UOW Harvard

Underlined size 20 denotes a greater section

Underlined size 14 denotes a segment within the greater section

Bold Size 14 Denotes a Subheading

Table of Contents
Introduction to UOW Harvard ................................................................................................................ 4
How to use this guide ............................................................................................................................. 4
Reference list information ...................................................................................................................... 4
Formatting guidelines ......................................................................................................................... 4
DOIs and URLs ..................................................................................................................................... 5
Order of entries................................................................................................................................... 5
Secondary sources .................................................................................................................................. 6
Journals ................................................................................................................................................... 8
One author .......................................................................................................................................... 8
Two authors ........................................................................................................................................ 9
Three or more authors ...................................................................................................................... 11
No volume or issue number .............................................................................................................. 13
No author .......................................................................................................................................... 13
Journal articles (online without page numbers) ............................................................................... 14
Books ..................................................................................................................................................... 15
Single Author..................................................................................................................................... 15
Multiple Authors | 2-3 Authors ........................................................................................................ 17
Multiple authors | more than three authors .................................................................................... 20
Chapter in an edited book ................................................................................................................ 21
Corporate author (when the author is also the publisher)............................................................... 22
Ebook ................................................................................................................................................ 23
Edited book ....................................................................................................................................... 24

1
 Multiple works by the same author (in different years) ................................................................... 25
Multiple works by the same author, same year ............................................................................... 26
No author or editor ........................................................................................................................... 27
No date of publication ...................................................................................................................... 28
Second or later edition ..................................................................................................................... 29
Translated work ................................................................................................................................ 30
Online Sources ...................................................................................................................................... 31
Website or a document from a website ........................................................................................... 31
Blogs .................................................................................................................................................. 32
Podcast/Vodcast ............................................................................................................................... 34
Social media ...................................................................................................................................... 35
Newspapers, Magazines & Periodicals ................................................................................................. 36
Article with one or more authors ..................................................................................................... 36
Article with no author ....................................................................................................................... 37
Online article ..................................................................................................................................... 38
Government Publications ..................................................................................................................... 39
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Reports ................................................................................... 39
Government department as author(s) ............................................................................................. 40
Government report (print & online) ................................................................................................. 42
Parliamentary debates, Hansard (print & online)............................................................................. 43
Parliamentary paper ......................................................................................................................... 45
Reports .................................................................................................................................................. 46
Non-Governmental Organisations (NGO) and Industry Publications ............................................... 46
Legal Publications ................................................................................................................................. 47
Legal cases ........................................................................................................................................ 47
Legislation – Acts .............................................................................................................................. 49
Legislation – Bills ............................................................................................................................... 50
Company Information ........................................................................................................................... 51
Company and Industry Reports ........................................................................................................ 51
Company profiles .............................................................................................................................. 52
Financial data .................................................................................................................................... 54
Patents and standards .......................................................................................................................... 55
Patents .............................................................................................................................................. 55
Standards .......................................................................................................................................... 56
Statistics and Data................................................................................................................................. 57
Statistics ............................................................................................................................................ 57
Figure, graph or table........................................................................................................................ 58
Encyclopedias and Dictionaries............................................................................................................. 59

2
 Entry with author (print) ................................................................................................................... 59
Entry with no author (print) .............................................................................................................. 60
Entry with or without authors (online) ............................................................................................. 60
Entry with or without authors (database) ........................................................................................ 61
Film, television, and online video ......................................................................................................... 61
Film and Video .................................................................................................................................. 61
Television .......................................................................................................................................... 63
Online video ...................................................................................................................................... 64
Music ..................................................................................................................................................... 65
Music score ....................................................................................................................................... 65
Music score transcription ................................................................................................................. 66
Edited music score or critical edition ................................................................................................ 67
Music Performed by performer other than artist (or a specific performance by artist) .................. 68
Music from an online source ............................................................................................................ 69
Theses and Conference Papers ............................................................................................................. 70
Theses ............................................................................................................................................... 70
Conference papers (published) ......................................................................................................... 71
Conference papers (unpublished) .................................................................................................... 72
Images and Artwork .............................................................................................................................. 73
Images and artwork (print) ............................................................................................................... 73
Images and artwork (online) ............................................................................................................. 74
Maps ..................................................................................................................................................... 75
Maps (within a text e.g., atlas).......................................................................................................... 75
Maps (printed map) .......................................................................................................................... 76
Maps (online) .................................................................................................................................... 77
Plays, dance and poetry ........................................................................................................................ 78
Other Sources ....................................................................................................................................... 79
Media release.................................................................................................................................... 79
Personal communication .................................................................................................................. 80
Course material ................................................................................................................................. 81
Leaflet or pamphlet........................................................................................................................... 82
Primary sources and archives ........................................................................................................... 83

3
Introduction to UOW Harvard
This guide to the UOW Harvard edition is an updated edition of the previous UOW Harvard
referencing guide. It has been greatly expanded to include more content and examples for
ease of use.

Please check the Subject Outline, assessment guides or with your subject lecturers
regarding the appropriateness of the various types of sources that can be used in your
assignments.

The Harvard referencing style is an author-date citation style with two main features:
• In-text citations, you refer to another author's work. You must cite your source
by providing the last name(s) of the author(s) and the year of publication.

• The reference list which appears at the end of your assignment. This list
includes full details of each source you have cited in-text, listing them in
alphabetical order by the author's last name.

How to use this guide

This guide provides specific examples of how to correctly cite and reference a wide range of
sources you may encounter in your studies. You should familiarise yourself with this guide
as it will help you master this style of referencing.

The information required for an in-text citation or reference list entry can differ depending on
the type of source you are using. To help you with this, specific examples are organised
throughout this guide according to source type, such as books, journals, and websites.
Consult these sections when you need guidance on how to cite and reference a particular
type of source.

Remember: learning is a process, and referencing is no different. If you require ongoing

support with referencing, make sure to reach out to your subject lecturer or tutor.
Referencing help can also be sought at Learning Development and the Learning Co-op.
Links will be provided below.

Learning Development: https://www.uow.edu.au/student/support-services/learning-

development/

Learning Co-op: https://www.uow.edu.au/student/learning-co-op/

Reference list information

Formatting guidelines

• Begin the reference list on a new page.

• Use the heading ‘References’ in bold at the top of the page and make sure it
is centred.

• Order the references alphabetically.

4
 • Double space the reference list, within and between reference list entries.
This can be done with the line spacing setting in any word processing
software.

• Use a hanging indent for each entry. You can see a guide on formatting a
hanging indent here: https://columbiacollege-ca.libguides.com/microsoft-
word/indentation.

DOIs and URLs

A DOI, or Digital Object Identifier, is a string of numbers, letters and symbols used to
permanently identify an electronic source or book and link to it on the web. The DOI helps
readers locate a document even if the physical location of the document changes. The DOI
will never change.
The DOI is typically displayed prominently in the bibliographic information for a
publication. Check the first page or first several pages of the document, near the copyright
notice. The DOI can also be found on the database landing page for the source.
If you still can't find the DOI, you can look it up on the website CrossRef.org (use the
"Search Metadata" option).
It's important to note that not all electronic materials will have a DOI. The DOI system is a
fairly recent concept, so books and articles published prior to 2000 are less likely to have
DOIs.
You may find DOIs formatted in various ways:
doi:10.1080/02626667.2018.1560449
https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.12487
https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2018.1560449
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.11.014
Use either DOI's or URLs in an entry in the reference list. You do not need to include both
the DOI and a URL.
Often URLs can be very long and unwieldy, making referencing trickier. In these cases, you
can use an online tool to shorten URLs, such as https://bitly.com/. In UOW Harvard
referencing, URLS in a reference list should be enclosed in angled brackets, that is
<https://bitly.com/>.

Order of entries
• Order entries alphabetically by the first listed author’s last name.

• Single author entries by the same author appear in order of publication date
(earlier before later).

• Works without a date (n.d.) precede those with a date.

• ‘Nothing’ precedes ‘something’ – that is, for example, ‘Smith’ precedes

‘Smithson’.

• Entries that are in the process of being published (in press) are listed with the
year of online publication.

5
 • Authors with the same last name and first names appear in birth order, with
the older appearing first and indicated with Sr. and the younger appearing
next and indicated by Jr.

For example:
Dearlove, J n.d., 'Title of the article', Journal, vol. xx, no. X, Page
number, <http://doi.xxx>.
Dearlove, J 2015, 'Title of the article', Journal, vol. xx, no. X, Page
number, <http://doi.xxx>.
Dearlove, J 2019, 'Title of the article', Journal, vol. xx, no. X, Page
number, <http://doi.xxx>.
Single author entries appear before multiple author entries.

For example:
A work by ‘Smith’ would be listed before a publication by ‘Smith & Brown’.
If a work has no identified author, use the work’s title in the author position (see example
provided under the section Books, No author).
Use ‘Anonymous’ in author position only if indicated on the work.

Secondary sources
• This template is used when the work of one author is cited in another author’s
work.

• A secondary source is where the ideas or work from one author – the
primary source - are then published in another author's work – the
secondary source. Effectively, this is when a source you are reading
cites or quotes someone else, and you want to use that information
yourself.

• It is generally considered best practice to track down the original

source yourself – if you can do this, you should cite that source
according to its format – as a journal, as a book, and so on. However,
this can be impossible, especially if the original source is out of print. In
that case you should cite it as a secondary source.

• Secondary sources should be cited when it is relevant to cite the original work
(e.g., context). If the original work is irrelevant, source the secondary source
and reference as a non-secondary source.
o For example, a secondary source use would be appropriate for:
 analysing an author’s thoughts on another work
 demonstrate the credibility of the original author’s work

In-text citation

6
• In the in-text citation, include the names of both the original author and the author of the
secondary source text where the idea or quote was found.

Paraphrase
Template

(Author cited by first author, cited in Author of cited work’s last name
Year published)

Or

In year published Author cited by first author cited in Author of cited

work’s last name Year published

Examples

The age of the Romantics featured produced many significant works

of art (Klein, cited in Cameron 2008).

Direct quote
Template

(Author cited by first author, cited in Author of cited work’s last name
Year published, p. Page number)

Or

In year published Author cited by first author cited in Author of cited

work’s last name Year published, p. Page number

Examples

As the cultural critic Norman Klein stated in 1997, "the Romantics

gloried in the ruins of memory" (cited in Cameron 2008, p. 5).

Reference list

• In the Reference List you only need to record the book that you cited (see resources on
books or journals for single, 2-3 or multiple authors for template)

Example

Cameron, A 2008, Modular Narratives in Contemporary Cinema,

Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, New York.

Urry, L, Cain, M, Wasserman, S, Minorsky, P & Reece, J 2017,

Campbell Biology, 11th edn, Pearson, Australia.

7
 ________________________________________________________

Journals
One author
In-text citation

Paraphrase

Template

(Author’s last name Year of publication)

• When paraphrasing, you don’t need to include page numbers in an

in-text citation unless you have been told to cite them.

Example

Remittances were maintained at a high level regarding Polynesian

nurses (Lee 2007).

or

Lee states that remittances were maintained at a high level regarding

Polynesian nurses (2007).

Direct quote

Template

(Author’s last name Year of publication, p. number)

• Include the quote within the paragraph and include the specific
page number/s to indicate where the words you have quoted
appear in the source.
• Use double quotation marks to show the exact words of the
original source.
• If you are citing a page range, don’t repeat page numbers if they
are within a close range, e.g., pages 41-49, should be written as
pp. 41-9, or pages 322-328 should be written as pp. 322-8.

Example

It was also observed that “people maintained networks of contact

between some of the islands” (Lee 2007, p. 7).

or

Lee observed that “people maintained networks of contact between

some of the islands” (2007, p. 7).

8
Reference list

Template

Author’s last name, Author’s initials Year of publication, ‘Article title’, Journal
name, vol. (volume number), no. (issue number), p./pp. (page
number/range).

• Author’s initials include the first letter of the author’s first name,
and, if provided, the first letter of their middle name (e.g., Michael
Smith = Smith, M or Michael John Smith = Smith, MJ).
• The title of the article is inside single quote marks.
• Capitalise all first letters of the main words in the Journal name
(i.e., not ‘and’ ‘of’, ‘in’ etc.) and place the journal name in italics.
• Volume number (‘vol.’), which refers to the years the journal has
been in publication, can be found on the first page on an online
article or on the cover of the journal.
• If a journal has been published more than once in a particular
year, it will also have an issue number (indicated by ‘no.’) which
usually appears after the volume number.
• p./pp. refers to the specific page numbers of the journal at which
the article is located.

Examples

Lee, H 2007, ‘Transforming transnationalism: second generation Tongans

overseas’, Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 157-
178.

Harvey, L 2015, ‘Defending native birds from introduced wrens’, Journal of

Australian Aviaries, vol. 2, no. 5, p. 178.

-------------------------------------------------------------------

Two authors
• For both in-text citations and reference list entries, write the names of the
authors in the order they appear on the title page of the article.
• When the authors names are part of your sentence, use ‘and’ instead of
‘&’.

In-text citation

Paraphrase

Template

(1st Author’s last name & 2nd Author’s last name Year of publication)

9
 or

(1st Author’s last name, 2nd Author’s last name & 3rd Author’s last
name Year of publication)

• Unlike the reference list, which requires author/s initials, in-text

citations use author/s last names only and do not include any initials.
• Place the authors’ names in the order they appear in the article.
• Ampersands (‘&’) are used when the authors’ names in an in-text
citation are within brackets. However, if the authors’ names are part of
the sentence, use the word ‘and’, as shown in the examples below.

Example

The group of 100 joined the ASX and other associations (Carlin &
Ford 2006, p. 79).

According to Bouris, Giles and Rosenthal (1981), greater attention has

been given recently in the field of social psychology to studying the
relations between different groups.

Direct quote

Templates

(1st Author’s last name & 2nd Author’s last name Year of publication, p.
number)

or

(1st Author’s last name, 2nd Author’s last name & 3rd Author’s last
name Year of publication, p. number)

Examples

Carlin and Ford (2006, p. 79) claim that "paying executives in the form
of options” is becoming more widespread.

The researchers also claim that “speech communities can be

classified as possessing low, medium or high vitality” (Bouris, Giles &
Rosenthal 1981, p. 146).

Reference list

Template

1st Author’s last name,1st Author’s initials & 2nd Author’s last name, 2nd
Author’s initials Year of publication, ‘Article title’, Journal name, vol.
Volume number, no. Issue number, p./pp. Page number/range.

10
 1st Author’s last name,1st Author’s initials, 2nd Author’s last name, 2nd Author’s
initials & 3rd Author’s last name, 3rd Author’s initials, Year of
publication, ‘Article title’, Journal name, vol. Volume number, no. Issue
number, p./pp. Page number/range.

Examples

Hybeld, RC & Reinheart P 2015, ‘The reduction of Wood Duck population in far
North Canada’, Canadian Wildlife, vol. 3, no. 41, pp. 34-46.

Carlin, TY & Ford, G 2006, ‘A governance perspective on executive options

plans - some Australian empirical evidence’, Australian Accounting
Review, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 75-84.

Kennamer, RA, Alsum, SK & Colwell SV 1997, ‘Composition of Wood Duck

effs in relation to egg size, laying sequence, and skipped days of
laying’, The Auk, vol. 114, no. 3, pp. 479-487.

Filbert, P, Zucker LP & Horatio, H 2019, ‘Benefits of free-range farming’,

Australian Agriculture, vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 27-32.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Three or more authors

In-text citation

Paraphrase

Template

(1st Author’s last name et al. Year of publication)

• Give the name of the first author followed by et al. (meaning ‘and
others’).

Examples

A candidate’s site "stickiness" is not determined by popularity (Wattal

et al. 2010).

or

According to Wattal et al. (2010), the “stickiness” of a candidate’s site

is not determined by popularity.

Direct quote

Template

11
 (1st Author’s last name et al. Year of publication, p. number)

Examples

Wattal et al. conclude that, "[p]olitics in the United States has come a
long way" (2010, p. 670).

or

"We believe information systems can provide insight" (Wattal et al.

2010, p. 670).

Reference list

Template

1st Author’s last name,1st Author’s initials, Nth Author’s last name, Nth
Author’s initials & Final Author’s last name, Final Author’s initials
Year of publication, ‘Article title’, Journal name, vol. (volume
number), no. (issue number), p./pp. (page number/range).

• List all authors. Do not use ‘et al.’ in the reference list entry.
• Author names should be in the order in which they appear on the
article (indicated in the template by ‘Nth’).
• Author’s initials include the first letter of the author’s first name, and, if
provided, the first letter of their middle name (e.g., Michael Smith =
Smith, M or Michael John Smith = Smith, MJ).
• Capitalise all first letters of the main words in the journal name (i.e.,
not ‘and’ ‘of’, ‘in’ etc.) and place the journal name in italics.
• Volume number (‘vol.’), which refers to the years the journal has been
in publication, can be found on the first page on an online article or on
the cover of the journal.
• If a journal has been published more than once in a particular year, it
will also have an issue number (indicated by ‘no.’) which usually
appears after the volume number.
• p./pp. refers to the specific page numbers of the journal at which the
article is located.

Examples

Wattal, S, Schuff, D, Mandviwalla, M & Williams, CB 2010, ‘Web 2.0

and politics: the 2008 U.S. presidential election and an e-
politics research agenda’, MIS Quarterly, vol. 34, no. 4, pp.
669-688.

Hilford, S, Rogers, PR, Plyon, KI & Juliard, CH 2008, ‘Pliability of

varying ranges of commercially available plywood’,
Woodworkers Australia, vol. 12, no. 8, p. 54.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

12
No volume or issue number

In-text citation

• In-text citation formats are the same as earlier entries in this guide for journals
with single to multiple authors.
• Where there are no volume or issue numbers you do not have to add them
into the reference list entry.

Reference list

Template
Author’s last name, Author’s initials Year of publication, ‘Article title’,
Journal name, p./pp. Page number/range.

Example

Mcgraw, F 1993, ‘Exo-skeleton mechanics for improved lower body

manoeuvrability’, English Mechanical Engineering, pp. 34-67.

Wychick, J & Thompson, L 2005, ‘Fallen for a scam lately?’ Australia

Today, 24 November, pp. 54-60.

----------------------------------------------------------

No author

In-text citation

• Put the ‘title of the article’ in single quote marks followed by the year
published (and if using a quote, include the specific page number the
quoted words appear on).

Paraphrase

Template

(Article title Year published)

• Use the ‘title of the article’ (in place of the author’s name) in the in-text citation.

Example

In the article ‘Restructuring USAID: time to match rhetoric with deeds’ (2010),
the author laments the lack of consistency in regard to fulfilled promises in
governmental organisations.

13
Direct quote

Template

(Article title Year published, p. Page number)

Example

"During his campaign Obama made a number of significant commitments"

(‘Restructuring USAID: time to match rhetoric with deeds’ 2010, p. 45).

Reference list

 List the article alphabetically, but by its title rather than by author name, in the
reference list.

Template

‘Article title’, Year of publication, Journal name, vol. (volume number), no.
(issue number), p./pp. (page number/range).

Examples

‘Revisiting gender roles in eighteenth century classics’, 2005, English

Literature, vol. 165, no. 4, p. 32.

‘Restructuring USAID: time to match rhetoric with deeds’, 2010, The Lancet,
vol. 376, no. 9747, p. 1118.

---------------------------------------------------------------

Journal articles (online without page numbers)

In-text citation

Template
(Author’s last name Year of publication)

Example

Findings suggest that "[i]ntercultural communication skills are essential in

ELT" (Xiao & Petraki 2007).

Xiao and Petraki (2007) note that the teaching of intercultural communication
skills to learners of English is critical.

Reference list

14
 • Put the journal details that are available after the title. Volume and issue
numbers may not always be available.
• Enclose the URL within the ‘greater than’ and ‘less than’ symbols < >
• A DOI, or Digital Object Identifier, is a string of numbers, letters and
symbols that uniquely identify an article or document and provide it with a
permanent web address or URL.

Template

Author’s last name, Author’s initials Year of publication, ‘Article title’, Journal
name, vol. (volume number), no. (issue number), p./pp. (page
number/range), viewed date (day month year), <URL> or DOI.

Examples

Xiao, H & Petraki E 2007, ‘An Investigation of Chinese students’ difficulties in

intercultural communication and its role in ELT’, Journal of Intercultural
Communication, no. 13, viewed 27 November 2010,
<http://www.immi.se/jicc/index.php/jicc/article/view/90/59>.

________________________________________________________

Books
Single Author

In-text citation

Paraphrase
Template

(Author’s last name Year of publication)

Examples

Metcalf (2005) propounded the idea that the rate of human development as a
society is affected by a multitude of factors.

The rate of human development as a society is affected by a multitude of

factors (Metcalf 2005).

• When paraphrasing, you don’t need to include page numbers in an in-text citation unless
you have been told to cite them.

Direct quote
15
When fewer than 30 words are quoted

Template

(Author’s last name Year of publication, p. Page number)

Examples

Metcalf (2005, p. 184) argues that "the Nuer of southern Sudan lacked any
institutions of governance; no chiefs or councils of elders, no armies or law
enforcement.”

o Include the quote within the paragraph and include the

specific page number/s to indicate where the words appear
in the source.
o Use double quotation marks to show the exact words of the
original source.

When 30 or more words are quoted

Examples

Much has been written about acute care. Finkelman (2006, p. 184), for
example, points out that:

There are many changes in acute care services occurring almost daily, and
due to the increasing use of outpatient surgery, surgical services have
experienced major changes. Hospitals are increasing the size of their
outpatient or ambulatory surgery departments and adjusting to the need of
moving patients into and out of the surgical service in 1 day or even a few
hours. Recently, this trend has been seen in some Australian hospitals and
research.

• Begin quoting the exact words from the source on a new line.
• Indent the quoted text 5 spaces (use the Indent tool to keep all
lines of the quote evenly indented).
• Do not put the quote inside quotation marks.
• Include specific page number/s indicating where the words
appear in the source.
• Use p. for a single page, e.g. (Metcalf 2005, p. 45) or pp. for a
page range, e.g. (Metcalf 2005, pp. 34-36).

Reference list

Template

Author’s last name, Author’s initial/s Year of publication, Book title, Publisher,
Location of publication.

or

16
 Author’s last name, Author’s initial/s Year of publication, Book title, Edition
number edn, Publisher, Location of publication.

• Author’s initials include the first letter of the author’s first name, and, if
provided, the first letter of their middle name (e.g., Michael Smith =
Smith, M or Michael John Smith = Smith, MJ).
• Book title must be italicised
• If you see that a book is a second or later edition, Edition number
should be written using an ordinal number followed by edn, e.g. 3rd
edn, as shown in the second template above.
• If a book is not a second or later edition, you do not need to put the
Edition number information in the reference, as shown in the first
template above.

Examples

Metcalf, P 2005, Anthropology: the basics, Routledge, Abingdon.

Hawking, S 1996, A brief history of time, 2nd edn, Bantam Dell Publishing,
United Kingdom.

Finkelman, AW 2006, Leadership and management in nursing, Pearson Hall,

Upper Saddle River, NJ.

Kiple, KF 2007, A movable feast: ten millenia of food globalization,

Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Multiple Authors | 2-3 Authors

In-text citation

Paraphrase

Templates

(1st Author’s last name & 2nd Author’s last name Year of publication)

(1st Author’s last name, 2nd Author’s last name & 3rd Author’s last
name Year of publication)

o Unlike the reference list, which requires author/s initials, in-text

citations use author/s last names only and do not include any
initials.
o Place the authors’ names in the order they appear in the book.

o Ampersands (‘&’) are used when the authors’ names in an in-

text citation are within brackets. However, if the authors’
names are part of the sentence, use the word ‘and’, as shown
in the examples below.

17
 Examples

The migrant experience is one that is experienced by many (Savage,

Bagnall & Longhurst 2005).

According to Savage, Bagnall and Longhurst (2005), the migrant

experience is one that is experienced by many.

Direct quote

Templates

(1st Author’s last name & 2nd Author’s last name Year of publication, p.
Page number)

Or

(1st Author’s last name, 2nd Author’s last name & 3rd Author’s last
name Year of publication, p. Page number)

o Unlike the reference list, which requires author/s initials, in-text

citations use author/s last names only and do not include any
initials.

o Ampersands (‘&’) are used when the authors’ names in an in-

text citation are within brackets. However, if the authors’
names are part of the sentence, use the word ‘and’, as shown
in the examples below.

o Include the specific page number/s to indicate where the words

you have quoted appear in the source.
o Use double quotation marks to show the exact words of the
original source.

Examples

“The experience of immigration can be difficult" (Savage, Bagnall &

Longhurst 2005, p. 28).

or

Savage, Bagnall and Longhurst (2005, p. 28) argue that “the

experience of immigration can be difficult”.

Reference list

Templates

2 Authors

18
 1st Author’s last name, 1st Author’s initial/s & 2nd Author’s last name,
2nd Author’s initial/s Year of publication, Book title, Publisher,
Location of publication.

or

1st Author’s last name, 1st Author’s initial/s & 2nd Author’s last name,
2nd Author’s initial/s Year of publication, Book title, Edition
number edn, Publisher, Location of publication.

3 Authors

1st Author’s last name, 1st Author’s initial/s, 2nd Author’s last name, 2nd
Author’s initial/s & 3rd Author’s last name, 3rd Author’s initial/s
Year of publication, Book title, Edition number edn, Publisher,
Location of publication.

• 1st 2nd and 3rd authors refer to the order in which their names are
printed on the book.
• Author’s initials include the first letter of the author’s first name,
and, if provided, the first letter of their middle name (e.g., Michael
Smith = Smith, M or Michael John Smith = Smith, MJ).
• Book title must be italicised
• If you see that a book is a second or later edition, Edition number
should be included and written using an ordinal number followed
by edn, e.g. 3rd edn, as shown in the second template above.
• If a book is not a second or later edition, you do not need to put
the Edition number information in the reference, as shown in the
first template above.

Examples

2 Authors

King, S & Straub, P 1984, The Talisman, Viking, New York.

Pratchett, T & Gaiman, N 1990, Good omens, Gollancz, London.

King, AS & McLalland J 1984, Birds: their structure and function, 3rd
edn, Bailliere Tindall, UK.

3 Authors

Savage, M, Bagnall, G & Longhurst, B 2005, Globalization and

belonging, SAGE, London.

Newton, I, Green, RE & Sutherland WJ 2004, Bird ecology and

conservation, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Siegelbaum, SA, Kandel, ER & Koester JD 2021, Principles of neural

science, 6th edn, McGraw-Hill Education, US.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

19
Multiple authors | more than three authors

In-text citation

Paraphrase

Template

(1st Author’s last name et al. Year of publication)

• For in-text citations, list the last name of the first author followed by
et al. (meaning ‘and others’).

Examples

Abnormal is not always rare (Kring et al. 2010).

or

According to Kring et al. (2010), abnormal is not always rare.

Direct quote

Template

(1st Author’s last name et al. Year of publication, p. Page number)

• For in-text citations, list the last name of the first author followed by
et al. (meaning ‘and others’).
• Include the specific page number/s to indicate where the words
you have quoted appear in the source.
• Use double quotation marks to show the exact words of the
original source.

Examples

Kring et al. (2010, p. 72) describes the theory as “optimum for children
between ages four and seven”.

or

“The theory of cognitive load is well-established" (Kring et al. 2010, p.

72).

Reference list

Template

1st Author’s last name,1st Author’s initials, Nth Author’s last name, Nth Author’s
initials & Final Author’s last name, Final Author’s initials Year of

20
 publication, Book title, Edition number edn, Publisher, Location of
publication.

o Author names should follow the order in which they appear on the book
(indicated in the template by ‘Nth’)

o Do not use et al. in the reference list. List all of the authors’ names, as
shown in the examples below.

Examples

Burrows, A, Parsons, A, Price, Gareth, Pilling, G & Holman, J 2009,

Chemistry3: Introducing Inorganic, Organic and Physical Chemistry,
Oxford University Press, UK.

Kring, A, Davison, GC, Neale, JM & Johnson, S 2010, Abnormal psychology,

11th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ.

Kandel, E, Schwartz, J, Jessel, T, Siegelbaum, S & Hudspeth, AJ 2012,

Principles of Neural Science, 5th edn, McGraw Hill, New York.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter in an edited book

In-text citation

Paraphrase

Template

(Author’s last name Year of publication)

• The name of the author/s of the chapter is used in the in-text

citation.
Examples

Another demonstration of this is the numerous examples of tripling

couplets in previously unused ways (Gray 2009).

or

Another demonstration of this is found in Gray’s (2009) numerous

examples of tripling couplets in previously unused ways.

Direct quote

Template

21
 (Author’s last name Year of publication, p. Page number)

o The name of the chapter author/s is used in the in-text

citation.
Examples

Gray (2009, p. 75) concludes that "Milton was one of the greatest
writers of his time".

or

“Milton was one of the greatest writers of his time” (Gray 2009, p. 75).

o Include the specific page number/s to indicate where the words

you have quoted appear in the source.
o Use double quotation marks to show the exact words of the
original source.

Reference list

Template

Author’s last name, Author’s initial/s Year of publication, ‘Chapter title’, in

Editor/s initials last name (ed.), Book title, edition number edn,
Publisher, Location of publication, pp. Page numbers.

• Put the title of the chapter in 'single quotes'.

• Do not italicise the chapter title.
• In the Reference list include the editor’s name with initials first then family
name, as shown in the example below.
• Put (ed.), for a single editor or (eds), for multiple editors followed by a
comma.
• The pages of the chapter are added after the publication details.
• Referencing conventions for additional editors are the same as for
additional authors (see multiple authors resource).

Examples

Gray, E 2009, ‘The hair of Milton: historicism and literary history’, in DW

Davies (ed.), Romanticism, history, historicism: essays on an
orthodoxy, Routledge, New York, pp. 32-42.

Heath, P 2005, ‘The Achilles Myth’, in HA Motenburg (ed.), Stoicisms in Early

Greek Myth and Legend, Cambridge, United Kingdom, pp. 12-27.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Corporate author (when the author is also the publisher)

In-text citation

22
 Paraphrase

Template

(Publisher’s name Year of publication)

Example

Environmental awareness will inevitably lead to a better world (Deni

Green Consulting Services 2008).

Direct quote
Template

(Publisher’s name Year of publication, p. Page number)

Examples

“Ammonia levels in the surveyed areas were at unusually high levels”

(Deni Green Consulting Services 2008, p.56).

Reference list

Template

Publisher’s name Year of publication, Book title, edition number edn,

Publisher, Location of publication.

• Where the publisher is also regarded as the author, if appropriate you

can use an acronym in place of the full name of the publisher.
o E.g., Deni Green Consulting Services can be abbreviated to
D.G.C.S.
Examples

Deni Green Consulting Services 2008, Capital idea: realising value from
environmental and social performance, D.G.C.S., North Carlton,
Victoria.

NSW Avicultural Society 2002, Catalogue of Common Birds within Greater

NSW, NSW Avicultural Society, Tamworth, NSW.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Ebook
• For online dictionaries and encyclopaedias, please see the entry in this
guide for Encyclopaedias and Dictionaries
• For other eBooks, in-text citation and reference list entries are done in the
same way as for printed books. Please refer to the relevant Book section
for information.

23
 ---------------------------------------------------------------------

Edited book
• Only include the names of the editor(s) of an edited book in an in-text
citation if you’re citing the edited book as a whole rather than referring
to a particular chapter or essay in the book.
• Likewise, only include the edited book as a standalone entry in the
reference list if you have cited the editor(s) in-text.

In-text citation

Paraphrase

Template

(ed. Editor’s last name Year of publication)

• For multiple editors use ‘eds’ (without a full stop) instead of

‘ed.’.
• Write ‘ed.’ and ‘eds’ in lower case letters.

Examples

According to McGrew and Poku (eds 2007) there are many

contributors to globalisation.

Hinduism is one of the most popular religions in the current age (Flood
ed. 2003).

Direct quote

Template

(ed. Editor’s last name Year of publication, p. Page number)

• For multiple editors use ‘eds’ (no full stop) instead of ‘ed.’.
• Write ‘ed.’ and ‘eds’ in lower case letters.
• Include the specific page number/s to indicate where the words
you have quoted appear in the source.
• Use double quotation marks to show the exact words of the
original source.

Examples

"Human security is an essential focus of policy" (eds McGrew & Poku

2007, p. 8).

According to Flood (ed. 2003, p. 5), "Hinduism is not defined by one

set of rules or text".

24
Reference list

Template

Editor’s last name, Editor’s initials (ed.) Year of publication, Book title, Edition
number edn, Publisher, Location of publication.

• Use the abbreviation ‘ed.’ (with full stop) for a single editor and ‘eds’ (no
full stop) for more than one editor.
• Use the abbreviation edn (no full stop) for edition.
• Write ed., eds and edn in lower case letters.

Example

McGrew, A & Poku, NK (eds) 2007, Globalization, development and human

security, Polity, Cambridge, UK.

Flood, G (ed.) 2003, The Blackwell companion to Hinduism, Blackwell,

Oxford.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Multiple works by the same author (in different years)

In-text citation

Paraphrase

Template

(Author’s last name, Earlier publication date; Later publication date)

o Use this template if citing two works by the same author with different
publication dates to paraphrase similar points.

o Arrange the dates in the in-text citation in chronological order starting

with the earliest date first.

Examples

Dyer (2009, 2013) reported that leadership and communication is

essential for effective communication within a team setting.

or

Leadership and communication are very intertwined concepts (Dyer

2009, 2013).

Reference list
25
 • Order reference list of work by the same author in chronological order with
earlier works first, as shown in the examples below.

Dyer, J 2009, The business communication handbook, 8th edn, Pearson,

Frenchs Forest, NSW.

Dyer, J 2013, Communication for business and the professions: strategies

and skills, 5th edn, Pearson, Frenchs Forest, NSW.

-------------------------------------------------------------

Multiple works by the same author, same year

This section applies when multiple works have been published by the same author or same
group of authors in the same year.

• If an author (or identical set of authors) has published more than one work
in the same year, you need to make it clear in the in-text citation which
work is being cited.
• To do this, a lower-case letter (a, b, c etc) is added to the year of
publication in both the in-text citation and the reference list entry for each
work, e.g., 2005a, 2005b etc.
• To decide which book is Year a, Year b etc, use the first letter of the title
of the work to arrange them according to title alphabetical order:
o e.g., for two books by the same author published in 2005 titled
Study of eggs and Horse racing etiquette, Horse racing etiquette
would be 2005a as and Study of eggs would be 2005b because H
(for Horse) is closer to the start of the alphabet than S (for Study).

In-text citation

Paraphrase

Template

(Author’s last name, Year of publication a)

Examples

Manne (2005b) argued that the corporate media power is exceeding

acceptable levels.

or

Manne (2005a, 2005b) argued that popular newspapers often report

without bias.

Direct quote

Template

26
 (Author’s last name, Year of publication a, p. Page number)

Example
"In the last 10 years Australia has experienced a number of incidents"
(Manne 2005a, p. 1).

Reference list

Template

Author’s last name, Author’s initials Year of publication Alphabetically ordered

lower case letter, Book title, Edition number edn, Publisher, Location
of publication.

• In the reference list place the lower case letter directly after the date
(without a space between them).

Example

Manne, R (ed.) 2005a, Do not disturb: is the media failing Australia?, Black
Inc., Melbourne.

Manne, R 2005b, Left right left: political essays 1977-2005, Black Inc.,
Melbourne.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

No author or editor
• Italicise the title in the in-text citation as well as in the reference list.

In-text citation

Paraphrase

Template

(Title of book Year of publication)

Examples

It is claimed that major negative events to the nest can cause

increased levels of agitation for a considerable time after (The life of
insects 1979).

or

27
 In The life of insects (1979) it is claimed that major negative events to
the nest can cause increased levels of agitation for a considerable
time after.

Direct quote

Template

(Title of book Year of publication, p. number)

Examples

“Ant behaviour patterns are mostly predictable under controlled

conditions" (The life of insects 1979, p. 23).

Reference list

Template

Book title Year of publication, Edition number edn, Publisher, Location of

publication.

• List the item alphabetically in the reference list by the title.

Example

The life of insects 1979, Silver Burdett Co., Morristown, NJ.

As the crow flies 2013, Puffin Publishing, Faroe Islands.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

No date of publication
• If there is no date use ‘n.d.’.
• If there is an approximate date use ‘c.’ (this means ‘circa’ – Latin for
‘around/about’).

In-text citation

Paraphrase

Template

(Author’s last name n.d.)

28
 Or if an approximate date is known:

(Author’s last name c. Year of publication)

Example

This is emphasised by Seah (n.d.) when she states the importance of

continual digital evolution.

This is emphasised by Seah (c. 2005) when she states the importance
of continual digital evolution.

Direct quote

Template

(Author’s last name n.d., p. number)

Or if an approximate date is known:

(Author’s last name c. Year of publication, p. number)

Examples

“Digital evolution is key to increasing automation and workplace

efficiency” (Seah n.d., p.23).

“Digital evolution is key to increasing automation and workplace

efficiency” (Seah c.2005, p.23).

Reference list
Template

o Use the same reference list template for books with the relevant
number of authors but changing only the Year published section

Examples

Seah, R n.d., Micro-computer applications, Microsoft Press, Redmond,

Washington.

Seah, R c.2005, Micro-computer applications, Microsoft Press, Redmond,

Washington.

---------------------------------------------------------------------

Second or later edition

Reference list

29
 • When citing a later edition of a book you only need to add the edition
number followed by “edn” after the book title.

• In text citations are exactly the same as other books.

Template

Author’s last name, Author’s initials Year of publication, Book title, Edition
number edn, Publisher, Location of publication.

• If you see that a book is a second or later edition, Edition number

should be written using an ordinal number followed by edn, e.g. 3rd
edn, as shown in the second template above.
• If a book is not a second or later edition, you do not need to put the
Edition number information in the reference, as shown in the first
template above.

Examples

Killen, R 2009, Effective teaching strategies: lessons from research and

practice, 5th edn, Cengage Learning, South Melbourne.

Popinsky, I 2000, Mechanical basics for automotive engineering, 15th edn,

Pearson, California.

Translated work

In-text citation

Paraphrase

Template

(Author’s last name Year published)

o Cite the author not the translator of the book in the in-text citation.

Example

Nietzsche (1956) argues that it is the imperative of all people to

achieve their own personal greatness.

Direct quote

Template

(Author’s last name Year published, p. Page number)

30
 • Cite the author, not the translator of the book in the in-text citation.

Example

"Morality is an ever-evolving presence" (Nietzsche 1956, p. 27).

Reference list

• Give acknowledgement to the translator after the title.

Template

Author’s last name, Author’s initials Year of publication, Book title, trans.
Translator first name initial Translator last name, Publisher, Location
of publication.

• The abbreviation ‘trans.’ should appear before the translator’s name.

• When the role of a translator is acknowledged, the translator’s initials
come before the translator’s last name.
• This format also applies to compilers, editors and revisers of a book,
using the respective abbreviations: comp./comps (compiler/compilers
ed./eds (editor/editors) or rev. (revisers).

Example

Nietzsche, FW 1956, The birth of tragedy: and, The genealogy of morals,

trans. F Golffing, Doubleday, Garden City, New York.

Coelho, P 2014, The alchemist, trans. AR Clarke, HarperOne, California.

Online Sources
Website or a document from a website

In-text citation

• If there is no author begin the reference with the title of the document
• Include page numbers in-text if it is a long document
• Use n.d. if there is no date

Paraphrase

Template

(Author’s last name Year published)

Examples

31
 The Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (2010) found that
more Australian youth are unable to find work in 2010 than in 2008.

Direct quote

Template

(Author’s last name Year published p. number)

Example

Following the intensification of the GFC, the economy has weakened

markedly" (Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry 2010, p. 5)

Reference list

Template

For website:

Author’s last name, Author’s initials Year site created or edited, Website
name, Publisher, viewed day month year, <URL>.

Or

For Online document

Author’s last name, Author’s Initial Year of publication, Document title,

Publisher, viewed day month year, <URL>.

Examples

Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry 2010, Issues Paper Youth

Employment, Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, viewed
15 December 2010,
<http://www.acci.asn.au/text_files/issues_papers/2010/Youth%20Emp
Employm%20Paper%20May%202010_final.pdf>.

Oliver, M 2018, The Story of Tarrare, all that’s interesting, viewed 29

Novemember 2021, <https://allthatsinteresting.com/tarrare>.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Blogs
• Blogs are distinguished from other online sources by the fact that they are
often updated and usually focus on a specific or general topic and often
be opinion or personality based

• If no proper name is given, the author’s username may be used instead

32
 • If the author puts multiple posts up on the same day, include the time the
entry was posted. e.g., 12 November 13:53
• If you are referencing a comment from a weblog, use the name of the
commenter instead of the author of the weblog post and use ‘weblog
comment’ instead of ‘web log post’ for format. Include the exact title
(Including ‘Re:’ if used)
• If you are using the whole blog and not an individual post, do not include
the Blog Post Title and change the format to weblog

In-text citation

Paraphrase

Template

(Author’s last name Year published)

Example

Henderson’s weblog post (2010) covers how the meaning of the word
conspiracy has changed to mean self-dealing

Direct quote

Template

(Author’s last name Year published, p. Page number)

Example

"The whole idea of a conspiracy is that it takes two or more people

conspiring" (Henderson 2010)

Reference list

Template

For entire blog:

Author’s last name, Author’s initials Year, Blog name, format, viewed
Day Month Year, <URL>.

For blog post:

Author’s last name, Author’s initials Year, ’Title of Blog post’, Blog
name, format, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>.

33
 Example

Henderson, D 2010, 'Has the word ‘conspiracy’ lost its

meaning?', Library of Economics and Liberty, weblog post, 13
December, viewed 21 December 2010,
<http://econlog.econlib.org/archives/2010/12/has_the_word_co
.html>.

Brunning, A 2021, Compound Interest Chemistry Blog, blog, viewed

18 November 2021, <https://www.compoundchem.com>.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Podcast/Vodcast

In-text citation

• If the podcast has no recognisable author, start with the title and
put the year after the title and then use the title in the In-text
citation.

Paraphrase

Template

(Author’s last name Year published)

Example

This podcast show is about who owns the fish and the ocean (Finn &
Norman 2010)

Direct quote

Template

(Author’s last name Year published, start time of quote – end time of
quote)

Example

"while the octopus was carrying the coconut, it was actually of no

benefit to it", Julian Finn and Mark Norman explain on the La Trobe
University Podcast (2010, 12:31-12:42)

Reference list

Template

34
 Author or presenter’s Last Name, Author or presenter’s initials Year
published, Title of Podcast, format, Day Month published,
viewed Day Month Year, <URL>.

Example

Finn, J & Norman, M 2010, Have coconut, will travel, vodcast, 23

April, La Trobe University, viewed 10 January 2011,
<http://www.latrobe.edu.au/news/videos/octopus-coconut>.

Zuckerman, W 2021, Chronic Pain: Can Our Brains Fix It?, podcast,
28 October, viewed 30 October,
<https://open.spotify.com/episode/1egw1snBfkeACYwOFsEjes
?si=02825f0e94844fab>.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Social media
• It is important to consider whether a social media post is an appropriate reference for
academic submission. Examples of appropriate uses include Examples of opinions,
history of opinions etc. Social media posts inherently lack peer-review, and such
should not be cited as evidence of factual understanding

• Before using a reference from social media make sure it is appropriate for academic
work

• If no proper name is given, use the username

In-text citation

Paraphrase

Template

(Author’s last name Year published)

Example

The Office of The Prime Minister (2010) updated their Julia Gillard
Facebook page on 13 Jan

Direct quote

Template

(Author’s last name Year published)

Example

35
 The BP Parody account created on Twitter, notes "[c]atastrophe is a
strong word, let’s all agree to call it a whoopsie daisy" (BP Public
Relations 2010)

Reference list

• As tweets and status updates do not have titles, use the first few
words of the message as a title

Template

Author’s last name, Author’s initials Year, Title, platform, viewed Day
Month, <URL>.

Example

Gillard, J 2021, Helen Clark was the 37th Prime Minister, Facebook,
viewed 18 November, <https://www.facebook.com/juliagillard>.

Macron, E 2021, Un enfant ne peut, twitter, viewed 17 November,

<https://twitter.com/emmanuelmacron>.

---------------------------------------------------------------------

Newspapers, Magazines & Periodicals

Article with one or more authors
In-text citation

Paraphrase

Template

(Author’s last name Year of publication)

Example

Crowe (2015) compares inclusion of media teams to Tony Abbott’s

visit to Baghdad with previous prime ministerial visits to Iraq and
Afghanistan.

36
 Direct quote

Template

(Author’s last name Year of publication, p. Page number)

Example

"In a break with tradition, the Prime Minister’s office supplied video
footage of the visit taken" (Crowe 2015, p. 7).

Reference list

• For articles with more than one author, list the first author’s last name first
followed by their first name initial – for example, ‘Smith, S.’. Then list the
other authors with their first name initials first – for example, ‘G. Jones’.
• In a newspaper, the headline is the ‘article title’ which appears inside
single quote marks.
• Include the date of publication (day month) of the source after the article
title.
• The name of the publication is in italics.
• Include the page number/s of the article in the reference list entry.

Template

Author’s last name, Author’s initials Year of publication, ‘Article title’, Name of
publication, Day Month, p./pp. Page number or page range.

Example

Crowe, D 2015, ‘Anger as media left grounded’, The Australian, 06 January, p.

4.

Russel, PJ 2011, ‘Australian Politics and the cost of a recession’, The

Politician, 12 February, pp. 12-7.

------------------------------------------------------------------

Article with no author

• If there is no author name, provide the name of the publication,
publication date and page number in the in-text citation.

In-text citation

Paraphrase

Template

(Name of publication Day Month Year, p. Page number)

37
 Example

The report in The Australian (12 November 2010, p. 14) remarked

Breaker Morant to be a shameful element of Australian history.

Direct quote

Template

(Name of newspaper/magazine Day Month Year, p. Page number)

Examples

“A British Ministry of Defence spokesman confirmed the significance

of the case" (The Australian 12 November 2010, p. 14).

“Five people celebrated the today’s festival” (Weekender Now 13

November 2012, p. 89).

Reference list

o Not required as all details are provided in-text.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Online article
In-text citation

Paraphrase

Template

(Author of article Year of publication)

Example

Gittens (2010) accuses Australia of being behind other countries’

efforts to reduce carbon.

Direct quote

Template

(Author of article Year of publication, p. Page number)

Example

38
 "China, for instance, is targeting multiple goals over 15 years" (Gittens
2010, pp. 15-7).

Reference list

• Add the URL and date viewed for articles found on a webpage

Template

Author’s last name, Author’s initials Year of publication, ‘Article title’, Name of
publication, Day Month, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>.

Example

Gittins, R 2010, ‘Suits us to be deluded on climate,’ The Age, 17 November,

viewed 6 December 2020,
<http://www.theage.com.au/environment/climate-change/suits-us-to-
be-deluded-on-climate-20101117-17wyp.html>.

Devis, D 2021, ‘Crime-fighting algorithm to take up the battle against illegal

drugs?’, Cosmos, 16 November, viewed 17 November 2021,
<https://cosmosmagazine.com/technology/ai/crime-fighting-
algorithm-to-take-up-the-battle-against-illegal-drugs/>.

_____________________________________________________________

Government Publications
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Reports
• ABS = Australian Bureau of Statistics.
• Author will always be Australian Bureau of Statistics
• Abbreviate publisher to ABS
• Place of publication for ABS printed statistics is always Canberra

In-text citation

Paraphrase

Template

(Name of government organisation Publication year)

Example

According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2008) the median

length of a marriage to separation is approximately 9 years

39
 Direct quote

Template

(Name of government organisation Publication year, p. Page number)

o If a specific page is not available, exclude this from the citation.

Example

"The number of divorces has been decreasing each year after

reaching a peak in 2001" (ABS 2008, p.23).

Reference list

o Year of publication is the year it is released not the date in the title
o Include the Catalogue number preceded by cat. no. (the number is
part of the title on ABS publications)

Template

Name of government organisation Year of publication, Title of publications,

cat. no. catalogue number, Publisher, Place of Publication, viewed
Date Month Year, <URL>.

Examples

Print

Australian Bureau of Statistics 2008, Divorces Australia 2007, cat. no.

3307.0.55.001, ABS, Canberra.

Online

Australian Bureau of Statistics 2008, Divorces Australia 2007, cat. no.

3307.0.55.001, viewed 17 January 2011,
<http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Lookup/3307.0.
55.001Main+Features12007?OpenDocument>.

Government department as author(s)

• It is common when referencing government publications to have the same
group author and publisher
• If a committee has prepared the report for a government department or
agency use the committee’s name as the author, and the government
department as the publisher

In-text citation

40
 Paraphrase

Template

(Name of government organisation Publication year)

Example

Nuclear material is a key focus of interest for future energy production

(International Atomic Energy Agency 2005)

Direct quote

Template

(Name of government organisation Publication year, p. Page number)

Example

According to the International Atomic Energy Agency “unauthorised

movements of nuclear material" is illegal with severe consequences
(Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2005, p. 12)

Long group author name

If the group author name is long and cited frequently abbreviate the
name in the in-text citation e.g.

The international community has had success in encouraging

countries to renounce nuclear weapons (DFAT 2010, p. 14)

Reference list

• In the reference list put in entries for both the full group author name and
the abbreviated name.

Template

“Name of government organisation Year of publication, Title of publications,

Publisher, Place of Publication, viewed Date Month Year, <URL>.

Examples

Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2005, Weapons of mass destruction

Australia’s role in fighting proliferation : practical responses to new
challenges, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Canberra.

41
 Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2021, Budget 2021-22, Department
of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Canberra.

DFAT - see Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.

---------------------------------------------------------------------

Government report (print & online)

• Often the author and the publisher are the same in Government
publications
• Abbreviate long group names if being referred to often
• PDF documents look like the printed document and should contain all the
publication details

In-text citation

Paraphrase

Template

(Name of government organisation Publication year)

Examples

In the Bringing them home report it highlights the strategy of

permanently retaining children who were placed temporarily in respite
accommodation (Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission,
1997)

Stress is a key factor contributing to poorer outcomes for mother and

infant (FaHCSIA 2009)

Direct quote

Template

(Name of government organisation Publication year, p. Page number)

Examples

"Between 1887 and 1954 private welfare agencies and individuals

were authorised to apprehend children (Human Rights and Equal
Opportunity Commission 1997, p. 55)

"Eight events remain significantly associated with an increased

likelihood of a mother experiencing high distress" (Department of
Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs 2009,
p. 36)

42
Reference list

• Put both the abbreviated and full form of the group author in the reference
list
• Often online reports are the same as print, just add the date accessed
and the URL after the publication details.

Template

Name of government organisation Year of publication, Title of publications,

Publisher, Place of Publication, viewed Date Month Year, <URL>.

Examples

Print

Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission 1997, Bringing

them home: report of the national inquiry into the separation of
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children from their
families, Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission,
Sydney.

Online

Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and

Indigenous Affairs 2009, Growing Up in Australia: the
Longitudinal Study of Australian Children: 2008–09 Annual
Report, FaHCSIA, Canberra, viewed 12 December 2010,
<http://fahcsia.gov.au/sa/families/pubs/lsac_report_2009/Docu
Docum/LSAC_AR_08-09.pdf>.

FaHCSIA - see Department of Families, Housing, Community

Services and Indigenous Affairs.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Parliamentary debates, Hansard (print & online)

• Parliamentary debates are referenced using the Jurisdiction (e.g.,
Australia or New South Wales) followed by the Chamber (e.g., House of
Representatives or Senate for Commonwealth, and Legislative Assembly
or Legislative Council for NSW)
• The title Debates is always in italics

In-text citation

43
 Paraphrase

Template

(Government location, Name of government organisation Publication

year)

Examples

Thwaites outlined the Government’s plan for safe injecting facilities in

the Second Reading Speech (Victoria, Legislative Assembly 2000)

OR

The Prime Minister Mr Howard (Australia, House of Representatives

2006) outlined his defence for the government’s failure

Direct quote

Template

(Government location, Name of government organisation Publication

year, p. number)

Example

The then Minister for Health, John Thwaites (Victoria, Legislative

Assembly 2000, p. 2145) reveals that "The National and Victorian
Drug Household Survey contained a number of indications"

OR

The Prime Minister, Mr Howard predicted that "in the foreseeable

future nuclear power will have a significant role" (Australia, House of
Representatives 2006, p. 41)

Reference list

Template

For online

Government location, Name of government organisation Year

of publication, Title of Debates, viewed Date Month
Year, <URL>.

For print

44
 Government location, Name of government organisation Year
of publication, Title of Debates, vol. volume number,
p/pp. number.

Print

Victoria, Legislative Assembly 2000, Debates, vol. 447, pp. 2144-2149.

Online

• The volume number may not be available in the online versions

Australia, House of Representatives 2006, Debates, viewed 12 December

2010,
<http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/genpdf/chamber/hansardr/2006-
10-31/0034/hansard_frag.pdf;fileType%3Dapplication%2Fpdf>.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Parliamentary paper

In-text citation

• If a Commissioner or Chairperson is mentioned their name goes after the

title in round brackets

Paraphrase

Template

(Government location, Name of government organisation Publication

year)

Example

Underground cables significantly reduce the danger that bushfires

pose (Victoria, Parliament 2010)

Direct quote

Template

(Government location, Name of government organisation Publication

year, p Page. number)

Example

45
 In the 2009 Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission it was
acknowledged that "underground cable essentially eliminates bushfire
risk associated with the provision of electricity" (Victoria, Parliament
2010, p.154)

Reference list

Template

Government location, Name of government organisation Year of publication,

Title of Parliamentary paper, (Name of Commissioner/ Chairperson
Initial. Last Name, position) Parl. Paper parliamentary paper number,
vol. volume number, Publisher, Publishing Location.

Examples

Victoria, Parliament 2010, 2009 Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission, (B.

Teague, Chairperson) Parl. Paper 332, vol. 2, The Commission,
Melbourne.

Canberra, Parliament 2020, Royal Commission into National Natural Disaster

Arrangements.

_______________________________________________________

Reports
Non-Governmental Organisations (NGO) and Industry Publications

In text citation

Paraphrase
Template

(Organisation name Year published)

 Organisation refers to the specific organisation E.g. UN Human

Rights Council, International Money Fund, UN Industrial
Development Organization etc.

Example

(United Nations Economics and Social Council, 1991)

Direct quote
Template

(Organisation name Year published, p. Page number)

46
 Example

United Nations Economics and Social Council (1991, p.23) resolution

indicated “a number a changes required in the next five years”.

Reference List

Template

Organisation name/ Author’s last name, Author’s initials Year published,

Report title, series name, no. series number, Publisher, Publication
Location.

Or for online source

Organisation name/ Author’s last name, Author’s initials Year published,

Report title, series name, no. series number, Publisher, Publication
Location, viewed on Day Month Year, <URL>.

Example

UN Economic and Social Council 1991, Resolution 1991/38 Terms of

Reference of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs Resumed
First Regular Session of 1991, 15th Session, viewed on 21
June, available at: <http://daccess-dds-
y.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/696/36IMG/NR069636.
pdf?OpenElement>.

Oxfam 2020, Annual Report 2019-20, Oxfam, viewed 19 November

2021, <https://oi-files-d8-prod.s3.eu-west-
2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2021-
09/Oxfam%20International%20Annual%20Report%202019-
20.pdf>.

Legal Publications
Legal cases
• The following details are required for in-text and reference citations:
o the name of the case
o the year or volume number, or both
o the page on which the report of the case begins
o The name of the case is italicised.

In-text citation

Template

47
 (Title of Case, (Year) volume number, Abbreviated reference series, Starting
page)

Paraphrase

In the case of Mabo v. Queensland (no. 2) (1992) 175 CLR1, there a number
of statements were read.

The case, Jones v. Sherlock (2009) NSWSC 246 showed that a number of
inconsistencies were present.

In Northern Sandblasting Pty Ltd v. Harris (1997) 188 CLR 313 at 334 the
High Court held that the landlord was in breach of a contractual duty of care
owed to the tenants and to their family.

Direct quote

The judge in R v Ramage (2004) VSC 508 stated the "The Court cannot allow
unannounced evidence".

Pinpoint Reference
• If you are referring to a particular page of the judgment, include a ‘pinpoint
reference’ to the actual page in the in-text citation. Use the word ‘at’
instead of p

For pinpoint references (also known as units of division) where only specific
divisions of are intended to be cited, this in written as below:

Section 2 of Mabo v. Queensland (no. 2) …

Or

In ss. 2-5 of Mabo v. Queensland (no. 2) …

Or

In s. 2 of Mabo v. Queensland (no. 2) …

The abbreviations of s. for singular divisions or ss. for multiple division can be
used in place of “Section” however, the abbreviations must not be used to
start a sentence

Reference list

48
 • The year is enclosed in parentheses. Square brackets are used when
there is no volume number and the year is an integral part of the title, i.e.,
square brackets indicate that the Year of publication is the volume
number
• Do not include URLs for cases found online

Template

Name of case (Year) Volume number, abbreviated reference series, Starting

page.

Example

R v. Ramage (2004) VSC 508.

Chappel v Hart (1998) HCA 55.

Mabo v. Queensland (no. 2) (1992) 175 CLR1.

Jones v. Sherlock (2009) NSWSC 246.

Northern Sandblasting Pty Ltd v. Harris (1997) 188 CLR 313.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Legislation – Acts
• Legislation should be referenced as if in print even if viewed electronically
• If the name of the legislation begins with an article (e.g., a, an, the) do not
omit the article in the citation

In-text citation

• Most legislation has a short formal title that can be used for citation
purposes. The first In-text citation to an Act or Ordinance should cite the
short formal title, in italics, exactly and in full
• In subsequent references the title can be shown in roman type (non-
italicized) without the date

Template

(Title of Act Year of publication)

Or

(Title of Act Year of publication (jurisdiction abbreviation))

49
 First In-text citation

In relation to action regarding unsuitable goods, s. 74B of the Trade Practices

Act 1974 states implied warranties are present in terms of a responsibility of
quality product produced by the producer

Subsequent In-text citation/s

According to the Trade Practices Act 1974, a lack of quality is grounds for a
refund of payment

Example of an act beginning with an article:

The Commonwealth’s A New Tax System (Wine Equalisation Tax) Act 1999
makes provision for several possible scenarios.

Reference list

Template

Title of Act Date of publication (both title and date are italicised) (jurisdiction
abbreviation).

Example

Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth).

In above example Commonwealth is abbreviated to Cth

Foreign Affairs Act 2002 (NSW).

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Legislation – Bills
• Bills before parliament are ‘unpublished’ and should be cited in roman
type (i.e. normal type) not italics
• Both the reference list and In-text citations are written the same

In-text Citation

Template

(Bill title Year of publication (Jurisdiction Abbreviation)

Examples

In the Companion Animals Amendment Bill 2006 (NSW) there is provision for
numerous additional examples and requirements.

50
Reference List

Template

Bill title Year of publication (Jurisdiction Abbreviation).

Example

Companion Animals Amendment Bill 2006 (NSW).

Aged Care Legislation Amendment (Financial Transparency) Bill 2020 (Cth).

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Company Information
Company and Industry Reports
• Usually, a company report will have a corporate author (i.e., a company or
organisation is named as the author) so when this is the case use the name of
the company as the author in both the in-text citation and the reference list
entry.

• If a person is named as the author of the company or industry report, use the
author’s name in both the in-text citation and the reference list entry.

In-text citation

Paraphrase

Template

(Author/Company name Year of publication)

Example

AGL (2019) argues that the trust of stakeholders is central to their

progress.

Aravanis (2019) points out the market restrictions that regulation

causes in the energy industry.

Direct quote

Template
(Author/Company name Year of publication, p. number)

51
 Examples

"We recognise that, in the short term, progress means building trust with all
stakeholders” (AGL 2019, p. 2).

“Regulation prevents firms from both retailing and distributing gas” (Aravanis
2019).

Reference list

Template

Author or organisation Year of publication, Document title, viewed day month

year, DOI number or <URL>.

or

Author or organisation Year of publication, Document title, viewed day month

year, retrieved from database.

• A DOI, or Digital Object Identifier, is a string of numbers, letters and

symbols that uniquely identify an article or document and provide it with a
permanent web address or URL.

Examples

AGL 2019, AGL 2019 annual report, viewed 23 August 2019,

<https://www.agl.com.au/-/media/aglmedia/documents/about-
agl/investors/annual-reports/agl_annual_report_090819.pdf>.

Aravanis, J 2019, IBISWorld industry report D2700 gas supply in Australia,

viewed 23 August 2019, retrieved from IBISWorld database.

Department of Primary Industries 2020, NSW Primary Industries performance

sata & insights 2020, viewed 16 November 2021,
<https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/about-
us/publications/pdi/2020/macroeconomic-conditions>.
---------------------------------------------------------------------

Company profiles
• If the information source updates regularly, provide both the date viewed
and the source (URL or DOI) of the document.

In-text citation

Paraphrase

Template

52
 (Company name Year of publication)

Example

GlobalData (2018) points out that Wesfarmers Limited operates in

different industry areas.

Direct quote

Template

(Company name Year of publication, p. number)

Example

“Wesfarmers Limited is a diversified company that has business

operations in retail and industrial activities” (GlobalData 2018, p.2).

Reference list

Template

Author or organisation Year of publication, Document title, viewed day month

year, <URL>.

or

Author or organisation Year of publication, Document title, viewed day month

year, retrieved from database.

Examples

GlobalData 2018, Wesfarmers ltd (WES) - financial and strategic SWOT

analysis review, viewed 23 August 2019, retrieved from ProQuest
Central.

Credit Suisse 2015, Company Profile 2015, viewed 16 November 2021,

<https://www.banktrack.org/download/160530_company_profile_2015
_pdf/160530_company_profile_2015.pdf>.

GlobalData 2018, Wesfarmers ltd (WES) - financial and strategic SWOT

analysis review, viewed 23 August 2019, retrieved from ProQuest
Central.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

53
Financial data

In-text citation

Paraphrase

Template

(Company name Year of publication)

Example

Morningstar Inc. (2019) financial data indicates Caltex has the highest
operating revenue for Energy industry companies at 23rd August
2019.

Direct quote

Template

(Company name Year of publication, p. Page number)

Example

“Caltex operating revenue is $21,542,137,000 as at 23rd August 2019”

(Morningstar Inc. 2019).

Reference list

Template

Author or organisation Year of publication, Document title, viewed day month

year, <URL>.

or

Author or organisation Year of publication, Document title, viewed day month

year, retrieved from database.

Examples

Morningstar Inc. 2019, Annual profit and loss - operating revenue > 150000,
viewed 23 August 2019, retrieved from Morningstar Data Analysis
Premium.

Westpac 2021, 2021 Annual Report, viewed 16 November,

<https://www.westpac.com.au/content/dam/public/wbc/documents/pdf/
aw/ic/Annual_Report_2021_Final.pdf>.

54
 -------------------------------------------------------------

Patents and standards

Patents

In-text citation

• Identifying elements such as patent numbers should be included

• If no individual author is available, a corporate author can be used in the
In-text citation

Paraphrase

Template

(Author’s last name Year published)

Examples

The particle trap design is engineered for speed and reliability

(Cookson 1985)

Direct quote
Template

(Author’s last name Year published, p. Page number)

Examples

“Quality insulation in a perquisite for all aspects of the particle trap”

(Cookson 1985, p.7)

Reference list

• For patents the title may be more of a descriptive title rather than a formal
title

Template

Author’s last name, Author initials Year published, Patent title, patent number.

Example

55
 Cookson, AH 1985, Particle trap for compressed gas insulated transmission
systems, US Patent 4554399.

Mccallum, JM 2008, Method for and composition of excipient suitable for use
in herbal formulations and formulations derived therefrom, Australian
Patent AU 2008100919, viewed 8 December 2008, SciFinder Scholar.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Standards

In-text citation

Paraphrase

Template

(Author’s last name Year published)

Example

Glass in buildings must be of sufficient strength to withstand both

appropriate temperatures and vibrations (Standards Australia Online
2006)

Direct quote

Template

(Author’s last name Year published, p. Page number)

Example

The rule from Standards Australia (2009, p. 23) is: "[a]n adhesive label
must be of significant strength that the label will not fail to adhere
under appropriate conditions"

Reference list

• For standards not retrieved from an electronic database, replace online

database information with publisher information

Template

Author’s last name, Author initials Year published, Standard title, standard
number, Publisher, Publication Location

Example

56
 Standards Australia 2009, LP Gas fuel vessels for automotive use, AS/NZS
3509:2009, Standards Australia, Sydney.

Standards Australia Online 2006, Glass in buildings: selection and

installations, AS 1288-2006, amended 31 January 2008, viewed 19
May 2009, SAI Global Database.

Statistics and Data

Statistics
• If using statistics from a database, the title of the database is in
italics.

In-text citation

Paraphrase

Template

(Author’s last name/ Name of organisation Year published)

Example

(Australian Bureau of Statistics 2009)

 For subsequent use, you can abbreviate (ABS 2009)

Net sales in Australia for the year ending 2009 were $4,404,000.00
(Coca-Cola Amatil Ltd: Company Factfile 2010)

Direct quote
Template

(Author’s last name/ Name of organisation Year published, p. Page

number)

Example

“A clear rise in company value was observed during the months of

July to September (Coca-Cola Amatil Ltd: Company Factfile 2010, p.
15)

Reference list

Template

57
 Author’s last name, Author’s Initial/ Name of organisation Year of
publication, Title of publications, cat. no. catalogue number,
Publisher, Place of Publication, viewed Date Month Year,
<URL>.

Example

Australian Bureau of Statistics 2009, Education and work, Australia,

May 2009, cat. no. 6227.0, ABS, Canberra, viewed 24
November 2009,
<http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/mf/6227.0?OpenD
OpenDoc>.

Coca-Cola Amatil Ltd: Company Factfile 2010, Euromonitor Global

Market Information Database, viewed 20 March 2010,
<http://0-
www.portal.euromonitor.com.alpha2.latrobe.edu.au/Portal/Res
ResultsL.aspx>.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Figure, graph or table

• Any reproduced table, figure or graph must reference the original
author and copyright holder

In-text citation

Template

(Author’s last name/Name of organization Year published)

Example

The graph Divorces granted: Australia 1988 – 2007 (ABS 2008)

illustrates a number of significant findings.

Reference list

• In the reference list, reference the source where the graph or table
is located

Template

Author’s last name, Author’s Initial’s/ Name of organisation Year of

publication, Title of publications, cat. no. catalogue number, Publisher,
Place of Publication, viewed Date Month Year, <URL>.

Or

58
 Author’s last name, Author’s Initial’s/ Name of government organisation Year
of publication, Title of publications, cat. no. catalogue number,
Publisher, Place of Publication.

Examples

Australian Bureau of Statistics 2021, Distribution of Household

Income, Consumption and Wealth, cat. no. 5204.0.55.011,
ABS, Canberra.

Australian Bureau of Statistics 2008, Divorces Australia 2007, cat. no.

3307.0.55.001, ABS, Canberra.

Encyclopedias and Dictionaries

Entry with author (print)

In-text citation

Paraphrase

Template

(Author’s last name Year of publication)

Example

Smith (1993) observes that anarchy places states in a permanent

position of rivalry with each other.

Direct quote
Template

(Author’s last name Year of publication, p. number)

Example

“Anarchy is an inherently unregulated lack of government” (Smith

1993, p. 37).

Reference list

Template

Author’s last name, Author’s initials Year of publication, ‘Entry title’, Name of
dictionary/encyclopedia, Publisher, Publisher Location.

59
 Example

Smith, MJ 1993, ‘Anarchy’, in The Oxford companion to the politics of the

world, J Krieger (ed.), Oxford University Press, New York.

Powers, L 2011, ‘Studying’, in US encyclopedia of common academia, K

Munson (ed.), Harper Collins, New York.

Entry with no author (print)

• If no author’s name is evident and a well-known source is being cited (for
example The Macquarie Dictionary), you only need to provide an in-text
citation. You do not need to put an entry for the source into the reference
list.

In-text citation

Template

(Name of encyclopedia or dictionary Year of publication)

 Encyclopedia/Dictionary name must be italicised

Example

The Macquarie dictionary (2005) defines a larrikin as a fun-loving, honest and

cheeky person.

or

A larrikin is a fun-loving cheeky description usually assigned to Australians

(The new Encyclopedia Britannica 1997).

Entry with or without authors (online)

o Online encyclopaedia or dictionary entries should be cited exactly the same way
as print editions. Consult the previous section for guidance.
o Online sources usually don’t include page numbers unless they are eBooks.

Reference list

o If you have used a dictionary or encyclopedia from a website include the viewed
date and URL.

Template

With author

60
 Author’s last name, Author’s initials, Year of publication, ‘Entry title’,
Name of dictionary/ encyclopedia, Publisher, viewed Day
Month Year, <URL>.

Without author

‘Entry title’ Year of publication, Name of dictionary/ encyclopedia, Year

of publication, Publisher, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>.

Examples

‘Achilles tendon’ 2000, in Dictionary of phrase and fable, EC Brewer (ed.),

Bartelby.com, viewed 30 November 2010,
<http://www.bartleby.com/81/139.html>.

‘flummox’ 2021, in Cambridge dictionary, 2021, Cambridge University Press,

viewed 25 November 2021,
<https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/flummox>.

Entry with or without authors (database)

Entries from databases can be cited and referenced as for a printed publication.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Film, television, and online video

• Audio-visual media often does not have an identifiable author in the same way that
written sources do. In these cases, the figure you should list as the author often has
a different title. To identify which figure you should cite as the author, consult this list.

• Film – list the Director as the author.

• TV series – list the Executive Producer(s) as the author(s).

• TV series episode – list the Writer and Director of the episode as the authors.

• Webinar – list the Instructor as the author.

• Online streaming video – list the Person or Group who uploaded the video as
the author.

Film and Video

• The in-text citations for films DVDs, videos, television, and radio
programs should contain the title (in italics) and date of production
• The key elements of a film or audio-visual reference are
o Title (in italics)
o Year of publication or release

61
 o Format (use motion picture for films; use video recording,
CD-ROM, DVD, audio cassette, slide, or microform etc. for
other audio-visual material)
o Distributor (for films) or publisher
o Place of recording or publication (for audio-visual material)

In-text citation

Paraphrase

Template

(Title of film/ video Year published)

OR

Title of film/ video (Year published)

Example

The art world is a constantly evolving society as portrayed in About

Jenny Holzer (2011).

The scene, towards the end of the film, depicts numerous significant
discoveries (Alien Underworld 2002).

Woody Allen in Annie Hall (1977) demonstrates the art of careful

cinematography

Direct quote
Template

(Title of film/ video Year published)

OR

Title of film/ video (Year published)

Example

“If I take one more step, it’ll be the farthest away from home I’ve ever
been.” (Jackson, 2001)

“I may not do everything great in my life, but I’m good at this”

(Favreau, 2014)

Reference list

62
 • Although you are likely to view most feature films (i.e. movies)
as DVDs, you should still reference feature films with the
format ‘motion picture’ rather than ‘DVD’
• Any special credits and other information that may be useful
can be noted after the citation e.g. Revolutionary road 2009,
DVD, Paramount Home Entertainment Australia, Abbotsford
Vic., starring Leonardo Di Caprio and Kate Winslet

Template

Title of Film Year published, format, Publisher, Publisher Location.

Example

About Jenny Holzer 2011, DVD, Microcinema International, San

Francisco, California.

Alien Underworld 2002, video recording, Tattooed Media and the

Australian Film Finance Corporation, Australia, written &
directed by Sonya Pemberton.

Annie Hall 1977, motion picture, MGM Home Entertainment, Santa

Monica CA, directed by Woody Allen.

---------------------------------------------------------------------

Television
• Place the Title in italics, and date of recording in the in-text citation
• If the program is part of a series put the episode title first followed
by the series title in italics

In-text citation

Paraphrase

Template

(Title of TV program Year)

OR

Title of TV program (Year)

Example

A recent Four Corners episode highlighted the difficulties of caring for

disabled family members (Breaking Point 2010)

When interviewed on 7.30 Report (2015) the Treasurer made

significant statements.

63
 Direct quote

Template

(Title of TV program Year)

OR

Title of TV program (Year)

Example

“Bey: You come at the king, you best not miss” (The Wire 2002)

Reference list

• Add the broadcast date after the publication details

Template

Title of TV program Year published, Format, Publisher, Publisher

Location.

Example

Breaking Point, Four Corners 2010, television program, Australian

Broadcasting Corporation, Australia, February 15.

7.30 Report 2015, television program, Australian Broadcasting

Corporation, Australia, 18 November.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

Online video

In-text citation

Paraphrase

Template

(Author last name Year published)

Example

64
 This video shows why you shouldn’t just use Google when
researching for university assignments (LTULibrary 2010)

Direct quote

Template

(Author last name Year published, start time of quote – end time of
quote)

Example

"Googling is great and everybody does it but not for university

assignments" (LTULibrary 2010, 0:13:018)

Reference list

Template

Author’s last name, Author’s Initial Year published, Video title, format,
Publisher, Publication Location, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>.

Or if referencing from database (e.g., ClickView):

Author’s last name, Author’s Initial Year published, Video title, format,
Publisher, Publication Location, viewed Day Month Year, <name of
data base>.

Examples

LTULibrary 2010, Why can’t I just Google?, online video, 9 February,

La Trobe University, viewed 20 January 2011,
<http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bp-ZGFd5o5A>.

CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research

Organisation) 2009, Making a difference, online video, 25 May,
CSIRO, Viewed December 9, 2010,
<http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t_1mip1iS70>.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Music
Music score

In-text citation
• If the Author is unknown, the Title can be used in its place for In-text
citation

65
 Paraphrase
Template

(Author Year of publication)

Or for a musical piece without an author:

(Music title Publication year)

Example

(Lutz 1864)

(Butterflies en masse 2013)

Sculthorpe's (Faber 1982) Mountains was composed for the Sydney

International Piano Competition.

Direct quote
If you reproduce musical notation in your work, you must provide a caption
and citation.

Reference list
Template

Author last name, Author initial Year of publication, Title, Publisher, Publisher
Location.

Example

Sculthorpe, P 1982, ‘Mountains’, Faber, London.

Johann, K 1874, ‘Waltz in C’, on 3rd Cello Symphony, Symphony, London.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Music score transcription

In-text citation
• If the Author is unknown, the Title can be used in its place for In-text
citation

Paraphrase
Template

(Author last name, Author initials Year published)

Example

66
 (Gyro 2012)

(My Funny Valentine 1960)

Berger's transcriptions contribute to the increasing jazz literacy of high

school jazz bands (Ellington 2005)

Direct quote
If you reproduce musical notation in your work, you must provide a caption
and citation.

Reference list
Template

Author last name, Author initials Year published, Title, Location of

transcription, Publisher, Location of publication.

Example

Ellington, D 2005, Purple Gazelle, Jazz at Lincoln Center Library, Alfred

Publishing, California.

Brown, JR 2012, I’m in Bizness, 54 Below, Sh-K-Boom Records, Inc, New

York.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Edited music score or critical edition

• ed. Is used to denote a single editor

• eds (without a full stop) is used to denote multiple editors

In-text citation

Paraphrase
Template

(Editor’s Last Name ed., Year of edited publication)

• ed. Is used to notate editor instead of author

Or

(First Editor’s Last Name & Second Editor’s Last Name eds, Year of
edited publication)

• ed. Is used to notate editor instead of author

67
 Example

van Beethoven's (Pauer ed., n.d.) concerto No 5 begins dramatically.

• n.d. for ‘no date’ for a particular edition

Direct quote
If you reproduce musical notation in your work, you must provide a caption
and citation.

Reference list
Template

Editor’s last name, editors’ initials (ed.) Year published, Title of original music
score, Publisher, Publishing Location.

Example

Pauer, M (ed.) n.d., L van Beethoven: Concerto for piano and orchestra No.5,
op.72, Edition Peters, London.

Meincarft, N & Parkolv, J (eds) 2015, 4th Symphony: Ode to Vienna, Vienna
Publishing, Austria.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Music Performed by performer other than artist (or a specific

performance by artist)
• If no artist is known, use the title in place of the artist

In-text citation

Paraphrase
Template

(Original Artist’s last name Year of publication)

Example

(Flowers & Keuning 2003)

(Hisaishi & Kimura 2004)

Reference List:
Template

Original artist’s last name, Original artist’s initials Year original music
published, Title of music, Name of performer, Date of performance,
Location of performance.

68
 Example

Flowers, B & Keuning, D 2003, Mr. Brightside, The Killers, 25 July 2021,
Splendour in the Grass XR.

Hisaishi, J & Kimura, Y 2004, Merry-Go-Round of Life, Eminence Orchestra,

30th October 2005, Sydney Town Hall, NSW.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Music from an online source

In-text citation

Paraphrase
Template

(Original artist’s last name Year of publication)

Examples

The Heart is a muscle is one of example of how Gang of Youths utilise

stringed instruments as a centre focus of many of their recent album’s
songs (Le’aupepe 2017).

Absurdism is a key element to the humour of Gilbert’s (2020) work.

Direct quote
Template

(Original artist’s last name Year of publication, start time of quote –

end time of quote)

Example

“The ninja is an advanced technique that should not be attempted by

amateur dartsmiths” (Gilbert 2020, 0:36-0:42)

Reference List
Template

Artist’s last name, Artists initials Year Music Published, Title of Music, viewed
date, <URL>.

Example

Le’aupepe, D 2017, The Heart Is a Muscle, viewed 18 November 2021,

<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y5OpvDdVtYU>.

Gilbert, BD 2020, it’s time to get good at darts, viewed 18 November 2021,
<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J3eotWyZv5c>.

69
 -------------------------------------------------------------------

Theses and Conference Papers

Theses

In-text citation

Paraphrase

Template

(Author’s last name Year of submission)

Example

Fiorentini (2016) developed a model predictive control strategy.

Direct quote

Template

(Author’s last name Year of submission, p. number)

Example

A model predictive control strategy was developed to “optimise the

selection of the optimal sequence of operating modes” (Fiorentini
2016, p. 218).

Reference list

• Only put the location if it is not obvious from the name of the
institution e.g., La Trobe University, Bundoora. University of
Wollongong would be enough on its own.
• A thesis is not usually a published work, so in most instances the
title is not in italics, but is placed within single quote marks.
• If a thesis has been published, the title is placed in italics.
• Under format you should also state whether it is a PhD thesis,
Master’s thesis (eg MA, MPhil etc.) or Honours thesis.

Template

For an unpublished thesis:

Author’s last name, Author’s initials, ‘Title of thesis’, format, Institution,

Location.

70
 For a published thesis:

Author’s last name, Author’s initials, ‘Title of thesis’, format, Institution,

Location.

Example

Fiorentini, M 2016, ‘Hybrid model predictive control of residential

heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems with on-site
energy generation and storage’, PhD thesis, University of
Wollongong.

Row, K 2019, ‘Solid-state drive implementation to increase workplace

efficiency within urban accounting companies’, PhD thesis,
Technical University of Arkansas, Arkansas.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Conference papers (published)

In-text citation

Paraphrase

Template

(Author’s last name Year published)

Examples

Kift and Moody (2009) observe that first year students require an
induction to academic conventions to engage with assessment.

It has been observed that first year students require an induction to

academic conventions to engage with assessment (Kift & Moody
2009).

Direct quote

Template

(Author’s last name Year published, p. Page number)

Examples

“To engage productively with assessment tasks, consistency is key”

(Kift & Moody 2009, p. 45).

71
 “To engage productively with assessment tasks, consistency is key”,
according to Kift and Moody (2009, p. 45).

Reference list

Template

Author’s last name, Author’s initial Year published, ‘Title of paper’, in Name of
conference, Location of conference, Conference dates.

Examples

Wright, P 2002, ‘An evaluation of proposed defence techniques in

contemporary courtrooms’ in Annual Japanese Defence Attorney
Conference, Kyoto, Japan, 15-9 March.

If the conference paper is available online add the viewed date and URL after
the place of publication. The name of the conference is put in italics.

Kift, S M, & Moody, KE 2009, ‘Harnessing assessment and feedback in the

first year to support learning success, engagement and retention’,
in ATN Assessment Conference 2009 Proceedings, RMIT University,
Melbourne, 19 – 20 November, viewed 8 November 2010,
<http://emedia.rmit.edu.au/conferences/index.php/ATNAC/ATNAC09/
paper/viewFile/96/15>.

Conference papers (unpublished)

In-text citation

Paraphrase

Template

(Author Year published)

Examples

Tinto (2009) identifies his four main conditions for student retention.

Four main conditions for student retention have been identified (Tinto
2009).

Direct quote

Template

72
 (Author Year published, p, Page number)

Examples

"Students are more likely to persist and graduate in settings that hold
student support as a key focus" (Tinto 2009).

According to Tinto (2009) “Students are more likely to persist and

graduate in settings that hold student support as a key focus."

Reference list

• Put the dates of the conference (the range of days and the month)
after the place where the conference was held.
• Use the phrase “paper presented at” after the title of the paper and
before the name of the conference.
• If the paper is not published, the name of the conference is not in
italics.

Template

Author’s last name, Author’s initial Year published, ‘Title of paper’,

paper presented at the Name of Conference, Location of
conference, Conference dates.

Example

Tinto, V 2009, ‘Taking the student retention seriously: rethinking the

first year at university’, paper presented at the FYE Curriculum
Design Symposium, Queensland University of Technology, 5-6
February, viewed 12 December 2010,
<http://www.fyecd2009.qut.edu.au/resources/SPE_VincentTint
V_5Feb09.pdf>.

Robespierre, M 1793, ‘Rebuilding a nation after post-economic

collapse’, paper presented at the People’s Progressive Politics
Conference, Paris, France, 27-28 July.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Images and Artwork

Images and artwork (print)
• If you are citing an image from a printed source, reference the
printed source as normal and use a page number in your in-text
citation to indicate which page the image comes from.

In-text citation

Paraphrasing

73
 Template

(Artist last name Year published, p. number)

• Use page number if the image is in a collection/art book. If it is

a solo artwork page numbers are not required.

Example

Gormley’s (1984) Angel of the North is a significant landmark of north

London.

A key example of impressionist artwork can be seen in Gaunt’s work

(1970, p. 17)

Reference list

Template

Artist last name, Artist initials Year published, Artwork title, Publisher,
publishing location.

• Art can often be created independently of any publisher –

such as the second example below – in these cases this
information can be left out of the reference.

Examples

Gaunt, W 1970, The impressionists, Thames & Hudson, London.

Gormley, A 1988, Angel of the North, London.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Images and artwork (online)

In-text citation

Template

(Artist’s last name Year published)

Example

In the image above (Jorgensen 2010), you can see vibrant colour
usage.

Kamuro (2008) illustrates multiple subjects.

74
 • When reproducing/including an image in your work, place the in-
text citation immediately under the image, see examples below.

(Sculpture by the sea – Elephant 2009)

(Van Gough 1890)

Reference list

• For the format description, use ‘Image’ for photographs or

graphics.
• Where the image is a photograph of an artwork, and the
photographer has been specifically credited, note this after the title
of the artwork.
• Where the photographer or artist is not known, start your reference
with the title of the image.
• Where none of the usual details are known, i.e.,
artist/photographer, date, title of image, start with subject of the
image.

Template

Artist last name, Artist initials Year published, Artwork title, format,
Publisher, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>.

Example

Jorgensen, L 2010, Lighthouse Freezes, image, ABC News, viewed

17 December 2010,
<http://www.abc.net.au/news/photos/2010/12/17/3095885.htm
>.

Kamuro (2008) Calmness, image, Flickr viewed 30 June 2010,

<http://www.flickr.com/photos/kamuro/2624443012/in/poolyspli
p>.

Sculpture by the sea – Elephant 2009, image, photographed by A.

Wain, Flickr, viewed 4 February 2014,
<http://www.flickr.com/photos/alex wain/4091011517/>.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Maps
Maps (within a text e.g., atlas)

In-text citation

Template

75
 (ed. Editor last name Year published, Map number)

Examples

Atlas (with editor)

The position of the new city is to be north of Melbourne (ed.

Eales 2003, Map 36)

Atlas (without editor)

The position of the new city is to be north of Melbourne (The

Jacaranda Atlas 2003, Map 36)

Reference list:

Template

Editor last name, Editor’s Initial (ed.) Year published, Text title, edition
number edn, Publisher, Publisher Location.

Example

Atlas (with editor)

Eales, S (ed.) 2003, The Jacaranda atlas, 3rd edn, John Wiley & Sons,
Brisbane.

Atlas (without editor)

The Jacaranda atlas 2003, 3rd edn, John Wiley & Sons, Brisbane.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Maps (printed map)

In-text citation

Template

(Publisher name Year published)

Example

Motorways are indicated in this particular map (Ordnance Survey

2006)

Reference list

Template

76
 Publisher Year of publication, Title, Series, Publisher, Place of
publication.

Example

Ordnance Survey 2006, Chester and North Wales, Landranger series,

Sheet 106, 1:50000, Ordnance Survey, Southampton.

Cartographers General Survey 2015, Southern New South Wales,

Royal Surveyors Series, Sheet 5, 1:75000, General Survey,
Sydney.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Maps (online)

In-text citation

Template

(Publisher name Year published)

Example

(Google Earth 2008)

Google Earth’s (2021) map of Southern New South Wales

demonstrates the increasing number of highway development when
compared to maps from ten years earlier.

Reference list

Template

Publisher name Version Year published, Title, coordinates, elevation,

Data set, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>.

Example

Google Earth 6.0 2008, Hylands House and estates 51°42’39.17"N,

0°26’11.30"W, elevation 60M, 3D Buildings data layer, viewed
31 August 2011, <http://www.google.com/earth/index.html>.

Google Earth 6.0 2021, Edinburgh Castle 55°94’N, 3°20’ W, elevation

140M, viewed 19 November 2021,
<https://www.google.com/maps/place/Edinburgh,+UK/@55.94
94973,-
3.2050351,16z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x4887b800a5982623:0x64f
2147b7ce71727!8m2!3d55.953252!4d-3.188267>.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

77
Plays, dance and poetry
In-text citation

Paraphrase

Template

(Author’s last name Year published, act number, scene number)

Example

The character Nora eats macaroons (Ibsen 1995, act 1, scene 1)

Hamlet was very angry at his uncle for the acts committed in act one,
scene 2 (Shakespeare, c. 1600)

Direct quote

Template

(Author’s last name Year published, act number, scene number)

• References to plays and poetry are more precise if given in

terms of acts, scenes, lines, verses, and so on

Example

“What, you egg! [He stabs him]” (Shakespeare, 1606, act 4, scene 2)

Reference list

Template

Author’s last name, Author’s Initial Year published, Title, Publisher, Publishing
Location.

Or for a specific performance:

Author’s last name, Author’s initials Year of publication, Title, Performance

location, Theatre company name, Performance type, viewed Day
Month Year.

Examples

78
 Ibsen, H 1995, A doll's house, trans. K McLeish, Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge.

• ‘trans.’ Denotes a translator

Shakespeare, W c. 1600, Hamlet, Stratford-upon-Avon, Royal

Shakespeare Company, Play, viewed 15 September 2008.

Other Sources
Media release

In-text citation

Paraphrase

Template

(Author’s last name/ Organisation name Year published)

Example

Clearway changes were outlined in a release to the media (Baillieu

2010)

Direct quote

Template
(Author’s last name/ Organisation name Year published, p. Page
number)

Example

In a statement released to the media, "Labor’s laws were driving small

businesses to the wall," Mr Baillieu said (2010)

Reference list

• The description, ‘media release’, is inserted after the title of the

media release

• If Author holds a state post, list position in brackets after Author

details

79
 Template

Author’s last name, Author’s Initial/ Organisation name Year

published, Title of Media, format, date of Media Release Day
Month, Publisher, Publisher Location, viewed Day Month Year,
<URL>.

Examples

Bailieu, T (Premier, Minister for the Arts) 2010, Coalition delivers for
small business with clearways changes, media release, 9
December, Premier of Victoria, viewed 15 December 2010,
<http://www.premier.vic.gov.au/html/091210_001.html>.

To reference a print media release:

BHP 2021, BHP approves Phase 1 of the Scarborough Project, media

release, 22 November, BHP limited, Melbourne.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

Personal communication
• Personal communications include letters, emails, interviews etc
• Email addresses should never be cited without the permission of
the owner of the address

In-text citation
• Put all the details of the email letter etc. in-text: Author
(communicator) Year, format description, day month

Template

(Author’s last name Year received, pers. comm., Day Month)

• “pers. comm.” refers to personal communication

Examples

“This is correct to the best of knowledge” (Brown 2012, pers. comm., 3

July)

or

Professor Shickle (2008 pers. comm., 8 July) verified in an interview

that the contents of the email were correct

Reference list

Template

80
 Author’s last name, Author’s initials Year published, format, Day
Month.

Example

Personal communications can take a number of forms and are not

normally available for consultation except under special
circumstances. For this reason, they are not usually included in the
reference list.

If a full citation is required, reference in the following way:

Brown, B 2012, email, 3 July.

Shickle, S 2008, interview, 24 November.

------------------------------------------------------------

Course material
• Whilst course material can be considered reliable, it is not peer-
reviewed and as such the cited references in the course materials
should be used when available.

In-text citation

Paraphrase

Template

(Author Year published)

Example

Kinship is a centre of all communications (Lee 2010)

Direct quote

Template

(Author Year published, Page number)

• Note: list the page number if they are provided. You can
consider the slide number in a Powerpoint presentation to
be the same as the page number.

Example

81
 "Socialisation into roles is a major impetus behind inequality" (Wallace
2010)

Reference list

• State the type of of course material after the title of the lecture
• You can use the subject code or the subject name
• Course material is unpublished, so the title is enclosed in single
quotes not italics

Template

Author’s last name, Author’s Initial’s Year published, ‘Title of Material’

Material Format, Subject Code, Institution Name, viewed Day
Month Year.

Example

Wallace, P 2010, ‘Gender & sexuality’ PowerPoint slides, SOC1SAC,

La Trobe University, viewed 19 January 2011.

Lee, H 2010, ‘Charting Kinship’, lecture, ANT2KAM, La Trobe

University, delivered 5 August.

--------------------------------------------------------------

Leaflet or pamphlet

In-text citation

• Use the authorising body/publisher as the author OR use the title

of the pamphlet/leaflet if there is no author
• Use the title of the pamphlet in-text if there is no author
• Use n.d. for no date
• Use c. if you can approximately date the document e.g., c. 1985

Paraphrase

Template

(Author’s last name/ Organisation name Year published)

Example

In the leaflet distributed by the New State for North Queensland

Movement (n.d.) it is evident that a notable number of Australian
citizens want a new state in Northern Queensland.

82
 Direct quote

Template

(Author’s last name/ Organisation name Year published)

Example

"A new Northern Queensland state is ideal for the people and
Australia for a number of reasons" (New State for North Queensland
Movement n.d.)

Reference list

• Use the word “pamphlet” after the title

Template

Author’s last name, Author’s Initial/ Organisation name Year of publication,

Title of Pamphlet, format, Publisher, Publisher Location.

Example

New State for North Queensland Movement n.d., A New State for North
Queensland : why ? how ? when?, pamphlet, New State for North
Queensland Movement, Townsville.

Guide Dogs 2021, Our newest Therapy Dog heroes, pamphlet, Sydney,
NSW.

-----------------------------------------------------------------

Primary sources and archives

• You need to be consistent with any specific requirements outlined by your
Faculty; for example the UOW School of History Style Guide
• Whenever you cite archival material you should provide two essential
pieces of information:
o a description of the item AND
o details of where it is located

The latter is required because archival material in most cases consists of

unique, unpublished records which are available in only one place (unlike
books or other published material held at more than one library)

• A typical archival citation should include the following details:

o place identifier - where the records are held
o agency name - the name of the person or organisation that
created the records
o record (ie. collection) series number, with record title and date
range

83
 • If you are referring to a specific item or range of items within that record
series you should also include the:
o individual item number, with item title description and date (if
known)

Example of an Expanded archival citation

In a bibliography you should provide the full citation details for each archival
record/collection you refer to in your essay etc. For example:

Wollongong University Archives: Francis McCaffrey; D92, Francis McCaffrey

Collection, 1865-1932; D92/5, Notebooks.

Example of an Abbreviated archival citation

If you refer to the same citation more than once in your essay etc. you may
abbreviate the citation the second time rather than write it again in full.

The abbreviation for the University of Wollongong Archives is NWUA (the N

denotes 'New South Wales'), so the abbreviation for the above citation would
be:

NWUA: McCaffrey; D92/5, Notebooks.

Other Examples

See the examples given in the following guides:

• National Archives of Australia guide to Citing archival records

• State Records NSW guide to Citing State archives
• Noel Butlin Archives Centre guide to Citation of archives

84