Exercise 1.

1 Page: 7
1. Use Euclid’s division algorithm to find the HCF of:

i. 135 and 225

ii. 196 and 38220

iii. 867 and 255

Solutions:

i. 135 and 225

As you can see from the question, 225 is greater than 135. Therefore, by Euclid’s division
algorithm, we have,

225 = 135 × 1 + 90

Now, remainder 90 ≠ 0, thus again using division lemma for 90, we get,

135 = 90 × 1 + 45

Again, 45 ≠ 0, repeating the above step for 45, we get,

90 = 45 × 2 + 0

The remainder is now zero, so our method stops here. Since, in the last step, the divisor is 45,
therefore, HCF (225,135) = HCF (135, 90) = HCF (90, 45) = 45.

Hence, the HCF of 225 and 135 is 45.

ii. 196 and 38220

In this given question, 38220>196, therefore the by applying Euclid’s division algorithm and
taking 38220 as divisor, we get,

38220 = 196 × 195 + 0

We have already got the remainder as 0 here. Therefore, HCF(196, 38220) = 196.

Hence, the HCF of 196 and 38220 is 196.

iii. 867 and 255

As we know, 867 is greater than 255. Let us apply now Euclid’s division algorithm on 867, to
get,

867 = 255 × 3 + 102

Remainder 102 ≠ 0, therefore taking 255 as divisor and applying the division lemma method,
we get,

255 = 102 × 2 + 51

Again, 51 ≠ 0. Now 102 is the new divisor, so repeating the same step we get,

102 = 51 × 2 + 0

The remainder is now zero, so our procedure stops here. Since, in the last step, the divisor is
51, therefore, HCF (867,255) = HCF(255,102) = HCF(102,51) = 51.

Hence, the HCF of 867 and 255 is 51.

2. Show that any positive odd integer is of the form 6q + 1, or 6q + 3, or 6q + 5, where q

is some integer.

Solution:

Let a be any positive integer and b = 6. Then, by Euclid’s algorithm, a = 6q + r, for some
integer q ≥ 0, and r = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, because 0≤r<6.

Now substituting the value of r, we get,

If r = 0, then a = 6q

Similarly, for r= 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, the value of a is 6q+1, 6q+2, 6q+3, 6q+4 and 6q+5,
respectively.

If a = 6q, 6q+2, 6q+4, then a is an even number and divisible by 2. A positive integer can be
either even or odd Therefore, any positive odd integer is of the form of 6q+1, 6q+3 and 6q+5,
where q is some integer.

3. An army contingent of 616 members is to march behind an army band of 32 members

in a parade. The two groups are to march in the same number of columns. What is the
maximum number of columns in which they can march?

Solution:
Given,

Number of army contingent members = 616

Number of army band members = 32

If the two groups have to march in the same column, we have to find out the highest common
factor between the two groups. HCF(616, 32), gives the maximum number of columns in
which they can march.

By using Euclid’s algorithm to find their HCF, we get,

Since, 616>32, therefore,

616 = 32 × 19 + 8

Since, 8 ≠ 0, therefore, taking 32 as new divisor, we have,

32 = 8 × 4 + 0

Now we have got remainder as 0, therefore, HCF (616, 32) = 8.

Hence, the maximum number of columns in which they can march is 8.

4. Use Euclid’s division lemma to show that the square of any positive integer is either
of the form 3m or 3m + 1 for some integer m.

Solutions:

Let x be any positive integer and y = 3.

By Euclid’s division algorithm, then,

x = 3q + r for some integer q≥0 and r = 0, 1, 2, as r ≥ 0 and r < 3.

Therefore, x = 3q, 3q+1 and 3q+2

Now as per the question given, by squaring both the sides, we get,

x2 = (3q)2 = 9q2 = 3 × 3q2

Let 3q2 = m

Therefore, x2= 3m ……………………..(1)

x2 = (3q + 1)2 = (3q)2+12+2×3q×1 = 9q2 + 1 +6q = 3(3q2+2q) +1

Substitute, 3q2+2q = m, to get,

x2= 3m + 1 ……………………………. (2)

x2= (3q + 2)2 = (3q)2+22+2×3q×2 = 9q2 + 4 + 12q = 3 (3q2 + 4q + 1)+1

Again, substitute, 3q2+4q+1 = m, to get,

x2= 3m + 1…………………………… (3)

Hence, from equation 1, 2 and 3, we can say that the square of any positive integer is either of
the form 3m or 3m + 1 for some integer m.

5. Use Euclid’s division lemma to show that the cube of any positive integer is of the
form 9m, 9m + 1 or 9m + 8.

Solution:

Let x be any positive integer and y = 3.

By Euclid’s division algorithm, then,

x = 3q+r, where q≥0 and r = 0, 1, 2, as r ≥ 0 and r < 3.

Therefore, putting the value of r, we get,

x = 3q

or

x = 3q + 1

or

x = 3q + 2

Now, by taking the cube of all the three above expressions, we get,

Case (i): When r = 0, then,

x2= (3q)3 = 27q3= 9(3q3)= 9m; where m = 3q3

Case (ii): When r = 1, then,

x3 = (3q+1)3 = (3q)3 +13+3×3q×1(3q+1) = 27q3+1+27q2+9q

Taking 9 as common factor, we get,

x3 = 9(3q3+3q2+q)+1

Putting = m, we get,

Putting (3q3+3q2+q) = m, we get ,

x3 = 9m+1

Case (iii): When r = 2, then,

x3 = (3q+2)3= (3q)3+23+3×3q×2(3q+2) = 27q3+54q2+36q+8

Taking 9 as common factor, we get,

x3=9(3q3+6q2+4q)+8

Putting (3q3+6q2+4q) = m, we get ,

x3 = 9m+8

Therefore, from all the three cases explained above, it is proved that the cube of any positive
integer is of the form 9m, 9m + 1 or 9m + 8.

Exercise 1.2 Page: 11

1. Express each number as a product of its prime factors:

(i) 140

(ii) 156

(iii) 3825

(iv) 5005

(v) 7429

Solutions:
(i) 140

By taking the LCM of 140, we will get the product of its prime factor.

Therefore, 140 = 2 × 2 × 5 × 7 × 1 = 22×5×7

(ii) 156

By Taking the LCM of 156, we will get the product of its prime factor.

Hence, 156 = 2 × 2 × 13 × 3 × 1 = 22× 13 × 3

(iii) 3825

By taking the LCM of 3825, we will get the product of its prime factor.

Hence, 3825 = 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 × 17 × 1 = 32×52×17

(iv) 5005

By Taking the LCM of 5005, we will get the product of its prime factor.

Hence, 5005 = 5 × 7 × 11 × 13 × 1 = 5 × 7 × 11 × 13

(v) 7429

By taking the LCM of 7429, we will get the product of its prime factor.

Hence, 7429 = 17 × 19 × 23 × 1 = 17 × 19 × 23

2. Find the LCM and HCF of the following pairs of integers and verify that LCM ×
HCF = product of the two numbers.

(i) 26 and 91

(ii) 510 and 92

(iii) 336 and 54

Solutions:

(i) 26 and 91

Expressing 26 and 91 as product of its prime factors, we get,

26 = 2 × 13 × 1

91 = 7 × 13 × 1

Therefore, LCM (26, 91) = 2 × 7 × 13 × 1 = 182

And HCF (26, 91) = 13

Verification

Now, product of 26 and 91 = 26 × 91 = 2366

And product of LCM and HCF = 182 × 13 = 2366

Hence, LCM × HCF = product of the 26 and 91.

(ii) 510 and 92

Expressing 510 and 92 as product of its prime factors, we get,

510 = 2 × 3 × 17 × 5 × 1

92 = 2 × 2 × 23 × 1

Therefore, LCM(510, 92) = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 × 17 × 23 = 23460

And HCF (510, 92) = 2

Verification

Now, product of 510 and 92 = 510 × 92 = 46920

And Product of LCM and HCF = 23460 × 2 = 46920

Hence, LCM × HCF = product of the 510 and 92.

(iii) 336 and 54

Expressing 336 and 54 as product of its prime factors, we get,

336 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 7 × 3 × 1

54 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 1

Therefore, LCM(336, 54) = = 3024

And HCF(336, 54) = 2×3 = 6

Verification

Now, product of 336 and 54 = 336 × 54 = 18,144

And product of LCM and HCF = 3024 × 6 = 18,144

Hence, LCM × HCF = product of the 336 and 54.

3. Find the LCM and HCF of the following integers by applying the prime factorisation
method.

(i) 12, 15 and 21

(ii) 17, 23 and 29

(iii) 8, 9 and 25

Solutions:

(i) 12, 15 and 21

Writing the product of prime factors for all the three numbers, we get,

12=2×2×3

15=5×3

21=7×3

Therefore,

HCF(12,15,21) = 3

LCM(12,15,21) = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 = 420

(ii) 17, 23 and 29

Writing the product of prime factors for all the three numbers, we get,

17=17×1

23=23×1

29=29×1
Therefore,

HCF(17,23,29) = 1

LCM(17,23,29) = 17 × 23 × 29 = 11339

(iii) 8, 9 and 25

Writing the product of prime factors for all the three numbers, we get,

8=2×2×2×1

9=3×3×1

25=5×5×1

Therefore,

HCF(8,9,25)=1

LCM(8,9,25) = 2×2×2×3×3×5×5 = 1800

4. Given that HCF (306, 657) = 9, find LCM (306, 657).

Solution: As we know that,

HCF×LCM=Product of the two given numbers

Therefore,

9 × LCM = 306 × 657

LCM = (306×657)/9 = 22338

Hence, LCM(306,657) = 22338

5. Check whether 6n can end with the digit 0 for any natural number n.

Solution: If the number 6n ends with the digit zero (0), then it should be divisible by 5, as we
know any number with unit place as 0 or 5 is divisible by 5.

Prime factorization of 6n = (2×3)n

Therefore, the prime factorization of 6n doesn’t contain prime number 5.

Hence, it is clear that for any natural number n, 6n is not divisible by 5, and thus it proves that
6n cannot end with the digit 0 for any natural number n.

6. Explain why 7 × 11 × 13 + 13 and 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 5 are composite numbers.

Solution: By the definition of composite number, we know, if a number is composite, then it

means it has factors other than 1 and itself. Therefore, for the given expression;

7 × 11 × 13 + 13

Taking 13 as common factor, we get,

=13(7×11×1+1) = 13(77+1) = 13×78 = 13×3×2×13

Hence, 7 × 11 × 13 + 13 is a composite number.

Now let’s take the other number,

7×6×5×4×3×2×1+5

Taking 5 as a common factor, we get,

=5(7×6×4×3×2×1+1) = 5(1008+1) = 5×1009

Hence, 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 5 is a composite number.

7. There is a circular path around a sports field. Sonia takes 18 minutes to drive one
round of the field, while Ravi takes 12 minutes for the same. Suppose they both start at
the same point and at the same time, and go in the same direction. After how many
minutes will they meet again at the starting point?

Solution: Since, Both Sonia and Ravi move in the same direction and at the same time, the
method to find the time when they will be meeting again at the starting point is LCM of 18
and 12.

Therefore, LCM(18,12) = 2×3×3×2×1=36

Hence, Sonia and Ravi will meet again at the starting point after 36 minutes.

Exercise 1.3 Page: 14

1. Prove that √5 is irrational.
Solutions: Let us assume, that √5 is rational number.

i.e. √5 = x/y (where, x and y are co-primes)

y√5= x

Squaring both the sides, we get,

(y√5)2 = x2

⇒5y2 = x2……………………………….. (1)

Thus, x2 is divisible by 5, so x is also divisible by 5.

Let us say, x = 5k, for some value of k and substituting the value of x in equation (1), we get,

5y2 = (5k)2

⇒y2 = 5k2

is divisible by 5 it means y is divisible by 5.

Clearly, x and y are not co-primes. Thus, our assumption about √5 is rational is incorrect.

Hence, √5 is an irrational number.

2. Prove that 3 + 2√5 + is irrational.

Solutions: Let us assume 3 + 2√5 is rational.

Then we can find co-prime x and y (y ≠ 0) such that 3 + 2√5 = x/y

Rearranging, we get,

Since, x and y are integers, thus,

is a rational number.

Therefore, √5 is also a rational number. But this contradicts the fact that √5 is irrational.
So, we conclude that 3 + 2√5 is irrational.

3. Prove that the following are irrationals:

(i) 1/√2

(ii) 7√5

(iii) 6 + √2

Solutions:

(i) 1/√2

Let us assume 1/√2 is rational.

Then we can find co-prime x and y (y ≠ 0) such that 1/√2 = x/y

Rearranging, we get,

√2 = y/x

Since, x and y are integers, thus, √2 is a rational number, which contradicts the fact that √2 is
irrational.

Hence, we can conclude that 1/√2 is irrational.

(ii) 7√5

Let us assume 7√5 is a rational number.

Then we can find co-prime a and b (b ≠ 0) such that 7√5 = x/y

Rearranging, we get,

√5 = x/7y

Since, x and y are integers, thus, √5 is a rational number, which contradicts the fact that √5 is
irrational.

Hence, we can conclude that 7√5 is irrational.

(iii) 6 +√2

Let us assume 6 +√2 is a rational number.

Then we can find co-primes x and y (y ≠ 0) such that 6 +√2 = x/y⋅

Rearranging, we get,

√2 = (x/y) – 6

Since, x and y are integers, thus (x/y) – 6 is a rational number and therefore, √2 is rational.
This contradicts the fact that √2 is an irrational number.

Hence, we can conclude that 6 +√2 is irrational.

Exercise 1.4 Page: 17

1. Without actually performing the long division, state whether the following rational
numbers will have a terminating decimal expansion or a non-terminating repeating
decimal expansion:

(i) 13/3125 (ii) 17/8 (iii) 64/455 (iv) 15/1600 (v) 29/343 (vi) 23/(2352) (vii) 129/(225775) (viii)
6/15 (ix) 35/50 (x) 77/210

Solutions:

Note: If the denominator has only factors of 2 and 5 or in the form of 2m ×5n then it has
terminating decimal expansion.

If the denominator has factors other than 2 and 5 then it has a non-terminating decimal
expansion.

(i) 13/3125

Factorizing the denominator, we get,

3125 = 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 = 55

Since, the denominator has only 5 as its factor, 13/3125 has a terminating decimal expansion.

(ii) 17/8

Factorizing the denominator, we get,

8 = 2×2×2 = 23

Since, the denominator has only 2 as its factor, 17/8 has a terminating decimal expansion.
(iii) 64/455

Factorizing the denominator, we get,

455 = 5×7×13

Since, the denominator is not in the form of 2m × 5n, thus 64/455 has a non-terminating
decimal expansion.

(iv) 15/ 1600

Factorizing the denominator, we get,

1600 = 26×52

Since, the denominator is in the form of 2m × 5n, thus 15/1600 has a terminating decimal
expansion.

(v) 29/343

Factorizing the denominator, we get,

343 = 7×7×7 = 73 Since, the denominator is not in the form of 2m × 5n thus 29/343 has a non-
terminating decimal expansion.

(vi)23/(2352)

Clearly, the denominator is in the form of 2m × 5n.

Hence, 23/ (2352) has a terminating decimal expansion.

(vii) 129/(225775)

As you can see, the denominator is not in the form of 2m × 5n.

Hence, 129/ (225775) has a non-terminating decimal expansion.

(viii) 6/15

6/15 = 2/5

Since, the denominator has only 5 as its factor, thus, 6/15 has a terminating decimal
expansion.

(ix) 35/50
35/50 = 7/10

Factorising the denominator, we get,

10 = 2 × 5

Since, the denominator is in the form of 2m × 5n thus, 35/50 has a terminating decimal
expansion.

(x) 77/210

77/210 = (7× 11)/ (30 × 7) = 11/30

Factorising the denominator, we get,

30 = 2 × 3 × 5

As you can see, the denominator is not in the form of 2m × 5n .Hence, 77/210 has a non-
terminating decimal expansion.

2. Write down the decimal expansions of those rational numbers in Question 1 above
which have terminating decimal expansions.

Solutions:

(i) 13/3125

13/3125 = 0.00416
(ii) 17/8

17/8 = 2.125

(iii) 64/455 has a non terminating decimal expansion

(iv)15/ 1600

15/1600 = 0.009375
(v) 29/ 343 has a non terminating decimal expansion

(vi)23/ (2352) = 23/(8×25)= 23/200

23/ (2352) = 0.115

(vii) 129/ (225775) has a non terminating decimal expansion

(viii) 6/15 = 2/5

(ix) 35/50 = 7/10

35/50 = 0.7
(x) 77/210 has a non-terminating decimal expansion.

3. The following real numbers have decimal expansions as given below. In each case,
decide whether they are rational or not. If they are rational, and of the form, p q what
can you say about the prime factors of q?

(i) 43.123456789

(ii) 0.120120012000120000. . .

Solutions:

(i) 43.123456789

Since it has a terminating decimal expansion, it is a rational number in the form of p/q and q
has factors of 2 and 5 only.

(ii) 0.120120012000120000. . .

Since, it has non-terminating and non- repeating decimal expansion, it is an irrational

number.

Since it has non-terminating but repeating decimal expansion, it is a rational number in the
form of p/q and q has factors other than 2 and 5.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 1 – Real

Numbers
Real Number is one of the important topics in Maths, and it has a weightage of 6 marks in
Class 10 (Unit – Number Systems) Maths board exams. The average number of questions
asked in this chapter is usually 3. Three questions were asked from this chapter in the
previous year board examination (2018).

1. One out of three questions in part A (1 mark).

2. One out of three questions in part B (2 marks).
3. One out of three questions in part C (3 marks).