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PPL Assignment

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11 views4 pages

PPL Assignment

Assignment

Uploaded by

freek4059
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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VIPUL CSE/20/146

PPL ASSIGNMENT

Encapsulation:-

Encapsulation is a fundamental concept in object-oriented programming (OOP) that involves


bundling the data (attributes or properties) and methods (functions or procedures) that operate
on that data into a single unit, known as a class. This unit serves as a capsule, encapsulating the
data and methods within it and hiding the internal state of an object from the outside world.
There are several key aspects to encapsulation:

Data Hiding: Encapsulation allows the internal state of an object to be hidden from the outside
world. The data is typically declared as private or protected within the class, preventing direct
access or modification by external code. Instead, access to the data is controlled through public
methods, also known as accessors or getters, which provide a controlled interface for interacting
with the object's state.

Abstraction: Encapsulation provides a level of abstraction by exposing only relevant information


about an object and hiding the implementation details. This allows users of the class to interact
with objects at a higher level, without needing to understand the internal complexities of how the
object is implemented.

Data Integrity: By encapsulating data within a class and providing controlled access through
methods, encapsulation helps maintain data integrity and prevents accidental or unauthorized
modifications to the object's state. Methods can include validation logic to ensure that data is
consistent and valid before allowing changes to be made.

Code Flexibility and Maintainability: Encapsulation promotes code modularity and separation of
concerns by grouping related data and behavior together within a class. This makes the code
easier to understand, maintain, and extend, as changes to one part of the code are less likely to
have unintended consequences on other parts.

Encapsulation vs. Information Hiding: While encapsulation often involves information hiding (by
making data private or protected), the two concepts are not identical. Encapsulation
encompasses the broader idea of bundling data and methods into a single unit, whereas
information hiding specifically refers to the practice of restricting access to certain parts of the
object's internal state.

Abstraction

Abstraction is a fundamental concept in various fields, including philosophy, mathematics,


computer science, and art. At its core, abstraction involves the process of removing irrelevant
details or aspects, while retaining the essential characteristics or ideas. It allows us to focus on
the important aspects of a concept, object, or problem, without getting bogged down by
unnecessary complexities.
In philosophy, abstraction refers to the ability of the mind to conceive of general ideas or
concepts that are separate from particular instances or objects. This notion plays a central role
in debates about universals, particulars, and the nature of reality.
In mathematics, abstraction involves the process of generalizing specific mathematical objects
or structures to more broad, encompassing concepts. For example, from studying individual
numbers, one can abstract the concept of a set and explore its properties.
In computer science, abstraction is crucial for managing complexity and building scalable and
maintainable software systems. Abstraction allows programmers to hide implementation details
and focus on high-level design and functionality.
In art, abstraction involves representing ideas or objects in a simplified or stylized manner, often
departing from realistic depictions. Artists may use abstraction to evoke emotions, convey
concepts, or explore purely aesthetic qualities.
Overall, abstraction is a powerful cognitive tool that enables us to understand, represent, and
manipulate complex ideas and systems across various disciplines. It facilitates problem-solving,
creativity, and innovation by allowing us to focus on what's essential while disregarding irrelevant
details.

Polymorphism:-
Polymorphism, in the context of object-oriented programming (OOP), refers to the ability of
different objects to respond to the same message or method invocation in different ways. This
concept allows objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common superclass,
enabling flexibility, extensibility, and code reuse.
There are two main types of polymorphism:

Compile-time Polymorphism (Static Binding):


Also known as early binding or method overloading, compile-time polymorphism occurs when
the compiler determines which method or function to call based on the number, type, and order
of arguments passed to it.
Method overloading is a form of compile-time polymorphism where multiple methods in the same
class have the same name but differ in their parameter lists. The appropriate method is selected
by the compiler based on the arguments provided during the method invocation.

Runtime Polymorphism (Dynamic Binding):


Also known as late binding or method overriding, runtime polymorphism occurs when the
method to be executed is determined at runtime based on the actual type of the object being
referenced, rather than the reference type.
Method overriding allows a subclass to provide a specific implementation of a method that is
already defined in its superclass. When a method is called on an object of the subclass, the
overridden method in the subclass is executed instead of the method in the superclass.
Polymorphism enables code to be more flexible and adaptable to different scenarios. It allows
developers to write code that can work with objects of various types without needing to know the
specific details of each type. This promotes code reuse and simplifies the design and
maintenance of software systems.

Explain Data Type:-


A data type in programming is a classification that specifies the type of data that a variable can
hold. It defines the operations that can be performed on the data, the meaning of the data, and
the way values of that type are stored in memory. Data types are fundamental building blocks of
programming languages, providing a way to organize and manipulate data efficiently.
Here are some common data types found in programming languages:

Integer: Represents whole numbers without fractional parts. Examples include 0, 1, -5, 100, etc.

Floating-point: Represents numbers with fractional parts. Examples include 3.14, -0.5, 2.71828,
etc.
Boolean: Represents a logical value that can be either true or false.

Character: Represents a single character, such as 'a', 'B', '$', etc.

String: Represents a sequence of characters. Examples include "hello", "world", "12345", etc.

Array: Represents a collection of elements of the same type stored in contiguous memory
locations.

Pointer: Represents a memory address, typically used to store the location of another variable or
object in memory.

Struct or Record: Represents a composite data type that groups together variables of different
types under a single name.

Enumeration: Represents a set of named constant values, often used to define custom data
types with a limited set of possible values.

Void: Represents the absence of a data type, often used to indicate that a function does not
return a value or that a pointer does not point to any specific type.

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