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MODEL EXAM/TUTORIAL FOR

REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES I
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Model Exam/Tutorial for Reinforced Concrete Structures I

1. What is the depth of the neutral axis for an under-reinforced beam section whose width is
200mm and effective depth is 357mm, having tensile reinforcement of 3 24mm bars of S400
grade and concrete of grade C20/25? Use the simplified stress block.
(A) 100.2mm (B) 94.23mm (C) 56.32mm (D) 72.94mm (E) None
2. Two rectangular under-reinforced concrete beam sections X and Y are similar in all aspects
except that the longitudinal compression reinforcement in section Y is 10% more. Which one
of the following is the correct statement?
(A) Section X has less flexural strength and is less ductile than section Y
(B) Section X has less flexural strength but is more ductile than section Y
(C) Sections X and Y have equal flexural strength but different ductility
(D) Sections X and Y have equal flexural strength and ductility
3. Consider the data on cubic compressive strength of concrete blocks in MPa
49.2 53.90 50.0 44.5 42.2 42.3 32.3 31.3 60.9 47.5

43.5 37.9 41.1 57.6 40.2 45.3 51.7 52.3 45.7 53.7

51.0 45.7 45.9 50.0 32.5 67.2 55.1 59.6 48.6 50.3

45.1 46.8 47.4 38.3 41.5 44.0 62.2 62.9 56.3 35.8

38.3 33.5 48.5 47.4 49.6 41.3 55.2 52.1 34.3 31.6

38.2 46.0 47.0 41.2 39.8 48.4 49.2 32.8 47.9 43.3

49.3 54.5 54.1 44.5 46.2 44.4 45.1 41.5 43.4 39.1

39.1 41.6 43.1 43.7 48.8 37.2 33.6 28.7 33.8 37.4

43.5 44.2 53.0 45.1 51.9 50.6 48.5 39 47.3 48.8

a) Calculate the mean, median, and standard deviation of the first 10 observations
(first row). And, using a 5% confidence interval, determine the characteristic
compressive strength.
b) Calculate the mean, median, and standard deviation of all 90 data, and, using a 5%
confidence interval, determine the characteristic compressive strength.
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4. What are design combination of actions according to CES 141 and with examples explain how
equations 6.10, 6.10a, and 6.10b are to be applied.
5. A rectangular reinforced concrete beam of 300mm width and 500mm depth is reinforced with
two 26 bars located 60mm from the compression face. If fck = 30 MPa and fyk = 400 MPa,
what is the beam's design moment capacity, for the following tensile steel areas: (a) As = 3 32
placed in one layer, (b) As = 6 32 bars placed in two layers. Assume 25mm concrete cover and
8mm stirrups are used
6. Determine the moment resistance of the doubly reinforced section shown in the figure below.
The concrete and steel grades are C20/25 and S460, respectively.
Assume 25mm concrete cover and 8mm stirrups are used

Dimensions are in mm

7. A 7m long simply supported Reinforced Concrete beam is reinforced as shown in the figure
below.
a. Determine the maximum moment carrying capacity of the cross section if materials
C-30/37 concrete and S-500 steel are used.
b. Design the beam for shear considering that the flexural bars continue uninterrupted
in to the support

Assume 25mm concrete cover and 8mm stirrups are used

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Fig. Beam cross section @ mid span

8. A rectangular floor system consists of parallel T-beams spaced 3m on centers and spanning
9.6m between supports. The 150mm thick slab is poured monolithically with T-beam webs
having width bw = 350mm, and total depth, measured from the top of slab, of D = 700mm. The
effective depth will be taken 75mm less than the total depth. In addition to its own weight, each
T-beam must carry a superimposed dead load of 2.5 kN/m2 and live load of 10 kN/m2.
Material grades are S-400 and C-30 & Class I work. Determine the required tensile and shear
reinforcement.
9. A rectangular beam, is to be designed to carry a design shear force of VEd = 110kN. The width
of the beam is 250mm and is made using concrete fck = 25MPa. It is reinforced with 220 at
top and 424 at bottom for flexure, these bars continue uninterrupted in to the support.
a) Determine the minimum required depth when pair legged stirrups of 8 c/c 250mm are
used.
b) Determine the spacing of stirrups required when the gross depth of the beam is 400mm,
assume fyk = 300MPa for both types of reinforcement.
c) Determine also min d below which the usage of RC is not possible.

10. A simply supported beam has a 6-m span and carries a uniform dead load of , a
uniform live load of and concentrated live load at midspan of . Design the beam
if , , and .
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11. A singly reinforced rectangular beam is to be designed, with effective depth approximately 1.5
times the width, to carry a service live load of 22 KN/m in addition to its own weight, on 7.3m
span. With , , determine the required dimensions b, d, and D,
and steel reinforcing bars. Include sketch of the designed cross section. Use 8 stirrups.
12. A beam with a span of between supports has an overhanging extended part of on one
side only. The beam carries a uniform dead load of and a uniform live load of
. Design the reinforced rectangular section to be used for the entire beam. Select steel
for positive and negative moments. Use concrete and
reinforcement and .

13. Determine the necessary reinforcement for a T-section that has a flange width ,
flange thickness , and web width to carry a factored moment of
. Given: concrete and reinforcement.
14. The two-span continuous beam shown in Fig. below is subjected to a uniform dead load of
and a uniform live load of The reactions due to loadings are also shown
for simplicity. Calculate the maximum negative factored moment at the intermediate support
and the maximum positive factored moment within the span, design the critical section, and
draw the reinforcement details for the entire beam ABC.
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15. A two-span continuous concrete beam is to be supported by three masonry walls spaced 7.6m
on centers. A service live load of 22 KN/m is to be carried, in addition to the self weight of the
beam. A constant rectangular cross section is to be used, with D = 2b, but reinforcement is to
be varied according to requirements. Find the required concrete dimensions and reinforcement
at all critical sections. Allow for 8 stirrups. Include sketches for critical sections. Use fck =
30MPa, fyk = 400MPa and class I work.
16. A rectangular concrete beam of width b = 600mm is limited by architectural considerations to a
maximum gross depth D = 400mm. It must carry a total design moment M d = 540 KNm.
Design the flexural reinforcement for this member, using compression steel if necessary. Allow
75mm to the center of the bars from the compression and/or tension face of the beam. Material
strengths are fyk = 50000MPa and fck = 30MPa. Show a sketch of your final design, including
provision for 8 stirrups.
17. A rectangular beam with width b = 600mm, gross depth D = 350mm and effective depth to the
tensile steel d = 290mm is constructed using materials with strengths fck = 30MPa and fyk =
400MPa. Tensile reinforcement consists of two 36 plus three 32 bars in one row.
Compression reinforcement consisting of two 32 bars is placed at distance d‘ = 60mm from
the compression face. Calculate the design strengths of the beam (a) neglecting the
compression reinforcement, (b) accounting the compression reinforcement and assuming it acts
at fyd, and (c) accounting for the compression reinforcement working at its actual stress fs‘,
established by analysis.
18. Design the slab thickness, main reinforcement and distribution steel of a simply supported slab
panel carrying qk=5kPa and gk = 6kPa from partition and other permanent loadings. The panel
is 4m by 10m and it is to be designed with C30/37 concrete and S300 steel.
19. A propped cantilever beam spans 8m and is subjected to a characteristic live load of 35kN/m
and dead load of 10kN/m in addition to its self-wight. Materials used are C25/30 concrete and
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S500 steel. If the width of the beam is 250, determine the depth and flexural reinforcement
required to satisfy the flexure requirement at the critical locations.
20. A cantilever beam 4m span carries a characteristic live load of 150kN/m in addition to its own
weight. Materials used are C30/37 concrete and S500 steel.
a. Design the beam section for ultimate limit state for flexure using uniform depth.
b. Redesign the same beam for ultimate limit state for flexure using linearly varying
depth (depth at free end is 1/3 of depth at fixed end)

21. Given the following information, calculate the amount of reinforcement required to support
Mu=500kNm, fck=25N/mm2, fyk=300N/mm2, b=300mm and d=700mm.
a. Using design equations
b. Using design tables
c. Using design chart

22. Design a beam of the smallest depth to resist a moment of 300kNm. C30/37 concrete and S300
steel are to be used. a) using equation b) using design aids.
23. Calculate the amount of reinforcement required for a beam of section 250x450mm to carry a
moment of 80kNm. a) using design equation, b) using design aids
24. Using moment envelope concept, design the following rectangular continuous beam for shear
and flexure. Materials used are C25/30 concrete and S500 steel. The beam is subjected to
qk=9kN/m and gk=3kN/m excluding self-weight.

25. A T-beam has an effective flange width of 960mm, bw=350mm, hf=100mm and effective
depth, d=500mm. If materials S500 steel and C25/30 concrete are used. What will be the
design moment capacity for this beam if As=3000mm2 is used?
26. Design the beam on axis -B of the floor system shown below which is subjected to a live load
of 5kN/m2. Use materials C25/30 concrete and S400 steel. Take the width of the beam =
300mm.
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27. Design the RC panels of the floor system of question number 26

a. As solid slab
b. As Ribbed slab
28. Design a rectangular RC section to resist an ultimate design moment of 360kNm. The
dimensions of the beam are limited to width b=350mm and depth h=500mm for architectural
reasons. Use materials C25/30 concrete and S-500 steel.
29. A double reinforced RC beam section has As1 = 2581mm2, As2=645mm2, b=280mm,
d=580mm, d2=50mm and is made with C30/37 concrete and S500 steel. Calculate the moment
carrying capacity of the section.
30. A simply supported T-beam having a length of 6m supports a service live load Qk=40kN/m and
a total working dead load Gk=30kN/m (including self-weight). The cross-section of the beam is
as shown in the figure below. Using C25/30 concrete and S-500 steel determine the required
flexural reinforcement for the maximum design moment at mid-span using 24 longitudinal
bars, and determine the bar curtailment points.

31. A 100mm concrete floor slab is monolithically casted with continuous beams of span 5m
spaced at 1.2m on centers. The beam section dimensions are b w=50mm, h=500mm. Determine
the area of reinforcement at mid-span to resist an ultimate design moment of 250kNm. Use
materials C25/30 concrete and S-500 steel.
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32. Calculate the area of reinforcement for a positive span moment of 15kNm for the section
shown in the figure below. Materials C25/30 concrete and S-500 steel are used.

33. Calculate the area of reinforcement for a positive span moment of 30kNm for the section
shown in the figure below. Materials C30/37 concrete and S-500 steel are used.

34. A rectangular RC cantilever beam of length 2.5m is subjected to a total working load of
50kN/m including its own weight. Determine the immediate and long-term deflections of the
beam using D=400mm, d=355mm, b=300mm, reinforced with 5 20 at the top and 2 16 at the
bottom. Materials used are C25/30 concrete and steel S500. Also check whether the section
satisfies the ES requirement for serviceability limit state for deflection.
35. Determine the maximum flexural moment capacity of the inverted L-beam shown in the figure
below. Materials used are C25/30 concrete and steel S500.

36. A propped cantilever beam shown in the figure below is subjected to a qk =14kN/m and
gk=5kN/m (including self- weight). If it has a cross-section of 300mm x 500mm,
a. Determine the amount of reinforcements at the critical sections
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b. Show in sketch the curtailment and anchorage of the bars if only 30% of the +ve
reinforcements and 30% of the negative reinforcements are to be extended to the
supports. Use materials 16 for main reinforcement, 6 for stirrups of S400 and
concrete of grade C30/37.

37. The bean supported floor system of the 1st floor of a residential building having 3m story height
is shown in the figure below. Using the data given in the table;
a. Design the panels of the beam-supported floor system of the residential building
shown in the figure below.
b. Determine the load transfer to the beam located on Axis-D only, and design it for
flexure and shear.
c. Draw reinforcement details for the floor system and for the beam mentioned in
question (b).

Table: Material, Cross-section dimensions & load data

Concrete Class C25/30

Steel Grade S-500
 30mm for beams
Concrete Cover
 25mm for slabs
Room height 3m
⁄ for slab 18.5K
Unit weight of
25kN/m3
concrete
Unit weight of
23kN/m3
HCB
Loads from floor
0.5kN/m2
finishing
Es 200Gpa
Diameter of bars
10mm
for slab section
Diameter of
Longitudinal bars 14mm/16mm
for beam
Diameter of
8mm
stirrups
Dimensions are in cm
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Beam dimension
400mm x 250mm
(Depth x Breadth)
Column dimension 250mm x 250mm
Height of parapet
1000mm
wall on cantilever

38. For Enhancement of plain cement concrete in terms of tensile strength which of the following
material need to be added
A. Cement
B. Aggregate
C. Reinforcement
D. Sand
39. The Strength of Reinforced Concrete structures is depends on the following factors
A. Bond between steel and concrete
B. Prevention of concrete of steel bars
C. Thermal expansion
D. All
40. The reinforcement which is inserted in plain concrete makes the structure
A. Strong in tension
B. Prevent temperature
C. Prevent shrinkage stresses
D. All
41. _______________ in concrete is the gradual increase in strain with time in a member subjected
to prolonged stress.
A. Modulus of Elasticity
B. Creep
C. Shrinkage
D. Ductility
42. Which of the following is not the factors that affects the failure of reinforced concrete
structures.
A. Chemical attack
B. Proper construction methods
C. Incorrect selection of materials
D. Error in design calculation and detailing
43. Among the following structural elements, which one is referred to as flexural member?
A. Beam
B. Column
C. Truss
D. Footing
44. Normally, the tensile strength of concrete is about _________________of its compressive
strength
A. 10 to 15%
B. 15 to 20%
C. 20 to 25%
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D. 25 to 30%
45. ______________failure of members due to repeated stress cycles of service loads
A. Creep
B. Fatigue
C. Rupture
D. All
46. Which type of modulus of elasticity is the slope of a line through the origin and through the
point on the curve representing that stress
A. Secant Modulus of Elasticity
B. Initial tangent modulus of Elasticity
C. Tangent Modulus of Elasticity
D. All
47. Strength of concrete with passage of time
A. Increases
B. Decreases
C. Fluctuates
D. Remains constant
48. The weight of reinforced concrete, is generally taken as
A. 2200 kg/m3
B. 2300 kg/m3
C. 2400 kg/m3
D. 2500 kg/m3
49. Other possible variation such as construction tolerances are allowed by___________________
applies to the strength of material and to the action.
A. Ultimate limit state
B. Limit states
C. Partial factor of safety
D. Combination of action
50. Partial safety factor on concrete stresses is
A. 1.25
B. 1.35
C. 1.45
D. 1.50
51. Structural members that do not requires shear reinforcement are
A. Beams
B. Columns
C. Slabs
D. All
52. Which type of modulus of elasticity is the slope of a line through the origin and through the
point on the curve representing that stress
E. Secant Modulus of Elasticity
F. Initial tangent modulus of Elasticity
G. Tangent Modulus of Elasticity
H. All
53. What is the ratio of lateral strain to axial strain of a homogeneous material
A. Yield ratio
B. Plastic ratio
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C. Hooke‘s ratio
D. Poisson‘s ratio
54. Which of the following is the assumption in the theory of bending of beams,
A. Material is isotropic
B. Material is homogeneous
C. Each layer is independent to expand or to contract
D. All of the above
55. The forces acting on the bar as shown the given figure introduce

A) Shear Stress
B) Tensile Stress
C) Compressive stress
D) All
56. Stress may be defined as
A. Force per unit length
B. Force per unit volume
C. Force per unit area
D. None
57. The shrinkage in a concrete slab
A. Causes shear cracks
B. Causes tension cracks
C. Causes compression cracks
D. Does not cause any cracking
58. A moment that cause compression on top surface of beam and tension on the bottom surface is
A. Negative moment
B. Positive moment
C. Both Negative and Positive moment
D. None
59. Which of the following is the reason for providing compression reinforcements
A. Decrease Ductility
B. Change the mode of failure from tension to compression
C. To increase flexural capacity of the section
D. Increase sustained-load deflection
60. The ultimate design moment to be resisted by the section given is 185kN.m. Determine the area
of tension reinforcement (As) required given the characteristics material strengths are
fyk=500N/mm2 and fck=25 N/mm2
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A. As=1140m2
B. As=1140mm2
C. As=2150mm2
D. As=2150cm2

61. Determine the ultimate moment of resistance of the cross-section shown below, Given that the
characteristics strengths are fyk=500N/mm2 for reinforcement and fck=25 N/mm2 for concrete

A. M=284kN.m
B. M=384kN.m
C. M=294kN.m
D. M=194kN.m
62. Determine the ultimate moment of resistance of the cross-section shown below, Given that
the characteristics strengths are fyk=500N/mm2 for reinforcement and fck=25 N/mm2 for
concrete

A. M=434kN.m
B. M=443kN.m
C. M=343kN.m
D. M=334kN.m
63. List down some of the structural elements with their definition
 Beams: 1D Flexural members carrying gravitational & lateral load
 Slab: 2D Flexural members carrying gravitational
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 Columns: vertical members carrying primarily axial load but generally subjected to
axial load and moment
 Walls: vertical plate elements resisting vertical, lateral or in-plane loads
 Bases and foundations: pads or strips supported directly on the ground that spread
the loads from columns or walls so that they can be supported by the ground
without excessive settlement. Alternatively, the bases may be supported on piles.
64. Write at least five advantages and disadvantage of reinforced concrete structures
Advantage of reinforce concrete
 It has considerable compressive strength per unit cost compared with most other
materials.
 Reinforced concrete has great resistance to the actions of fire and water and, in fact,
is the best structural material available for situations where water is present. During
fires of average intensity, members with a satisfactory cover of concrete over the
reinforcing bars suffer only surface damage without failure.
 Reinforced concrete structures are very rigid.
 It is a low-maintenance material.
 As compared with other materials, it has a very long service life. Under proper
conditions, reinforced concrete structures can be used indefinitely without reduction
of their load carrying abilities. This can be explained by the fact that the strength of
concrete does not decrease with time but actually increases over a very long period,
measured in years, because of the lengthy process of the solidification of the cement
paste.
 It is usually the only economical material available for footings, floor slabs,
basement walls, piers, and similar applications.
 A special feature of concrete is its ability to be cast into an extraordinary variety of
shapes from simple slabs, beams, and columns to great arches and shells.
 In most areas, concrete takes advantage of inexpensive local materials (sand,
gravel, and water) and requires relatively small amounts of cement and reinforcing
steel, which may have to be shipped from other parts of the country.
 A lower grade of skilled labor is required for erection as compared with other
materials such as structural steel.
Disadvantage of reinforced concrete
 Concrete has a very low tensile strength, requiring the use of tensile reinforcing.
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 Forms are required to hold the concrete in place until it hardens sufficiently. In
addition, false work or shoring may be necessary to keep the forms in place for
roofs, walls, floors, and similar structures until the concrete members gain
sufficient strength to support themselves. Formwork is very expensive. In the
United States, its costs run from one-third to two-thirds of the total cost of a
reinforced concrete structure, with average
 The low strength per unit of weight of concrete leads to heavy members. This
becomes an increasingly important matter for long-span structures, where
concrete‘s large dead weight has a great effect on bending moments. Lightweight
aggregates can be used to reduce concrete weight, but the cost of the concrete is
increased.
 Similarly, the low strength per unit of volume of concrete means members will
be relatively large, an important consideration for tall buildings and long-span
structures.
 The properties of concrete vary widely because of variations in its proportioning
and mixing. Furthermore, the placing and curing of concrete is not as carefully
controlled
65. Write down the five types of Portland cements with explanation
 Type I Portland Cement—the common, all-purpose cement used for general
construction work.
 Type II Portland Composite Cement—a modified cement that has a lower heat
of hydration than does Type I cement and that can withstand some exposure to
sulfate attack.
 Type III Blast furnace cement —a high early strength cement that will produce
in the first 24 hours a concrete with a strength about twice that of Type I
cement. This cement does have a much higher heat of hydration.
 Type IV Pozzolanic cement—a low-heat cement that produces a concrete that
generates heat very slowly. It is used for very large concrete structures.
 Type V Composite Cement—a cement used for concretes that are to be exposed
to high concentrations of sulfate.
66. What do you understand about compressive strength and tensile strength of concrete?
 Compressive strength: - is the most important property of concrete. The
characteristic strength that is the concrete grade is measured by the 28-day
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cylinder/cube strength. Standard cylinders 150 mm diameter and 300 mm high

or cubes of 150 or 100 mm for aggregate not exceeding 25 mm in size are
crushed to determine the strength.
 Tensile Strength The tensile strength of concrete is about a tenth of the
compressive strength. It is determined by loading a concrete cylinder across a
diameter
67. What is stress-strain curve explain it
A stress-strain curve is a graphical way to show the reaction of a material when a load
is applied. It shows a comparison between stress and strain. Stress is the ratio of the load or
force to the cross-sectional area of the material to which the load is applied
68. Draw the stress-strain curve for concrete in compression and state each stage of the curve.

69. Define modulus of elasticity and state the three modulus of elasticity types.
 Modulus of elasticity is the ratio of stress in a body to the corresponding strain
 The initial modulus is the slope of the stress–strain diagram at the origin of the curve.
 The tangent modulus is the slope of a tangent to the curve at some point along the
curve—for instance, at 50% of the ultimate strength of the concrete.
 The slope of a line drawn from the origin to a point on the curve somewhere between
25% and 50% of its ultimate compressive strength is referred to as a secant modulus.
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70. Write down the tests of concrete during wet concrete and harden concrete.
 Tests on wet concrete
 Slump Test
 Degree of compact ability test
 Flow table test
 Normal Tests
 Compression test
 Tensile Splitting
 Flexure test
 Test cores
71. List down the factors Affecting failures of concrete structures
 Incorrect selection of materials
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 Errors in design calculations and detailing

 Poor construction methods and inadequate quality control and supervision
 Chemical attack
 External physical and/or mechanical factors including alterations made to the
structure
72. Briefly explain the types of loads which the structural designer familiar.

 Dead loads/Permanent actions (Gk) are loads of constant magnitude that remain in one
position. They include the weight of the structure under consideration as well as any
fixtures that are permanently attached to it. For a reinforced concrete building, some dead
loads are the frames, walls, floors, ceilings, stairways, roofs, and plumbing.
 Live loads/ Variable actions( Qk) are loads that can change in magnitude and position.
They include occupancy loads, warehouse materials, construction loads, overhead service
cranes, equipment operating loads, and many others. In general, they are induced by
gravity.
 Environmental loads are loads caused by the environment in which the structure is
located. For buildings, they are caused by rain, snow, wind, temperature change, and
earthquake.
73. Define Analysis and Design, with their difference.
 Analysis. Given a cross section, concrete strength, reinforcement size and location,
and yield strength, compute the resistance or strength. In analysis there should be
one unique answer.
 Design. Given a factored design moment, normally designated as select a suitable
cross section, including dimensions, concrete strength, reinforcement, and so on. In
design there are many possible solutions.

74. Define limit states design.

Limit state design is method of designing structures based on a statistical concept of safety
and associated statistical probability of failure.
The aim of the design process in LSD is:
―To ensure that a structure has an acceptable probability of not reaching, a limit state
throughout its life.‖
Therefore, any structure that has exceeded the limit state for which it was designed is unfit for the
intended function or use.
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75. State the two types of limit state designs

a. Ultimate limit state (ULS): This limit state is concerned with the safety of the people
and of the structure. This requires that the whole structure or its elements should not
collapse, overturn or buckle when subjected to the design loads.
b. Serviceability limit states (SLS): This limit state is concerned with
 Comfort of the occupants: For example the structure should not suffer
from excessive vibration or have large cracks or deflection so as to
alarm the user of the building.
 Appearance of the structure: The structure should not become unfit
for use due to excessive deflection or cracking.
For reinforced concrete structures, the normal practice is to design for the ultimate limit state,
check for serviceability and take all necessary precautions to ensure durability.
76. State the three types of Beam sections
A Rectangular sections with tension steel only (this generally occurs when designing a
given width of slab as a beam) Singly reinforced beam
B Rectangular sections with tension and compression steelDoubly reinforced beams
C Flanged sections of either T or L shape with tension steel and rarely with or without
compression steel
77. What are the three basic assumptions for flexural theory of reinforced concrete?
 Sections perpendicular to the axis of bending that are plane before bending remain
plane after bending.
 The strain in the reinforcement is equal to the strain in the concrete at the same level.
 The stresses in the concrete and reinforcement can be computed from the strains by
using stress–strain curves for concrete and steel.
78. Flexural failure occurs in three different ways, explain briefly the three different ways of
flexural failures
 Balanced failure: This failure mode is characterized by yielding of the tension steel
and crushing of concrete simultaneously at the design bending moment. Such a beam
has a balanced reinforcement.
 Tension failure: This type of failure is called tension failure since it is initiated by
yielding of reinforcement. Reinforcement yields before concrete crushes or reaches its
limiting compressive strain. Such a beam is said to be under-reinforced.
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 Compression failure: This failure mode occurs when the concrete crushes before steel
yields. Such a beam is said to be over-reinforced. It should be noted that compression
failure is sudden and it is not desirable. Therefore, over reinforced section should be
redesigned.
79. State the basic types of cracks and draw the crack propagations
 Flexural cracks are vertical cracks that extend from the tension sides of beams up to
the region of their neutral axes. Should beams have very deep webs the cracks will be
very closely spaced, with some of them coming together above the reinforcing and
some disappearing there. These cracks may be wider up in the middle of the beam than
at the bottom.
 Inclined cracks due to shear can develop in the webs of reinforced concrete beams
either as independent cracks or as extensions of flexural cracks. Occasionally, inclined
cracks will develop independently in a beam, even though no flexural cracks are in that
locality. These cracks, which are called web-shear cracks, sometimes occur in the webs
of pre-stressed sections, particularly those with large flanges and thin webs.
 The usual type of inclined shear cracks are the flexure-shear cracks, They commonly
develop in both pre-stressed and nonpre-stressed beams.
 Torsion cracks are quite similar to shear cracks except that they spiral around the beam.
Should a plain concrete member be subjected to pure torsion, it will crack and fail along
45◦ spiral lines due to the diagonal tension corresponding to the torsional stresses. For a
very effective demonstration of this type of failure, you can take a piece of chalk in
your hands and twist it until it breaks. Although torsion stresses are very similar to
shear stresses, they will occur on all faces of a member. As a result, they add to the
shear stresses on one side and subtract from them on the other.
 Sometimes bond stresses between the concrete and the reinforcing lead to a splitting
along the bars,
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80. What is the difference between singly reinforced and doubly reinforced beams

81. Define stability of structures and state the two types of structural stabilities
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 In structural analysis, a structure is said to be Stable when it can support any possible
system of applied loads.
 Stability depends upon the support conditions and arrangements of members
 Stability can be divided into two as external and internal.
 External stability takes place if all of its reactions are concurrent or parallel.
 If a structure is supported by fewer than three support reactions, the reactions are not
sufficient to prevent all possible movements of the structure in its plane. Such a
structure cannot remain in equilibrium under a general system of loads and is,
therefore, referred to as unstable externally.
 In general, the stability of structures depends on the number and geometric
arrangement of reactions and structural members rather than on the strength of
individual member or supports.
 A structure is considered internally stable, or rigid, if it maintains its shape and
remains a rigid body when detached from the supports.
 On the other hand, a structure is termed internally unstable (or non-rigid) if it cannot
maintain its shape and may undergo large displacements under small disturbances
when not supported externally
82. What do you understand about degree of indeterminacy?
 The degree of indeterminacy is the number of unknowns in excess of the available
equilibrium equations. In the analysis of indeterminate structures, therefore, ways of
establishing additional equations must be required. These additional equations may be
derived from compatibility equations and must be equal to the number of (degree of)
indeterminacy.
83. Define degree of freedom
 A system of joint displacements is known to be independent if each displacement
can be varied arbitrary and independently of the other displacements. The number of
independent joint displacements that serve to describe all possible displacements of
structure is known as the number of degrees of freedom or degree of kinematic
indeterminacy.
84. What is the difference between Normal Stress, Shear stress and Bearing stress
Simple stress can be classified as normal stress, shear stress, and bearing stress.
 Normal stress develops when a force is applied perpendicular to the cross-sectional
area of the material. If the force is going to pull the material, the stress is said to be
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tensile stress and compressive stress develops when the material is being
compressed by two opposing forces.

 Shear stress is developed if the applied force is parallel to the resisting area.
Example is the bolt that holds the tension rod in its anchor. Another condition of
shearing is when we twist a bar along its longitudinal axis. This type of shearing is
called torsion.

 Another type of simple stress is the bearing stress, it is the contact pressure
between two bodies. Bearing stress is the contact pressure between the separate
bodies. It differs from compressive stress, as it is an internal stress caused by
compressive forces.
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85. List down the advantage and disadvantage of Indeterminate structures.

 Advantage of Indeterminate Structures
 They are stiffer
 In case of over load they can provide redistribution of loads with in structure
 Disadvantage of Indeterminate Structures
 Computational difficulty
 They will be stressed due to different settlement of supports, temperature
change and errors in fabrication of members.
86. What is the difference between one way and two ways slabs?
One-way slabs
 Slab supported only on two opposite sides by rigid supports carry the load by
flexure in the direction perpendicular to support
 The plane surface of predominantly uniformly loaded slab deforms into a
cylindrical surface in which curvature and hence bending moment develops only in
one direction such slab are called one-way slab
 One-way slab essentially acts as shallow beams with a large width. The slabs
supported on all four sides also behave as one way slabs if the longer span ratio to
shorter span is greater than two.
Two-way slabs
 The rectangular slabs supported on two adjacent, three or four edges and with the
ratio of longer to shorter span less than two, which carry the load by flexure in two
perpendicular directions are called two-way slabs.
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87. Draw the moment-curvature and state each necessary points

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MODEL EXAM/TUTORIAL FOR

REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES II
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Model Exam/Tutorial for Reinforced Concrete Structures II

1. For the given concrete strength C50/60 MPa as per ES EN 1992-1-1, the characteristics
cube strength and mean cylindrical strength of concrete are ………. and
………respectively.
A. 50 and 60 B. 60 and 58 C. 60 and 50 D. 58 and 60 E. 60 and 70 F. 70 and 60 G.
none

2. The value of the design compressive strength is defined as f cd   cc fck ; from this
c

equation cc is the coefficient that introduced

for…………………………………………
A. Design assumptions and inaccuracy of calculation
B. Long term effects on the compressive strength and unfavorable effects resulting
from the way loading is applied
C. Possible unusual increases in the magnitude of the actions
D. Unforeseen stress redistributions and constructional inaccuracies
E. None
3. Which one is the correct order of tensile strength of concrete from lowest to highest
value
A. Flexural tensile strength-Splitting tensile strength-Direct axial tensile strength
B. Direct axial tensile strength -Splitting tensile strength- Flexural tensile strength
C. Splitting tensile strength-Flexural tensile strength- Direct axial tensile strength
D. All are equal and have no order
E. None
4. One of the following is not the reason why compression reinforcement is provided in
reinforced concrete beam structure.
A. To enhance ductility
B. To change of mode of failure from compression to tension
C. To hold the stirrups in place or fabrication ease
D. Reduced sustained-load deflections
E. None
F. B & C
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5. Which one of the following is not required in designing of reinforced concrete flexural
elements
A. Rupturing of tension reinforcement with crushed concrete
B. Concrete crushing with unyielding of reinforcement
C. Yielding of tension reinforcement with uncrushed concrete
D. Rupturing of tension reinforcement with uncrushed concrete
6. Which one of the following is the correct definition of concrete cover, concrete cover is
the distance between:
A. surface of the longitudinal reinforcement and the nearest concrete surface
B. surface of the reinforcement closest to the nearest concrete surface and the nearest
concrete surface
C. surface of the reinforcement closest to the nearest concrete surface and the any
concrete surface
D. surface of the transverse reinforcement to the any concrete surface
7. As per ES EN 1992-1-1:2015, structural buildings are usually designed for ….years
A. 25 B. 50 C. 75 D. 100
8. Which one of the following is correct about two way slab tension reinforcement
placement during construction:
A. Main(short direction) reinforcement is put above secondary(long direction)
reinforcement
B. Main(short direction) reinforcement is put below secondary(long direction)
reinforcement
C. Both main (short direction) reinforcement secondary (long direction) reinforcement
is put at same depth.
D. Both main(short direction) reinforcement and secondary(long direction)
reinforcement can be placed as site engineer wants
9. The basic required anchorage length, l bd, for anchoring the force As.fyd in a straight bar
having diameter ( ) assuming constant bond stress equal to fbd can be given by formula:
 f yd  f yd  f yd  f cd
A. B. C D E. not given
2 fbd 4 fbd 16 fbd 4 f yd

10. Given As= area of tension reinforcement, Asw = area of shear reinforcement, bw = the
breadth of the web of the member, S = spacing between shear reinforcement, α = the
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angle between shear reinforcement and the longitudinal axis and d = effective depth of
the reinforced concrete beam. Then, tension reinforcement ratio and shear
reinforcement ratio for angle α = 90° is given by equation: ……………………and
…………………… respectively.
Asw  s A As  Asw 
A. and s B. , and sw C. and s w D. and s
bw S bw d bw d bw S bw S bw d bw d bw S

11. Which of the following is true about design of slender column?

A. Second order effects may be ignored if the corresponding moment
magnitude is less than 10% of the first order moment.
B. For the column subjected to biaxial bending, slenderness check has to be
carried to more than two directions.
C. During calculation of slenderness ratio, cracked column section has to be
used.
D. Accidental eccentricity effect must be ignored as the second order effect is
taken into account.
12. During the column design subjected to uniaxial or biaxial moment, if the mechanical
reinforcement ratio is found to be outside of the interaction chart, as a designer what is
the best think you need to do?
A. Increase the concrete characteristics strength.
B. Increase the cross section of the column
C. Reduce the moment by reducing the dead and live load acting on the
structure
D. Reduce the axial load by reducing the dead and live load acting on the
structure
E. All
F. None
13. Which of the following is true about column longitudinal reinforcement detailing for
DCL RC structure design as per ES EN 1992-1-1:2015?
A. The maximum reinforcement ratio everywhere in the section should be as
large as 0.08Ac.
B. The minimum bar diameter ( min) to be used is 8mm.
C. There should be at least three bars on each side of the column.
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D. At least 1% reinforcement ratio has to be provided for the column to be safe

under earthquake load.
14. As per new Ethiopian building code standard, the transverse reinforcement of the
reinforced concrete column design should have the following except:
A. Minimum diameter of 6mm or one quarter of the largest longitudinal bar.
B. Spacing less than 20 times minimum diameter of the longitudinal bar.
C. Spacing not greater than the lesser dimension of the column.
D. Spacing between reinforcement can be as large as 450mm.
15. Buckling of axially loaded slender columns can be reduced or prevented by the
following except by:
A. Bracing the column about week axis
B. Increasing the cross section of the column
C. Providing fixed support at the end.
D. Reducing the length of the column
E. Providing shear wall into the building
16. For the RC flat slab, if the analyzed moment using direct design method (DDM) at the
column strip is 100kNm and if there is a beam running parallel to the column strip,
then which of the following is correct:
A. The beam can carry a moment as large as 85kNm based on the relative stiffness of
the beam to slab.
B. The slab can carry a moment as small as 25kNm based on the relative stiffness of
the beam to slab
C. The slab can carry a moment as large as 20kNm based on the relative stiffness of
the beam to slab
D. The beam can carry a moment as large as 90kNm based on the relative stiffeness of
the beam to the slab.
17. Which of the following is wrong about RC flat slab direct design method (DDM) and
equivalent frame analysis (EFA) method:
A. Both are same however DDM method is general and can be used for all flat slab
types.
B. EFA method is more general than DDM method.
C. EFA method uses moment distribution method for getting moment at the column
support.
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D. The apportioning of the negative and positive moments to ‗column strips‘ and
‗middle strips‘ (or to beam & slab) across a panel is same in both DDM and EFA
method.
18. As per ES EN 1992-1-1:2015, which one of the following method cannot be used for
analysis in RC flat slabs?
A. Yield line method B. Finite element analysis Method C. Equivalent frame analysis
method D. Grillage analogy E. none
19. One of the following statement is not correct about punching shear check for RC flat
slab as per ES EN 1992-1-1:2015.
A. Slab section shear resistance VRd,c determination is similar to beam section shear
resistance
B. The distance of the basic control perimeter from the face of the column is at 1.5d
where d is average effective depth of the slab.
C. Shear capacity of the section at the face of the column and basic control perimeter
has to be checked.
D. If the shear stress at the face of the column is greater than the maximum allowable
punching shear stress, increasing the section of the slab by providing column head
and or slab drop is possible.
20. As per ES EN 1992-1-1:2015, the punching shear reinforcement should satisfy the
following except:
A. At least two shear reinforcement perimeter has to be provided
B. The first shear reinforcement has to be placed at a distance not greater than 0.3d to
0.5d from the face of the column.
C. The spacing of the shear reinforcement in the radial direction should not be greater
than 0.75d.
D. The spacing of the shear reinforcement around shear perimeter should not be greater
than ―d‖ everywhere.
21. About the analysis and design of RC ribbed slab all statements are correct except:
A. Pattern loading for live load has to be considered to get maximum design span and
support moment.
B. It is preferable to use the ribbed slab for slab with long spans and relatively lighter
loads.
C. Centers of the ribs should not exceed 1.5m
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D. The thickness of the toping should not be less than 50mm or one tenth of clear
distance between the ribs.
E. Mesh reinforcement with cross sectional area of not less than 1% of the area of
topping has to be provided in each direction.
22. Torsion design as per ES EN 1992-1-1:2015 is carried out using the following
requirements except:
A. Torsional moments produce shear stress that is approximately 45° to the
longitudinal axis of the member.
B. Tension reinforcement in the form of closed links must be provided to resist the full
torsional moment.
C. It is assumed that the concrete can provide some portion tensile resistance.
D. The torsion links should be closed and be anchored by means of laps or hooked
ends.
23. For the column (400x400mm) with effective length of 6m, the slenderness ratio is
equals to
A. 115.5 B. 52 C. 2.13x109mm4 D. 82
24. For the stocky column with section 450x450mm subjected to design factored axial load
of 1500 KN and moment of Msd,h =200 kNm and Msd,b =125 kNm, the normalized
axial force and moments in the longer and shorter direction respectively using concrete
strength C25/30 and bar grade S460:
A. (0.522, 0.155, 0.097) B. (1.162, 69.71, 43.57) C. (0.37, 0.110, 0.07) D.
(0.296, 0.088, 0.054)
25. Deflection of RC element can be affected by the following except:
A. Concrete tensile strength B. Elastic Modulus C. Creep D. Shrinkage E. none
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MODEL EXAM/TUTORIAL FOR

STRUCTURAL DESIGN
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Model Exam/Tutorial for Structural Design

1. A building 20m high is constructed at flat and horizontal area of negligible vegetation will
have a terrain factor of?
a) 0.32 b) 0.28 c) 0.56 d) 0.42
2. A moment resistance steel frame with 70m height will have fundamental period of
vibration of?
a) 1.82 b) 1.21 c) 2.05 d) 2.52
3. Which type of buildings have large importance factor in earthquake analysis.?
a) fire stations c) assembly halls
b) schools d) residential buildings
4. Which of the analysis methods is used to verify the structural performance of newly
designed and of existing buildings.
a) response spectrum c) pushover
b) linear static d) Time history
5. Which of the following lateral load resisting systems provide shear resistance at the
building base greater than 65% of the total shear resistance of the whole structural system
a) Wall system c) dual system
b) Frame system d) inverted pendulum system
6. Which of the following cross sections provides highest shape factor?
a) Triangular c) rectangular
b) Circular d) I-section
7. What will be The D value of a column 30X30cm and located at middle axis of floor
with 3m height provided that the building is G+3.
a) 0.122 b) 0.056 c) 0.134 d) 0.096
8. How many basic mechanisms can be considered for a one story one bay frame fixed with
ground and with UDL on beam and lateral load on its joint
a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5
9. What will be the plastic section capacity of a rectangular section 30X30cm and 30MPa
yield stress.?
a) 186.5kNM b) 426.2kNM c) 202.5kNm d) 269.3kNm
10. What will be the collapse load of a simply supported beam with concentrated load P, at a
distance ―a‖ from the left support.?
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a) b) c) d)

11. What is the importance of turbulence intensity and in which parameters do we use it?
12. What are the factors which affect wind pressure on structures?
13. Which type of structures need aerodynamic analysis of wind pressure?
14. What is orographic coefficient & how it is considered in wind pressure computations?
15. Explain how the terrain affects wind pressure & list terrain categories from higher wind
pressure to lower.
16. Explain how temperature & altitude affects wind pressure on structures.
17. Determine the wind pressure coefficients for a 20m x30m plan with 40m height flat roof
building with 0.9m height parapet & show the variation of the wind pressure along the
height & width of the building.
18. What are wind pressure coefficients? Show how net wind pressure is computed on
buildings.
19. A 20m x20m plan building with 150 slope mono pitch roof is subjected to a maximum net
wind pressure of 1.3kN/m2. If purlins & trusses are provided at 1.2m & 4m spacing
respectively, determine the wind loads on the truss joints.
20. How earthquake occur & what are the different damages of earthquake on earth surface?
21. What are the different earthquake analysis methods & what are the major criteria‘s which
are used for the selection of the analysis method for a particular structure?
22. What are the factors which determine the effect of earthquake force on structures?
23. What is importance factor in calculation of earthquake design spectrum? Give one example
of building type for each importance category.
24. What are the regularity criteria of structures in plan & elevation & what are the
consequences for irregular structures?
25. Check the regularity of a building with 4m story height with floor plans 50m x 60m up to
7th story & 25mx25m from 7th to 40th story.
26. What is soft story & explain the problem of structures with soft story.
27. Define & explain the following terms: base shear, fundamental period of vibration,
behavior factor, ductility class & inter-story drift.
28. Explain the difference between ductility class high & medium and give examples of
detailing according to ES EN.
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29. A building at a particular story is subjected to a gravity force of 5000kN with 200kN lateral
force which results a lateral inter story drift of 10mm. If the building story height is 3m,
determine whether 2nd order effect shall be considered or not at this story.
30. What is lateral force resisting system? List & explain the different types of LFRS.
31. Explain the stable arrangement of shear walls in a structure.
32. What are center of mass & center of rigidity of a structure?
33. Explain how lateral force is distributed in shear wall system & frame system.
34. Explain the difference between frame equivalent dual system & wall equivalent dual
system.
35. Explain the difference between elastic & plastic method of analysis. & give examples for
each.
36. Explain the difference between lower bound & upper bound theorems of structural analysis.
37. Explain the difference between strip method & yield line method of slab design. What are
the advantages & disadvantages of strip method?
38. Show the load distributions & the different strips for a 4m x7m rectangular slab continuous
only on the short sides.
39. What are the advantages of plastic method of analysis over elastic methods?
40. What are the significance of shape factor & explain plastic hinge.
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MODEL EXAM/TUTORIAL FOR BRIDGE

ENGINEERING
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Model Exam/Tutorial for Bridge Engineering

1. Which one of the following is false?

A) History of bridges begins with fallen trees, stepping stones and ropes
B) Bridge is built to provide passage for uninterrupted flow of traffic across any obstacle
C) The principal purpose of bridge is to provide crossing and carrying
communication routes over an obstacle
D) In structural design, the general principle is that the effects has to exceed resistance
of a cross section
E) None
2. The resistance factor for a particular limit state is used to:
A) Account for the uncertainties in equations that predict strength
B) Account for the uncertainties in determining the effects under the applied loads
C) Satisfy the serviceability criteria
D) All
E) None
3. In structural engineering, which one of the following is false regarding the
serviceability limit states:
A) It deals with limitations on stress deformation
B) It is selected to make structure is comfortable for use
C) Used to reduce service life of the structure
D) To avoid public concern
E) None
4. Nowadays in bridge design, Load and Resistance Factor Design(LRFD) is applicable
due to:
A) It applies elastic analysis
B) It is a reliability based design methodology
C) It is a probabilistic design methodology D) It is
the only option applied for bridge E) None
5. The limit state that is intended to limit crack growth under repetitive loads to prevent
fracture during the design life of the bridge is:
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A) Extreme event limit state

B) Fatigue limit stat
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C) Strength limit state

D) All
6. The restrictions by fracture limit state on stress range caused by design truck depend on
the a factor relating to:
A) Ductility
B) Redundancy
C) Operational importance
D) All
E) None
7. All of the followings are the factors which affect the bridge site selection except:
A) Topographic features
B) Soil conditions
C) Economy
D) Hydraulic conditions
E) None
8. Span of the bridge is determined by the following factors except:
A) Economy
B) Free board
C) Location of piers
D) Hydrology
E) None
9. For a given span the most economical span is the length at which superstructure cost equals
to substructure cost
A) True
B) False
10. As far as possible the alignment of bridge should be
A) Square B) Skew C) Curved D) All E) None
11. Generally, a culvert has span less than
A) 6m B) 3m C) 9m D) 12m E) None
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12. In fixing the height of bridge, which one is very important?

A) Scouring condition
B) Highest flood level
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C) Traffic D) Design
E) None
13. Bridge composed of several small spans for crossing a valley is:
A) Viaduct B) Aqueduct C) Deck D) Suspended E) None
14. What is the function of hunched girder?
A) Minimizing the web depth to increase load carrying capacity of girder B)
Maximizing the web depth to increase load carrying capacity of girder C) For
aesthetics
D) For serviceability purpose
E) None
15. One of the following is not the function of diaphragm in bridge engineering A) To
improve the resistance of the main girders against lateral torsion buckling B) To transmit
lateral loads to the vertical resisting elements of a structure
C) To improve bridge resistance against impact loads
D) To provide girder stability for the bridge deck placement
E) None
16. In the design of piers, the water pressure to be considered is:
A) Static pressure
B) Dynamic pressure
C) Impact due to cross current
D) All of the above
17. Which foundation is suitable for the construction of bridge?
A) Pile
B) Shallow
C) Grillage
D) Inverted arch
18. Which is the intermediate support of a bridge superstructure?
A) Foundation
B) Pier C) Abutment D) Wing wall E) None
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19. Which foundation is adopted when the loose soil extends to a great depth?
A) Spread
B) Raft
C) Caisson
D) Pile
E) None
20. The type of bridge which has highest torsional resistance is:
A) Slab bridge
B) T-girder bridge
C) Box-girder bridge D) Cable
stayed bridge E) All of the above
21. The load that do not acting on the bridge is:
A) Transient loads B) Dynamic loads C) Friction forces D) Collision forces E) None
22. The principal vehicular load effect are:
A) Gravity load of the truck
B) Impact
C) Braking forces
D) Centrifugal forces
E) All
23. Dynamic load allowance is not considered for
A) Force effects from design truck load
B) Force effects from design tandem load
C) Force effects from design lane load
D) All
24. Comparatively, one of the following is not the advantages of RC bridges over steel
bridges
A) Low maintenance cost
B) Long life
C) Easy to widen
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D) Good seismic resistance

E) None
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25. Select the disadvantage of continuous reinforced concrete bridges

A) Suitable on yielding foundations
B) Occurrence of undesirable stresses due to differential settlement
C) High vibration and deflection
D) Greater depth of girder
E) Redundancy
26. According to AASHTO for slab bridge with 15m span, the minimum
recommended depth for slab with main reinforcement parallel to the traffic is:
A) 600mm
B) 720mm C) 120mm D) 100mm E) None
27. Select the correct statement regarding design lane load
A) Design lane load consist of a load of 9.3 kN/m uniformly distributed load in the
transverse direction
B) Design lane load consist of a load of 9.3 kN/m uniformly distributed load in the
longitudinal direction
C) Dynamic allowance factor should be considered
D) All are correct
28. Which one of the following is not remedial measure to control cracking?
A) Reduce the stress in the reinforcement
B) Increase bar diameter
C) Increase effective reinforcement ratio
D) Using high bond bars
E) None
29. According to AASHTO for girder bridge with 1m girder spacing, the minimum
recommended depth for deck slab is:
A) 134mm B) 160mm C) 120mm D) 100mm E) None
30. The function of the abutment include
A) Providing the vertical support to the bridge
B) Connecting the bridge with approach roadway
C) Retaining the roadway base materials D) All
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31. Abutment should withstand all of the following loads except:

A) Earth pressure
B) Wind load
C) Surcharge loads
D) Gravity loads
E) None
32. Which one is not used for pier design?
A) Strength I B) Strength II C) Strength III D) Strength IV E) None
33. Select false statement
A) Pier should be capable of resisting overturning and sliding forces
B) In seismic design shear is very important
C) Vegetation cover can protect scour
D) During design of abutment all the load modifiers are taken as more than one. E) None
34. Which one of the following is true about bearing?
A) The main function of bearing is to hinder relative movements between the
superstructure and substructure
B) Creep is one of the effects that causes translational movement of bearing
C) Fixed bearing does not allow rotations
D) All are true
E) None
35. The strength limits state that the load combination is relating to normal vehicular
use of the bridge with wind of 55 mph velocity is:
A) Strength I
B) Strength III C) Strength V D) Strength II E) None
36. The limit state that is intended to ensure strength and stability of a bridge during an
earthquake, flood, vehicle collision, ice flow, foundation scour etc. is?
A) Strength limit state
B) Serviceability limit state C) Extreme event limit state D) Fatigue limit state
E) All are considered
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37. In bridge engineering the condition that the overloaded portion of the structure redistribute
the load to other portions that have reserve strength is:
A) Ductility
B) Redundancy
C) Operational importance
D) All
E) None
38. A river which has relatively stable banks is called as:
A) Alluvial rivers
B) Incised rivers
C) Meandering river
D) All
E) None
39. What is the absolute maximum bending moment in the bridge shown in Fig. (a), due to the
Design Truck shown in Fig(b) ?

A) 421.6 kNm B) 843.1 kNm C) 1686.3 kNm D) 146.7 kNm

40. What is the absolute maximum shear in the bridge for the case of Question 39?
A) 260.5 kN B) 194.5 kN C) 246.5 kN D) 145 kN
41. For the Design Tandem Load shown in Fig. (a) below, what is the spacing a and b between
axle load respectively?
A) 1.8m,1.2m B) 1.2m,1.8m C) 4.3m, 9m D) 4.3m,4.3m
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42. In bridge design, why dynamic load allowance is applied?

A) To account the effect of earthquake
B) To account for wheel load impact from moving vehicles
C) To consider fatigue and vibration effects
D) All
43. Dynamic load allowance need not be applied to:
A) Pedestrian load
B) Wood components
C) Retaining walls not subject to vertical reactions from the superstructure
D) All
44. Which one of the following is false regarding control of cracking?
A) For controlling cracks, distribution reinforcement is placed in tension zone
B) To control cracking rather than reinforcement diameter, spacing between
reinforcement is significant
C) For controlling cracks, distribution reinforcement is placed in compression zone
D) All are the answer
E) None
45. Vertical distance between designed high flood level allowing for afflux and to allow
vessels to cross the bridge is:
A) HFL
B) Freeboard
C) Afflux
D) None
46. In a bridge, which are the components of an abutment?
i. Breast Wall ii. Wing Wall iii. Back Wall A) Only i
B) i and ii C) ii and iii
D) i, ii and iii
47. Cost of the bridge does not depend on:
A) Material cost
B) Transportation cost
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C) Span length D) Stream

length E) None
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48. Bridge which conveys water over an obstacle is:

A) Through bridge
B) Viaduct C) Aqueduct D) None
49. Temporary bridges are built during:
A) Military operations B) Project executions C) Rescue
operations D) All
50. Movable bridges are built across:
A) Streams
B) Rivers
C) Channels D) Dry valley E) None
51. A bascule bridge is a:
A) Fixed bridge
B) Movable bridge
C) Deck bridge
D) Through bridge
E) None
52. Regarding bridge site which one of the following is not correct?
A) Bridge site should be narrow
B) Bridge site should not possess high banks
C) Bridge site be at reasonable proximity to the direct alignment of road
D) Bridge site should be geologically sound
E) None
53. In the design of piers, the water pressure to be considered is:
A) Static pressure
B) Dynamic pressure
C) Impact due to cross current
D) All of the above
54. The most suitable foundation for a culvert is
A) Spread foundation
B) Pile foundation
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C) Well foundation
D) Caisson foundation
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55. For a major bridge usually the type of foundation is:

A) Grillage foundation B) Spread foundation C) Well foundation
D) Caisson foundation
56. The bridge having its floor flush with bed of stream is known as:
A) Causeway
B) Culvert
C) Viaduct
D) Minor bridge
E) None
57. The arrangement made to prevent entry of water at the site of pier construction is known
as:
A) Caisson
B) Cofferdam C) Earthen dam D) All
58. In arch bridge, load of deck is transferred by:
A) Tension
B) Compression
C) Bending
D) All
E) None
59. In a simply supported highway bridge, maximum shear from live load (movable)
occurs:
A) At support B) At mid span C) Near to centre D) Any where
E) None
60. From design truck and design tandem which one governs on bridge
transversal/back view?
A) Design Tandem
B) Design Truck
C) Both are the same
D) Unknown
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61. Which one of the following is not the function of diaphragm?

A) For the stability of the structure during construction
B) To resist cross-sectional deformation of the superstructure frame
C) Transmits lateral loads to the vertical resisting elements of a structure
D) Enhancing the superstructure to resist torsion
E) None
62. In Suspension bridge, load of deck is transferred to cables in:
A) Tension
B) Compression
C) Bending
D) All
E) None
63. Height of bridge is kept above high flood level
A) 0.2 to 1.5 m B) 1.2 to
1.5 m C) 1.8 to 2.1 m D)
2.2 to 2.5 m
64. R.C.C. piers of the following shapes are not used
A) T-shape
B) Trestle bent
C) Dumb bell type
D) Rectangular
65. Width and height of kerbs on bridges are generally respectively.
A) 200 mm x 450 mm B) 225
mm x 600 mm C) 450 mm x 200
mm D) 600 mm x 225 mm
66. Arrange the correct order of the bridge components from river-bed
1. abutment
2. girder
3. foundation
4. flooring
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A) 1-3-2-4
B) 1-3-4-2
C) 3-1-2-4
D) 4-2-1-3
67. In design of bridge, wind and loads shall not be considered to act
simultaneously. A)
Longitudinal B) Lateral
C) Seismic
D) Centrifugal
68. Arrange correct order of the phenomena occur at bridge site from top
1. HFL 2. Scouring 3. Afflux 4 .natural flow of river
A) 2-1-4-3. B) 2-1-3-4
C) 2-4-1-3
D) 2-3-1-4
69. Greater is the afflux, lesser will be the available clearance for the same deck level
A) true
B) false
70. Cables supporting roadway of a suspension bridge is designed to carry
A) Point load
B) Trapezoidal load
C) Uniformly distributed load
D) Load as per cable profile
71. For a bridge having span more than 150m,the recommended types of bridge is
A) truss grader bridge
B) suspension bridge
C) riveted plate girder bridge
D) welded plate girder bridge
72. For a bridge deck the most economical section shall be:
A) box section
B) an I section
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C) a channel section
D) a double T-section
73. Consider the following statements:

i. Bearings are provided in bridges to transmit the load from superstructure to the sub-structure
ii. Fixed bearing allows both rotation and translation
iii. The design of bearing depends upon the type of superstructure, type of supports and also on
the length of support
Which of these statement(s) is/are true?
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A) Only ii B) Only i
C) i and ii D) i and iii
74. The main forces in a suspension bridge of any type are ----------- in the cable and
----------------in the pillar. A) tension
,compression B) tension ,pull
C) compression, tension
D) torsion ,compression
75. Expansion bearing the bridge superstructure permits!
A) translation
B) rotation
C) No movement
D) both translation and rotation
76. Which bridge is shown in figure?

A) Semi through
B) Deck
C) Through
D) Suspension
77. For log spa such as above 800m, which types of bridge is provided?
A) truss ridge
B) balanced cantilever bridge
C) cantilever bridge
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D) suspension bridge
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78. Which of the following shall be considered while designing high level bridges for buoyancy
effect?
A) partial buoyancy for superstructure
B) full buoyancy for the abutment
C) full buoyancy for superstructure
D) buoyancy force due to submerged part of the substructure ad foundation
79. The advantage of providing bearing in bridge is:
A) to take up vertical movement due sinking of support
B) to absorb movement of girder
C) to spread the load from the superstructure in such a manner that bearing stress induced
on the material is within the permissible limit
D) All
80. To stabilize the river channel along a certain alignment with certain cross- section is
known as:
A) river divert
B) river training C) river
network D) none
81. Arrange order of stage of bridge site investigation 1-project report stage,2-
Reconnaissance or technical feasibility stage, 3-preliminary or techno-economic feasibility stage
4-dailed survey
A) 3-4-2-1
B) 3-2-4-1
C) 2-3-4-1
D) 4-1-3-2
82. For all parts of bridge floors accessible only to pedestrians and for all footway,
loading should be: A) 300
kg/m2
B) 200 kg/m2
C) 500 kg/m2
D) 400 kg/m2
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83. What is the main problem with Deck bridges?

A) The traffic is exposed to winds
B) The compression flanges have no lateral support
C) The road level has to be very high
D) It is not possible to provide portal branching
E) none
84. What is marked as ʹxʹ?

A) Clearance B) Approach C) Free board D) Apron

85. In the river training work for ridge the embankment is constructed:
A) inclined to the river flow
B) transverse to the river flow
C) parallel to the river flow
D) none
86. Why structural engineers are attracted to apply the concept of influence lines in
analysis of bridge structures!
87. Usually, shorter length is desired at end spans for continuously supported multispan
girder bridge, what are the reasons for this?

62
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63