature at
section (1)
Q=rate of flow of fluid, 𝜌= density of fluid
𝑉2 and 𝑟2
= 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (2)
• Moment of fluid at section (1) = mass x velocity per second
=𝜌𝑄𝑉1 per second.
• Moment of momentum at section (1) =𝜌𝑄𝑉1 × 𝑟1
• Similarly, moment of momentum at section (2) =𝜌𝑄𝑉2 × 𝑟2
 MOMENT OF MOMENTUM EQUATION
• Rate of change of moment of momentum =𝜌𝑄𝑉2 × 𝑟2 −
𝜌𝑄𝑉1 × 𝑟1 =
𝜌𝑄(𝑉2 𝑟2 − 𝑉1 𝑟1 )
• According to the moment of momentum principle, resultant
torque,
T = rate of change of moment of momentum = 𝜌𝑄(𝑉2 𝑟2 −
𝑉1 𝑟1 )
• This equation is known as moment of momentum equation.
It is applied for
(1) Analysis of flow problems in turbines and pumps
(2) Finding torque by water on sprinkler
 MOMENT OF MOMENTUM EQUATION

Example 2
A lawn sprinkler with two nozzles of diameter 4 mm each is
connected across a tap of water as shown below. The nozzles
are at a distance of 30 cm and 20 cm from the center of the
tap. The rate of flow of water through the tap is 120 cm3/s
The nozzles discharge water in the downward direction. Find
the angular velocity at which the sprinkler rotates freely.