THE ANALYSIS OF LANGUAGE STYLE USED BY THE SPEAKERS IN

“THE TONIGHT SHOW WITH JAY LENO” TALK SHOW SEASON 21

EPISODE 145

A Thesis
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana
Humaniora in English and Literature Department of the Faculty of Adab and
Humanities of UIN Alauddin Makassar

By
Nurjannah
Reg. No. 40300110076

ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT

ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
UIN ALAUDDIN UNIVERSITY
MAKASSAR
2014
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THE ANALYSIS OF LANGUAGE STYLE USED BY THE SPEAKERS IN

“THE TONIGHT SHOW WITH JAY LENO” TALK SHOW SEASON 21

EPISODE 145

A Thesis
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana
Humaniora in English and Literature Department of the Faculty of Adab and
Humanities of UIN Alauddin Makassar

By
Nurjannah
Reg. No. 40300110076

ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT

ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
UIN ALAUDDIN UNIVERSITY
MAKASSAR
2014
 iii

PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN SKRIPSI

Dengan penuh kesadaran, penulis yang bertanda tangan dibawah ini,

menyatakan bahwa skripsi ini benar adalah hasil karya penulis sendiri, dan jika

dikemudian hari terbukti ia merupakan duplikat, tiruan, plagiat, atau dibuat oleh

orang lain secara keseluruhan ataupun sebagian, maka skripsi ini dan gelar yang

diperoleh batal dimata hukum.

Makassar, 5 November 2014

Penulis,

(Nurjannah)

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PERSETUJUAN PEMBIMBING

Pembimbing penulisan skripsi saudari Nurjannah, NIM: 40300110076,

mahasiswi jurusan Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris pada Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora

UIN Alauddin Makassar, setelah dengan seksama meneliti dan mengoreksi skripsi

yang bersangkutan dengan judul THE ANALYSIS OF LANGUAGE STYLE

USED BY THE SPEAKERS IN “THE TONIGHT SHOW WITH JAY LENO”

TALK SHOW SEASON 21 EPISODES 145 memandang bahwa skripsi tersebut

telah memenuhi syarat ilmiah dan dapat disetujui untuk diajukan ke sidang

munaqasyah.

Demikian persetujuan ini diberikan untuk proses selanjutnya.

Makassar, 5 November 2014

Pembimbing I Pembimbing II

Dr. Abd. Muin. M. Hum Faidah Yusuf, S. S, M. Pd

NIP: 19660102 199203 1 002 NIP: 19830805 201302 2 701

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PENGESAHAN SKRIPSI

Skripsi yang berjudul, “The Analysis of Language Style in “The Tonight

Show with Jay Leno” Talk Show Season 21 Episode 145”, yang disusun oleh
Nurjannah, NIM: 40300110076, Mahasiswa Jurusan Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris pada
Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora UIN Alauddin Makassar, telah diuji dan
dipertahankan dalam sidang munaqasyah yang diselenggarakan pada hari Selasa,
tanggal 25 November 2014 M, bertepatan dengan 2 Safar 1436 H, dinyatakan telah
dapat diterima sebagai salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh gelar Sarjana Humaniora
dalam Ilmu Adab dan Humaniora, Jurusan Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris (dengan
beberapa perbaikan).

Makassar, 25 November 2014

2 Safar 1436H

DEWAN PENGUJI:

Ketua : Dr. H. M. Dahlan, M., M. Ag. ( )

Sekretaris :Ahmad Muaffaq N, S. Ag., M. Pd. ( )

Munaqisy I : Syahruni Junaid, S.S., M.Pd. ( )

Munaqisy II : Sardian Maharani Asnur, S.Pd., M.Pd ( )

Konsultan I : Dr. Abd. Muin, M. Hum ( )

Konsultan II : Faidah Yusuf, S. S., M. Pd ( )

Diketahui oleh:
Dekan Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora
UIN Alauddin Makassar,

Prof. Dr. Mardan, M.Ag.

NIP: 19591112 198903 1 001

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APPROVAL SHEET

Title : The Analysis of Language Style Used by the Speakers in “The

Tonight Show with Jay Leno” Talk Show Season 21 Episodes 145
Name : Nurjannah
Reg. Number : 40300110076
Program : English and Literature Department
Makassar, November 5th 2014
The Writer

Nurjannah
Reg. No: 40300110076

Supervisor
Supervisor I Supervisor II

Dr. Abd. Muin. M. Hum Faidah Yusuf, S. S, M. Pd

NIP: 19660102 199203 1 002 NIP: 19830805 201302 2 701

Approved by
The Head of English and Literature Department

Dr. Abd.Muin, M. Hum.

NIP: 19660102 199203 1 002
Acknowledged by
The Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty of

UIN Alauddin Makassar

Prof. Dr. Mardan, M. Ag.

NIP: 19591112 198903 1 001

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Alhamdulillahi Rabbil Alamin, the writer‟s sincerely gratitude goes to the

Almighty God, Allah SWT, for His blessing, mercy, guidance, and love through the

whole life during her study at Adab and Humanities of UIN Alauddin Makassar.

Shalawat and Taslim are also addressed to beloved Muhammad SAW, the messanger

of Allah who guided the human being from the worst to the peace.

The writer realizes that this thesis could not be finished without assistance,

guidance, encouragement, and correction from many people. Therefore, the writer

would like to render her deepest appreciation and thanks to those who have helped

her in completing this thesis, as follows:

1. Her special gratitude due to her beloved parents, Mandut and Jaitun and also

her beloved brother Mutini, S. Pd. I and his wife Umi Masruroh who have

patiently given their moral values, financial support, advice, love, and prayers.

2. The writer would like to thank to the Rector of UIN Alauddin Makassar, Prof.

Dr. Qadir Gassing, HT. MS., the Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty, Prof.

Dr. Mardan, M.Ag. and also thanks to the Head of English and Literature

Department, Dr. Abd. Muin, M.Hum., and the secretary of English and

Literature Department, Serliah Nur, S.Pd., M.Hum., M.Ed., for their help,

support, suggestion, precious time, and administrative support.

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3. Her special thanks to her beloved sister Ning Mugiayah, S. Hum, S. Pd., and

her husband Abdul Ghaffar and her beloved cousin Imam Rohani, S. T, M. T.,

and his wife Irma Ridayani, S. T., and also her special friend Muh. Hasby Arsy,

S. Hum., for their prayers, advices, and support in any time.

4. The profound appreciation goes to her supervisors, Dr. Abd. Muin, M. Hum., as

her first supervisor and Faidah Yusuf, S.S., M.Pd., as her second supervisor for

their guidance, correction, advices, and suggestion since the preliminary until

the completion of the thesis.

5. The writer‟s gratitude is also addressed to all lecturers of Adab and Humanities

Faculty, for their knowledge, enlightenment, and advices during the academic

years. And also to the administrative officers of Adab and Humanities Faculty,

for their help, service, and administrative support.

6. Her special thanks also goes to all her friends Dahlia, Musdalifa, Nurmania,

Juliana, Irma, Syifa, Sulaeman, Muh. Fauzi Razak, Syahrul Rahman and all of

my friends that she can‟t mention one by one at UIN Alauddin especially at

Adab and Humanities Faculty, at UNHAS, at UNM, at UNISMUH, at KKN, at

her dormitory for being such nice friends.

Makassar, November 5th 2014

The Writer,

Nurjannah
40300110076

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

HALAMAN SAMPUL ..................................................................................... i

PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN SKRIPSI ....................................................... ii

PERSETUJUAN PEMBIMBING............................................................... . iii

PENGESAHAN SKRIPSI ............................................................................... iv

APPROVAL SHEET ....................................................................................... v

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................... vi

TABLE CONTENTS ........................................................................................ viii

ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... x
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION …………………………………………. 1

A. Background …………………………………………………….. 1
B. Problem Statements …………………………………………….. 3
C. Objective of the research ………………………………………. 4
D. Significance of the research …..………………………………… 4
E. Scope of research …………………………………...…………... 4

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE ………… 6

A. Previous Findings ………………………………………………. 6

B. Definition of Sociolinguistics …………………………………... 7
C. Language Style ………………..…………………..……….……. 8
1. Frozen Style...…………………..………………………...…. 9
2. Formal Style...…………………..………………………...…. 10
3. Consultative Style...…………………..……………………… 12
4. Casual Style...…………………..………………………..…... 13
5. Intimate Style...…………………..………………………...… 15
D. Language Function ..…………………..…………………… ..… 16
1. Referential Function ..…………………..………………….... 16
2. Directive Function ..…………………..……………………... 17
3. Expressive Function..…………………..………………..…... 18
4. Phatic Function..…………………..…………………………. 19

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5. Poetic Function..…………………..……………………..…... 19
6. Metalinguistic Function..…………………..…………………. 20
E. Factor Influencing Language Style………………………………. 20
1. Setting..…………………..…………………………………... 21
2. Participant..…………………..………………………..……... 21
a. Social Distance..…………………..……………………... 22
b. Social Status..…………………..………………………... 22
3. Topic..…………………..………………………………….... 23
4. Function..…………………..………………………………... 23
F. Talk Show..…………………..………………………..……….... 23
G. The Tonight Show with Jay Leno..…………………..……….…. 24

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH …………………. 25

A. Research Method …………………………………………….... 25

B. Source of Data …………………………………………………. 25
C. The Instrument of Research …………………………………… 25
D. Procedure of Data Collection ………………………………..... 25
E. The Technique of Data Analysis……………………………… 26

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS ……………………… 27

A. Findings ……………………………………………………….. 27
B. Discussion …………………………………………………….. 33

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION………………..… 44

A. Conclusions …………………………………………………… 44
B. Suggestions …………………………………………………… 45

BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………………… 46

APPENDIX ……………………………………………….......................... 48

CURRICULUM VITAE ………………………………………………..... 63

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ABSTRACT

Name : Nurjannah
Reg. Number : 40300110076
Tiltle : The Analysis of Language Style Used by the Speakers in “The
Tonight Show with Jay Leno” Talk Show Season 21 Episodes 145
Supervisors : 1. Abd. Muin
2. Faidah Yusuf

This thesis is a research about the analysis of Language Style Used by the
Speakers in “The Tonight Show with Jay Leno” Talk Show Season 21 Episodes 145
by using Sociolinguistic approach. The objectives of this research are (1) to know the
types of language styles those are used by the speakers in “The Tonight Show with
Jay Leno” talk show season 21, episode 145 (2) to know the functions of the
speakers‟ utterances in using language style.

The method in this research is used descriptive qualitative method. The data
source of this research was the talk show “The Tonight Show with Jay Leno” which
was aired in August 6th 2013. The technique of analyzing data in this research is
always linked to the theory and methods based on the Sociolinguistic Approach. This
research used theories of types language styles by Martin Joos and function of
language by Roman Jakobson.

In this research, the writer found that there are two types of language style in
the talk show The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, such as formal and casual style
where casual style most dominant in the talk show. Besides that, there are four
functions through the speaker‟s utterances, those are: expressive, directive,
metalinguistic and referential function where referential function is most dominant in
the talk show. It can be concluded that in the talk show the people often use casual
style and referential function because to make a comfortable situation and effective
understand of the conversation.

The implication of this research is giving information to the readers especially

the students of English and Literature Department about types of language style and
function of using language style which are used in the talk show.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Language is an important part in human life. Language is one of the vital

factors that differentiate human from other creatures. As a human being, we need

language to express our emotions, ideas, feelings, and thoughts to people by using

sounds, gestures and signals that have pattern.

Downes (1998: 2) states that language is a means of communication , because

every people uses language to communicate with one another, and it is very essential.

We can imagine if language does not exist, people are not able to interact each other

easily and cannot obtain what they need. It is known that language is important thing

in human life and language also has many advantages of many various aspects of

human life. By language, people can interact and communicate with another people.

The study of language that is related to society is called Sociolinguistics.

According to Halliday and Hasan (1991: 2) that “Sociolinguistics deals with the

relation between a language and the people who use it”. In the other hand, Criper and

Widdowson (in Chaer and Agustina, 2010: 5) state that “Sociolinguistics is the study

of language in operation, its purpose is to investigate how the convention of the

language use relate to the other aspects of social behaviour”. Moreover, (Holmes,

1992:1) states that Sociolinguistics is the study of language and society as related

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entities. It concerns the structure of the language and how language plays its roles and

functions in society by considering social aspects behind the communication process.

One of the topics discussed in Sociolinguistics is language variety. It defines

as differences in pronunciation, word choice, and grammar due to the influences of

such external factors as geographical areas and social groups (Wardhaugh, 2008:79).

Language variety, based on the user, is divided into standard language, dialect,

idiolect, jargon, and vernacular; based on language use, language variety is sub-

classified into style and register.

Holmes (1992: 123-223) states that one of types in language variety is

language style. Language style is the choice of certain linguistic forms that have the

same meaning, has an important role in communication. In communication, a speaker

uses different styles in order not to bother the situation of speaking and not to offend

the hearer. In choosing a certain style, the speaker needs to adjust to the situation

when the communication happens. In a formal situation, for instance, it is necessary

for the speaker to use formal style, while in informal situation, he/ she uses the

informal one. A student will use a formal style when he/ she presents her paper in

front of the class, but he/ she will use a different style, i.e. informal style, when she

tells her parents about her presentation at home.

Salzman (1998:167) states that the way individuals speak varies not only

according to their regional and social dialects but also according to the context. The

distinctive manner in which people express themselves in a particular situation is

referred to as style.
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Natalie (2012: 1) states that a talk show is a television program or radio

program where one person (or group of people) discusses various topics by a talk

show host. Usually, guest consist of a people or a group of people who are learned or

who have great experience in relation to whatever issue is being discussed on the

show for that episode. Other times, a single guest discusses their work or area of

expertise with a host.

The Tonight Show with Jay Leno is an American late-night talk show hosted

by Jay Leno that initially aired from May 25 1992 to May 29 2009 and resumed

production on March 1 2010 until its ending on February 6 2014. The program

originates from NBC Studios in Burbank, California and was broadcast Monday

through Friday at 11:35 PM in the Eastern and Pacific Time zones.

In this research, the researcher is interested in investigating conversation of

The Tonight Show with Jay Leno season 21, episode 145. The researcher chose this

object because The Tonight Show with Jay Leno is one of the famous talk show in

American history (Piccalo: 2009) and their discussion included natural conversation.

In addition, based on the researcher‟s experience when the researcher watched to do

pre-observation, the researcher found that the speaker used different language style

and language function in their utterances.

B. Problem Statement

Based on the background above, it is necessary to formulate research

questions as follows:
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1. What types are language styles used by the speakers in “The Tonight Show with

Jay Leno” talk show season 21, episode 145?

2. What are the functions of the speakers‟ utterances in using language style?

C. Objective of Research

Based on the questions above, the objectives of this research are:

1. To know the types of language styles those are used by the speakers in “The

Tonight Show with Jay Leno” talk show season 21, episode 145.

2. To know the functions of the speakers‟ utterances in using language style.

D. Significancee of the Research

This research is expected to give:

1. Contribution to another researcher who are going to research about linguistics,

especially in the field of sociolinguistics, in understanding language style of the

speakers on talk show.

2. Information to the students of English department in identifying language style

especially in speakers‟ utterances of talk show.

3. Information to the people who are interested in studying about linguistics so that

they can add experience or knowledge more than before, especially about

sociolinguistics and language style.

E. Scope of Research

The scope of this research is restricted and concentrated on discussing the

types of language style; they are frozen style, formal style, consultative style, casual
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style and intimate style but the researcher just focused on formal and casual style,

and the function of using language style, which consist of metalinguistic function,

directive function, referential function, expressive function, poetic function and

phatic function of speakers‟ utterances in “The Tonight Show with Jay Leno” season

21, episode 145.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A. Previous finding

Before doing this research, there have been some researchers who did related

research. They researched about language style, similar to what the researcher

described in this research, they are as follows:

Zulaekho (2011) in her thesis, “Language styles of Muluk in Alangkah

Lucunya Negeri ini Movie”. She found four types of language style were used by

Muluk, they are: formal, consultative, casual and intimate style. Muluk more often

used casual style.

Septiani (2009) in her thesis, “An analysis of the Five Language Styles Found

in the Movie The Pursuit of Happyness”. She found that intimate style most used in

the movie about (47%)), casual style (23%), consultative style (20%), frozen style

(0%) and formal style (10%). Style most occurred in this research is intimate style.

Ayunda (2011) in her thesis, “An Analysis of the Language Styles Found in

the Movie Charlie Wilson‟s War”. She found that all of the style is occurred and used

in the movie and type of the style is occurred dominantly in the movie is formal style

(deliberative style). Next followed by consultative style, casual style, intimate and the

last one is frozen style (oratorical style).

Adhalina (2011) in her thesis, “The Different Language Style between

Students and Teachers in Updating Their Status in Facebook Webpage (A Case Study

of the Topic National Final Examination 2011)”. She found the different language

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style that are used by teachers and students, which the teachers more used formal

style and the students more used casual style in updating their status on facebook.

From the finding above, the similarity between the four researches and this

research is the discussion about language styles; they are describing types of language

style by using sociolinguistics approach.

In contrast to the analysis of the previous researchers, their researches

analyzed language style in the movie, while in this research, the researcher will

analyze language style and language function in the speakers‟ utterances in “The

Tonight Show with Jay Leno” talk show.

B. Definition of Sociolinguistics

According to (Holmes, 1992:1), Sociolinguistics is the study of the

relationship between language and society. It explain why we speak differently in

different social context, and it concern with identifying the social functions of

language and the ways it is used to convey social meaning.

On the other hand, Meyerhoff (2006: 1) states that sociolinguistics is a very

broad field, and it can be used to describe many different ways of studying language.

sociolinguistics is about how individual use language, how people use language

differently in different towns or regions, and how a nation decides what languages

will be recognised in courts or education.

The one topic of sociolinguistics is language variety. Wardhaugh (2006: 25)

defines language variety as a set of human speech patterns (sounds, words, and
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grammatical features) that are related to such external factors as geographical area

and social group.

Besides that, Hudson (1996: 22) defines a variety of language as „a set of

linguistic items with similar distribution,‟ a definition that allows us to say that all of

the following are varieties: Canadian English, London English, the English of

football commentaries, and so on.

Language variety, according to Holmes (1992:123-223) can be classified

based on the user and the use. Based on the user, there are standard language, dialect,

idiolect, jargon, and vernacular. On the other hand, language varieties based on the

use are style and register. But in this research, the researcher will focus on one of

varieties of language, it is language style.

C. Language style

According to Holmes (1992:223), style is the kind of language variety in

which the speaker selects certain linguistic forms rather than others that contain the

same information. For example, in University, a student will say to her/his lecturer

“Dapatkah saya menemui anda setelah kelas ini?” „Could I meet you after this

class?‟ (Formal). In opposition, he/she will say to her/his friend “ Mau ka ketemu

kamu sesudah kelas ini” (informal).

Eckert and Rickford (2001: 21) “Style concerns distinctiveness; though it may
characterize an individual, it does so only within a social framework”.

Based on the quotation above, style is the character of the individual or

someone. But it is persistent influenced by social framework. An individual must pay

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attention with social status of the participant. If the participant or the hearer is high

status, the speaker leans to use formal language style.

Language style is the way individuals speak varies not only according to their

regional and social dialect but also according to context.

Joos in Coupland (2007: 10) differentiate five types of language style, which

Joos labels „frozen‟, „formal‟, „consultative‟, „casual‟ and „intimate‟. It was based on

an intuition about degrees of familiarity/intimacy between people which Joos argued

impacted on communicative style. They are; frozen, formal, consultative, casual, and

intimate style. But in this case, the researcher will focus on formal style and casual

style.

1. Frozen style

Frozen style or oratorical style is used in public speaking or a large audience,

wording is carefully planned in advance, intonation is somewhat exaggerated and

numerous rhetorical devices are appropriate (Joos in Coupland: 2007: 10)

Not only the sentences are carefully constructed individually, but also

sequences of sentences are intricately related. Obviously, it must be very carefully

planned and to do well by requiring high skill. That is why this style is called

frozen style.

Frozen style is used for a very formal setting such as in palace, church,

mosque, speech of state ceremony, and some other occasion. This style is more

elaborated than other style.