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Module 5

Uploaded by

deymeghamita
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Memory Organization

module 5

By:
Soumya Das
Asst prof. Dept of CSE
GCE kalahandi
Memory Hierarchy
Memory is used for storing programs and data that are
required to perform a specific task.
For CPU to operate at its maximum speed, it required an
uninterrupted and high speed access to these memories that
contain programs and data. Some of the criteria need to be taken
into consideration while deciding which memory is to be used:
• Cost
• Speed
• Memory access time
• Data transfer rate
• Reliability
How Memories attached to
CPU
A computer system contains various types of memories like auxiliary
memory,
cache memory, and main memory.
• Auxiliary Memory
The auxiliary memory is at the bottom and is not connected with the CPU
directly. However, being slow, it is present in large volume in the system due
to its low pricing. This memory is basically used for storing the programs
that are not needed in the main memory. This helps in freeing the main
memory which can be utilized by other programs that needs main memory.
The main function of this memory is to provide parallel searching that can
be used for performing a search on an entire word.
• Main Memory
The main memory is at the second level of the hierarchy. Due to its direct
connection with the CPU, it is also known as central memory. The main
memory holds the data and the programs that are needed by the CPU.
The main memory mainly consists of RAM, which is available in static
and dynamic mode.
• Cache Memory
Cache memory is at the top level of the memory hierarchy. This is a high
speed memory used to increase the speed of processing by making
current programs and data available to the CPU at a rapid rate. Cache
memory is usually placed between the CPU and the main memory.
Main Memory
• Central storage unit in a computer
system
• Large memory
• Made up of Integrated chips
• Types:
RAM (Random access
memory) ROM (Read only
memory)
RAM (Random Access Memory)
Random access memory (RAM) is the
best known form of computer memory.
RAM is considered "random access"
because you can access any memory cell
directly if you know the row and column
that intersect at that cell.
Types of RAM:-
• Static RAM (SRAM)
• Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
• Static RAM (SRAM)
– a bit of data is stored using the state of a flip-flop.
– Retains value indefinitely, as long as it is kept
powered.
– Mostly uses to create cache memory of CPU.
– Faster and more expensive than DRAM.

• Dynamic RAM (DRAM)


– Each cell stores bit with a capacitor and transistor.
– Large storage capacity
– Needs to be refreshed frequently.
– Used to create main memory.
– Slower and cheaper than SRAM.
ROM
ROM is used for storing programs that are Permanently
resident in the computer and for tables of constants that do
not change in value once the production of the computer is
completed

The ROM portion of main memory is needed for storing an


initial program called bootstrap loader, witch is to start the
computer software operating when power is turned on.

There are five basic ROM types:


• ROM - Read Only Memory
• PROM - Programmable Read Only Memory
• EPROM - Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
• EEPROM - Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory
• Flash EEPROM memory
RAM and ROM Chips
• A RAM chip is better suited for
communication with the CPU if it has one
or more control inputs that select the chip
when needed

• The Block diagram of a RAM chip is


shown next slide, the capacity of the
memory is 128 words of 8 bits (one byte)
per word
RAM
ROM
Memory Address Map
• Memory Address Map is a pictorial
representation of assigned address space for
each chip in the system

• To demonstrate an example, assume that a


computer system needs 512 bytes of RAM and
512 bytes of ROM

• The RAM have 128 byte and need seven


address lines, where the ROM have 512
bytes and need 9 address lines
• The hexadecimal address assigns a
range of hexadecimal equivalent address
for each chip

• Line 8 and 9 represent four distinct


binary combination to specify which
RAM we chose

• When line 10 is 0, CPU selects a


RAM. And when it’s 1, it selects the
ROM
Memory connection to the CPU
Cache memory
• If the active portions of the program and
data are placed in a fast small memory,
the average memory access time can be
reduced
• Thus reducing the total execution time of
the program
• Such a fast small memory is referred
to as cache memory
• The cache is the fastest component in the
memory hierarchy and approaches the
speed of CPU component
• When CPU needs to access memory, the
cache is examined
• If the word is found in the cache, it is
read from the fast memory
• If the word addressed by the CPU is not
found in the cache, the main memory is
accessed to read the word
• When the CPU refers to memory and finds
the word in cache, it is said to produce a
hit

• Otherwise, it is a miss

• The performance of cache memory is


frequently measured in terms of a
quantity called hit ratio
Hit ratio = hit / (hit+miss)
• The basic characteristic of cache memory is
its fast access time
• Therefore, very little or no time must be
wasted when searching the words in the
cache
• The transformation of data from main memory
to cache memory is referred to as a mapping
process, there are three types of mapping:
– Associative mapping
– Direct mapping
– Set-associative mapping
• To help understand the mapping
procedure, we have the following
example:
Associative mapping
• The fastest and most flexible cache
organization uses an associative
memory
• The associative memory stores both
the address and data of the memory
word
• This permits any location in cache to store
ant word from main memory
• The address value of 15 bits is shown as a
five- digit octal number and its
corresponding 12- bit word is shown as a
four-digit octal number
• A CPU address of 15 bits is places in the
argument register and the associative
memory us searched for a matching
address
• If the address is found, the corresponding
12- bits data is read and sent to the CPU
• If not, the main memory is accessed for
the word
• If the cache is full, an address-data pair
must be displaced to make room for a
pair that is needed and not presently in
the cache
Direct Mapping
• Associative memory is expensive
compared to RAM
• In general case, there are 2^k words in
cache memory and 2^n words in main
memory (in our case, k=9, n=15)
• The n bit memory address is divided into
two fields: k-bits for the index and n-k
bits for the tag field
Addressing relationships between main and cache
memories
Set-Associative Mapping
• The disadvantage of direct mapping is
that two words with the same index in
their address but with different tag
values cannot reside in cache memory
at the same time

• Set-Associative Mapping is an
improvement over the direct-mapping in
that each word of cache can store two or
more word of memory under the same
index address
• Each index address refers to two data
words and their associated tags
• Each tag requires six bits and each data
word has 12 bits, so the word length is
2*(6+12) = 36 bits

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