Operating system Seminar -1

Topic

Files Management

Sub Topics

1)File Creation

2)File reading and writing

3)File Deletion and Recovery

4)File compression

5)File backup andRestoration

 1. File Creation

Introduction about file creation

File creation is the process of making a new file on a computer or
any digital device. Just like creating a document in the physical
world, such as writing on a piece of paper, creating a file involves
giving it a name and a place to reside. This digital file can contain
various types of information, like text, images, or data. Think of it
as starting with a blank canvas where you can write, draw, or store
whatever you need.
Basics of File Creation
Understanding what a file is and how it is created on a computer
system.
In the digital realm, file creation is the foundation of organizing
information. It involves selecting formats, naming files, and
choosing storage locations. Understanding these basics facilitates
efficient data management and accessibility. From text documents
to multimedia files, mastering file creation empowers effective
digital interaction. This guide provides essential insights for
navigating the complexities of file creation with confidence.

File Types
Files come in various types, each designed for specific data
formats. Common types include text files (.txt), documents
(.docx, .pdf), images (.jpg, .png), audio files (.mp3), and video
files (.mp4).
File Properties
Files have properties such as creation date, modification date, size,
and permissions. These properties help users track changes,
manage access, and organize files effectively.
File Systems
File systems manage how files are stored, accessed, and organized
on storage devices like hard drives or SSDs. They define rules for
naming files, allocating storage space, and maintaining file
metadata.
Storage Location
Files can be stored locally on your device's storage drive or
remotely on a network server or cloud storage service. Choosing
the right storage location depends on factors like accessibility,
security, and collaboration needs.
File Formats
Different file formats dictate how data is organized and stored
within the file. For instance, text files contain plain text without
any formatting, while documents may include text, images, and
formatting information.
File Naming
Naming a file is crucial for easy identification. Descriptive names
that reflect the file's content or purpose are recommended. Avoid
using special characters or spaces, as they can cause compatibility
issues.
Creating Multimedia Files:
Techniques for creating multimedia files such as images, videos,
and audio recordings using specialized software.
Batch File Creation
Automating the creation of multiple files simultaneously using
batch processing or scripting languages.
Collaboration Tools:
Exploring tools and platforms for collaborative file creation and
editing among teams.

File Creation Methods:

 Manual Creation: Creating files using file explorer or
command-line tools.
 Programmatic Creation: Writing scripts or programs to
create files using programming languages like Python,
Java, or C++.

THANK YOU
PRESENTED BY
SHANTHOSHKUMAR.B

2.) File reading and writing

Introduction File reading and writing
File reading and writing are essential operations in programming
for tasks like data processing, configuration management, and
persistent storage. In most programming languages, including
Python, Java, C++, and many others, file reading and writing are
supported through built-in libraries or modules.
Basic of File reading and writing
File reading and writing are core operations in programming for
handling data stored in files.
Basic File Reading:

Opening Files
Begin by opening a file in read mode using the open() function,
specifying the file path.
Reading Data
Use methods like read(), readline(), or readlines() to access the
file's content.
Processing Data
Once read, manipulate or analyze the data as needed.
Closing Files
Always close the file using the close() method to release system
resources.

Methods of Reading
Explore different methods for reading files, such as
  Reading the entire file at once (read()).
 Reading line by line (readline()).
 Reading all lines into a list (readlines()).
Reading Text Files
Understand how to read text-based files, including
 Basic text file reading.
 Handling different text encodings.
 Stripping whitespace and formatting
Reading Binary Files
Learn about reading binary files, which involves:
 Understanding binary data representation.
 Reading and interpreting binary data correctly.
 Handling different data types in binary files.
Basic File Writing
File Writing
Open a file in write or append mode using open().
Writing Data:
Use methods like write() or writelines() to add data to the file.
Methods of Writing
Explore different methods for writing data to files, such as
 Writing text data (write()).
 Writing multiple lines (writelines()).
 Appending data to an existing file (append mode).

Writing Text Files:

Understand how to write text-based files, including
  Basic text file writing.
 Formatting output.
 Encoding considerations.

Writing Binary Files:

Learn about writing binary files, which involves
 Converting data to binary representation.
 Writing binary data to files.
 Ensuring data integrity and correctness.

File Handling Basics:

 Opening and Closing Files
 File Modes (Read, Write, Append, etc.)
 Handling Errors and Exceptions

THANK YOU
PRESENTED BY
M.SANJAY

3.File Deletion and Recovery

Introduction of File Deletion and Recovery
File deletion and recovery are fundamental aspects of managing
digital data. When a file is deleted from a computer system, it's
typically moved to a recycle bin or trash folder where it can be
easily restored if needed. However, emptying the recycle bin or
using specialized deletion tools can permanently erase the file
from the system, making it seemingly irrecoverable.
Basic of File Deletion and Recovery
File deletion removes the file reference from the file system,
making space available for new data. Recovery involves retrieving
deleted files until the space is overwritten. Factors affecting
recovery include file system type, fragmentation, and overwriting.

File Deletion
 When you delete a file from your computer, it's typically
moved to the recycle bin or trash folder. This is like a
temporary storage area where deleted files are held until you
decide to permanently remove them.

 Deleting a file usually means removing its entry from the file
system, making the space it occupied available for new data.
However, the actual content of the file may still exist on the
storage device until it's overwritten by new data.

File Recovery:
 File recovery is the process of retrieving deleted or lost files
from storage media such as hard drives, USB drives, or
memory cards.
 Even after a file is deleted, it might still be recoverable. This
is because only the reference to the file is removed, not the
 actual data. Until that space is overwritten by new data,
specialized software or techniques can often retrieve the
deleted file

Factors Affecting Recovery:

File System:
Different file systems handle deletion and recovery differently. For
example, NTFS, FAT32, and exFAT have different methods for
managing deleted files.
Fragmentation
Files can be fragmented, meaning they're stored in non-contiguous
blocks on the storage device. This fragmentation can make
recovery more challenging, especially if parts of the file are
overwritten.
Overwriting:
If new data is written to the storage device after file deletion, it can
overwrite the sectors previously occupied by the deleted file. This
can make recovery more difficult or even impossible, depending
on the extent of overwriting.
File Deletion Methods:
 Soft delete vs. permanent delete
 Deleting files securely (e.g., using shredding or wiping tools)
 Recycle bin/trash folder functionality

File Recovery Techniques:

 Data recovery software
  Professional data recovery services
 DIY recovery methods

Factors Affecting Recovery:

 File system types (e.g., NTFS, FAT32, exFAT)
 Data fragmentation
 Overwriting and data integrity

Data Protection and Backup:

 Importance of regular backups
 Implementing backup strategies
 Backup software and services

Security and Privacy Considerations:

 Risks associated with file recovery
 Data privacy regulations and compliance
 Secure deletion practices

THANK YOU
PRESENTED BY
SARVESH.M.K

4)File compression
Introduction File compression
File compression is a technique used to reduce the size of one or
more files, making them more manageable for storage or
transmission. It's a crucial aspect of modern computing, enabling
faster data transfer, reduced storage requirements, and efficient
archiving

Compression Algorithms
Compression algorithms are the mathematical formulas or methods
used to shrink file sizes. There are two main types of compression
algorithms: lossless and lossy.

Lossless Compression
This method reduces file size without losing any data. When you
decompress the file, you get back an exact replica of the original.
Examples include ZIP, RAR, and 7z formats.

Lossy Compression
This method sacrifices some data to achieve higher compression
ratios. It's commonly used for multimedia files like images, audio,
and video. Examples include JPEG for images and MP3 for audio.

Encoding and Decoding

Compression algorithms encode the original data into a more
efficient representation, reducing redundancy and exploiting
patterns in the data. When you need to access the compressed file,
it's decoded back to its original form.

Compression Formats
There are various compression formats, each with its own
strengths and weaknesses. Some formats are better suited for
specific types of files or purposes.
 ZIP: One of the most widely used formats for compressing
files and folders on Windows systems.

 RAR: Similar to ZIP but often provides better compression

ratios.

 7z: Known for its high compression ratios, especially with

large
files.

 GZIP and BZIP2: Commonly used for compressing single

files on Unix-based systems.

 JPEG, MP3, MP4: Examples of lossy compression formats

for images, audio, and video, respectively.

Applications
File compression is used in various applications, including.

Data Transmission:
Compressing files before sending them over the internet or via
email reduces transfer times and bandwidth usage.

Archiving
Compressing files into archives helps save storage space and keeps
related files organized.
Compression and Security
Discuss the role of compression in data security, including
considerations for encrypting compressed data, vulnerabilities
associated with compressed files, and techniques for detecting and
mitigating compression-related attacks.
Future Trends in Compression
Investigate emerging trends and technologies in file compression,
such as machine learning-based compression algorithms, adaptive
compression techniques, and compression for quantum computing
environments.
Compression for Big Data
Discuss how compression techniques are used in handling large
datasets and streaming data in big data environments to reduce
storage requirements and improve processing efficiency.
Compression in Operating Systems
Explore how compression is integrated into operating systems,
such as Windows (NTFS compression), Unix/Linux (tar and gzip),
and macOS (DMG compression).

THANK YOU
PRESENTED BY
SARVANA KARTHIKEYAN G

5)File backup and Restoration

Introduction File backup and Restoration
File backup and restoration are crucial processes for ensuring the
safety and accessibility of digital data. In today's digital age, where
much of our important information exists in digital form,
protecting it from loss due to hardware failures, accidental
deletion, cyber threats, or other disasters is paramount.

File Backup
File backup involves creating duplicate copies of your data and
storing them in a secure location. This can be done using various
methods.

External Hard Drives

You can manually copy your files to an external hard drive
periodically. This provides a physical backup that can be stored
offline, protecting against online threats like ransomware.

Cloud Storage
Services like Google Drive, Dropbox, and iCloud offer convenient
cloud storage solutions. They automatically sync your files to
remote servers, providing accessibility from anywhere with an
internet connection.

Network Attached Storage (NAS)

NAS devices allow you to create your own personal cloud storage
within your local network. They offer the convenience of cloud
storage while giving you full control over your data.

Backup Software
There are many backup software options available that automate
the backup process. They often offer features like scheduling,
incremental backups, and encryption for enhanced security.

File Restoration:
File restoration is the process of retrieving backed-up data when
it's needed. This could be due to accidental deletion, data
corruption, or hardware failure. The steps for file restoration
typically include.

Identifying the Backup

Determine which backup contains the files you need. This could be
a specific backup drive, a cloud storage service, or a backup
created by your backup software.

Accessing the Backup:

If using physical backups like external hard drives, connect the
drive to your computer. For cloud backups, log in to your account
through the respective service's website or application.

Locating the Files:

Navigate through the backup to find the files you want to restore.
Depending on the backup method used, this may involve browsing
folders, searching by file name, or using built-in search functions.

Restoring the Files

Once you've located the files, initiate the restoration process. This
may involve copying the files back to their original location on
your computer or simply downloading them from the cloud storage
service.
Verification
After restoring the files, it's essential to verify that they were
restored correctly and are accessible. Open the files to ensure
they're intact and usable.

Types of Backup Methods:

 Full Backup
 Incremental Backup
 Differential Backup
 Mirror Backup

Backup Storage Options:

 External Hard Drives
 Cloud Storage Services
 Network Attached Storage (NAS)
 Tape Drives

THANK YOU
PRESENTED BY
SELVAGAVASH .M