5

Resonance

5.1 INTRODUCTION
Resonance is a very important phenomenon in many electrical applications. The study of resonance is very
useful in the telecommunication field. A circuit containing reactance is said to be in resonance if the voltage
across the circuit is in phase with the current through it. At resonance, the circuit thus behaves as a pure
resistor and the net reactance is zero.

5.2 SERIES RESONANCE R L C

Consider the series RLC circuit as shown in Fig. 5.1. The

impedance of the circuit is
i
Z = R + jX − jX C = R + j ( X L − X C )

At resonance, the circuit is purely resistive.

v = Vm sin wt
XL XC = 0 Fig. 5.1 Series circuit
XL XC
1
ω0 L =
ω 0C
1
ω 02 =
LC
1
ω0 =
LC
1
f0 =
2π LC

where f 0 is called the resonant frequency of the circuit.

5.2 Network Analysis and Synthesis

1. Power Factor
R
Power factor = cos φ =
Z
At resonance Z = R
R
Power factor = =1
R
2. Current Since impedance is minimum, the current is maximum at resonance. Thus, the circuit accepts
more current and as such, an RLC circuit under resonance is called an accepator circuit.
V V
I0 = =
Z R
3. Voltage At resonance,
1
ω0 L =
ω 0C
1
ω 0 L I0 = I0
ω 0C
VL0 VC0
Thus, potential difference across inductor equal to potential difference across capacitor being equal and
opposite cancel each other. Also, since I 0 is maximum, VL 0 and VC 0 will also be maximum. Thus, voltage
magnification takes place during resonance. Hence, it is also referred to as voltage magnification circuit.
4. Phasor Diagram Figure 5.2 shows the phasor diagram of a series resonant circuit.
VL

I
VR

VC
I
VR

Fig. 5.2 Phasor diagram

5. Behaviour of R, L and C with Change in Z XL

Frequency Resistance remains constant with the
change in frequencies. Inductive reactance X L is directly R
proportional to frequency f. It can be drawn as a straight
line passing through the origin. Capacitive reactance X C 0
is inversely proportional to the frequency f. It can be
drawn as a rectangular hyperbola in the fourth quadrant. XC
Figure 5.3 shows the behaviour of R, L and C with change
Fig. 5.3 Behaviour of R, L and C with
in frequency.
change in frequency
Total impedance Z = R + j ( X L − X C )
 5.2 Series Resonance 5.3

(a) When f f 0 , impedance is capacitive and decreases up to f0. The power factor is leading in
nature.
(b) At f = f0, impedance is resistive. The power factor is unity.
(c) When f > f0, impedance is inductive and goes on increasing beyond f0. The power factor is lagging
in nature. Figure 5.4 shows the impedance curve of series resonant circuit.
Z

Capacitive Inductive

0 f
f0

Fig. 5.4 Impedance curve

6. Bandwidth For the series RLC circuit, bandwidth I

is defined as the range of frequencies for which the
P
power delivered to R is greater than or equal to 0 V
I0 =
2 R
where P0 is the power delivered to R at resonance. 0.707 I0

From the shape of the resonance curve shown in

Fig. 5.5, it is clear that there are two frequencies for Bandwidth = w 2 − w 1
which the power delivered to R is half the power
at resonance. For this reason, these frequencies are
w
referred as those corresponding to the half-power 0 w1 w0 w2
points. The magnitude of the current at each half-
Fig. 5.5 Resonance curve
power point is the same.

1 2
Hence, I12 R =
I 0 R = I 22 R
2
where the subscript 1 denotes the lower half point and the subscript 2, the higher half point. It follows
then that
I0
I1 I2 = = 0.707 I 0
2

Accordingly, the bandwidth may be identified on the resonance curve as the range of frequencies over
which the magnitude of the current is equal to or greater than 0.707 of the current at resonance. In Fig. 5.5,
the bandwidth is w 2 −w1.
Expression for Bandwidth Generally, at any frequency w,
V V V
I= = = …(i)
Z 2
( X L − XC ) 2 2
R ⎛ 1 ⎞
R2 + ω L − ⎟
⎝ ωC ⎠
5.4 Network Analysis and Synthesis
At half-power points,
I0
I=
2
V
But I0 =
R
V
I= …(ii)
2R
From Eqs (i) and (ii),
V V
=
2 2R
⎛ 1 ⎞
R2 ωL − ⎟
⎝ ωC ⎠
2
⎛ 1 ⎞
R2 ωL − ⎟ = 2R
⎝ ωC ⎠

Squaring both the sides,

2
⎛ 1 ⎞
R 2
ωL − ⎟ = 2R
2
⎝ ωC ⎠
2
⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜⎝ ω L −
2
⎟ =R
ωC ⎠
1
ωL − ±R=0
ωC
R 1
ω2 ± ω − =0
L LC
R R2 1
ω=± ± 2
+
2L 4L LC
⎛ R2 ⎞ 1
For low values of R, the term ⎜ can be neglected in comparison with the term .
2⎟
⎝ 4L ⎠ LC
R 1 R 1
Then w is given by, ω=± ± =± ±
2L LC 2L LC
The resonant frequency for this circuit is given by
1
ω0 =
LC
R
ω ± + ω0 (considering only posititve sign of w0)
2L
R
ω1 ω0 −
2L
 5.2 Series Resonance 5.5

R
and ω2 = ω0 +
2L
R
f f0 −
4π L
R
and f f0 +
4π L
R
Bandwidth = ω 2 − ω1 =
L
R
or Bandwidth = f − f1 =
2π L

7. Quality Factor It is measure of voltage magnification in the series resonant circuit. It is also a measure
of selectivity or sharpness of the series resonant circuit.
Voltage across inductor or capacitor VL0 VC0
Q0 = = =
Voltage at resonance V V

Substituting values of VL0 and V,

I 0 X L0 X L0 ω0 L 1
Q0 = = = =
I0 R R R ω 0CR
Substituting values of w0,
⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜⎝ ⎟L 1 L
LC ⎠
Q0 = =
R R C

Example 5.1 A series RLC circuit has the following parameter values: R = 10 W , L = 0.01 H,
C = 100 mF. Compute the resonant frequency, bandwidth, and lower and upper frequencies of the band-
width.

Solution R = 10 Ω, L = 0.01 H, C = 100 μF

(a) Resonant frequency
1 1
f0 = = = 159.15 Hz
2π LC 2π 0.01 × 100 × 10 −6

(b) Bandwidth
R 10
BW = = = 159.15 Hz
2π L 2π 0.01
(c) Lower frequency of bandwidth
BW 159.15
f1 f0 − = 159.15 − = 79.58 Hz
2 2
(d) Upper frequency of bandwidth
BW 159.15
f2 f0 + = 159.15 + = 238.73 Hz
2 2
5.6 Network Analysis and Synthesis

Example 5.2 An RLC series circuit with a resistance of 10 W, inductance of 0.2 H and a capacitance
of 40 μF is supplied with a 100 V supply at variable frequency. Find the following w.r.t. the series resonant
circuit:
(a) frequency of which resonance takes place
(b) current
(c) power
(d) power factor
(e) voltage across RLC at that time
(f) quality factor
(g) half-power points
(h) resonance and phasor diagrams

Solution R = 10 Ω, L = 0.2 H, C = 40 μF, V = 100 V

(a) Resonant frequency
1 1
f0 = = = 56.3 Hz
2π LC 2π 0.2 40 10 −6

(b) Current
V 100
I0 = = = 10 A
R 10
(c) Power
P0 I 02 R = (10)2 × 10 = 1000 W
(d) Power factor
pf = 1
(e) Voltage across R, L, C
VR0 R I0 = 10 × 10 = 100 V
VL0 X L0 I0 f0 LI 0 2π × 56.3 0.2 10 = 707.5 V
1 1
VC0 = XC0 I 0 = I0 = × 10 = 707.5 V
2π f0C 2π 56 3 × 40 × 10 −6

(f) Quality factor

1 L 1 02
Q= = = 7 07
R C 10 40 × 10 −6

(g) Half-power points

R 10
f1 f0 − = 56.3 − = 52.32 Hz
4π L 4π 0.2
R 10
f2 f0 + = 56.3 + = 60 3 Hz
4π L 4π 0.2
 5.2 Series Resonance 5.7

(h) Resonance and phasor diagram are shown in Fig. 5.6.

I

I0

I0
√2

0 f
f1 f0 f2 V I
(a) (b)
Fig. 5.6

Example 5.3 A series RLC circuit is connected to a 200 V ac supply. The current drawn by the
circuit at resonance is 20 A. The voltage drop across the capacitor is 5000 V at series resonance. Calculate
resistance and inductance if capacitance is 4 μF. Also, calculate the resonant frequency.

Solution V 200 , I 0 = 20 A, VC0 5 , C = 4 μF

(a) Resistance
V 200
R= = = 10 Ω
I0 20
(b) Resonant frequency
VC0 5000
X C0 = = = 250 Ω
I0 20
1
X C0 =
2π f0C
1
250 =
2π f0 4 × 10 −6
f0 = 159.15 Hz
(c) Inductance
At resonance
X C0 X L0 = 250 Ω
X L0 f0 L
250 = 2π × 159.15 × L
L = 0 25 H
5.8 Network Analysis and Synthesis

Example 5.4 A resistor and a capacitor are connected in series with a variable inductor. When the
circuit is connected to a 230 V, 50 Hz supply, the maximum current obtained by varying the inductance is 2 A.
The voltage across the capacitor is 500 V. Calculate the resistance, inductance and capacitance of the circuit.

Solution V f0 = 50 Hz, I 0 2 A, VC0 = 500 V

I0 = 2 A
VC0 = 500 V
(a) Resistance
V 230
R= = = 115 Ω
I0 2
(b) Capacitance
VC0 500
X C0 = = = 250 Ω
I0 2
1
X C0 =
2π f0C
1
250 =
2π 50 × C
C = 12.73 μF
(c) Inductance
At resonance
X C0 X L0 = 250 Ω
X L0 f0 L

250 = 2π 50 × L
L = 0.795 H

Example 5.5 A coil of 2 W resistance and 0.01 H inductance is connected in series with a capacitor
across 200 V mains. What must be the capacitance in order that maximum current occurs at a frequency of
50 Hz? Find also the current and the voltage across the capacitor.

Solution R 2 , L = 0.01 H, V f0 = 50 Hz
(a) Capacitance
1
f0 =
2π LC
1
50 =
2π 0.01 × C
C = 1013.2 μF
(b) Current
V 200
I0 = = = 100 A
R 2
 5.2 Series Resonance 5.9

(c) Voltage across capacitor

1 1
VC0 I X C0 I0 = 100 × = 314.16 V
2π f C 2π 50 × 1013.2 10 −6

Example 5.6 A series RLC circuit has a quality factor of 5 at 50 rad/s. The current flowing through
the circuit at resonance is 10 A and the supply voltage is 100 V. Find the circuit constants.

Solution Q / I0 10 A, V = 100 V
10
V
I0 =
R
100
10 =
R
R = 10 Ω
ω0 L
Q0 =
R
50 × L
5=
10
L =1H
1 L
Q0 =
R C
1 1
5=
10 C
C = 400 μF

Example 5.7 A series RLC circuit has R = 2.5 W, C = 100 μF and a variable inductance. The applied
voltage is 50 V at 800 rad/s. The inductance is varied till the voltage across the resistance is maximum.
Find (a) value of inductance under this condition, (b) Q, (c) current, and (d) voltage across resistance,
capacitance and inductance.

Solution = 2.5 Ω, C = 100 μF, V = 50 V, ω = 800 rad/s

(a) Value of inductance

1
ω0 =
LC
1
800 =
L × 100 × 10 −6
L = 0.0156 H
(b) Quality factor
ω 0 L 800 × 0.0156
Q0 = = =5
R 25
5.10 Network Analysis and Synthesis
(c) Current
V 50
I0 = = = 20 A
R 25

(d) Voltage across resistance, capacitance and inductance

VR0 I 0 R = 20 × 2.5 = 50 V
V 0
Q0 V = 5 50 = 250 V
V 0
Q0 V = 5 50 = 250 V

Example 5.8 A series RLC circuit which resonates at 500 kHz has R = 25 W, L = 100 μH and
C = 1000 pF. Determine the quality factor, new value of C required to resonate at 500 kHz when the value of
L is doubled, and the new quality factor.

Solution f R = 25 Ω, L = μ , C = 1000 pF

(a) Quality factor

1 L 1 100 × 10 −6
Q0 = = = 12.65
R C 25 1000 × 10 −12

(b) New value of C when L = 200 μH

1
f0 =
2π LC
1
103 =
500 ×10
2π 200 ×1010 −6 × C
C = 506.61 pF

(c) New Q factor

1 L 1 200 × 10 −6
Q0 = = = 25.13
R C 25 506.61 × 10 −12

Example 5.9 Find the values of R,L and C in a series RLC circuit that resonates at 1.5 kHz and
consumes 50 W from a 50 V ac source operating at the resonant frequency. The bandwidth is 0.75 kHz.

Solution f P = 50 W, V 0 , B W = 0.75 kHz

2
V
P=
R
(50) 2
50 =
R
R = 50 Ω
 5.2 Series Resonance 5.11

R
BW =
2π L
50
0 75 × 103 =
2π × L
L = 0.011 H
1
f0 =
2π LC
1
103 =
1 5 ×10
2π 0.011 × C
C = 1.023 μF

Example 5.10 A 50 W resistor is connected in series with an inductor having internal resistance, a
capacitor and 100 V variable frequency supply as shown in Fig. 5.7. At a frequency of 200 Hz, a maximum
current of 0.7 A flows through the circuit and voltage across the capacitor is 200 V. Determine the circuit
constants.
50 Ω r L C

100 V
Fig. 5.7

Solution V 100 , R = 50 Ω f I 0 = 0.7 A

VC0 = 200 V
VC0 I XC 0
200 = 0 7 X C 0
X C 0 = 285.71 Ω
1
X C0 =
2π f C
1
285.71 =
2π × 200 × C
C = 2 79 μF
1
f0 =
2π LC
1
200 =
2π L 2.79 × 10 −6
L = 0.23 H
5.12 Network Analysis and Synthesis
At resonance, total resistance is
V 100
RT = = = .86 Ω
I 07
RT = R + r
142.86 = 50 + r
r = 92.86 Ω

Example 5.11 In the circuit shown in Fig. 5.8, a maximum current of 0.1 A flows through the circuit
when the capacitor is at 5 μF with a fixed frequency and a voltage of 5 V. Determine the frequency at which
the circuit resonates, the bandwidth, quality factor Q and the value of resistance at resonant frequency.
R 0.1 H 5 μF

0.1 A

5V
Fig. 5.8

Solution I0 A, C μF,
F, V V, L 0 1H

V 5
R= = = 50 Ω
I0 0 1
1 1
f0 = = = 225.08 Hz
2π LC 2π 0.1 5 × 10 −6
1 L 1 01
Q0 = = = 2 83
R C 50 5 10 −6
R 50
BW = = = 79.588 Hz
2π L 2π × 0.1

Example 5.12 A series RLC circuit has R = 10 W and L = 60 mH. At a frequency of 25 Hz, the pf of
the circuit is 45° lead. At what frequency will the circuit be resonant?

Solution R = 10 Ω, L = 60 mH
XL = 2πf L = 2π × 25 × 60 × 10−3 = 9.42 Ω
For a series RLC circuit,
XC − X L
tan φ =
R
X C − 9.42
tan 45° =
10
 5.2 Series Resonance 5.13

X C − 9 42
1=
10
X C = 19.42 Ω
1
XC =
2π fC
1
19.42 =
2π 25 × C
C = 327.82 μF
1 1
f0 = = = 35.89
. Hz
2π LC 2π 60 10 −33
× 327.82 × 10 6

Example 5.13 A voltage v(t ) = 10 sin ω t is applied to a series RLC circuit. At the resonant frequency
of the circuit, the voltage across the capacitor is found to be 500 V. The bandwidth of the circuit is known to
be 400 rad/s and the impedance of the circuit at resonance is 100 W . Determine inductance and capacitance,
resonant frequency, upper and lower cut-off frequencies.

Solution n ω t , VC0 = 500 V, BW = 400 rad / s, R = 100 Ω

v(t ) = 10 sin

(a) Inductance and capacitance

Vm 10
V= =
= 7 07 V
2
2
V 7 07
I0 = = = 0.0707 A
R 100
R
BW =
L
100
400 =
L
L = 0.25 H
VC 500
Q0 = 0 = = 70.72
V 7 07
1 L
Q0 =
R C
1 0 25
70.72 =
100 C
C = 4 99 nF
(b) Resonant frequency
1 1
f0 = = = 4506.09 Hz
2π LC 2π 0.25 × 4.99 10 −9
5.14 Network Analysis and Synthesis
(c) Lower cut-off frequency
R 100
f f0 − = 4506.09 − = 4474.26 Hz
4π L 4π 0.25

(d) Upper cut-off frequency

R 100
f f0 + = 4506.09 + = 4537.92 Hz
4π L 4π 0.25

Example 5.14 A series resonant circuit has an impedance of 500 W at resonant frequency. Cut-off
frequencies are 10 kHz and 100 Hz. Determine (a) resonant frequency, (b) value of L, C, and (c) quality
factor at resonant frequency.

Solution R f1 = 100 Hz f 2 = 10 kHz

(a) Resonant frequency
BW = f f1 = 10000 − 100 = 9900 Hz

R
f f0 − …(i)
4π L
R
f f0 + …(ii)
4π L
Adding Eqs (i) and (ii),
f f 2 = 2 f0
f f 2 100 + 10000
f0 = = = 5050 Hz
2 2
(b) Values of L and C
R
BW =
2π L
500
9900 =
2π L
L = 8.038 mH
X 0
f 0 L = 2π × 5050 × 8.038 × 10 −3 = 255.05 Ω
At resonance X L0 X C0 = 255.05 Ω
1
X C0 =
2π f C
1
255.05 =
2π × 5050 × C
C = 0 12 μF
(c) Quality factor
1 L 1 8.038 × 10 −3
Q0 = = = 0.5176
R C 500 0 12 10 −6
 5.2 Series Resonance 5.15

Example 5.15 Impedance of a circuit is observed to be capacitive and decreasing from 1 Hz to

100 Hz. Beyond 100 Hz, the impedance starts increasing. Find the values of circuit elements if the power
drawn by this circuit is 100 W at 100 Hz, when the current is 1 A. The power factor of the circuit at 70 Hz
is 0.707.

Solution f P0 = 100 W, I 0 = 1 A, (pf

( )70 Hz 0.707

The impedance of the circuit is capacitive and decreasing from 1 Hz to 100 Hz. Beyond 100 Hz, the
impedance starts increasing.

f 0 = 100 Hz
P0 I 02 R
100 = (1) 2 × R
R = 100
00 Ω
1
f0 =
2π LC
1
100 =
2π LC
LC = 2 53 10 −6 …(i)

Power factor at 70 Hz is 0.707.

R
= 0.707
Z
100
= 0.707
Z
Z= . Ω

Impedance at 70 Hz = Z70 = R 2 + ( X C − X L ) 2
2
⎛ 1 ⎞
141.44 = (100) 2 + ⎜ − 2π 70 × L⎟
⎝ 2π 70 × C ⎠
2.27 10 −3
− 439.82 L = 100.02 …(ii)
C
Solving Eqs (i) and (ii),
L = 0.2187 H
C = 11.58 μF

Example 5.16 A constant voltage at a frequency of 1 MHz is applied to an inductor in series with a
variable capacitor. When the capacitor is set to 500 pF, the current has its maximum value while it is reduced
to one-half when the capacitance is 600 pF. Find resistance, inductance and Q-factor of inductor.
5.16 Network Analysis and Synthesis

Solution f C1 = 500 pF, C2 = 600 pF

(a) Resistance and inductance of inductor

At resonance C = 500 pF
1
f0 =
2π LC
1
106 =
2π L × 500 × 10 −12
L = 0 05 mH
X f 0 L = 2π × 106 × 0.05 × 10 −3 = 314.16 Ω

When capacitance is 600 pF, the current reduces to one-half of the current at resonance.
1 1
XC = = = 65. 6 Ω
2π fC 2π × 106 × 600 × 10 −12
1
I I0
2
V 1V
=
Z 2R
Z 2R
R2 (XL X C )2 2R
R2 (314.16 265.26) 2 4 R2
3R 2 = 2391.21
R = 28.23 Ω

(b) Quality factor

1 L 1 0 05 10 −3
Q0 = = = 11.2
R C 28.23 500 × 10 −12

Example 5.17 In the circuit shown in Fig. 5.9, determine the circuit constants when the circuit
draws a maximum current at 10 mF with a 10 V, 100 Hz supply. When the capacitance is changed to 12 mF,
the current that flows through the circuit becomes 0.707 times its maximum value. Determine Q of the coil at
900 rad/s. Also find the maximum current that flows through the circuit.
R L C

10 V, 100 Hz
Fig. 5.9
 5.2 Series Resonance 5.17

Solution C μ , V = 10 V, f 0 = 100 Hz
1
f0 =
2π LC
1
100 =
2π L 10 10 10 −6
L = 0.225 H
When C = 12 μF, w = 900 rad/s
I 0.707 I 0
V V
= 0.707
Z R
R
Z=
0.707
R
R2 (XL X C )2 =
0.707
2
⎛ 1 ⎞ R
R 2 + 900 × 0 25 − −6 ⎟
=
⎝ 900 × 12 × 10 ⎠ 0.707
R = 132.37 Ω
ω L 900 × 0 25
Q0 = = =1 7
R 132.37
V 10
I0 = = = 0.076 A
R 132.37

Example 5.18 A series RLC circuit is excited from a constant voltage variable frequency source.
600
The current in the circuit becomes maximum at a frequency of Hz and falls to half the maximum value
2π
400
at Hz. If the resistance in the circuit is 3W, find L and C.
2π

600
Solution f R = 3Ω
2π
1
f0 =
2π LC
600 1
=
2π 2π LC
LC = 2 78 10 −6 …(i)

400
At f = Hz,
2π
I0
I=
2
5.18 Network Analysis and Synthesis

V V
=
Z 2R
Z 2R
R2 (XL X C )2 2R
R2 (XL X C )2 4 R2
(XL X C ) 2 = 3R 2 3(3) 2 27
2
⎛ ⎞
⎜ 400 1 ⎟
⎜ 2π × 2π × L − 400 ⎟ = 27
⎜ 2π × ×C⎟
⎝ 2π ⎠
2
⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜⎝ 400 L − ⎟ = 27 …(ii)
400C ⎠
2
⎛ 2 78 10 6
1 ⎞
⎜ 400 × −
400 C ⎟⎠
= 27
⎝ C
C = 267.12 μF
2.78 10 6
1 −6
2.78 × 10
L= = = 10.41 mH
C 267.12 × 10 −6

5.3 PARALLEL RESONANCE R XL

Consider a parallel circuit consisting of a coil and a capacitor as shown in

XC
Fig. 5.10. The impedances of two branches are
Z1 = R + jX L
i
Z 2 = − jX C

1 1 R − jX L
Y1 = = =
Z1 R + jX L R 2 + X L2 v = Vm sin wt

1 1 j Fig. 5.10 Parallel circuit

Y2 = = =
Z 2 − jX C XC
R − jX L j R ⎛ X 1 ⎞
Admittance of the circuit Y Y1 + Y2 = + = 2 − j⎜ 2 L 2 −
2
R + X L2 2
XC R + X L ⎝ R + X L X C ⎟⎠
At resonance, the circuit is purely resistive. Hence, the condition for resonance is
XL 1
2
− =0
R X L2 XC
XL 1
2
=
R X L2 XC
X L X C = R 2 + X L2
1
ω0 L = R 2 + ω 02 L2
ω0c
 5.3 Parallel Resonance 5.19

L
= R 2 + ω 02 L2
C
L
ω 02 L2 = − R2
C
1 R2
ω02 = − 2
LC L
1 R2
ω0 = − 2
LC L

1 1 R2
f0 = − 2
2π LC L
where f0 is called the resonant frequency of the circuit.
If R is very small as compared to L then

1
ω0 =
LC
1
f0 =
2π LC

1. Dynamic Impedance of a Parallel Circuit At resonance, the circuit is purely resistive. The real
R
part of admittance is 2 . Hence, the dynamic impedance at resonance is given by
R X L2
R 2 X L2
ZD =
R
At resonance,
L
R2 X L2 = X L X C =
C
L
ZD =
CR

2. Current Since impedance is maximum at resonance, the current is minimum at resonance.

V V VCR
C IC
I0 = = =
ZD L L
CR
IL cos f I
3. Phasor Diagram At resonance, power factor of the V V
f
circuit is unity and the total current drawn by the circuit
is in phase with the voltage. This will happen only when IL sin f
the current I C is equal to the reactive component of the
current in the inductive branch, i.e., I C I L sin φ IL
Fig. 5.11 Phasor diagram
5.20 Network Analysis and Synthesis
Hence, at resonance
IC I L sin φ
and I I L cos φ

The phasor diagram of parallel resonant circuit is shown in Fig. 5.11.

4. Behaviour of Conductance G, Inductive Susceptance BL and Capacitive Susceptance
with Change in Frequency Conductance remains constant with the change in frequencies.
Inductive susceptance BL is
1 1 1
BL = =−j =−j
jX L XL 2π fL

It is inversely proportional to the frequency. Thus, it decreases with the increase in the frequency.
Hence, it can be drawn as a rectangular hyperbola in the fourth quadrant.
Capacitive susceptance BC is
Y BC
1 1
BC = =−j = j fC G
− jX C XC

0
It is directly proportional to the frequency. It can be
drawn as a straight line passing through the origin. BL
Figure 5.12 shows the behaviour of G, BL and BC
Fig. 5.12 Behaviour of G, BL and Bc with
with change in frequency. change in frequency
(a) When f f 0 , inductive susceptance predominates.
Z
Hence, the current lags behind the voltage and the
power factor is lagging in nature. L
ZD =
(b) When f f 0 , net susceptance is zero. Hence, the CR
admittance is minimum and impedance is maximum.
At f 0 , the current is in phase with the voltage and the
power factor is unity.
f
0 f0
(c) When f f 0 , capacitive susceptance predominates.
Hence, the current leads the voltage and power factor Fig. 5.13 Impedance curve
is leading in nature.
Figure 5.13 shows the impedance curve of a parallel resonant circuit.
I
5. Bandwidth The bandwidth of a parallel resonant circuit is
defined in the same way as that for a series resonant circuit.
Figure 5.14 shows the resonance curve of a parallel resonant
circuit.
6. Quality Factor It is a measure of current magnification in a V
parallel resonant circuit. I0 =
ZD
f
Current through inductor or capacitor I C0 0 f0
Q0 = =
Current at resonance I0 Fig. 5.14 Resonance curve
 5.4 Comparison of Series and Parallel Resonant Circuits 5.21

Substituting values of I C0 and I 0 ,

V 1
X C0 X C0 ω 0 C ω 0 L
Q0 = = = =
VCR
C CR CR R
L L L

Neglecting the resistance R, the resonant frequency ω 0 is given by

1
ω0 =
LC
⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜⎝ ⎟L 1 L
LC ⎠
Q0 = =
R R C

5.4 COMPARISON OF SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANT CIRCUITS

Parameter Series Circuit Parallel Circuit

V VCR
C
Current at resonance I= and is maximum I= and is minimum
R L

Z = R and is minimum L
Impedance at resonance Z= and is maximum
CR
Power factor at resonance Unity Unity

1 1 1 R2
Resonant frequency f0 = f0 = − 2
2π LC 2π LC L

2π f L 2π f L
Q-factor Q= Q=
R R

It magnifies Voltage across L and C Current through L and C

Example 5.19 A coil having an inductance of L henries and a resistance of 12 W is connected in

parallel with a variable capacitor. At ω = 2.3 × 10 6 radd /s, resonance is achieved and at this instant, capaci-
tance C = 0.021 μ F.
F Find the inductance of the coil.
6
Solution R Ω, 0 d/ , C 0 021 μF
1 R2
ω0 = − 2
LC L
5.22 Network Analysis and Synthesis

1 (12) 2
2 3 × 106 = −6
−
L × 0.021 × 10 L2
L = 89.7 μΗ

Example 5.20 A coil of 20 W resistance has an inductance of 0.2 H and is connected in parallel
with a condenser of 100 μF capacitance. Calculate the frequency at which this circuit will be have as a non-
inductive resistance. Find also the value of dynamic resistance.

Solution R 20 Ω, L = 0.2 H, C =100 μF

(a) Resonant frequency
2
1 1 R2 1 1 ⎛ 20 ⎞
f0 = − 2 = −⎜ = 31.83 Hz
2π LC L 2π 0 2 × 100 × 10 6 ⎝ 0 2 ⎟⎠
(b) Dynamic resistance
L 02
ZD = = = 00 Ω
CR 100 × 10 −6 × 20

Example 5.21 In the circuit shown in Fig. 5.15, an inductance at 0.1 H having a Q0 of 5 is in
parallel with a capacitor. Determine the value of capacitance and coil resistance at a resonant frequency of
500 rad/s.

R L

Fig. 5.15

Solution L Q0 = 5 ω 0 = 500 rad/s

ω0 L
Q0 =
R
500 × 0 1
5=
R
R = 10 Ω

1 R2
ω0 = − 2
LC L
1 (10) 2
500 = −
0 1 × C (0.1) 2
C = 38.46 μF
 5.4 Comparison of Series and Parallel Resonant Circuits 5.23

Example 5.22 A coil of 10 W resistance and 0.2 H inductance is connected in parallel with a
variable capacitor across a 220 V, 50 Hz supply. Calculate (a) the capacitance of the capacitor for reso-
nance, (b) the dynamic impedance of the circuit, and (c) supply current.

Solution R 0 Ω, L = 0.2 H, V f 0 = 50 Hz
(a) Capacitance of the capacitor

1 1 R2
f0 = − 2
2π LC L
1 1 (10) 2
50 = −
2π 0 2 × C (0.2) 2
C = 49.41 μF

(b) Dynamic impedance of the circuit

L 02
ZD = = = 404.78 Ω
CR 49.41 × 10 −6 × 10

(c) Supply current

V 220
I= = = 0.543 A
Z D 404.78

Example 5.23 Find the value of the dynamic impedance of the circuit shown in Fig. 5.16 at a
frequency of 500 kHz and for bandwidth of operation equal to 20 kHz. The resistance of the coil is 5 W..

5Ω L

Fig. 5.16

Solution f BW 20 kHz, R = 5 Ω
R
BW =
2π L
5
20 × 103 =
2π L
L = 39.79 μΗ

1 1 R2
f0 = − 2
2π LC L
1 1 (5) 2
103 =
500 ×10 −
2π 10 −6 × C
39.79 ×10 (39.79 × 10 −6 ) 2
(39
5.24 Network Analysis and Synthesis

C = 2 54 nF
L 39.79 × 10 −6
ZD = = = 3 13 k Ω
CR 2 54 × 10 −9 × 5

Example 5.24 A coil having a resistance of 20 W and an inductance of 200 μH is connected in

parallel with a variable capacitor. This parallel combination is connected in series with a resistance of
8000 W. A voltage of 230 V at a frequency of 106 Hz is applied across the circuit as shown in Fig. 5.17.
Calculate (a) the value of capacitance at resonance, (b) Q factor of the circuit, (c) dynamic impedance of the
circuit, and (d) total circuit current.
20 Ω 200 μH

8000 Ω

230 V, 106 Hz
Fig. 5.17

6
Solution R 20 Ω, L = 200 μH, f V = 230 V, RS = 8000 Ω

(a) Value of capacitance

1 1 R2
f0 = − 2
2π LC L

1 1 ( 20) 2
106 = −
2π 200 × 10 −66 × C ( 200 × 10 −6 ) 2
C = 126.65 pF

(b) Quality factor

2π f L 2π × 106 × 200 × 10 6
Q0 = = = 62.83
R 20
(c) Dynamic impedance
L 200 × 10 −6
ZD = = = 78958 Ω
CR 126.65 × 10 −12 × 20

(d) Current
Total impedance of the circuit at resonance = Z D + RS = 78958 + 8000 = 86958
5 Ω
230
I= = 2.65 mA
86958
 5.4 Comparison of Series and Parallel Resonant Circuits 5.25

Example 5.25 Derive the expression for resonant frequency for the parallel circuit shown in
Fig. 5.18. Also calculate the impedance and current at resonance.

v = Vm sin wt
Fig. 5.18

Solution Z1 R Z 2 = jjX
X Z 3 = − jX C

(a) Resonant frequency of the circuit

For a parallel circuit,
1 1 1 1
= + +
Z Z1 Z 2 Z3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
Y= + + = −j +j = − j⎜ −
R jXjX − jX C R XL XC R ⎝ X L X C ⎟⎠
At resonance, the circuit is purely resistive. Hence, the condition for resonance is
1 1
− =0
X L XC
X L XC
1
ω0 L =
ω 0C
1
ω 02 =
LC
1
ω0 =
LC
1
f0 =
2π LC

where f 0 is called the resonant frequency of the circuit.

(b) Impedance at resonance.
At resonance, the circuit is purely resistive. Hence, the imaginary part of Y is zero.
1
YD =
R
ZD R
5.26 Network Analysis and Synthesis

(c) Current at resonance

V V
I0 = =
ZD R

Example 5.26 Derive the expression for the resonant frequency of the parallel circuit as shown in
Fig. 5.19.
R1 L

R2 C

v = Vm sin wt

Fig. 5.19
Solution
Z1 = R1 + jX L
Z 2 = R2 − jX C

For a parallel circuit,

1 1 1
= +
Z Z1 Z 2
1 1 R − jX L R2 + jX C R R ⎛ X X ⎞
Y= + = 12 + 2 = 2 1 2 + 2 2 2 − j⎜ 2 L 2 − 2 C 2 ⎟
R1 + jX L R2 − jX
XC 2 2
R1 + X L R2 + X C R1 X L R XC ⎝ R1 X L R2 X C ⎠
At resonance, the circuit is purely resistive. Hence, the condition for resonance is
XL XC
− =0
R12 X L2 R22 X C2
XL XC
=
R12 X L2 R22 X C2
1
ω0 L ω 0C
=
R1 ω 0 L
2 2 2
2 1
R2 + 2 2
ω0 C
ω 02 LC ω 02C 2
=
R12 ω 02 L2 R22ω 02C 2 + 1
LC ( R 2 2
C2 ) C 2 (R
( R2 2 2
L)
ω 02 R22 LC 3 LC C 2 R12 ω 02 L2C 2
ω 02 R22 LC 3 − ω 02 L2C 2 = C 2 R12 − LC
 5.4 Comparison of Series and Parallel Resonant Circuits 5.27

ω 02 LC 2 (CR22 L) C (CR12 L)
ω 02 LC (CR22 L) C 12
CR L
CR12 − L
ω 02 =
LC (CR22 − L)
CR12 − L 1 CR12 − L
ω0 = =
LC (CR22 − L) LC CR22 − L

1 CR12 − L
f0 =
2π LC CR22 − L

where f 0 is called the resonant frequency of the circuit.

Example 5.27 Derive the expression for resonant frequency for the parallel circuit shown in
Fig. 5.20.
r L

v = Vm sin wt

Fig. 5.20

Solution Z1 j L Z2 = R Z3 = − jX
XC
For a parallel circuit,
1 1 1 1
= + +
Z Z1 Z 2 Z3
1 1 1 j L 1 1 ⎛ r 1⎞ ⎛ 1 X ⎞
Y= + + = 2 + +j =⎜ 2 + ⎟+ j − 2 L 2⎟
r + jX L R − jX
XC r + X L 2 R XC ⎝ r + X L 2 R⎠ ⎝ XC r + X L ⎠

At resonance, the circuit is purely resistive, i.e., the imaginary part of Y is equal to zero.
1 XL
− =0
X C r 2 X L2
1 X
= 2 L 2
XC r XL
X L X C = r 2 + X L2
5.28 Network Analysis and Synthesis

1
ω0 L = r 2 + ω 0 2 L2
ω 0C
L
= r 2 + ω 0 2 L2
C
L
ω 0 2 L2 = − r 2
C
1 r2
ω02 = − 2
LC L
1 r2
ω0 = − 2
LC L
1 1 r2
f0 = − 2
2π LC L

where f0 is called the resonant frequency of the circuit.

Example 5.28 Find the value of R in the circuit shown in Fig. 5.21 to achieve resonance.

R −2Ω
−j

10 Ω j10 Ω

Fig. 5.21

Solution Z1 10 j10 Ω Z2 = R − j 2 Ω

For a parallel circuit,

1 1 1
= +
Z Z1 Z 2
1 1 10 − j10 R + j 2 ⎛ 10 R ⎞ ⎛ 10 2 ⎞
Y= + = + = + ⎟ − j ⎜⎝ − ⎟
10 + j10 R − j 2 100 + 100 R 2 + 4 ⎝ 200 R 2 + 4 ⎠ 200 R 2 + 4 ⎠

At resonance, the circuit is purely resistive, i.e., the imaginary part of Y is equal to zero.
10 2
− =0
200 R 2 + 4
2 1
2
=
R +4 20
R 2 + 4 = 40
R 2 = 36
R=6Ω
 5.4 Comparison of Series and Parallel Resonant Circuits 5.29

Example 5.29 Find the value of R1 such that the circuit given in Fig. 5.22 is in resonance.

R1 j6 Ω

10 Ω −4Ω
−j

Fig. 5.22

Solution Z1 R1 j 6 Ω, Z 2 10 − j 4 Ω

For a parallel circuit,

1 1 1
= +
Z Z1 Z 2
1 1 R − j 6 10 + j44 ⎛ R1 10 ⎞ ⎛ 6 4 ⎞
Y= + = 12 + =⎜ 2 + ⎟ − j⎜ 2 −
R1 + j 6 10 − j 4 R1 + 36 100 + 16 ⎝ R1 + 36 116 ⎠ ⎝ R1 + 36 116 ⎟⎠

At resonance, the circuit is purely resistive, i.e., the imaginary part of Y is equal to zero.
6 4
− =0
R12 + 36 116
6 4
2
=
R1 + 36 116
116 × 6
R12 + 36 = = 174
4
R12 = 138
R1 = 11.75 Ω

Example 5.30 Find the value of C in the circuit shown in Fig. 5.23 to give resonance.

20 Ω j 37.7 Ω

10 Ω C

230 V, 50 Hz
Fig. 5.23

Solution Z1 20 j3 7 Ω Z2 1100 − jX C
5.30 Network Analysis and Synthesis

For a parallel circuit,

1 1 1
= +
Z Z1 Z 2
1 1 20 − j 37 7 10 + jX C
Y= + = +
20 + j 37 7 10 − jX C 400 + 1421.29 100 + X C2
⎛ 20 10 ⎞ ⎛ 37.7 XC ⎞
=⎜ + ⎟ − j⎜ −
⎝ 1821
2 .29 100 + X C ⎠
2
⎝ 1821.29 100 + X C2 ⎟⎠

At resonance, the circuit is purely resistive, i.e., the imaginary part of Y is equal to zero.
37.7 XC
− =0
1821.29 100 + X C2
XC
= 0.021
100 + X C2
0.021 X C2 − X C + 2.1 = 0

Solving the quadratic equation,

XC Ω XC = . Ω
1 1
= 45.41 or = 2.2
2π × 50 × C π C
C μ C = 1.44 mF

Example 5.31 Find the value of L at which the circuit resonates at a frequency of 1000 rad/s in the
circuit shown in Fig. 5.24.

5Ω L

10 Ω − 12 Ω
−j

Fig. 5.24

Solution Z1 5 j Ω Z2 10 − j12
1 Ω

For a parallel circuit,

1 1 1
= +
Z Z1 Z 2
1 1 5 − jX L 10 + j12 ⎛ 5 10 ⎞ ⎛ XL 12 ⎞
Y= + = + = + − j⎜ −
5 + jX L 10 − j12 25 + X L2 100 + 144 ⎜⎝ 25 + X L2 244 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 25 + X L
2 244 ⎟⎠

At resonance, the circuit is purely resistive, i.e., the imaginary part of Y is equal to zero.
 5.4 Comparison of Series and Parallel Resonant Circuits 5.31

XL 12
− =0
25 + X L2 244
XL 12
25 + X L2 244
12 + 300 = 0

Solving the quadratic equation,

= 1Ω
× × = 1
= H

Example 5.32 Two impedances − are connected in parallel

and this combination is connected in series with Z = (3 X) Find the value of X which will produce
resonance.

Solution Z = − Z3 jX Ω
20 + − 30
Z + = + + 19 23 − = + − 3 85)
20 + +10 30
At resonance, the circuit is purely resistive, i.e., imaginary part of Z is equal to zero.
X =
X

Example 5.33 Impedances Z 2 and Z in parallel are in series with an impedance Z1 across a
100 V, 50 Hz ac supply. . Determine the value of capaci-
tance of XC such that the total current of the circuit will be in phase with the total voltage.

Solution Z = Z 5−
55
Z= + Z1 + + 25
+ − jX C
25 j 5 X C 25 j 5 X C 10 + jX
+ 25 × + + 1 25
10 jX 10 jX C 10 + jX
250 + 5 X C 2 25 X C ⎛ 250 + 5 X 2 ⎞ 25 X ⎞
2
− 2
+ 25 = + − 1 25
100 + X C 100 + X C2 2

At resonance, the circuit is purely resistive, i.e., the imaginary part of Z is equal to zero.
25 X C
−
100 + X C 2
25 X C
2
= 1 25
100 + X
12 X + 125 = 0
5.32 Network Analysis and Synthesis

XC2 20 X C + 100 = 0
X C = 10
1
= 10
2π 50 × C
C = 318.31 μF

Example 5.34 Find the frequency at which the circuit shown in Fig. 5.25 will be at resonance. If the
capacitor and inductors are interchanged, what would be the value of resonant frequency?
j
− Ω
2w
2
jw Ω

1Ω

Fig. 5.25

j
Solution Z1 j Ω Z2 = − Ω, Z3 = 1 Ω
2ω
⎛ j ⎞
⎜⎝ − ⎟ (1)
Z Z 2ω ⎠ j j(2 + j ) 1 ⎛ 2ω ⎞
Z = Z1 + 2 3 = jω + = jω − = jω − = + j ω− ⎟
Z 2 Z3 j 2ω − j 4ω 2
ω 1
2 ⎝ 4ω 2 1⎠
− +1
2ω
At resonance, the circuit is purely resistive, i.e., imaginary part of Z is equal to zero.
2ω
ω− =0
4ω 2 + 1
2ω
ω=
4ω 2 + 1
1 1
=
2 4ω 2 + 1
4ω 2 + 1 = 2
4ω 2 1 = 0
ω = ± 0.5 d/s
Considering positive values of w,
ω = 0.5 d/s

If the capacitor and inductor are interchanged,

j (1)( jω ) j jω (1 − j ) j (ω 2 + jω ) ω2 ⎛ 1 ω ⎞
Z=− + =− + = − + = − j⎜ − ⎟
2ω 1 + jω 2ω 1+ ω 2 2ω 1+ ω 2
1+ ω 2 ⎝ 2ω 1 + ω 2 ⎠
 5.4 Comparison of Series and Parallel Resonant Circuits 5.33

At resonance, the circuit is purely resistive, i.e., the imaginary part of Z is equal to zero.
1 ω
− =0
2ω 1 + ω 2
1 ω
=
2ω 1 + ω 2
2ω 2 ω 2 1 = 0
ω 2 −11 0
ω = ± 1 rad s
Considering positive values of w,
ω = 1 rad / s

Example 5.35 A 400 V, 50 Hz supply feeds energy to a parallel circuit consisting of 10 ∠30° Ω
branch and 10 ∠− 60° Ω branch. Determine the impedance of a circuit element such that if connected in
series with the source, the system comes at resonance.

( ∠ °) ( ∠− °)
Solution Zp = = 7.07 ∠−
∠− 15° = 6.83 − j1.83 Ω
10 ∠30° + 10 ∠− 60°
Zeq = Z + Z p = Z + 6.83 − j 1.83

At resonance, the circuit is purely resistive, i.e., the imaginary part of Z is equal to zero. Hence Z must
be equal to j1.83 Ω.
Z= j Ω = jX L
X L = 1 83
2π 50 1.83
L = 5.82 mH

Example 5.36 A coil of 400 W resistance and 318 μH inductance is connected in parallel with a
capacitor and the circuit resonates at 1 MHz. If a second capacitor of 23.5 pF capacitance is connected in
parallel with the first capacitor, find the frequency at which the circuit resonates.

Solution R 00 Ω, L = 318 μH, f C2 = 23

23.5 pF

1 1 R2
f0 = − 2
2π LC1 L
1 1 ( 400) 2
106 = −
2π 10 −6 × C1
318 ×10 (318 × 10 −6 ) 2
C1 = 76.59
5 pF

When capacitor of 23.5 pF is connected in parallel with C1 = 76.59 pF ,

CT C1 + C2 = 76.59 + 23.5 = 100.09 pF
5.34 Network Analysis and Synthesis

1 1 R2 1 1 ( 400) 2
The new resonant frequency f 0′ = − 2 = −6 −12
−
2π LCT L 2π 318 × 10 × 100.09 10 12
(318 × 10 −6 ) 2
= 869.34 kHz

Example 5.37 A series circuit consisting of a 12 W resistor, 0.3 H inductor and a variable capacitor
is connected across a 100 V, 50 Hz ac supply as shown in Fig. 5.26. The capacitance value is adjusted to
obtain maximum current. Find the capacitance value. Now, the supply frequency is raised to 60 Hz, the volt-
age remaining same at 100 V. Find the value of the capacitance C2 to be connected across the above series
circuit so that current drawn from the supply is minimum.

R L C1

100 V, 50 Hz
Fig. 5.26

Solution R Ω, L = 0.3 H, V f = 50 Hz

(a) Value of capacitance C1

The resonance occurs at f = 50 Hz
1
f0 =
2π LC1
1
50 =
2π 0.3 × C1
C1 = 33.77 μF
(b) Value of capacitance C2
The resonance occurs at 60 Hz for the circuit shown in Fig. 5.27.
R L C1

C2

100 V, 60 Hz
Fig. 5.27

X f 0 L = 2π × 60 × 0.3 = 3. Ω
1 1
X C1 = = = 78.555 Ω
2π f C1 2π × 60 × 33 77 × 10 −6
Z1 = 12 + j113 1 j 78.55 36.57 ∠70.85° Ω
1 1 3
Y1 = = = 0.027
02 ∠70.85° = 8.86
86 10 j 0.0255 �
Z1 36.57 ∠70
∠70.85°
3
Yreq Y1 + Y2 = 8.86
86 10 j 0.0255 + Y2
 5.4 Comparison of Series and Parallel Resonant Circuits 5.35

At resonance, the imaginary part of Yreq becomes zero.

Y2 = j 0.0255 �
1
Y2 = = 0.0255 �
X C2
X C2 = 39.22 Ω
1
X C2 =
2π f C2
1
39.22 =
2π 60 × C2
C2 = 67.63 μF

Example 5.38 Find active and reactive components of the current taken by a series circuit consisting
of a coil of inductance 0.1 H and a resistance of 8 W and a capacitor of 120 μF connected to a 240 V, 50 Hz
supply. Find the value of the capacitor that has to be connected in parallel with the above series circuit so
that the pf of the entire circuit is unity.

Solution L 0.1
1 R = 8 Ω, C = μ , V = 240 V, f = 50 Hz
X ffL = 2π × 50 × 0.1 = 3 . Ω
1 1
XC = = = 26.53 Ω
2π fC 2π × 50 × 120 × 10 −6
Z1 = R + jX − jX = 8 j 31.42 j 26.53 9.38 ∠31.44° Ω
V 240
I= = = 25.445 A
Z1 9 43
Active component of current = I cos φ = 25.45 cos(31. °) = 21.71 A
t e component of current = I sin φ = 25.45 sin(31. °) = 13.27 A
Reactiv
When a capacitor is connected in parallel with the above series circuit, to make pf of the entire circuit
unity,
Z1 = R + jX − jX = 8 j 31.42 j 26 53 8 + j 4.89 Ω
42 j26
Z 2 = − jX C

For a parallel circuit,

1 1 1
= +
Z Z1 Z 2
1 1 8 − j 4 89 1 8 ⎛ 1 4 89 ⎞
Y= + = +j = + j⎜ −
8 j 4 89 − jX C 64 + 23 91 X C 87.91 ⎝ X C 87.91⎟⎠

At resonance, pf is unity and the imaginary part of Y is equal to zero.

1 4.89
− =0
X C 87.91
1
= 0.056
XC
5.36 Network Analysis and Synthesis

X C = 17.86
1
= 17.86
2π × 50 × C
C = 178.23 μF

Example 5.39 A coil of 10 W resistance and 0.5 H inductance is connected in series with a capacitor.
On applying a sinusoidal voltage the current is maximum when the frequency is 50 Hz. A second capacitor
is connected in parallel with the circuit. What capacitance should it have so that the combination acts as a
non-inductive resistor at 100 Hz?

Solution R 10 Ω, L = 0.5 H, f 0 = 50 Hz
1
f0 =
2π LC
1
50 =
2π 0.5 × C
C = 20.26 μF
When a second capacitor is connected in parallel with the circuit so that the combination acts as a non-inductive
resistor at 100 Hz,
X L = 2π × 100 × 0.5 = 314.16 Ω
1
XC = = 78.56 Ω
2π × 100 × 20.26 × 10 −6
Z1 = 10 + j 314 16 − j 78.56 = 10 + j 235.6 Ω
Z 2 = − jX C

For a parallel circuit,

1 1 1
= +
Z Z1 Z 2
1 1 10 − j 235.6 1 10 ⎛ 1 235.6 ⎞
Y= + = +j = +j −
10 + j 235 6 − jX C 100 + 55507 36 X C 555607.36 ⎝ X C 55607.36 ⎟⎠
At resonance, the circuit acts as a non-inductive resistor, i.e., the imaginary part of Y is equal to zero.
1 235.6
− =0
X C 55607.36
X C = 236.02
1
= 236.02
2π × 100 × C
C = 6 7 μF

Example 5.40 A coil having a resistance and inductance of 15 W and 8 mH respectively is connected
in parallel with another coil having a resistance and inductance of 4 W and 18 mH as shown in Fig. 5.28.
If this parallel combination is to be replaced by a single coil, calculate the value of resistance and inductance
 5.4 Comparison of Series and Parallel Resonant Circuits 5.37

of that coil. What value of capacitance should be connected in parallel with this coil in order to get unity
power factor? Assume operating frequency to be 50 Hz.

R1 L1

R2 L2

Fig. 5.28

Solution R1 1 Ω L1 = 8 R2 4Ω L2 = 18 mH, f = 50 Hz

(a) Value of resistance and inductance of the coil

X 1
fL1
fL 2π × 50 × 8 10 3
2.51 Ω
X 2
ffL2 2π × 50 × 18 × 10 −3 = 5 65 Ω
Z1 = R1 + jX 1
= 15 + j 2.51 155.21 9.5° Ω
Z 2 = R2 + jX 2
=4 j 5.65 = 6.92 54.77° Ω
Z 1Z 2(15.21 ∠9.5°)(6.92 ∠5 .7° )
Z= = = 5.09
09∠40.96° Ω 3.84 + j 3.334 Ω
Z1 Z 2 15.21 ∠9.5° + 6.92 ∠54.7°
R=38 Ω
XL = 3 3 Ω
X ffL
3 34 2π × 50 × L
L = 10.63 mH
(b) Value of capacitance
When a capacitance C is connected in parallel with this coil as shown in Fig. 5.29, power factor becomes
unity. Hence, the circuit behaves like a parallel resonant circuit at 50 Hz.
R L

Fig. 5.29

1 1 R2
f0 = − 2
2π LC L
1 1 (3.84) 2
50 = −
10 −3 × C ((10
2π 10.63 ×10 10.63 × 10 −3 ) 2
C = 410 46 μF